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Electric Current and PD

The document provides an overview of electric current and potential difference, defining electric current as the movement of electric charges and outlining its effects, such as heating and lighting. It explains the unit of electric current (ampere) and describes circuit diagrams, series and parallel connections. Additionally, it discusses potential difference, its measurement in volts, and how it relates to energy transfer in electrical circuits.

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9 views

Electric Current and PD

The document provides an overview of electric current and potential difference, defining electric current as the movement of electric charges and outlining its effects, such as heating and lighting. It explains the unit of electric current (ampere) and describes circuit diagrams, series and parallel connections. Additionally, it discusses potential difference, its measurement in volts, and how it relates to energy transfer in electrical circuits.

Uploaded by

omarnaguibelshamy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electric current

Electric current and


Potential difference
Lesson 3
Could you please

PUT YOUR MOBILE IN SILENT


MODE
Electric Current
Definition
Electric current is the movement of electric charges from the one
end of the battery through the circuit to the other end of the battery

- Positive charges from positive end of battery


- Electron from negative end of battery
Electric Current
Effects of Current
An electric current has some effects that reveal its existences
1. Heating: passing of current through wires caused heating (water
heater, Iron, etc)
2. Lighting: passing of current through lambs caused lighting
3. Magnetic: passing of current through wires produce magnetic
field where a compass will be deflected when it is placed near to
any wire carrying current.
4. Chemical: Bubbles of gas are given off at the wires in the acid
because of the chemical action of the current.
Electric Current
Unit of Electric Current
The unit of current is the ampere (A)
1 mA = 10-3 A
𝑸
𝑰= → 𝑸=𝑰×𝒕
𝒕
Therefore, we can define the coulomb in terms of the ampere.
Coulombs “is the charge passing any point in a circuit when a steady
current of 1 ampere flows for 1 second”
Example1: What does it mean by a current of 3 A?
It means that a charge of 3 C passing a point in 1 s.
Example2: If the current through a floodlamp is 5 A. what charge
passes in 1 s, 10 s, and 5 minutes?
1. t=1s 𝑸=𝑰×𝒕=𝟓×𝟏=𝟓𝑪
2. t=10s 𝑸 = 𝑰 × 𝒕 = 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟓𝟎 𝑪
3. t=5min 𝑸 = 𝑰 × 𝒕 = 𝟓 × 𝟓 × 𝟔𝟎 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝑪
Electric Current
Circuit Diagrams
Current must have a complete path (a closed circuit) of
conductors to flow
➢ Circuit Components
Electric Current
Series and Parallel Connections
1. Series Connection :
- In a series circuit, the different parts
follow one after the other and there is
just one path for the current to follow.

2. Parallel Connection :
- In a parallel circuit, the lamps are side-
by-side and alternative paths are
provided for the current which splits.
Some goes through one lamp and the
rest through the other

Note: The sum of the currents in the


branches of a parallel circuit equals the
current entering or leaving the parallel
section.
Electric Current
Example
- Using the circuit in Fig. , which of the following statements is
correct?
(a) When S1 and S2 are closed A and B are lit.
(b) When S1 open and S2 closed A and B are not lit.
(c) When S2 open and S1 closed A lights and B does not light.

Homework: page 5, 6, and 7 (general notes)


Potential Difference
Potential Difference
➢ A battery changes chemical energy into electrical energy. It builds
up a surplus of electrons at one of its terminals (the negative) and
creates a shortage at the other (the positive).
➢ It is then able to maintain a flow of electrons. i.e. an electric
current in any circuit connected across its terminals so long as the
chemical action lasts.
➢ The potential difference is measured by “volts, V”
In our imaginary representation. Mr.
Coulomb travels round the circuit and
uploads energy as he goes. Most of it in the
lamp. We think of him receiving a fresh
bundle every time he passes through the
battery, which suggests he must be traveling
very fast.
Potential Difference
Potential Difference
➢ A it is demonstrated in the last Fig., the p.d. of a battery supplies
the electrical energy to be converted to light in the lamp or to
heat in the heater and to any energy form.
𝑾
𝑽=
𝑸
➢ We can define the p.d. between two points as “ the work done to
transfer the electric charge from the first point to the second
point”
➢ The p.d. between two points in a circuit is 1 volt if 1 joule of
electrical energy is changed into other forms of energy when 1
coulomb passes from one point to the other.
➢ P.d. is also measured by (J/C) and (1 V = 1 J/C).
𝑾=𝑸×𝑽=𝑰×𝒕×𝑽
➢ Test : What the p.d. if 6J are changed when 2 C pass?
the p.d. is 6J/ 2C = 3V.
Potential Difference
Example: The p.d. across a lamp. is 12 V. How many joules of
electrical energy are changed into light and heat when.
(a) a charge of 1 C passes through it .
(b) a charge of 5 C passes through it.
(c) a current of 2 A flows through it for 10 s ?
𝑾=𝑸×𝑽
a) For 1 C
𝑾 = 𝑸 × 𝑽 = 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐 𝑱

b) For 5 C
𝑾 = 𝑸 × 𝑽 = 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟔𝟎 𝑱

c) For 2A and 10 s
𝑾 = 𝑰 × 𝒕 × 𝑽 = 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎 × 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟐𝟒𝟎 𝑱
Potential Difference
Series Batteries Connections Parallel

Veq = V1 + V2 + V3 Veq = V1 = V2 = V3
Potential Difference
Example: For the different connection of batteries each is 1.5 V cell is
. Which of the arrangements in Fig. would produce battery
with a p.d. of 6 V ?

A. 𝑽 = 𝟏. 𝟓 + 𝟏. 𝟓 = 𝟏. 𝟓 + 𝟏. 𝟓 = 𝟑𝑽
B. 𝑽 = 𝟏. 𝟓 + 𝟏. 𝟓 + 𝟏. 𝟓 + 𝟏. 𝟓) = 𝟔𝑽
C. 𝑽 = 𝟏. 𝟓 − 𝟏. 𝟓 + 𝟏. 𝟓 − 𝟏. 𝟓) = 𝟎𝑽
D. 𝑽 = 𝟏. 𝟓 = 𝟏. 𝟓 = 𝟏. 𝟓 = 𝟏. 𝟓 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝑽
The answer is B

Homework: page 12, 13, and 14 (general notes)

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