The Internet

of Things
Presentation By : Simran Singh
 He once said, “....today's information technology is so
dependent on data originated by people that our
computers know more about ideas than things. If we
had computers that knew everything there was to know
about things—using data they gathered without any
help from us—we would be able to track and count
everything, and greatly reduce waste, loss and cost….”

--- Kevin Ashton, co-founder, Auto-ID Labs at MIT

Introduction to the concept of IOT
Introduction to the Internet of Things (IoT)
The Internet of Things (IoT) is about connecting everyday items
to the internet. Think of things like thermostats, utility meters,
and car engines being able to share data online. This
connection is made possible by improvements in technology,
such as sensors and wireless communication. IoT is changing
how we live and work by making these "smart" devices
communicate. Companies are excited about IoT because it
opens up new opportunities to create innovative products and
services.
Definition of IOT
Definition: A dynamic global network
infrastructure with self-configuring
capabilities based on standard and
interoperable communication protocols
where physical and virtual "things" have
identities, physical attributes, and virtual
personalities and use intelligent
interfaces, and are seamlessly integrated
into the information network, often
communicate _ data associated with
users and their environments.
How Does IOT Works?
Example of IOT Sprinkler System
Sensor:
It is a device that measures physical input from its environment and converts it
into data that can be interpreted by a computer.
Connectivnity:
Several Communication Protocols and Technology used in IOT.
Depending upon Range, Power Usage, Cost, Data Rate etc. right one is used. E.g mobile,
Bluetooth, WI-FI, LoraWAN, etc.
All the collected data is sent via internet to a cloud infrastructure.
Data Processing :
The computer transforms the raw data into information.
 User Interface:
The information processed is made available to the end-user in some way, like
an app which can trigger alarm or send them notification through email or text
message.
Architecture of IOT:
1. Perception Layer

This is the first layer of IoT architecture. In the perception layer, a number of sensors and
actuators are used to gather useful information like temperature, moisture content,
intruder detection, sounds, etc. The main function of this layer is to get information from
surroundings and to pass data to another layer so that some actions can be done based on
that information.
2. Network Layer

it is the connecting layer between perception and middleware layer. It gets data from
perception layer and passes data to middleware layer using networking technologies like
3G, 4G, UTMS, Wifi, infrared, etc.

3. Middleware Layer

Middleware Layer has some advanced features like storage, computation, processing,
action taking capabilities. It stores all data-set and based on the device address and name
it gives appropriate data to that device
Architecture of IOT:
4. Application Layer

The application layer manages all application process based on information obtained from
middleware layer. This application involves sending emails, activating alarm, security
system, turn on or off a device, smartwatch, smart agriculture, etc.

5. Business Layer

The success of any device does not depend only on technologies used in it but also how it
is being delivered to its consumers. Business layer does these tasks for the device. It
involves making flowcharts, graphs, analysis of results, and how device can be improved,
etc.
Architecture of IOT:
IOT Enabling Technologies
WSN : Wireless Sensor Network

A WSN comprises distributed devices with sensors which are used to monitor
the environmental and physical conditions. A wireless sensor network consists
of end nodes, routers and coordinators. End nodes have several sensors
attached to them where the data is passed to a coordinator with the help of
routers. The coordinator also acts as the gateway that connects WSN to the
internet.
Example –
Weather monitoring system
Indoor air quality monitoring system
Soil moisture monitoring system

2. Cloud Computing :
It provides us the means by which we can access applications as utilities over
the internet. Cloud means something which is present in remote locations.
With Cloud computing, users can access any resources from anywhere like
databases, webservers, storage, any device, and any software over the internet.
Characteristics –
1. Broad network access
2. On demand self-services
IOT Enabling Technologies
3. Big Data Analytics :

It refers to the method of studying massive volumes of data or big data. Collection of
data whose volume, velocity or variety is simply too massive and tough to store,
control, process and examine the data using traditional databases.
Examples –
Bank transactions
Data generated by IoT systems for location and tracking of vehicles
E-commerce and in Big-Basket

4. Communications Protocols :
They are the backbone of IoT systems and enable network connectivity and linking
to applications. Communication protocols allow devices to exchange data over the
network.t.
They are used in
1. Data encoding
2. Addressing schemes
IOT Enabling Technologies
5. Embedded Systems :

It is a combination of hardware and software used to perform special tasks.

It includes microcontroller and microprocessor memory, networking units (Ethernet
Wi-Fi adapters), input output units (display keyword etc. ) and storage devices (flash
memory).
It collects the data and sends it to the internet.
Embedded systems used in
Examples –
1. Digital camera
2. DVD player, music player
3. Industrial robots
4. Wireless Routers etc.
Applications of IOT
Worldwide Internet of Things (IoT) connections
from 2020 to 2030, by application(in billions)
Advantages: Disadvantages:

Minimize human effort Security of confidential

and save time Data is a key concern
Lead to more Can lead to various
automation and types of network
technical optimization attacks
Help us to reduce Maintaining privacy is
waste and use our a challenge
natural resources
effectively .
.
Case Study:

Smart Cities
Smart cities use IoT technology to make cities better. They save energy and make services
like electricity better. For example, in Barcelona, they use smart grids and systems to save
energy and give power to people more efficiently. This helps save money and makes the
environment cleaner.
 Barcelona’s Smart City Initiatives:
Smart Lighting Systems: Smart Waste Management: Smart Transportation
Barcelona has deployed IoT- The city has implemented Solutions:
enabled smart lighting systems smart waste bins equipped Barcelona utilizes IoT
that adjust brightness levels with sensors to optimize waste technologies for smart traffic
based on real-time data. collection routes. management and parking
These systems not only save This initiative has improved solutions.
energy but also enhance public waste management efficiency, Commuters benefit from
safety by ensuring well-lit reduced operational costs, and reduced congestion, shorter
streets and public spaces. increased recycling rates. commute times, and real-time
updates on public
transportation options.
Environmental Impact:
By integrating IoT into various city services, Barcelona has
reduced its environmental footprint.
Initiatives like smart energy usage and waste management
contribute to a more sustainable urban environment.
References:
1. Internet of Things -- Arshdeep Bahga, Vijay Madisetti -- Lexington, KY, cop_ 2014 -- VPT -
- 978099602.pdfhttps://simitech.in/what-is-wireless-networking/
2. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/internet-of-things-iot-enabling-technologies/
3. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/5-layer-architecture-of-internet-of-things/
4. https://www.iottechtrends.com/history-of-iot/?form=MG0AV3
5. https://www.isaca.org/resources/isaca-journal/issues/2019/volume-1/security-issues-in-
iot-challenges-and-countermeasures
6. https://blog.emb.global/impactful-iot-case-studies-of-the-decade/
7. https://simplycoding.in/internet-of-things/
8. statistics by: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1403256/global-iot-connections/
Thank you !