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Chapter 02

Mechanical Engineering (Polytechnic University of the Philippines)

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CHAPTER 2

1. An ammonia vapor refrigeration cycle operates at an evaporator temperature of –16 C and a

condensing temperature of 32 C. Determine the coefficient of performance (a) for an ideal
saturation cycle, (b) for wet compression with saturated vapor leaving the compressor, and (c) if the
vapor at suction to the compressor is superheated 6 degrees.
Solution:
(a) Ideal saturation cycle

State points t ,C p , kPa h , kJ/kg

1 -16 227.04 1442.60
2 105 1239.60 1690.00
3 32 1239.60 351.47
4 -16 227.04 351.47
h1 − h4 1442.6 − 351.47
COP = = = 4.41
h2 − h1 1690 − 1442.6
(b) Wet compression cycle

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CHAPTER 2

State points t ,C p , kPa h , kJ/kg

1 -16 227.04 1288.0
2 32 1239.60 1487.18
3 32 1239.60 351.47
4 -16 227.04 351.47

h1 − h4 1288 − 351.47
COP = = = 4.70
h2 − h1 1487.18 − 1442.6

(c) With superheat

State points t,C p , kPa h , kJ/kg

1 -10 227.04 1456
2 113 1239.60 1713
3 32 1239.60 351.47
4 -16 227.04 351.47

h1 − h4 1456 − 351.47
COP = = = 4.29
h 2 − h1 1713 − 1442.6

2. A standard vapor compression system produces 20 tons of refrigeration using R-12 as a refrigerant
while operating between a condenser temperature of 42 C and an evaporator temperature of –25 C.
Determine (a) the refrigerating effect in kJ/kg, (b) the circulating rate in kg/s, (c) the power
supplied, (d) the COP, (e) the heat rejected in kW, and (f) the volume flow rate in L/s.

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CHAPTER 2

Solution:

Table of important properties:

State points t,C h , kJ/kg v , m3/kg

1 -25 340.4 131.3
2 42 377
3 42 240.6
4 -25 240.6

(a) Refrigerating Effect:

Q A = h1 − h4 = 340.4 − 240.6 = 99.8 kJ kg

20 tons (20)(3.516)
(b) m = = = 0.7046 kg s
QA 99.8

(c) W = m(h2 − h1 ) = (0.7046)(377 − 340.4) = 25.79 kW

Q A (20 )(3.516)
(d) COP = = = 2.73
W 25.79

(e) QR = m(h2 − h4 ) = (0.7046)(377 − 240.6) = 96.10 kW

(f) V = mv1 = (0.7046)(131.3) = 92.5 L s

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CHAPTER 2

3. An ammonia simple saturation cycle operates between evaporator and condenser temperatures of
–20 C and 35 C, respectively. The system is to be used in producing 5000 kg of ice at –12 C from
water at 29 C in 20 hrs. Assuming losses to be 20 percent of the heat to be absorbed from the water,
determine (a) the mass flow rate, (b) the heat rejected in the condenser, and (c) the power required
by the compression.

Solution:

Important Properties

State points t,C h , kJ/kg

1 -20 1437.2
2 1735
3 35 366.1
4 -20 366.1

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CHAPTER 2

With losses
Q A = [mw c w (t1 − 0) + mw L + mw (0 − t 2 )](1.2 )
where
L = 335 kJ kg , t1 = 29 C , t 2 = −12 C
 5000 
QA =  [(4.187 )(29) + 335 + (2.093)(12)](1.2 )
 20 
QA = (120,385 kJ hr )(1 hr 3600 s )(1.2) = 40.13 kW
QA 40.13
(a) m = = = 0.03747 kg s
h1 − h4 1437.2 − 366.1
(b) QR = m(h2 − h3 ) = (0.03747)(1735 − 366.1) = 51.29 kW
(c) W = m(h2 − h1 ) = (0.03747)(1735 − 1437.2 ) = 11.16 kW

4. A 15-ton refrigeration system is used to make ice. The water is available at 20 C. Refrigerant 12 is
used with saturated temperature limits of –25 C and 54 C. Determine (a) the COP, (b) the refrigerant
flow rate, (c) the temperature at discharge of the compressor, (d) the volume flow rate, and (e) the
maximum kg of ice manufactured per day.

Solution:

Important Properties

State points t,C h , kJ/kg v , m3/kg

1 -25 340.4 131.3
2 65 382.0
3 54 253.1
4 -25 253.1

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CHAPTER 2

h1 − h4 340 − 253.1
(a) COP = = = 2.09
h2 − h1 382 − 340.4
QA (15)(3.516) = 0.6069 kg s
(b) m = =
h1 − h4 340 − 253.1
(c) t 2 = 65 C = discharge temperature
(d) V = mv1 = (0.6069)(131.3) = 79.7 L s
(e) Q A = mi (c w ∆t + L ) = mi [(4.187)(20 − 0) + 335] = (15)(3.516)
mi = 0.1259 kg s
kg of ice per day = (0.1259)(3600)(24 ) = 10,878 kg

5. An R-12 standard refrigeration cycle operates at an evaporating pressure of 386 kPa and a
condensing pressure of 1009 kPa. Show the effects of decreasing the vaporizing pressure to 270 kPa
on the following: For a unit mass, (a) refrigerating effect, (b) COP, and (c) work. For a refrigerating
capacity of 1 kW, (d) power, (e) mass flow rate, (f) heat rejected, and (g) volume flow rate.

Solution:

Important Properties

State points p , kPa h , kJ/kg v , m3/kg

1 386 354.4 44.713
2 1009 370.0
3 1009 240.6
4 386 240.6

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CHAPTER 2

(a) Refrigerating Effect

QA = h1 − h4 = 354.4 − 240.6 = 113.8 kJ kg

h − h4 354.4 − 240.6
(b) COP = 1 = = 7.295
h2 − h1 370 − 354.4
(c) Work = W = h2 − h1 = 370 − 354.4 = 15.6 kJ kg
QA 1 kW
(d) W = = = 0.14 kW
COP 7.295
Q 1 kW
(e) m = A = = 8.8 × 10 −3 kg s = 0.0088 kg s
Q A 113.8 kJ kg
(f) QR = m(h2 − h3 ) = (0.0088)(370 − 240.6 ) = 1.14 kW
(g) V = mv1 = (0.0088)(44.713) = 0.39 L s

Decreasing vaporizing pressure to 270 kPa.

Important Properties

State points p , kPa h , kJ/kg v , m3/kg

1 270 349.8 62.89
2 1009 373
3 1009 240.6
4 270 240.6

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CHAPTER 2

(a) Refrigerating Effect

QA = h1 − h4 = 349.8 − 240.6 = 109.2 kJ kg (decreased)

h1 − h4 349.8 − 240.6
(b) COP = = = 4.707 (decreased)
h2 − h1 373 − 349.8
(c) Work = W = h2 − h1 = 373 − 349.8 = 23.2 kJ kg (increased)
QA 1 kW
(d) W = = = 0.22 kW (increased)
COP 4.707
Q 1 kW
(e) m = A = = 9.2 × 10 −3 kg s = 0.0092 kg s (increased)
Q A 10 9.8 kJ kg
(f) QR = m(h2 − h3 ) = (0.0092)(373 − 240.6) = 1.22 kW (increased)
(g) V = mv1 = (0.0092)(62.89 ) = 0.58 L s (increased)

6. An industrial plant has available a 4-cylinder, 76-mm bore by 102-mm stroke, 800 rpm, single-acting
compressor for use with refrigerant 12. Proposed operating conditions for the compressor are 38 C
condensing temperature and 5 C evaporating temperature. It is estimated that the refrigerant will
enter the expansion valve as a saturated liquid that the vapor will leave the evaporator at a
temperature of 7 C, and will enter the compressor at a temperature of 13 C. Assume a compressor
volumetric efficiency of 70%. Assume frictionless flow. Calculate the refrigerating capacity in kW for
a system equipped with this compressor.

Solution:

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CHAPTER 2

Important Properties

State points t ,C h , kJ/kg v , m3/kg

1 7 355
1’ 13 0.050
2
3 38 236.5
4 5 236.5

π π
VD = D 2 LN × (no. of cyl.) =(0.076)2 (0.102 )(800)(4) = 1.481 m 3 min
4 4
V1′ = η vVD = (0.70 )(1.481) = 1.037 m 3 min = 1037 L min
V1′ 1.037
m= = = 20.740 kg min
v1′ 0.050
20.740
m= = 0.3457 kg s
60

Refrigerating capacity = Q A = m(h1 − h4 ) = (0.3457 )(355 − 236.5) = 40.96 kW

7. A Refrigerant 12 refrigeration system requires a load of 54 kW at an evaporator pressure of 270 kPa

and a condenser pressure of 1009 kPa. The refrigerant is subcooled 10 degrees before entering the
expansion valve and vapor is superheated 14 degrees before entering the compressor. A twin-
cylinder compressor with stroke equal to 1.25 times the bore is to be used at a speed of 27 r/s. The
volumetric efficiency is 84 percent. Determine (a) the quantity of cooling water in the condenser for
an 11-degree increase in temperature, (b) the bore and stroke, and (c) the compressor power.

Solution:

Important Properties
State points p , kPa t,C h , kJ/kg v , m3/kg
1 270 10 358.5 0.070
2 1009 383.5
3 1009 32 230.5
4 270 -4 230.5

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CHAPTER 2

Q A = 54 kW
QA 54
m= = = 0.422 kg s
h1 − h4 358.5 − 230.5

(a) QR = m(h2 − h3 ) = mw c w (∆t )

mw = quantity of cooling water
cw = 4.187 kJ kg ⋅ K
∆t = 11 F

(0.422)(383.5 − 230.5) = mw (4.187 )(11)

mw = 1.40 kg s

(b) For D× L

π
VD = D 2LN × (no. of cyl.)
4
V1′ = mv1 = (0.422)(0.070) = 0.0295 m 3 s
V1′ 0.0295
VD = = = 0.0351 m 3 s
ηv 0.84
L = 1.25D
π
VD = D 2 (1.25D )(27 )(2 ) = 0.0351
4
D = 0.087 m = 8.7 cm
L = 1.25(8.7 ) = 10.9 cm

(c) W = m(h2 − h1 ) = (0.422)(383.5 − 358.5) = 10.6 kW

8. A refrigerant 22 refrigeration system carries a load of 82 kW at an evaporator pressure of 354 kPa

and a condenser pressure of 1460 kPa. The liquid refrigerant is subcooled by 4 degrees before
entering the expansion valve and the vapor is superheated by 5 degrees before entering the
compressor. The compressor operates at 28 r/s. The stroke-to-bore ratio of the twin-cylinder
compressor is 82%. Determine (a) mass flow rate of refrigerant, (b) mass flow rate of cooling water
in the condenser for a 7-degree change in temperature, and (c) the bore and stroke.

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CHAPTER 2

Solution:

Important Properties

State points p , kPa t,C h , kJ/kg v , m3/kg

1 354 -5 405 0.0667
2 1460 438
3 1460 34 241.8
4 354 -10 241.8

Q A = 82 kW
QA 82
(a) m = = = 0.5025 kg s
h1 − h4 405 − 241.8
(b) QR = m(h2 − h3 ) = mw c w (∆t )
mw = quantity of cooling water
cw = 4.187 kJ kg ⋅ K
∆t = 7 F

(0.5025)(438 − 241.8) = mw (4.187 )(7 )

mw = 3.36 kg s

(c) For D× L
V
VD = 1′ , η v = 0.82
ηv
V1′ = mv1 = (0.5025)(0.0667 ) = 0.0335 m 3 s
V1′ 0.0335
VD = = = 0.0408 m3 s
ηv 0.82

L = 1.20D
π
VD = D 2LN × (no. of cyl.)
4

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CHAPTER 2

π
VD = D 2 (1.20D )(28)(2) = 0.0408
4
D = 0.092 m = 9.2 cm
L = 1.20(9.2) = 11.0 cm

9. A refrigerant 22 refrigerating system is operating with a condenser temperature of 42 C and an

evaporating temperature of 0 C. (a) If the liquid line from the condenser is soldered to the suction
line from the evaporator to form a simple heat exchanger and if as a result of this saturated vapor
leaving the evaporator is superheated 10 degrees, how many degrees will the saturated liquid
leaving the condenser be subcooled? Determine (b) the volume flow rate, and (c) the compressor
work.

Solution:

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CHAPTER 2

Important Properties

State points t,C h , kJ/kg v , m3/kg

1 10 412.5 0.050
2 443
3 42 252.4
4
5 0
6 0 405.4

(a) For heat exchanger

h1 − h2 = h3 − h4
412 − 405.4 = 252.4 − h4
h4 = 245.8 kJ kg
then t 4 = 37 C

subcooled = t 3 − t 4 = 42 − 37 = 5 C

(b) For volume flow rate:

Consider Q A = 1 ton = 3.516 kW
QA
m= , h5 = h4
h6 − h5

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CHAPTER 2

3.516
m= = 0.022 kg s per ton of refrigeration
405.4 − 245.8

V1′ = mv1 = (0.022)(0.050) = 0.0011 m 3 s TR = 1.10 L s TR

(c) W = m(h2 − h1 ) = (0.022)(443 − 412.5) = 0.67 kW TR

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