XII ELECTRONICS MOST LIKELY QUESTIONS

CHAPTER-1: NUMBER SYST EMS

1. Converting decimal number into its binary is called as method. (Ans: double dabble)

2. When a given decimal number is converted into its unique equivalent hexadecimal number, this method
is called as method. (Ans: hex dabble)

3. The binary number 1110011 is equivalent to its decimal as . (Ans: 115)

4. The hexadecimal number 1A2 is equivalent to its binary as . (Ans: 110100010)

5. In the rules of addition, when a 1 is added to 11, we get the answer as . (Ans: 100)

The binary number 1111 is the 1’s complement of . (Ans: 0000)

In 1’s complement method of subtraction, when we subtract smaller binary number from larger binary
number, the is generated which must be added. (Ans: End Around Carry)

The binary number 10000 is the 2’s complement of . (Ans: 10000)

The BCD code 1000 0000 is equivalent to the decimal number as . (Ans: 80)

The EBCDIC code is an bit code. (Ans: 8)

There are 7-bits in code. (Ans: ASCII)

DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS (3 MARKS)

Explain conversion procedure of binary number into its equivalent decimal number with one example.

How a larger binary number is subtracted from a smaller binary number using 2’s complement method?
Explain with an example.

What is code? Explain the different types of codes with one example of each.

NUMERICAL PROBLEMS (4 MARKS)

1) Convert binary into decimal value: 110, 10010, 11, 11110101, 1010101, 1111, 10000011
2) Write down all the following binary numbers in a table and then convert them into their equivalent
decimal value. Note down the sequence of binary and decimal.
0000, 0001, 0010, 0011, 0100, 0101, 0110, 0111,
1000, 1001, 1010, 1011, 1100, 1101, 1110, 1111
3) Convert binary into decimal value: 110.11, 111.01, 100.001, 1111.1111, 1010.1010, 1.1, 110.0001
4) Write down all the following binary numbers in a table and then convert them into their equivalent
decimal value (Observe the sequence of binary and decimal).
0000.0000, 0001.0001, 0010.0010, 0011.0011, 0100.0100, 0101.0101, 0110.01 0, 0111.0111,
1000.1000, 1001.1001, 1010.1010, 1011.1011, 1100.1100, 1101.1101, 1110.11 0, 1111.1111
5) Convert decimal into binary values: 23, 95, 67, 71, 137, 83, 10, 17, 511, 2048
6) Convert decimal into binary values: 0.625, 0.11, 3.8125, 72.34, 1.1, 10.7, 6.99, 5.55
 7) Convert the hexadecimal numbers into their equivalent binary value.
9AF.20C, 192.6E0, ABC.CAD, 100.0001, 33.001, 75C.FD4, 240.193, A1B2.C3D9
8) Convert the binary numbers into their equivalent hex values.
111100011.101011, 101010010100100.101011100100101, 1010101011.1101101
9) Convert the hexadecimal numbers into their equivalent decimal value.
267, 111, 10, ABC, 1FD, FF, 16, 1020
10) Convert the decimal numbers into their equivalent hexadecimal value.
16, 100, 2989, 512, 99, 820, 64, 81
11) Add the following binary numbers using binary addition rules.
a) (11001)2 and (10011)2
b) (10111)2 and (101111)2
c) (10011110)2 and (101110011)2
d) (110.1011)2 and (1011.0111)2
e) (1111111)2 and (1101000)2
12) Subtract the following binary numbers using binary subtraction rules
a) (11001)2 − (1011)2
b) (110111)2 − (100111)2
c) (1110111)2 − (10111)2
d) (110)2 − (101)2
e) (1100)2 − (111)2
13) Solve the following using 1’s complement methods –
a) (1001)2 − (1101)2
b) (0000)2 − (1111)2
c) (11011)2 − (1100)2
d) (1110)2 − (111111)2
e) (11000001)2 − (1101)2
14) Solve the following using 2’s complement methods –
a) (11011)2 − (11100)2
b) (1100)2 − (1101)2
c) (11111)2 − (1110001)2
d) (110001111)2 − (1111)2
e) (1001)2 − (1101)2
f) (01111)2 − (0111)2

CHAPTER-2: LOGIC GATES

1. The output of logic gate is equal to ‘1’ when both of its inputs are ‘0’. (Ans: NAND gate)

2. When any one input of OR gate is at logic-1, its output is at . (Ans: logic-1 state)

3. The bubbled AND gate is also called as . (Ans: NOR gate)

4. In half adder circuit, when both of its inputs are logic-1, then its output is . (Ans: 10)

5. When one input of 2-input Ex-OR gate is connected to logic-1, then the circuit behaves as logic
circuit. (Ans: NOT gate)

6. According to De Morgan’s theorem, Ā¯¯+̄¯¯B̄¯+̄

¯¯C̄¯ = . (Ans: Ā . B̄ . C̄ )
 7. To construct an OR gate using NAND gates, as universal building block, the number of NAND gates
required will be . (Ans: 3)

8. When both inputs of an Ex-OR gate are at equal logic level, i.e. either at logic-1 or logic-0, then its output
will be at . (Ans: logic-0 state)

9. If two NOT gates are connected one after another, such that the output of first is connected to the input
of second, and if initial input is at logic-0 level, then the final output will be . (Ans: 0)

10. Addition process of two binary numbers can be performed using gate. (Ans: binary adder)

11. Bubbled OR gate is equivalent to gate. (Ans: NAND gate)

12. AB + BC + ¯A¯C¯ + 1 = . (Ans: 1)

DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS (3 MARKS)

1. Simplify the equation A + AB + ACB =? (Ans: A)

2. If A¯ = 0, then A =? (Ans: 1)
3. Simplify the equation A¯. B + 1 = ? (Ans: 1)
4. Suppose B = 1 and A¯. B = 0, then A =? (Ans: 1)
5. Simplify the equation A + AB + CA + BC =? (Ans: A+BC)
6. If A¯ + A = 1, then what is the output of ¯A¯B¯+ AB =? (Ans: 1)
7. A¯. A = 0, then calculate the output result of ¯A¯¯B¯. AB =? (Ans: 0)
8. Simplify the following equations:
a) AC + AB + ABC + ACDB + ABCDEA =? (Ans: A)
b) CA¯ + A¯BC + BC + A =? (Ans: A + BC + Ā . C )
c) A¯. 1 + A + 1 =? (Ans: 1)
d) A¯. A + 1 =? (Ans: 1)
e) A¯. (B + C + AB) =? (Ans: Ā B + Ā C )
f) A. (A¯ + A) =? (Ans: A)
9. Simplify the equation using De Morgan's theorem: Y = A + ¯A¯¯. ¯B̄ (Ans: 1)
10. If Y = (A¯ + B̄ ). (A¯ + B). (A + B̄ ), then calculate the value of Y. (Ans: Ā . B̄ )
11. Y = (¯A¯¯B¯) + (¯B¯¯C¯) + (¯A¯¯C¯), then calculate the value of Y. (Ans: Ā¯B̄C̄¯)
12. Calculate: Y = (A¯ + B̄ ) . (A + B). (Ans: Ā B + A B̄ )
13. Prove that both sides of this equation are equal: Ā¯¯¯+̄¯¯B̄¯ + Ā¯¯¯+̄¯¯B̄¯ = A
14. Prove that both side of this equation are equal:
(A¯ + B + C). (A + B¯ + C). (A + B + C¯) = AB + BC + AC + A¯. B̄ . C¯
15. Simplify the equation and show that its both sides are equal:
Ā¯B̄¯¯+̄¯¯B̄¯C̄¯¯+̄¯¯Ā¯C̄ = A¯. B¯ + B̄ . C¯ + A¯. C¯

16. Draw the symbol of NOT gate and explain its working with truth table.

17. Explain why NAND gate is known as universal building block?

18. How Ex-OR gate can be used as NOT gate? Explain.

19. How to convert a NOR gate into a NOT gate? Explain with diagram.

20. Prove that C + AC + ABC + ABCD = C

21. Explain the working of half adder using proper logic diagram.
 22. What is parity? Explain the working of parity checker.

23. What is the basic difference between inclusive OR gate and exclusive OR gate? Explain with diagrams.

DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS (4 MARKS)

15. Draw the symbol of OR gate and AND gate. Also write down the Boolean equation and truth table of each
circuit.
16. Draw the circuit of NAND gate using basic gates. Write down its Boolean equation also.
17. What will happen if we connect two NOT gates at the two inputs of an AND gate? Draw the diagram,
output equation and the truth table also.
18. Repeat the combination given in question-3 by replacing AND gate with OR gate and explain the working
of the circuit.
19. Define and prove De Morgan’s both theorems with neat diagram, truth table.
20. What is the output equation of following circuit? (Ans: Y = 0)

21. Draw the circuit in your notebook and derive the final Boolean equation of Y. (Ans: Y = B̄ + C)

22. Explain the working of Ex-OR gate and Ex-NOR gate. Draw neat diagrams using basic gates and find the
final Boolean equation of each circuit.

23. Explain the terms line regulation and load regulation in power supply.

24. Discuss the working of fixed and variable three terminal IC regulator circuits with neat circuit diagrams.

25. Explain the concept of power dissipation and current limiting in series regulator.

26. Draw the block diagram of SMPS. State two advantages of SMPS over conventional power supply.

27. With the help of circuit, explain the working of series pass transistor regulator. State its limitations.

28. Draw circuit of BR and explain its working. Write equation to determine average voltage and ripple
frequency.

29. Explain BR circuit with neat circuit diagram and waveforms.

30. Explain with diagram, how transistorized voltage regulator circuit works.

31. Draw and explain the circuit of bridge rectifier such that the DC output voltage of the circuit will be
negative. In such case you will have reverse the polarities of the diodes used in the circuit.
32. Construct one Ex-OR gate using 10 NOR gates. Draw the diagram and derive the Boolean equation of the
circuit.
33. Draw the circuit of Ex-NOR gate using 11 NOR gates. Derive the Boolean equation of the circuit.
34. Take a two input Ex-OR gate, as shown below. Let the two inputs be A & B with output Y. Suppose input
B, is permanently connected to +ve terminal of battery i.e. B = 1. Now we have only one input remaining
i.e. input A. Then find Y =? when A = 0 and A = 1. Which type of gate this circuit is working now?

A
Y
B

+ve

35. Draw the circuit of Ex-OR gate using 5 NOR gates and derive its Boolean equation.
36. Draw the circuit of 4-bit binary adder and find the result of addition for following numbers. Write down
the actual carries generated in the diagram at respective places.
a) A3A2A 1A0 = (1100)2 and B3B2B1B0 = (1011)2
b) A3A2A 1A0 = (1111)2 and B3B2B1B0 = (1000)2
c) A3A2A 1A0 = (1010)2 and B3B2B1B0 = (0111)2

37. Explain the working of NAND gate as universal building block by drawing different circuits as NOT, OR and
AND gates.

38. How 4-bit binary adder circuit works? Explain with diagram and one example.

39. What is controlled inverter? How Exclusive OR gate can be used as controlled inverter? Explain with
diagram.

40. Draw the circuit of 4-bit adder/subtractor circuit using full adders and the circuit of controlled inverter.

41. Define and prove De Morgan’s both theorems with diagrams and truth tables.

42. Give any four logic equations to prove the Boolean algebra.

43. How full adder circuit works? Explain with diagram.

44. Explain the working of Ex-OR gate using basic gates. Draw the necessary diagram and explain the working
of circuit with derivation of output equation.

45. How to use NAND gates to produce one exclusive OR gate? Explain with diagram and derivation of output
equation.

46. Prove that NOR can gate be used as universal building block with diagram and derivations of each circuit.

47. Draw the logic circuit of 4-input Ex-OR gate and explain its working such that its output equation will be
Y = A ⊕ B ⊕ C ⊕ D.

48. Define and explain the three basic gates. Write their truth tables also.

49. Solve the following identities and prove that LHS = RHS.
50. Prove that Ā¯B̄¯¯+̄¯¯B̄¯C̄¯¯+̄¯¯C̄Ā¯ = A¯. B¯ + B̄ . C¯ + C¯. A¯

51. Prove that AB + CAB + DBCA + DBACE = A

52. Prove that A. (A¯ + B) = AB

CHAPTER-3: LOGIC FAMILIES

1. The integrated circuits in which the electric current is carried by both holes and electrons is called as
. (Ans: bipolar logic circuits)

2. is the logic family in which current is carried by either holes or electrons. (Ans: TTL family)

3. The logic circuits which contain PMOS and NMOS are called as . (Ans: CMOS)

4. Schottkey TTL belongs to logic family. (Ans: TTL family)

5. The time required to change the state of a logic circuit is known as . (Ans: propagation delay)

6. The number of inputs of any gate is known as . (Ans: fan-in)

7. The product of propagation delay and power dissipation is called as . (Ans: figure of merit)

8. In a logic circuit if the speed is increased then the total amount of power dissipated in it .
(Ans: increases)

9. In CMOS NAND gate, the NMOS transistors are connected in and the PMOS transistors are
connected in . (Ans: series, parallel)

10. In tri-state logic circuit, third state of the output is known as . (Ans: high impedance state)

11. The IC 74LXX is classified in family. (Ans: low power TTL family)

12. The Shottkey TTL family has IC series. (Ans: 74SXX)

DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS (3 MARKS)

1. Calculate the figure of merit of a digital logic circuit, if its propagation delay is 5ns and power dissipation is
15mW. (Ans: 75pJ i.e. 75 pico Joules)
2. For a TTL family, if IiH = 100μA and IoH = 1mA, then calculate its fan-out. (Ans: 10)
3. A TTL family digital IC has a power consumption of 500mW. Then calculate its actual current requirement.
(Ans: 100mA)

4. If a CMOS family digital IC has propagation delay of 10ms and its power consumption is 15mW, then
calculate the figure of merit of the IC. (Ans: 150pJ)

5. A CMOS digital IC consumes 0.6nA current at an operating voltage of 15V. Then calculate its power
dissipation. (Ans: 9nW)

DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS (4 MARKS)

1. Classify the different types of logic families with one example of each.

2. Explain the terms of digital ICs: Noise margin, power dissipation, propagation delay, fan out.

3. Draw the circuit of CMOS NAND gate and explain the function of the circuit. Also draw the truth table and
explain which transistor conducts and which doesn’t in every state of the output.

4. With neat circuit diagram, explain the working of TTL NOR gate.

5. State and explain any four characteristics of digital ICs.

6. Draw the circuit of CMOS NOT gate and explain its working with truth table.
 7. Explain the basic concept of tri-state logic circuit. Draw its circuit diagram and explain its working also.

8. Compare TTL and CMOS logic families with any four points.

9. Draw the circuit of TTL NOT gate and TTL NAND gate. Compare them and explain the difference. Thus,
give your reasoning to explain the idea of universal building block using NAND gate.

CHAPTER-4: COMBINATIONAL LOGIC CIRCUITS

1. The logic circuit which has many outputs but only one input, such circuit is called as .
(Ans: demux)

2. The logic circuit which has many inputs but only one output, such circuit is called as .
(Ans: mux)

3. The 8:1 line multiplexer has select input terminals. (Ans: 3)

4. In demultiplexer circuit, if there are 32 outputs, then the select inputs will be . (Ans: 5)

5. The logic circuit which is used to convert the input into its equivalent binary is called as
encoder. (Ans: decimal)

6. The decoder IC 7448 uses 7-segment LED display. (Ans: common cathode)

7. In the output at any instant of time depends upon the input at that instant of time. Thus it does
not have any memory. (Ans: CLC)

8. The IC 74153 is known as IC. (Ans: Dual 4:1 Mux) †

9. The IC is used in encoder circuits. (Ans: 74147) †

10. A 16:1 multiplexer logic circuit can be constructed using two line multiplexer circuits.
(Ans: 8:1 line Mux)

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (4 MARKS)

1. Explain the procedure of combination of logic design using multiplexer and demultiplexer logic circuits.

2. How an encoder circuit works? Draw its neat logic diagram and explain its working.

3. Draw the circuit of decoder using decoder/driver IC and explain its working with truth table.

4. How will you construct 4:1 line mux? Draw the circuit and explain its working with truth table and output
equation.

5. Draw the circuit of 1:4 line demux and explain its working with truth table and also write down its output
equations.

6. What are the applications of mux and demux? Give at least two applications of each.

7. What are the IC numbers of multiplexer and demultiplexer ICs? Give at least two code numbers of each
logic circuit.

8. Compare Mux and demux with any three points*.

* Recently asked questions in board exam. † Asked in practical examination.

CHAPTER-5: FLIP-FLOPS, REGISTERS & COUNTERS

1. The forbidden state is avoided in flip-flop. (Ans: D flip flop)

2. At the output of single T-flip-flop the clock input frequency connected to the flip-flop is reduced to
. (Ans: half)

3. When a binary word is to be stored then the memory circuit is used. (Ans: register)

4. The 1-bit memory cell has stable states. (Ans: two)

5. In left shift register circuit, data shifts from to in sequence. (Ans: LSB to MSB)

6. In system, the data shift from one system to another bit-by-bit and then it shifts all at time.
(Ans: SIPO)

7. The propagation delay in asynchronous counter is . (Ans: large)

8. In decade counter, the circuit can count from to . (Ans: 0000 to 1001)

9. The input of JK flip flop directly stores a ‘1’ into its memory. (Ans: preset)

10. In 5-bit ripple counter, the number of states through which the counter can progress is given as
. (Ans: 25 = 32)

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (4 MARKS)

1. What is RS flip-flop? How does it work? Draw its circuit and explain its working.

2. Draw the circuit of D flip-flop and explain its working with truth table.

3. How JK flip-flop works? Explain its working with circuit diagram and truth table.

4. What is register? Explain the working of left shift register with diagram and waves.

5. Draw a neat circuit of 3-bit ripple counter and explain its working with waveforms and truth table.

6. How we can reduce the propagation delay in asynchronous counter by using 3-bit synchronous counter
circuit? Explain its working with diagram and truth table.

7. Compare between asynchronous and synchronous counter circuits with any four points.

8. How MS flip-flop works? What is the basic idea behind it? Explain its working with circuit diagram, truth
tables and waveforms.

9. Draw the circuit of ring counter and explain its working with truth table.

10. What is clock? Explain its basic concept.

11. What is flip flop? Explain.

12. Draw the circuit of RS flip flop using NOR gates and explain its working with truth table.
13. How clocked RS flip flop works? Draw its circuit and explain its working in brief.
14. How D flip flop works? Explain with neat diagram and truth table.
15. Explain the working of JK flip flop with neat diagram and truth table.
16. What is T flip flop? How frequency can be divided using T flip flop? Explain with neat circuit and output
waveform.
 17. In a digital communication system, a signal of 4GHz is received from satellite. It is to be connected to a
small TV which works on 500MHz video signal. Then how to convert the
18. What is Master-Slave flip flop? Explain with neat circuit diagram.
19. What is modulus of a counter? Explain in brief.
20. Given modulus of following counter circuit containing –
5 flip flops, 3 flip flops, 8 flip flops, 2 flip flops
21. Draw the circuit of MOD-10 counter and explain its working.
22. How to design MOD-12 counter? Explain its procedure and then draw the circuit also.
23. If a 4-bit counter receives 66th clock pulse, what will be its output at that particular clock pulse? Calculate
with step-by-step procedure and explain. (Ans: 0010)
24. A 3-bit counter circuit is counting clock pulses normal condition. If it receives, 92nd clock pulse, the
calculate its output state. (Ans: 0100)

CHAPTER-6: ADC & DAC

1) In circuit, at every conversion, the circuit counts from 0. (Ans: counter type ADC)

2) circuit consists of resistive network. (Ans: DAC)

3) For 4-bit simultaneous ADC circuit the number of comparators used will be . (Ans: 16)

4) In binary ladder circuit there are only two types of resistors, the and the . (Ans: R & 2R)

5) For an n-bit weighted resistor DAC, number of resistors required is given by . (Ans: 2n-1)

6) If 6-bit weighted resistors DAC circuit uses R = 10kΩ, then the value of resistor at MSB will be equal to
. (Ans: 320kΩ)

7) SAR output voltage is always . (Ans: digital)

8) The staircase voltage is obtained in ADC circuit. (Ans: counter type)

9) In SAR ADC circuit, the count always advances by setting each . (Ans: MSB)

10) The 4-bit resistive divider DAC uses 80kΩ resistor at LSB. Then the value of resistor used at MSB position
will be . (Ans: 10kΩ)

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (4 MARKS)

1. Explain the working principle of weighted resistors DAC circuit with neat circuit diagram and formula.

2. What are the basic drawbacks of weighted resistors DAC circuit? Explain.

3. Draw a neat circuit of simultaneous ADC circuit and explain its working.

4. How SAR is faster than counter type ADC circuit? Explain with an example.

5. Compare between weighted resistors DAC and binary ladder DAC circuit.

6. Explain the working of counter type ADC circuit with proper diagram.

7. How SAR works? Explain its working with neat circuit diagram and represent its conversion process
graphically.

8. What do you mean by full scale output voltage of a DAC circuit? Explain with respect to both types of DAC
circuits.
CHAPTER-7: COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS

1. The address bus is and the data bus is . (Ans: unidirectional, bidirectional)

2. When UV radiations are used to delete the memory contents, such memory is called as
memory. (Ans: EPROM)

3. is a sequential access storage device. (Ans: magnetic tape)

4. When supply computer is switched off, information stored in is completely lost. (Ans: RAM)

5. The memory which can be written once is called as memory. (Ans: PROM)

6. is an input device. (Ans: Keyboard)

7. is an output device. (Ans: Printer)

8. Floppy can work both as device as well as device. (Ans: input, output)

9. The storage capacity of CD is MBytes. (Ans: 700MByte)

10. The floppy device can storage a maximum data size of MB. (Ans: 1.44MByte)

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (4 MARKS)

1. Draw the block diagram of basic computer and explain the function of each block.

2. Write a note on floppy disk and explain its working.

3. What is a hard disk? Explain its working with neat diagram.

4. Explain the terms modem and multimedia in brief.

5. What are the two types of buses used in computer? Explain their use.

6. State any six specifications of a personal computer.

7. Compare between primary and secondary memories.

8. Explain the working of magnetic tape with neat diagram.

9. What are the types of semiconductor memories? Enlist names and explain any two of them in details.

10. Give at least four applications of a computer.

11. What are the types of printers? Enlist their names and one application of each.

12. Explain any two input and output devices.