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3rd Chapter Chemistry - Google Docs

The document discusses the periodic table, outlining the modern periodic law and the differences between periods and groups. It explains how to deduce group and period numbers from electronic configurations, describes the shapes of the periodic table, and details the physical and chemical properties of specific groups. Additionally, it covers periodic properties, trends across periods and groups, and defines key terms related to periodicity.

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2 views

3rd Chapter Chemistry - Google Docs

The document discusses the periodic table, outlining the modern periodic law and the differences between periods and groups. It explains how to deduce group and period numbers from electronic configurations, describes the shapes of the periodic table, and details the physical and chemical properties of specific groups. Additionally, it covers periodic properties, trends across periods and groups, and defines key terms related to periodicity.

Uploaded by

njv2519
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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3.

Periodic Table and Periodicity

3.1 Periodic Table

3.1.1 Modern Periodic Law

● Statement: "The physical and chemical properties of elements are periodic functions of
their atomic numbers."
● Meaning: When elements are arranged in increasing atomic number, similar properties
repeat at regular intervals.

3.1.2 Difference Between Period and Group


Feature Period Group

Definition A horizontal row in the periodic A vertical column in the periodic


table. table.

Total Number 7 periods. 18 groups.

Elements Increasing atomic number across Similar valence electron


Arranged By a row. configuration.

Properties Properties change progressively Elements in a group have similar


across a period. chemical properties.

Example Period 3: Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, Group 1: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr
Ar

3.1.3 Deduction of Group and Period from Electronic Configuration

● Period Number = Number of electron shells.


● Group Number = Number of valence electrons (for groups 1, 2, 13-18) OR sum of
outermost s and d electrons (for transition elements).
● Example:
○ Sodium (Na) → 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s¹
■ Period = 3 (three shells: n=1, 2, 3)
■ Group = 1 (one valence electron in 3s¹)

3.1.4 Shape of the Periodic Table (Blocks: s, p, d, f)

● s-block: Groups 1 & 2 (Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals)


● p-block: Groups 13-18 (Non-metals, Metalloids, Halogens, Noble Gases)
● d-block: Groups 3-12 (Transition Metals)
● f-block: Lanthanides and Actinides (Inner Transition Metals)

3.1.5 Location of Families Based on Characteristics & Electronic Configuration


3. Periodic Table and Periodicity

● Alkali Metals (Group 1): Very reactive, 1 valence electron.


● Alkaline Earth Metals (Group 2): Moderately reactive, 2 valence electrons.
● Halogens (Group 17): Highly reactive non-metals, 7 valence electrons.
● Noble Gases (Group 18): Inert gases, full valence shell (8 electrons).

3.1.6 Physical and Chemical Properties of Specific Groups


Group Physical Properties Chemical Properties

Group I (Alkali Soft, low density, low melting Highly reactive, react with water to
Metals) points form hydroxides and hydrogen gas.

Group II (Alkaline Harder than alkali metals, Less reactive than Group 1, form
Earth Metals) higher melting points oxides and hydroxides.

Group VII Exist in different states (F₂, Cl₂ Highly reactive non-metals, form salts
(Halogens) – gases; Br₂ – liquid; I₂ – solid) with metals.

Group VIII (Noble Colorless, odorless, gases, Inert under normal conditions, some
Gases) very stable form compounds under extreme
conditions.

3.2 Periodic Properties

3.2.1 Comparison of Chemical and Physical Properties in the Same Family

Elements in the same group (family) have similar chemical properties due to the same number
of valence electrons but show variations in physical properties due to increasing atomic size.

Property Trend in a Group (Top to Reason


Bottom)

Metallic Increases Valence electrons are farther from


Character the nucleus and more easily lost.

Physical State Becomes softer (for metals), Increase in atomic mass and
changes from gas → liquid → solid intermolecular forces.
(for nonmetals)

Conductivity Increases (for metals) More free electrons available for


conduction.
3. Periodic Table and Periodicity

Density Increases Atomic mass increases more than


atomic volume.

Melting & Generally decreases (for metals), Weakening metallic bonds in metals;
Boiling Points increases (for nonmetals) stronger van der Waals forces in
nonmetals.

🔹 Example:
● Group 1 (Alkali Metals): Lithium is a hard solid, but cesium is a soft metal.
● Group 17 (Halogens): Fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid, iodine is a
solid.

3.2.2 Definitions of Key Periodic Properties


Term Definition

Shielding Effect The decrease in effective nuclear charge on the outer electrons due to
repulsion by inner electrons.

Electronegativity The tendency of an atom to attract shared electrons in a chemical bond.

Atomic Radius The distance from the nucleus to the outermost electron shell.

Electron Affinity The amount of energy released when an atom gains an electron to form a
negative ion.

Ionization The energy required to remove an electron from a neutral atom in its
Energy gaseous state.
3. Periodic Table and Periodicity

3.2.3 Periodic Trends of These Properties


Property Trend Across a Trend Down a Reason
Period (Left to Group (Top to
Right) Bottom)

Shielding Effect Remains constant Increases (more More electron shells create
(same number of inner shells) stronger repulsion for outer
inner shells) electrons.

Electronegativit Increases Decreases Smaller atoms attract electrons


y more strongly across a period, but
down a group, larger atoms have
weaker attraction.

Atomic Radius Decreases Increases Across a period, nuclear charge


increases pulling electrons closer;
down a group, more shells are
added, increasing size.

Electron Increases Decreases Across a period, atoms desire


Affinity electrons more; down a group,
larger atoms have less attraction
for extra electrons.

Ionization Increases Decreases Across a period, higher nuclear


Energy charge holds electrons tightly;
down a group, electrons are farther
and easier to remove.

🔹 Example of Trends:
● Ionization Energy: Na < Mg < Al < Si < P < S < Cl (increases left to right)
● Atomic Radius: Li > Be > B > C > N > O > F (decreases left to right)

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