Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 PYQs - 22

Chapter : Hydrostatic Force

Topic: Curved Surfaces
1. [NAT, ]
A cylinder (2.0 m diameter, 3.0 m long and 25 kN
weight) is acted upon by water on one side and
oil (specific gravity = 0.8) on other side as shown

0 de
in the figure.

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c The force F required to hold the plug in its
EG al
position is
π
The absolute ratio of the net magnitude of A. 2ρR2 gL (1 − 4 )
N rr

vertical forces to the net magnitude of B. 2ρR2 gL (1 + 4 )

π

horizontal forces (round off to two decimal

e

C. πR2 ρgL
places) is _____ [GATE-2021-CE] π
ρR2 gL
ef

D. [GATE-2016-ME]
2
2. [MCQ, ]
3. [NAT, ]
Consider a frictionless, mass less and leak-proof
R

A sector gate is provided on a spillway as shown

blocking a rectangular hole of dimensions 2R ×
in the figure. Assuming g = 10 m/s2, the resultant
L at the bottom of an open tank as shown in the
force per meter length (expressed in kN/m) on
figure. The head of the plug has the shape of a
the gate will be________ (round off to two
semi-cylinder of radius R. The tank is filled with
decimal places).
a liquid of density ρ up to the tip of the plug. The
gravitational acceleration is g. Neglect the effect
of the atmospheric pressure
 figure below. The hydrostatic force per unit
width of the cylindrical gate in y-direction is
____ kN. The gravitational acceleration, g =
9.8 m/s2 and density of water 1000 kg/m3
(round off to one decimal place).

0 de
[GATE-2016-CE]

I1 o
4. [NAT, ]
A semi-circular gate of radius 1m is placed at
c
the bottom of a water reservoir as shown in
[GATE-2016-XE]
EG al
N rre
ef
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 Answer Key
1. (0.35 to 0.40) 3. (126.00 to 128.00)
2. (A) 4. (15.3 to 15.5)

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c
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 Solutions
1. Answer: (0.35 to 0.40)

Net horizontal force on cylinder = FH , water -

FH,oil
D

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⇒ FH,Net = (ρw g × D × L) × h̅w − (ρoil × g ×
2
π
× L) × h̅oil FVI = ρ [R2 L − 4 R2 L] g
= (1000 × 9.81 × 2 × 3) × 2 − (800 × 9.81

I1 o
π
FVI = ρR2 Lg (1 − 4 )
2 1
× × 3) × Similarly
= 105.948 kN
2
c 2
FVII = ρR2 Lg (1 − 4 )
π
EG al
Net vertical Force on cylinder π
F = FV = 2ρR2 Lg (1 − )
= Fr,water + Fr,oil − W 4
π 3. Answer: (126.00 to 128.00)
N rr

⇒ Fr,Net = ( D2 L × ρw + g)
8
π
+ ( D2 L × ρoil × g) − w
e

16
π ρoil
ef

∴ Fr,net = d2 Lg (ρw + )−w

8 2
π 800
= × 4 × 3 × 9.81 (1000 + ) − 25000
8 2
R

= 39719.9 N = 39.72 kN
Fr,net 39.72
∴| |=| | = 0.3749 ≈ 0.37
FH,net 105.948
FP = √FH2 + FV2
2. Answer: (A)
FP FH 2 FV 2
√
= ( ) + ( ) → (1)
L L L
FH = FV
r
FH = ρg ( ) (rL)
2
 1 2 2
FH = ρgr 2 L FP 1 π √3
2 √
= ( ρgr ) + (ρg ( . ) r 2 )
2
L 2 6 4
FH 1
= ρgr 2 ⇒ (a)
L 2 2
FP 1 π √3
A = A1 − A2 = ρgr 2 √ + ( − )
L 4 6 4
π
A1 = r 2 FP
6 = 1000 × 10 × 52 × 0.50814
L
√3 2
A2 = r FP
4 = 127.034 kN/m
L
FV = Wfd
4. Answer: (15.3 to 15.5)
FV = ρVs g

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Semi cylindrical gate → Curved surface
FV = ρAlg
FV = Wfd
π √3 2
FV = ρ[ r 2 − r ]Lg FV = ρf Vf dg
6 4

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FV = ρf Vs g
FV π √3
= ρg ( − ) r 2 → (b) π
L 6

Substituting
4
FH FV
L
&
L
c
in eq(1)
FV = ρf ( r 2 w)g
2
π
FV = 100 × ( × 12 × 1) × 9.8
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1
FV = 15.393 kN
N rre
ef
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Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP - 22

Chapter : Hydrostatic Force

Topic: Curved Surfaces
1. [NAT, ] 3. [MSQ, ]
A quadrant of a circle of radius 2 m as
A curved panel BC as shown in the figure is a
shown in figure, take the width of gate is
60°arc, perpendicular to the bottom at C. If the
unity, then the centre of pressure (in m) and
panel is 4 m wide into the paper, then the

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vertical force exerted by water (in kN) are
resultant hydrostatic force of the water on the
respectively.
panel is _____ kN (round off to one decimal
place). Take γw = 9790 N⁄m3

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c
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A. The centre of pressure is 2.60 m to

e

2.68 m from free surface.

B. The centre of pressure is 2.11 m to
ef

2.17 m from free surface.

2. [NAT, ]
A hemispherical bulge of diameter 1.5 m is C. Vertical force exerted by water is
R

provided in the bottom of a tank. If the depth of 60.21 kN to 60.28 kN.

water above the horizontal floor of the tank is
D. Vertical force exerted by water is
5.0 m, the magnitude of resultant force on the
hemisphere is _____ kN (round off to nearest 64.51 kN to 64.61 kN.
integer).
4. [NAT, ]
A 4 m long curved gate is located in the side of a
reservoir containing water (γw = 9.8 kN/m3 )
as shown below. The difference in magnitude of
horizontal and vertical components of the force
of the water on the gate is _______ (round off to
the nearest integer).
 of 1.6 and on the right has a specific gravity of
0.8. Take ρw = 999 kg/m3

The absolute ratio of the net magnitude of

vertical forces to the net magnitude of
horizontal forces is _____ (round off to two

0 de
5. [NAT, ] decimal places).
A cylinder (3.0 m diameter, 6.0 m long) is acted
upon by a fluid on the left has a specific gravity

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c
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 Answer Key
1. (438.8 to 444.8) 4. (100 to 102)
2. (77 to 79) 5. (1.10 to 1.15)
3. (A, C)

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Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 PYQs - 21

Chapter : Hydrostatic Force

Topic: Closed Container Analysis
Common Data for Q-1 & Q-2: 1. [MCQ, ]
A vessel containing water (density 1000 kg/m3 ) The pressure (in bar) exerted on the bottom
and oil (density 800 kg/m3 ), pressurized by gas, is wall inside the vessel is approximately.
shown in the figure below. Assume that the A. 0.238 B. 2.38

0 de
gravitational acceleration is 10 m/s 2 C. 23.8 D. 238
[GATE-2012-XE]
2. [MCQ, ]

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The gate is 1 m wide perpendicular to the

c plane of the paper. The force (in N) exerted on

the gate is approximately.
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A. 2.23 × 103 B. 2.23 × 104
C. 2.23 × 105 D. 2.23 × 106
N rr

[GATE-2012-XE]
e
ef
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 Answer Key
1. (B) 2. (C)

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 Solutions
1. Answer: (B) 2. Answer: (C)

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Pressure at the interface of oil-water
Pressure on the bottom wall = ρgas + (ρoil × g × 1)

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= ρgas + (ρoil × g × 1) + (ρwater × g × 3) = 2 × 105 + (800 × 10 × 1) = 208 kPa

= 238000 Pa
c
= 2 × 105 + (800 × 10 × 1) + (1000 × 10 × 3) ∴ Height of water column equivalent to 208
kPa is
EG al
= 2.38 bar = 208 × 103 = 103 × 10 × h
∴ Pressure on bottom wall = 2.38 bar ⇒ h = 20.8 m
N rr

∴ Force exerted on gate

= 103 × 10 × (1 × 1) × (21.8 + 0.5)
e

= 22.3 × 104 = 2.23 × 105 N

ef
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Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP - 21

Chapter : Hydrostatic Force

Topic: Closed Container Analysis
1. [MSQ, ] pressure gauge. The force exerted on the
A closed tank of 1.5 m wide contains water, curved surface of the cone within the tank due
liquid (SG = 0.9) upto height 0.25 m and 0.5 m to the 40 kPa pressure is ____kN
respectively, as shown in the below figure.
Which one or more of the following

0 de
statement(s) is/are TRUE ?

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c
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A. Force on the cone is 116 Kn to 118 kN.
B. Force on the cone is 101 kN to 103 kN.
N rr

C. Force on the cone directed vertically

downward along the cone axis.
e

D. Force on the cone directed vertically

upward along the cone axis.
ef

A. Total pressure force on one side of the tank

3. [NAT, ]
is 3.72 kN to 3.82 kN.
The pressure of the air at A within the closed
B. Total pressure force on one side of the tank
R

tank is 200 kPa. Take ρw = 1000 kg/m3 , width

is 2.60 kN to 2.66 kN.
of the tank is 1.75 m. The difference in
C. The position of center of pressure from one
magnitude of the resultant force acting on the
side of the tank is 0.45 m to 0.55 m from
plates CD to BC is ______ Kn (round off to the
the top.
nearest integer).
D. The position of center of pressure from one
side of the tank is 0.36 m to 0.42 m from
the top.

2. [MSQ, ]
A plug in the bottom of a pressurized tank is
conical in shape as shown below. The liquid in
the tank has a specific weight of 27 kN/m3 . The
air pressure of 40 kPa is indicated in the
 C. The location of the resultant force,
measured from the top surface of the oil is
1.49 m to 1.54 m.
D. The location of the resultant force,
measured from the top surface of the oil is
1.71 m to 1.76 m.

5. [NAT, ]
A closed vessel as shown in the figure contains

0 de
water with an air pressure of 68.94 kPa at the
4. [MSQ, ]
water surface. One side of the vessel contains a
A storage tank contains oil and water acting at
the depths shown, width of the tank = 1.25 m. spout that is closed by a 15 cm diameter

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Take ρ0 = 900 kg/m3 and ρw = 1000 kg/m3 . circular gate that is hinged along one side as
illustrated. The horizontal axis of the hinge is

c located 3 m below the water surface. Neglect

the weight of the gate and friction at the hinge.
The minimum torque applied at the hinge to
EG al
hold the gate is _______N-m (round off to one
decimal place).
N rre
ef

A. The resultant force (both liquids) exert on

the side ABC of the tank is 29.1 kN to
R

29.5 kN.
B. The resultant force (both liquids) exert on
the side ABC of the tank is 25.1 kN to
25.5 kN.
 Answer Key
1. (A, C) 4. (A, C)
2. (A, C) 5. (370.5 to 376.5)
3. (115 to 117)

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Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 PYQs - 20

Chapter : Hydrostatic Force

Topic: Center of pressure
1. [MCQ, ] A. 3.46 m B. 4.36 m
A hinged gate of length 5 m inclined at 300 C C. 6.43 m D. 5.36 m
with the horizontal and with water mass on its
[GATE-2011-XE]
left, is shown in the figure below. Density of
water is 1000 kg/m3 . The minimum mass of 3. [MCQ, ]

0 de
the gate in kg per unit width (perpendicular to Two walls are holding back water as shown in
the plane of paper), required to keep it closed is the figures below. The resisting moments per
unit length of the walls at points P and Q are

I1 o
MP and MQ . Denoting the specific weight of

c water as γ, the difference in the moments

(MQ − MP )is
EG al
A. 5000 B. 6600
N rr

C. 7546 D. 9623
[GATE-2013-ME]
e

2. [MCQ, ]
ef

√3γh3 2γh3
Consider an L-shaped gate with water level A. B.
2 √3
above the hinge as shown. At approximately γh3 γh3
C. D.
R

18 2
what height D of the water level will the gate
[GATE-2010-XE]
open? Neglect the mass of the gate. Assume
4. [MCQ, ]
g = 10 m/s 2 .
Cross section of an object (having same section
normal to the paper) submerged into a fluid
consists of a square of sides 2 m and triangle as
shown in the figure. The object is hinged at
point P that is one meter below the fluid free
surface. If the object is to be kept in the
position as shown in the figure. The value of ‘x’
should be
 8

7. [MCQ, ]
The force per unit width on the rectangular
door submerged in a liquid of density ρ (figure
shown below) is

A. 2√3 m B. 4√3 m
C. 4 m D. 8 m
[GATE-2005-CE]
5. [MCQ, ]

0 de
The centre of pressure of a liquid on a plane
surface immersed vertically in a static body of ρg
A. √2 ρg B.

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2
liquid, always lies below the centroid of the
ρg 2
C. D.
surface area, because 2√2 ρg

c
A. in liquids the pressure acting is same in all
directions
[GATE-1996-CE]
EG al
B. there is no shear stress in liquids at rest
C. the liquid pressure is constant over depth
N rr

D. the liquid pressure increases linearly with

e

depth
[GATE-1997-CE]
ef

6. [MCQ,]
A vertical triangular plane area, submerged in
R

water, with one side in the free surface, vertex

downward and altitude ‘h’ has the pressure
centre below the free surface by
A. h/4 B. h/3
C. 2h/3 D. h/2
[GATE-1996-CE]

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Answer Key
1. (D) 5. (D)
2. (A) 6. (D)
3. (A) 7. (C)
4. (A)

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Solutions
1. Answer: (D) h h h
Moment at Q = ρ g (2) (sinθ × w 2 ) × 3sinθ
1
MQ = 6 sin2 θ γh3
1 1
MQ − MP = 6 sin2 θ γh3 − 6 γh3
1
= 6 γh3 [cot 2 θ]

Wx = FP y 1
= γh3
L 18
FP = ρgh̅A = ρg(2 sin θ)(L × 1)

0 de
4. Answer: (A)
∗ 2L sin θ 2L
h = , y=
3 3
L
x = 2 cos θ

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L L 2L
mg (2 cos θ) = ρg (2 sin θ) (L) ( 3 )

m=
2ρL2 sin θ

2
3 cos θ
2
c
= 3 ρL2 tan θ
1
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m = 3 × 1000 × 52 ×
√3

50000
= = 9622.23 kg
N rr

3√3 At equilibrium (Hinge)

2. Answer: (A) x
Fb1 × 1 = Fb2 ×
e

F1 = ρg ( 2 ) (Dw)
D 3
ρ × (2 × 2 × w) × g × 1
ef

D
h1 = 1 x
3
= ρ × ( × 2 × x × w) × g ×
F2 = ρgD × (2w) 2 3
R

h2 = 1 m x2
= 4 ⇒ x 2 = 12
3
At equilibrium:
x = 2√3m
F1 h1 = F2 h2
5. Answer: (D)
D D
ρg ( ) (DW) ( ) = 300 (200) × 1 ⇒ D2 The center of pressure of a liquid on a plane
2 3
= 12 surface immersed vertically in a static body of a
D = 3.46 m liquid, lies below the centroid of the surface
3. Answer: (A) area because the liquid pressure increases
h h
Fp = ρ g ( ) ( × w2 )
2 sinθ

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linearly with depth. So, most of the effect due 7. Answer: (C)
to liquid acts on the bottom of the surface.
6. Answer: (D)

Given width of the door = 1m

0 de
Depth of center of pressure, Force exerted on door = ρg Ah̅
Ixx . sin2 θ 1
h∗p = h̅ + ⇒ F = ρg(1 × 1) × { × sin45°}
A. h̅ 2

I1 o
bh3 ρg 1 ρg
h ×1 ⇒F= × =
36 2 √2 √2
⇒ hp∗ = + {1 }

⇒ hp∗ =
3

h h 3h h
+ = =
h
×b×h×( )
2 c 3 ρg
∴ Force exerted on door per unit width = 2√2
EG al
3 6 6 2
h
∴ Depth of center of pressure = 2
N rre
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Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP - 20

Chapter : Hydrostatic Force

Topic: Center of pressure
1. [NAT, ]
A Square GATE ABC having each side 1 𝑚 is
hinged at 𝐵, shown in the figure. If the water

0 de
level is sufficiently high, the GATE will open
automatically. The minimum height of water for
which GATE will open automatically is _____ m

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(round off to three decimal places)

c
EG al
N rr

3. [NAT, ]
e

A Circular glass window BC, having diameter

ef

3 m, is kept on inclined wall, as shown in figure

below. The moment of the hydrostatic force on
R

the window about topmost point B is

2. [NAT] _______kN-m (round off to one decimal place)
A Circular GATE ABC, having diameter 2 m is
hinged at B. If B is at 8 m, from the free surface
of water, then the force (P) sufficient to keep
the GATE closed is _______ kN (round off to
one decimal place).

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Which of the following statement(s) is/are

CORRECT ?
A. The hydrostatic force acting on water side
of the GATE is directly proportional to d2 .
B. The hydrostatic force acting on water side
of the GATE is directly proportional to b.
C. The depth of center of pressure from free
2d
surface is .
3

0 de
D. The depth of center of pressure from free
3d
4. [MSQ, ] surface is .
3

I1 o
A GATE in the form of a right-angle triangle of a
height ‘d’ and base ‘b’ is in container carrying
c
water upto the brim. The GATE location is such
that its vertex is at the water free surface.
EG al
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Answer Key
1. (0.333) 3. (388.4)
2. (7.7) 4. (A, B, D)

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Solutions
1. (0.333)
2. Answer: (7.7)

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c Plane surface
EG al
Fp = ρgh̅A
For automatic opening of GATE
π
h∗ ≤ h + 0.6 × 22
N rr

Fp = 1000 × 9.81 × 8 ×
Ixx,C 4
h∗ = h̅ +
Ah̅ Fp = 246552.1915 N
(1)4
e

12 Fp = 246.55 kN
h∗ = (h + 0.5) +
(1)2 (h + 0.5)
ef

Ixx,c
1 h∗ = h̅ +
h∗ = (h + 0.5) + Ah̅
12(h + 0.5) π
1 (2)4
R

(h + 0.5) + ∗ 64
≤ (h + 0.6) h =8+ π
12(h + 0.5) (2)2 × 8
1 4
0.1(h + 0.5) ≥ 1
12 h∗ = 8 +
5 32
h + 0.5 ≥
6 h∗ = 8.01325
5 1
h≥ −
6 2
2
h≥
6
1
h≥
3
h ≥ 0.3333 m

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h̅
sin 50° =
4.5

0 de
h̅ = 4.5 sin 50°
At equilibrium (For moment about hinge)
h̅ = 3.4472 m
M2 = M1
π
A = (32 )

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D
P( 2 ) = Fp (h∗ − h̅) 4
A = 7.0686 m2

P = 7.7046 kN
c
P × 1 = 246.55(0.03125)
Fp = 1000 × 9.81 × 3.4472 × 7.0686
Fp = 239039.07 N
EG al
3. Answer: (388.4)
Fp = 239.039 kN
Ixx,c sin θ
N rr

y ∗ = y̅ +
Ah̅
π
(64) (34 ) sin 50°
e

y ∗ = 4.5 + π
( 4 ) (32 )4.5 sin 50°
ef

M = Fp × (y ∗ − 3)
M = 239.039 × (4.625 − 3)
R

M = 388.438 kN-m
4. (A, B, D)

Fp = ρgh̅A

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Fp = ρgh̅A Fp ∝ b
2d 1 Fp ∝ d2
Fp = ρg ( ) ( bd)
3 2 3d
1 h∗ =
Fp = ρgbd2 4
3
Fp ∝ ρ

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c
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Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 PYQs - 19

Chapter : Hydrostatic Force

Topic: Plane Surfaces
1. [NAT, ] [GATE-2019-PI]
3. [NAT, ]
The barrier shown between two water tanks of
Consider a cubical tank of side 2 m with its top
unit width (1 m) into the plane of the screen is
open. It is filled with water up to a height of
modeled as a cantilever.

0 de
1 m. Assuming the density of water to be
1000 kg/m3 , g as 9.81 m/s2 and the
atmospheric pressure to be 100 kPa, the net
hydrostatic force (in kN) on the side face of the

I1 o
tank due to the air and water is ______

c (accurate to two decimal places).

[GATE-2018-AE]
EG al
4. [NAT, ]
A 2m × 2m square opening in a vertical wall is
N rr

covered with a metallic plate of the same

Taking the density of water as 1000 kg/m3 ,
dimensions as shown in the figure below.
and the acceleration due to gravity as 10 m/s 2 , Consider the acceleration due to gravity to be
e

the maximum absolute bending moment 10.0 m/s 2 . The force (in kN) exerted by water
ef

developed in the cantilever is _________ kN-m on the plate is______.

(round off to the nearest integer).

R

[GATE-2020-ME]
2. [NAT, ]
An open tank of 2m × 2m × 2m is filled with
layers of two fluids. Depth of each layer is one
meter. The top layer is that of an oil of specific
gravity 0.8. The bottom layer is of water.
Consider the density of water ρw =
1000 kg/m3 and acceleration due to gravity
g = 9.8 m/s 2 . Neglecting the effect of
atmospheric pressure, the force (in N) exerted
[GATE-2015-MT]
by the fluids on one of the side walls of the tank
is ______.

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 19

Answer Key
1. (104 to 106) 3. (9.8 to 9.81)
2. (33000 to 34000) 4. (120 to 120)

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c
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Solutions
1. Answer: 105 (104 to 106) Fp
= 1.7 P wg
w
Fp
= 1.7 × 9.8 × 1000
w

Fp = 3.4 × 9.8 × 1000

Fp = 3320 NN
33000 to 34000
3. Answer: 9.8 to 9.81

0 de
I1 o
ΣM = M1 − M2
h1 h2
ΣM = Fp1 ( ) − Fp2 ( )

h1
3

ΣM = ρg ( ) (h1 × w) ( )
c
3
h1
EG al
2 3 FP = ρgh̅A
h2 h2 a a
−ρg ( ) (h2 × w) ( ) FP = ρg ( ) (a × )
2 3 4 2
N rr

ρgw 3
ΣM = (h1 − h32 ) 1
6 FP = ρga3
8
e

1000 × 10 × 1 3
ΣM = (4 − 13 ) 1
6 FP = × 1000 × 9.81 × 23
8
ef

10
ΣM = × 63 kN FP = 9.81 kN
6
4. Answer: 120 to 120
ΣM = 105 kN
R

2. Answer: 33000 to 34000 FP = ρgh̅A

Fp 1 1 = 1000 × 10 × 3 × (2 × 2)
= 2 P1 gh12 + p1 gh1 h2 + 2 P2 gh22
w
= 120 kN
Fp 1 1
= ρ0 g(1)2 + ρ0 g(1) (1) + P wg(1)2
w 2 2
Fp 1 L
= P wg (2 × 0.8 + 0.8 + 2)
w

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Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP - 19

Chapter : Hydrostatic Force

Topic: Plane Surfaces
1. [MCQ, ]
A 3 m high, 6 m wide rectangular gate is hinged
at the top edge at A and is restrained by a fixed
ridge at B. The hydrostatic force exerted on the

0 de
gate by the 5 m high water is _______.

I1 o
c A. 0.152
C. 0.172
B. 0.162
D. 0.182
EG al
3. [MCQ, ]
The below figure shows that, A combination of
the rectangular panel and a semi-circular panel
N rr

A. 418 kN B. 618 N
under water. The hydrostatic force acting on
C. 418 N D. 618 kN
e

the rectangular panel is same as the force on

the hydrostatic acting semi-circular panel. If the
ef

2. [MCQ, ]
The tank as shown in Figure below has a 4 cm height H = K × R, the value of k is _____.
diameter plug which will pop out if the
R

hydrostatic force on it reaches 25 N. For 20°C

fluids, The reading ‘h’ (in m) on the manometer
when this happens is _______ .Take γwater =
9790 N/m3 , γmercury = 133100 N/m3 .

A. 6K 2 + 3πK − 4 = 0
B. 6K 2 + 3πK + 4 = 0
C. 6K 2 − 3πK − 4 = 0
D. 6K 2 − 3πK + 4 = 0

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4. [NAT, ]
At static equilibrium, the two fluids are
separated by a gate rectangular as shown
F1 h
below. If = 1.70, then the value of is
F2 H

________. Neglect atmospheric effects. (round

off two decimal places)

6. [NAT, ]
An open settling tank contains a liquid

0 de
suspension, as shown in the figure below. The
hydrostatic force acting on the parabolic gate is
_____ kN. Take the liquid density is
850 kg⁄m3 . Assume atmospheric pressure acts

I1 o
on both sides of the gate (round off to three
decimal places).
5. [NAT, ]
c
Consider a flat thick inclined plate of thickness
0.2 m, width 1 m (Normal to the screen), and
EG al
length 1 m submerged in water. The depth of
water from the free surface to the container of
N rr

thick plate is 1.25 m. If the angle of inclination

is 30°, the hydrostatic force acting on the top
e

surface of the plate is __________ kN (round

off to one decimal place).
ef
R

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Answer Key
1. (D) 4. (0.64)
2. (A) 5. (11.4)
3. (D) 6. (140.571)

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c
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ef
R

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Solutions
1. Answer: (D) Fp = ρgh̅A

0 de
x
Sin 50° =
Plane Surface d

I1 o
Fp = ρgh̅A x = d sin 50°
x
h̅ = 2 + 1.5
h̅ = 3.5 m
c h̅ = H −
2
d
h̅ = H − sin 50°
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A=3m×6m 2
d
A = 18 m2 h̅ = H − sin 50°
2
N rr

Fp = 1000 × 9.81 × 3.5 × 18 0.04

h̅ = H − 2 sin 50°
Fp = 618030 N
e

h̅ = H – 0.01532
Fp = 618.030 Kn
π
ef

2. Answer: (A) A = (0.04)2

4
A = 1.2566 × 10−3 m2
R

25 = 9790 (H − 0.01532) × 1.2566 × 10−3

H = 2.0475 m
P1 − P2
Patm,L + ρm gh = Patm,L + ρw g(H + 0.02)
133100h = 9790 (2.0475 + 0.02)
h = 0.15207 m

Plane Surface

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3. Answer: (D) 4
2K 2 = πK +
3
6K 2 = 3πK + 4
6K 2 − 3πK − 4 = 0
4. Answer: (0.64)

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Plane Surface

I1 o
FPR = ρgh̅R AR
H

c
FPR = ρg ( 2 ) (2HR) → (a)
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F1 = ρ1 gh̅1 A1
H H
N rr

F1 = 0.86 ρw g ( ) ( b) → (a)
2 sing α
F2 = ρ2 gh̅2 A2
e

h h
F2 = 1.25 ρw g (2) (sin α b)→ (b)
ef

Eq (a) ÷ Eq (b)
H H
F1 0.86 ρw g ( 2 ) (sin α b)
R

Plane Surface =
F2 1.25 ρ g (h) ( h b)
w 2 sin α
FPS = ρgh̅s As
F1 0.86 H 2
4R π 2 =
FPS = ρg (H + ) ( 2 R ) → (b) F2 1.25 h2
3π

From eq (a) & eq (b) h2 0.86

=
H 4R π 2 H 2 1.25 (1.7)
ρg ( ) (2HR) = ρg (H + )( R )
2 3π 2 h
= 0.6362
KR 4R π 2 H
( ) (2KR2 ) = (KR + )( R )
2 3π 2
4 π
K 2 = (K + )
3π 2

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5. Answer: (11.4)

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h = 5 − y sin θ

c dA = 2xdy

sin θ =
x
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y
x = y sin θ
dFp = ρg(5 − y sin θ)(2xdy)
N rr

t
h̅ = H − cos θ y
2
dFp = √2ρg(5 − y sin θ) (√ ) dy
e

0.2 2
h̅ = 1.25 − cos 30°
2 dFp = √2 ρg (5 − y sin θ)√y dy
ef

h̅ = 1.1634 m 1 3
dFp = √2ρg(5y 2 − y 2 sin θ)dy
Fp = 1000 × 9.81 × 1.1634 × 1 × 1
1 3
R

3
Fp = 11412.954 N Fp = ∫0 √2 ρg(5y 2 − y 2 sin θ)dy
3
6. Answer: (140.571)
5 3 sinθ 5
Fp = √2ρg [ 3 y − 2
5 y ]
2

2 2

10 3 2 sin 60° 5
Fp = √2 × 850 × 9.81 [ × 32 − × 32 ]
3 5
Fp = 140571.6353 N
Fp = 140.571 kN

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Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 PYQs - 18

Chapter : Pressure & Its Measurement

Topic: Differential Manometers
1. [NAT, ]
In an inverted manometer (as shown in the
figure), the pressure difference, PB − PA is
100 kPa. Use specific gravity of oil as 0.8,

0 de
density of water as 1000 kg/m3 , density of
mercury as 13600 kg/m3 and acceleration due
to gravity as 10 m/s 2 . The height of the water

I1 o
column, H is ________ cm. (rounded off to one
decimal place).

c 3. [NAT, ]
[GATE-2019-XE]

An inverted U-tube manometer is used to

EG al
measure the pressure difference between two
pipes A and B, as shown in the figure. Pipe A is
N rr

carrying oil (Specific gravity = 0.8) and pipe B is

carrying water. The densities of air and water
e

are 1.16 kg/m3 and 1000 kg/m3 , respectively.

The pressure difference between pipes A and B
ef

is _____ kPa. Acceleration due to gravity g =

10 m/s2 .
[GATE-2020-XE]
R

2. [NAT, ]
The mercury manometer shown in the figure
below is connected to a water pipe at one end
while the other end is open to the atmosphere.
The density of water is 1000 kg/m3 , the
specific gravity of mercury is 13.6 and the
gravitational acceleration g is 10 m/s2 . The
gauge pressure pw (in kN/m2 , rounded off 2
decimal places) in the water pipe is ______.
[GATE-2016-ME]

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4. [MCQ, ] 6. [MCQ, ]

The figure below shows water flowing through A differential U - tube manometer with mercury
a pipe. The pressure difference between points as the manometric fluid is used to measure the
P and Q measured using a water-over-mercury pressure difference between two sections P
manometer is and Q in a horizontal pipe carrying water at
steady state as shown in the figure below. If the
difference in mercury levels in the two limbs of
the manometer is 0.75 m, the difference in
pressure (kPa) between sections P and Q is

0 de
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A. ρ2 gH B. ρ1 gh
C. (ρ2 − ρ1 )gH

5. [MCQ, ]
c D. (ρ2 − ρ1 )gh
[GATE-2015-MT]
EG al
A U-tube mercury (Hg) manometer as shown
below is employed to measure the pressure of A. 49.275 B. 94.275
an oil-filled vessel. The densities of Hg and oil C. 9.4275 D. 492.75
N rr

are 13600 kg/m3 and 800 kg/m3 , [GATE-2010-XE]

respectively. The gravitational acceleration may 7. [MCQ, ]
e

be taken as 10 m/s 2 . The gauge pressure (in In the inclined manometer shown in the figure
ef

Pa) at point A when h1 = 0.5 m and h2 = below, the reservoir is large. Its surface may be
0.9 m, is approximately. assumed to remain at a fixed elevation. A is
connected to a gas pipeline and the deflection
R

noted on the inclined glass tube is 100 mm.

Assuming θ = 30°C and the manometric fluid as
oil with specific gravity of 0.86, the gauge
pressure at A is

A. 118.4 × 103 B. 118.4

C. 11.84 D. 1.184
[GATE-2012-XE]

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A. 43 mm water (Vacuum) [GATE-1996-ME]

B. 43 mm water 10. [MCQ, ]
C. 86 mm water A U-tube with both limbs open to atmosphere
D. 100 mm water contains two immiscible liquids of densities ρ1
[GATE-2004-CE] and ρ2 (Figure shown below). Under
8. [MCQ, ] equilibrium the distance h is given by
Refer to figure, the absolute pressure of gas A
in the bulb is

0 de
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c A. h = L (1 − ρ1 )
ρ1
B. h = L (ρ − 1)
ρ
2
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2
ρ2
C. h = L ρ
1

D. h = 0
N rr

[GATE-1996-CE]
A. 771.2 mm Hg B. 752.65 mm Hg 11. [MCQ, ]
e

C. 767.35 mm Hg D. 748.8 mm Hg The cross-sectional area of one limb of a U-tube

[GATE-1997-ME] manometer [figure shown below] is made 500
ef

9. [MCQ, ] time larger than the other, so that the pressure

A mercury manometer is used to measure the difference between the two limbs can be
R

static pressure at a point in a water pipe as determined by measuring ‘h’ on one limb of the
shown in figure. The level difference of mercury manometer. The percentage error involved is
in the two limbs is 10 mm. The gauge pressure
at that point is

A. 1236 Pa B. 1333 Pa A. 1.0 B. 0.5

C. Zero D. 98 Pa C. 0.2 D.0.05

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[GATE-1990-ME] A. 7.56 meters of water

12. [MCQ, ] B. 75.76 meters of water
A pipe carrying water is attached to a C. 8.16 meters of water
differential gauge. Deflection in mercury gauge D. None
is 0.6 m, the (PA - PB ) is _______m of water. [GATE-1989-CE]

0 de
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c
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ef
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Answer Key
1. (30.5 to 34.5) 7. (B)
2. (33.25 to 33.75) 8. (A)
3. (2.19 to 2.21) 9. (A)
4. (C) 10. (A)
5. (A) 11. (C)
6. (B) 12. (C)

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c
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Solutions
1. Answer: (30.5 to 34.5) 5. Answer: (A)
P1 = P2 PA + ρ0 gh1 = Patm1 + ρm gh2
Pg = P2 + ρm g(0.45 + 1) … (a) PA − Patm1 = ρm gh2 − Patm1
PA = P1 + ρ0 g(0.15) + ρw g + 1 … (b) = ρw g(13.6 × 0.9 − 0.8 × 0.5)
= 104 (1224 − 04 )
2. Answer: (33.25 to 33.75)
= 104 × 11.84 Pg
P1 = P2
Pw + ρw g (0.05) = Patm,L + ρm g(0.25) 6. Answer: (B)

0 de
Pw −Patm,L + ρm g(0.25) − ρw g(0.05) ΔP = (ρm − ρf )gh
ΔP = ρw (13.6 − 1) × 9.81 × 0.75
3. Answer: (2.19 to 2.21)

I1 o
ΔP = 94.275 kPa

c 7. Answer: (B)
EG al
N rre

PA = Patm,L + ρ0 gh
ef

PA − Patm,L = S0 ρw g(100 sin 30°) × 10−3

PA = P1 + ρa g(0.08) + ρ0 g(0.2) ….. (1)
Pg,A = ρw g(0.86 × 50) × 10−3
PB = P2 + ρw g(0.380) ….. (2)
R

Pg,A
= 43 × 10−3 m of water
Equation (1) + Equation (2) ρwg

Pg,A
PA − PB = ρA g(0.08) + ρ0 g(0.2) − ρw g(0.38) = 43 mm of water
ρw g
1.16
= ρw g[ × 0.8 + 0.8 × 0.2 − 0.38]
1000
8. Answer: (A)
PA − PB = −2.2 kPa
Pressure difference between A & B is 2.2 kPa

4. Answer: (C)
∆P = (ρm − ρf )gh
PV − PQ (ρ2 − ρ1 )g − H

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ρ Lf
r = 2ρf
M

Difference of liquid levels in two limbs

ρ Lf
d = Lf − 2r = Lf − 2 × 2ρf
m

ρf
d = Lf (1 − )
ρm
ρf
d = Lf (1 − )
ρm
From diagram ↓ ↓
PA + ρw g(0.17) = Patm,L + ρw g(0.05) +
ρ1

0 de
ρHg (0.02) h = L (1 − )
ρ2
PA = Patm,L + ρHg g(0.02) − ρw g(0.12) 11. Answer: (C)
0.12 The percentage error involved

I1 o
PA = Patm,L + ρHg g(0.02) − ρw g ( )
13.6 1
0.12 = A × 100

c
= Patm,L + ρHg g (0.02 −

= Patm,L + ρHg g × 0.0112

13.6
) 1 + a sinθ
Here A = 500 a & Right tube is vertical (θ =
90°)
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= 760 mm of Hg + 11.2 mm of Hg ∴ % error involved
1 1
 771.2 mm of Hg = 500 a × 100 = 501 × 100
1+( )
N rr

a
9. Answer: (A)
= 0.1996 = 0.2
e

12. Answer: (C)

ef
R

Give PA − PB = 0.6 m of Mercury Head

Converting Mercury Head to water Head
PA + ρw g(x + 0.01) = Patm,L + ρm g(0.01)
⇒ (0.6) × (13600) = x × (1000)
PA − Patm,L = ρδg (0.01) − ρw g(x + 0.01)
⇒ x = (0.6 × 13.6) = 8.16
PA − Patm,L = (ρδg − ρw )g(0.01) ∴ x = 8.16 m
Pg,A = 1236.06 Pa ∴ 0.6 m of Mercury Head = 8.16 m of water
head
10. Answer: (A)
ρf Lf = ρm (2r)

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Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP - 18

Chapter : Pressure & Its Measurement

Topic: Differential Manometers
1. [MCQ, ] 3. [MSQ, ]
The gauge pressure of the air in the tank shown The local atmospheric pressure is 755 mm of
in figure. is measured to be 65 kPa. The mercury and S. G. of mercury is 13.6.
differential height h of the mercury column in
m is _______.

0 de
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c
EG al
N rr

A. 0.67 B. 0.57
C. 0.87 D. 0.47 A. Absolute pressure of air in the tank is
19.12 kPa to 19.24 kPa.
e

2. [MCQ, ]
B. Absolute pressure of air in the tank is
Two water tanks are connected to each other
ef

20.64 kPa to 20.74 kPa.

through a mercury manometer with inclined C. Pressure gauge reading at L is
tubes, as shown in figure. If the pressure 60.23 kPa to 60.63 kPa (Vacuum).
R

difference between the two tanks is 20 kPa, θ D. Pressure gauge reading at L is

in degree is ___________. 52.62 kPa to 52.98 kPa (Vacuum).

4. [MCQ, ]
Consider a double fluid manometer attached to
an air pipe shown in fig. If the specific gravity of
one fluid is 13.55. The specific gravity of the
other fluid for the indicated absolute pressure
of air is __________. Take the atmospheric
A. 30 B. 40 pressure to be 100 kPa.
C. 34 D. 44

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0 de
A. 1.336 B. 2.446 7. [MSQ, ]
C. 1.836 D. 4.736
A manometer is connected to a large reservoir
5. [NAT, ] of liquid as shown in figure. Choose the correct

I1 o
A cylindrical container whose weight is 79 N is statement(s).

c
inverted and pressed into the water, as shown
in figure. The differential height of the
manometer is _______ cm.
EG al
N rre
ef

A. The ratio hw /hm , of the distances hw and

6. [NAT, ]
R

hm indicated in the figure increases with

Consider the system shown in figure. If a increase in density of the manometric fluid.
change of 0.7 kPa in the pressure of air (the B. The ratio hw /hm , of the distances hw and
hm indicated in the figure increases with
keeping pressure in the brine pipe constant)
decrease in density of the manometric fluid.
causes the brine-mercury interface in the right
C. The ratio hw /hm , of the distances hw and
column to drop by 5 mm, then the ratio of
hm indicated in the figure increases with
A2 /A1 is _______ (round off to 3 decimal
decrease in the density of the liquid.
places)
D. If the manometric fluid is mercury and
liquid is water, the value of hw /hm is 26.2.

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8. [MCQ, ]
Freshwater and seawater flowing in parallel
horizontal pipelines are connected to each
other by a double U-tube Manometer, as
shown in fig. The pressure difference between
the two pipelines is _____ kPa. Take the
density of sea water at that location to be ρ =
1035 kg/m3 .

0 de
10. [NAT, ]

I1 o
The below figure shows, Z1 = 0.45 m , Z2 =

c 0.225 m, Z3 = 0.675 m and Z4 = 0.3 m. The

magnitude of the pressure difference between
EG al
pipes A and B is _____ kPa. (Round off to
A. 3.39 B. 5.6
C. 11.36 D. 15.39 nearest integer). Neglect the pressure due to
N rr

pressure of air column in the inclined tube.

9. [NAT, ]
Take S.G. of mercury is 13.6.
The water in a tank is pressurized by air, and
e

the pressure is measured by a multi fluid

ef

manometer as shown in figure. The tank is

located on a mountain at an altitude of 1400 m
R

where the atmospheric pressure is 85.6 kPa.

The air pressure in the tank in kPa is _____ if h1
= 0.1 m, h2 = 0.2 m, and h3 = 0.35 m. Take
the densities of water, oil and mercury to be
1000 kg/m3 , 850 kg/m3 , and 13,600 kg/m3 ,
11. [MSQ, ]
respectively
A student wishes to design a manometer with
better sensitivity than a water filled U-tube of
constant diameter. The student’s concept
involves using tubes with different diameters

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and two liquids as shown in figure. The applied

pressure difference is ΔP = 250 N/m2 . Assume
the fluid is static and incompressible liquid.
Take the volume of water in the manometer is
constant.

A. Angle θ = 10.8° to 11.3°.

B. Angle θ = 9.12° to 9.62°.

0 de
C. Manometer sensitivity is 6 to 6.
D. Manometer sensitivity is 5 to 5.

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A. The value of h is 8.15 mm to 8.25 mm. 13. [MSQ, ]
B. The value of h is 7.82 mm to 7.88 mm. A reservoir manometer has vertical tubes of

0.29 to 0.33.
c
C. Sensitivity of the student’s manometer is diameter D = 18 mm and d = 6 mm. The
specific gravity of manometric liquid is 0.827. If
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D. Sensitivity of the student’s manometer is the pressure applied to the reservoir is

0.36 to 0.38. equivalent to 25 mm of water (Gauge), then

the manometer deflection, L is ____ mm.
N rr

12. [MSQ, ] (round off to one decimal place). X is fall in tube
of diameter D = 18 mm whereas L is rise in
e

The inclined tube manometer of D = 76 mm

tube of d = 6 mm.
and d = 8 mm, as shown below, and is filled
ef

with Meriam Red Oil of specific gravity

0.827. Under an applied gauge pressure of
R

25 mm of water it will give a 15 cm oil

deflection along the inclined tube. Assume that
A. Manometric fluid deflection, L is 28.9 mm
the manometric liquid is static and
to 30.1 mm.
incompressible liquid. B. Sensitivity of the manometer is 1.1 to 1.3.
C. On inclining the small diameter tube
sensitivity of the manometer decreases.
D. On inclining the small diameter tube such
that it makes 30° angle with horizontal,
new sensitivity of the manometer is 2.27 to
2.47.

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 38

14. [NAT, ] 15. [NAT, ]

The below figure shows the two-fluid A hollow metal cube with sides 100 mm floats
manometer. The pressure difference is _______ at the interface between a layer of water and a
Pa. Take specific gravity of Carbon tetrachloride layer of oil (S.G. = 0.92) such that 10% of the
as 1.591. cube is exposed to the oil. The pressure
difference between the upper and lower
surfaces is approximately _______Pa .

16. [NAT, ]

0 de
The tube shown below is filled with mercury of
S. G. = 13.54. The force applied to the piston is

I1 o
______ N. (Round off to one decimal place).

c
EG al
N rre
ef
R

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Answer Key
1. (D) 9. (128 to 131)
2. (C) 10. (113 to 115)
3. (B, C) 11. (B, C)
4. (A) 12. (A, C)
5. (1.45 to 1.48) 13. (A, B, D)
6. (0.132 to 0.136) 14. (58.9 to 59.4)
7. (A, C, D) 15. (970 to 974)

0 de
8. (A) 16. (45.2 to 46.2)

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c
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Solutions
1. Answer: (D)

0.1499
sin θ =
0.268
sin θ = 0.5593
θ = 34°
3. Answer: (B, C)

0 de
P1 = P2
Pa + ρw g(0.3) = Patm,L + ρo g(0.75) + ρw gh

I1 o
Pga + ρw g(0.3) = ρo g(0.75) + ρw gh
65 + 1 × 9.81 × 0.3 c
= 0.72 × 9.81 × 0.75 + 13.6
EG al
× 9.81 × h P1 = P2
67.943 = 5.2974 + 133.416 h Patm,L = Pa + ρm g(0.6)
N rr

h = 0.46955 m Pa = Patm,L − ρm g(0.6)

2. Answer: (C) Pa = ρm g(0.755) − ρm g(0.6)
e

Pa = ρm g(0.155)
ef

Pa = 13.6 × 9.81 × 0.155

Pa = 20.679 kPa
R

PL = Pa + ρw g(2)
PL = Patm,L − ρm g(0.6) + ρw g(2)
P1 = P2 Patm,L − PL = ρm g(0.6) − ρw g(2)
PA + ρw ga + ρm g(2a) = PB + ρw ga PvL = 13.6 × 9.81 × 0.6 − 1 × 9.81 × 2
ρm g(2a) = PB − PA PvL = 60.4296 kPa
PB − PA
2a =
ρm g
4. Answer: (A)
20 × 103
2a =
13.6 × 103 × 9.81
2a = 0.1499 m

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= 1.4705 cm
6. Answer: (0.132 to 0.136)

Equating pressures at reference plane

0 de
P + ρ1 g(0.22) = Patm + ρ2 g(0.4)
A1 x = A2 (0.005)
13550 × 9.81 × 0.22
76 + 0.005A2
103 x=

I1 o
A1
ρ2 × 9.81 × 0.4
= 100 + P1 = P2
103
c
76 + 29.24 = 100 + 0.003924ρ2
ρ2 = 1335.37 kg/m3
Pa1 + ρw ghw + ρm ghm = Pb + ρb ghb → (a)
P3 = P4
EG al
ρ2 0.005A2
SG1 = = 1.335 Pa2 + ρw ghw + ρm g [ + hm + 0.005] =
A1
ρw
N rr

Pb + ρb g(hb + 0.005) → (b)

5. Answer: (1.45 to 1.48)
Eq (1) - Eq (b)
e

0.005A2
(Pa1 − Pa2 ) − ρm g [ + 0.005]
A1
ef

= −ρb g (0.005)
A2
0.7 − 13.56 × 9.81 × 0.005 [ + 1]
R

A1
= −1.1 × 9.81 × 0.005
A2
0.7 − 0.6651 [ + 1] = −0.053955
A1
at Reference plane 1
A2
Pair = Patm + ρw g × 0.2 ….. (1) + 1 = 1.13359
A1
at Reference plane 2 A2
= 0.13359
Pair = Patm + ρw gh ….. (2) A1
From equation (1) & (2) 7. Answer: (A, C, D)
ρw g(0.2) = ρm gh
1000
h= × 0.2
13600

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9. Answer: (128 to 131)

Patm + ρl g(hw + hm )

0 de
= Patm + ρm g(2hm )
Patm + ρm gh3 − ρoil gh2 − ρw gh1 = P1
(hw + hm ) 2hm
ρl = ρm ( ) 85.6 × 103 + 9.81(13600 × 0.35 − 850 × 0.2
hm hm

I1 o
hw ρm − 103 × 0.1) = P1
↑=2 ↑ −1
hm ρl P1 = 129646.9 Pa
hw
hm
=2×
13600
1000
−1
c P1 = 129.6469 kPa
EG al
= 26.2 10. Answer: (113 to 115)

8. Answer: (A)
N rre
ef
R

Equating pressure at reference plane

PB + ρH g g(Z4 cos45° + Z3 ) = PA + ρw gZ1

PFW + ρFW g(0.6) PA − PB = ρH g g(Z4 cos45° + Z3 ) = ρw gZ1

= ρSW − ρSW g(0.4) ρH g = 13600 kg⁄m3 , ρw = 103 kg⁄m3 , g

+ ρair g Neglected (0.7) = 9.81
+ ρm g(0.1) Z1 = 0.45 m, Z2 = 0.225 m, Z3 = 0.675 m, Z4
PFW − Psw = {−ρFW × 0.6 − ρSW (0.4) = 0.3 m
+ ρm (0.1)}g PA − PB = 113.94 kPa
= 3394.26 Pa
11. Answer: (B, C)
= 3.394 kPa

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From previous solution (Q-11th) 8 2 h

( ) + L sin θ =
ΔP = ρm g (x + L sin θ) 96 L

ρw ghw = ρm g(x + L sin θ) 1 8 2

sin θ = −( )
5 96
3 −3 )
8 2
10 × (25 × 10 = 827 [( ) L + sin θ] sin θ = 0.193
76
θ = 11.13°
L = 0.15 m
π 2 π 13. Answer: (A, B, D)
D x = d2 L
4 4
d 2
x= ( ) L

0 de
D
25 8 2
= ( ) + sin θ
827 × 0.15 76

I1 o
θ = 10.979°
The sensitivity is the ratio of manometer

S=
L
=
0.15
=6
c
deflection to a vertical water manometer P1 = P2
P = Patm,L + ρm g(L + x)
EG al
hw 0.025
P − Patm,L = ρm g(L + x)
12. Answer: (A, C) d2
N rr

Pg = ρm g (L + L)
D2
d2
e

ρw y = ρw L (1 + )
D2
ef

ρw y
L= d2
ρm (1 + D2 )
y
R

L= d2
π 2 π sm (1 + D2 )
D x = d2 L
4 4 25
2 L= 1
d 0.827 (1 + )
x= ( ) L 100
D
L = 29.93 mm
ΔP = ρm g(x + L sin θ)
1
In U tube manometer ΔP = ρm gh Sv = d2
sm [1 + D2 ]
L
=5 1
h
Sv = 1
ρm g(x + L sin θ) = ρm gh 0.827 [1 + 100]
8 2 Sv = 1.1972
( ) L + L sin θ = h
96

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1 P2 − P1 = 973.152 Pa
SI = d2
sm [sin θ + ]
D2
16. Answer: (45.2 to 46.2)
SI > Sv
1
SI = 1
0.827 [sin 30° + 100]

SI = 2.37096
14. Answer: (58.9 to 59.4)
ΔP = (ρm − ρf )gL
P1 = P2

0 de
= 591 × 9.81 × 0.0102 Patm,L +
W
= Patm,L + ρm gh → (a)
A
= 59.1366 Pa P3 = P4
W F
Patm,L + + A = Patm,L + ρm gH → (b)
A
15. Answer: (970 to 974)

I1 o
Eq (b) − Eq (a)
F
= ρm g(H − h)
c A
F = ρm g(H − h)A
F = 13.54 × 103 × 9.81 × 0.175 ×
π
EG al
4
× (0.05)2
F = 45.641 N
N rr

P2 − P1 = ρo g(0.19) + ρw g(0.9a)
P2 − P1 = 1000 × 9.81 × 10−1 (0.92 × 0.1
e

+ 0.9)
P2 − P1 = 981(0.992)
ef
R

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Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 PYQs - 17

Chapter : Pressure & Its Measurement

Topic: Simple Manometers
— NO PYQs —

0 de
I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
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Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP - 17

Chapter : Pressure & Its Measurement

Topic: Simple Manometers
1. [MCQ, ] 3. [MSQ, ]
The gauge pressure of the air in the tank shown The local atmospheric pressure is 755 mm of
in figure. is measured to be 65 kPa. The mercury and S. G. of mercury is 13.6.
differential height h of the mercury column in

0 de
m is _______.

I1 o
c
EG al
N rr

A. 0.67 B. 0.57
C. 0.87 D. 0.47 A. Absolute pressure of air in the tank is
e

19.12 kPa to 19.24 kPa.

2. [MCQ, ]
B. Absolute pressure of air in the tank is
ef

Two water tanks are connected to each other 20.64 kPa to 20.74 kPa.
through a mercury manometer with inclined C. Pressure gauge reading at L is
R

tubes, as shown in figure. If the pressure 60.31 kPa to 61.41 kPa (Vacuum).
difference between the two tanks is 20 kPa, θ D. Pressure gauge reading at L is
in degree is ___________. 52.62 kPa to 52.98 kPa (Vacuum).

4. [MCQ, ]
Consider a double fluid manometer attached to
an air pipe shown in fig. If the specific gravity of
one fluid is 13.55. The specific gravity of the
other fluid for the indicated absolute pressure
of air is __________. Take the atmospheric
A. 30 B. 40 pressure to be 100 kPa.
C. 34 D. 44

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0 de
A. 1.336 B. 2.446 7. [MCQ, ]
C. 1.836 D. 4.736
Freshwater and seawater flowing in parallel
5. [NAT, ] horizontal pipelines are connected to each

I1 o
A cylindrical container whose weight is 79 N is other by a double U-tube Manometer, as
shown in fig. The pressure difference between
c
inverted and pressed into the water, as shown
in figure. The differential height of the
manometer is _______ cm.
the two pipelines is _____ kPa. Take the
density of sea water at that location to be ρ =
EG al
1035 kg/m3 .
N rre
ef

6. [NAT, ]
R

Consider the system shown in figure. If a

change of 0.7 kPa in the pressure of air causes A. 3.39 B. 5.6
the brine-mercury interface in the right column C. 11.36 D. 15.39
to drop by 5 mm in the brine level in the right
column while the pressure in the brine pipe 8. [MCQ, ]
remains constant, the ratio of A2 /A1 _______ Pipe A contains oil of specific gravity 0.88.
Shown below. Take Z1 = 0.66 m, Z2 =
0.33 m and Z3 = 0.165 m, Z4 = 0.11 m. The
absolute pressure in pipe A (in kPa) is ____.
Assume an atmospheric pressure of 105 kPa.

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10. [NAT, ]

The below figure shows, Z1 = 0.45 m , Z2 =
0.225 m, Z3 = 0.675 m and Z4 = 0.3 m. The
magnitude of the pressure difference between
pipes A and B is _____ kPa. (Round off to
nearest integer). Neglect the pressure due to
pressure of air column in the inclined tube.
A. 74.8 B. 80.2
Take S.G. of mercury is 13.6.
C. 92.4 D. 88.6

0 de
9. [NAT, ]
The water in a tank is pressurized by air, and

I1 o
the pressure is measured by a multi fluid

c
manometer as shown in figure. The tank is
located on a mountain at an altitude of 1400 m
EG al
where the atmospheric pressure is 85.6 kPa.
The air pressure in the tank in kPa is _____ if h1
N rr

= 0.1 m, h2 = 0.2 m, and h3 = 0.35 m. Take 11. [MSQ, ]

the densities of water, oil and mercury to be A student wishes to design a manometer with
e

3 3 3
1000 kg/m , 850 kg/m , and 13,600 kg/m , better sensitivity than a water filled U-tube of
ef

respectively constant diameter. The student’s concept

involves using tubes with different diameters
R

and two liquids as shown in figure. The applied

pressure difference is ΔP = 250 N/m2 . Assume
the fluid is static and incompressible liquid.
Take the volume of water in the manometer is
constant.

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13. [NAT, ]

A reservoir manometer has vertical tubes of
diameter D = 18 mm and d = 6 mm. The
specific gravity of manometric liquid is 0.827. If
the pressure applied to the reservoir is
equivalent to 25 mm of water (Gauge), then
the manometer deflection, L is ____ mm.
A. The value of h is 8.15 mm to 8.25 mm. (round off to one decimal place). X is fall in tube
B. The value of h is 7.82 mm to 7.88 mm. of diameter D = 18 mm whereas L is rise in
C. Sensitivity of the student’s manometer is tube of d = 6 mm.

0 de
0.29 to 0.33.
D. Sensitivity of the student’s manometer is
0.36 to 0.38.

I1 o
12. [MSQ, ]

c
The inclined tube manometer of D = 76 mm
and d = 8 mm, as shown below, and is filled 14. [NAT, ]
EG al
with Meriam Red Oil of specific gravity The below figure shows the two-fluid
manometer. The pressure difference is _______
0.827. Under an applied gauge pressure of
N rr

Pa. Take specific gravity of Carbon tetrachloride

25 mm of water it will give a 15 cm oil
as 1.591.
e

deflection along the inclined tube. Assume that

the manometric liquid is static and
ef

incompressible liquid.
R

A. Angle θ = 10.8° to 11.3°.

B. Angle θ = 9.12° to 9.62°.
C. Manometer sensitivity is 6 to 6.
D. Manometer sensitivity is 5 to 5.

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15. [NAT, ] 16. [NAT, ]

A hollow metal cube with sides 100 mm floats The tube shown below is filled with mercury of
at the interface between a layer of water and a S. G. = 13.54. The force applied to the piston is
layer of oil (S.G. = 0.92) such that 10 % of the ______ N. (Round off to one decimal place).
cube is exposed to the oil. The pressure
difference between the upper and lower
surfaces is approximately _______Pa .

0 de
I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R

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Answer Key
1. (D) 9. (128 to 131)
2. (C) 10. (113 to 115)
3. (B, C) 11. (B, C)
4. (A) 12. (A, C)
5. (1.45 to 1.48) 13. (26.8 to 27.6)
6. (0.132 to 0.136) 14. (58.9 to 59.4)
7. (A) 15. (970 to 974)

0 de
8. (D) 16. (45.2 to 46.2)

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c
EG al
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Solutions
1. Answer: (D) 3. Answer: (B, C)

0 de
Pair − Patm,L = Pair,gauge = 65 kPa
= 13600 × 9.81 × 0.755
Equating gauge pressures at Datum Line = 100729.08 Pa

I1 o
Pair ,gauge + ρw g(0.3) = ρoil g(0.75) + ρm gh Pair + ρHg g(0.6) = Patm
103 × 9.81 × 0.3
65 +

=
103 c
720 × 9.81 × 0.75 13600 × 9.81 × h
103
+
103
Pair = 20679.48 Pa
EG al
65 + 2.943 = 5.2974 + 133.416 h
h = 0.4695 m
N rr

2. Answer: (C)
e
ef
R

Absolute pressure at point 1

Patm + ρw g(2) = 20679.148 + 103 × 9.81 × 2
Equating pressure at reference plane
= 40299.48 Pa
PA + ρw ga + ρHg g(0.268 sin θ)
Pgauge,L = Ppoint 1 − Patm
= PB + ρw ga
= 40299.48 − 100729.08
PB − PA = 13600 × 9.81 × 268 sin θ
= -60,429.6 Pa
sin θ = 0.55935
= −60.4296 kPa
θ = 0.55935
= 60.4296 (Vacuum)
θ = 34.011

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4. Answer: (A) 1000

h= × 0.2
13600
= 1.4705 cm
6. Answer: (0.132 to 0.136)

0 de
Equating pressures at reference plane
P + ρ1 g(0.22) = Patm + ρ2 g(0.4) Before: PA1 + ρw ghw + ρHg ghHg,1 −

I1 o
13550 × 9.81 × 0.22 ρbr g hbr,1 = PB
76 +
103
After: PA2 + ρw ghw + ρHg ghHg,2 −
= 100 + cρ2 × 9.81 × 0.4

76 + 29.24 = 100 + 0.003924ρ2

103 ρbr g hbr,2 = PB
Subtracting
EG al
ρ2 = 1335.37 kg/m3 PA2 − PA1 + ρHg gΔhHg − ρbr gΔhbr = 0
ρ2
PA2 − PA1 = −0.7 kPa = −700 N⁄M 2
N rr

SG1 = = 1.335
ρw
Δhbr = 0.005 m
5. Answer: (1.45 to 1.48)
e

ΔhHg = ΔhHg , right + ΔhHg , left

A2 A2
ef

Δhbr + Δhbr = Δhbr (1 + )

A1 A1
∵ A1 ΔhHg,left = A2 ΔhHg,right
R

A2
−700 + 13560 × 9.81 × 0.005 (1 + )
A1
− 1100 × 9.81 × 0.005 = 0
A2
= 0.134
at Reference plane 1 A1
7. Answer: (A)
Pair = Patm + ρw g × 0.2 ….. (1)
at Reference plane 2
Pair = Patm + ρw gh ….. (2)
From equation (1) & (2)
ρw g(0.2) = ρm gh

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9. Answer: (128 to 131)

PFW + ρFW g(0.6)

0 de
= ρSW − ρSW g(0.4)
Patm + ρm gh3 − ρoil gh2 − ρw gh1 = P1
Neglected (0.7)
+ ρair g
85.6 × 103 + 9.81(13600 × 0.35 − 850 × 0.2
+ ρm g(0.1)

I1 o
− 103 × 0.1) = P1
PFW − Psw = {−ρFW × 0.6 − ρSW (0.4)
P1 = 129646.9 Pa

= 3394.26 Pa
c
+ ρm (0.1)}g
P1 = 129.6469 kPa
EG al
= 3.394 kPa 10. Answer: (113 to 115)

8. Answer: (D)
N rre
ef
R

Equating pressure at reference plane

PB + ρH g g(Z4 cos45° + Z3 ) = PA + ρw gZ1
Patm + ρw g(Z1 − Z2 ) − ρm gZ3
PA − PB = ρH g g(Z4 cos45° + Z3 ) = ρw gZ1
+ g oil g(Z3 + Z4 ) = PA
103 × 9.81(0.66 − 0.33) ρH g = 13600 kg⁄m3 , ρw = 103 kg⁄m3 , g
105 +
103
= 9.81
13600 × 9.81 × 0.165
− Z1 = 0.45 m, Z2 = 0.225 m, Z3 = 0.675 m, Z4
103
880 × 9.81(0.165 + 0.11) = 0.3 m
+ = PA
103
PA − PB = 113.94 kPa
PA = 88.59768 kPa

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11. Answer: (B, C) 8 2

( ) L + L sin θ = h
From previous solution (Q-11th) 96

ΔP = ρm g (x + L sin θ) 8 2 h
( ) + L sin θ =
96 L
ρw ghw = ρm g(x + L sin θ)
1 8 2
8 2 sin θ = − ( )
103 × (25 × 10−3 ) = 827 [( ) L + sin θ] 5 96
76
sin θ = 0.193
L = 0.15 m θ = 11.13°
π 2 π
D x = d2 L
4 4 13. Answer: (26.8 to 27.6)

0 de
2
d
x= ( ) L
D
25 8 2
= ( ) + sin θ

I1 o
827 × 0.15 76
θ = 10.979°

c
The sensitivity is the ratio of manometer
deflection to a vertical water manometer Pg = ρw g (0.025)
EG al
L 0.15 103 g(0.025)
S= = =6
hw 0.025 = 25 g
N rr

Equating pressure at Reference plane

12. Answer: (A, C)
25g = ρw g(L + x)
e

π 2 π
(D )x = d2 L
4 4
ef

L = 9x
25
= 9x + x
R

827
x = 0.0302297 m

π 2 π L = 9x = 0.2720677m = 27.20677 mm
D x = d2 L
4 4
14. Answer: (58.9 to 59.4)
d 2
x= ( ) L ΔP = (ρm − ρf )gL
D
ΔP = ρm g(x + L sin θ) = 591 × 9.81 × 0.0102
In U tube manometer ΔP = ρm gh = 59.1366 Pa
L
=5 15. Answer: (970 to 974)
h
ρm g(x + L sin θ) = ρm gh

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= 973.152 Pa

16. Answer: (45.2 to 46.2)

F
= ΔP
A
F = ΔPA
= ρm g(H − h) × A
π
= 13540 × 9.81 × (0.175) × × (0.5)2
ΔP = (P2 − P1 ) = ρoil g(0.01) + ρw g(0.09) 4
= 45.641 N
= (920 × 0.1 + 1000 × 0.9) × 9.81

0 de
I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R

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Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 PYQs - 16

Chapter : Pressure & Its Measurement

Topic: Barometer & Manometer
1. [NAT, ]
The figure shows a U-tube having a 5 mm ×
5 mm square cross-section filled with mercury

0 de
(specific gravity = 13.6) up to a height of 20 cm
in each limb (open to the atmosphere).

I1 o
c
EG al
N rr

If 5 cm3 of water is added to the right limb, the [GATE-2017-PI]

new height (in cm, up two decimal places) of 3. [MCQ, ]
e

mercury in the LEFT limb will be __________ In the monometer shown in the figure, the
pressure PA of the gas inside bulb A is
ef

[GATE-CE-17:2M]
approximately,
2. [NAT, ]
R

A manometer is used for the pressure

measurement in a closed tank. The three fluids
f1, f2 and f3 have specific weights γ, 2γ and
0.5γ, respectively. The schematic arrangement
with manometric readings and other
dimensions are shown in the figure. In order to
ensure zero-gauge pressure in the tank at the
mid-height level (h/2), the height of the tank h A. 0.8 bar B. 1.2 bar
(in m) is ________. C. 1.4 bar D. 1.6 bar
[GATE-2009-XE]

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4. [MCQ, ]
The figure below shows water over mercury
manometer.

0 de
A. 24.7 kPa

I1 o
B. 26.5 kPa

c
If the density of water is denoted by ρw and
that of mercury by ρM and ‘g’ denotes the
acceleration due to gravity, the pressure
C. 26.7 kPa
D. 28.9 kPa
EG al
difference (PA − PB ) will be equal to [GATE-2003-CE]
A. −(ρM gH) B. (ρW − ρM ) gH
6. [MCQ, ]
N rr

C. ρM gH D. (ρM − ρW ) gH In given figure, if the pressure of gas in bulb A is

[GATE-2009-MT] 50 cm Hg vacuum and patm = 76 cm Hg, then
5. [MCQ, ] height of column H is equal to
e

Two pipelines, one carrying oil (mass density

ef

900 kg/m3 ) and the other water are connected

to a manometer as shown in figure. By what
R

amount the pressure in the water pipe should

be increased so that the mercury levels in both
the limbs of the manometer become equal?
(Mass density of mercury = 13550 kg/m3 and g
= 9.81 m/s2 )

A. 26 cm B. 50 cm
C. 76 cm D. 126 cm
[GATE-2000-ME]

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Answer Key
1. (20.70 to 20.76) 4. (D)
2. (2.0 to 2.0) 5. (A)
3. (C) 6. (B)

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Solutions
1. Answer: (20.70 to 20.76) = Patm,L + (ρHg × g × 30 × 10−2 )
⇒ PA = Patm,L + g(30 × 10−2 × ρHg − 10
× 10−2 × ρw )
⇒ PA = 105 + 9.8(30 × 10−2 × 13600 − 10
× 10−2 × 103 )

ρL ρV 103 ×5×10−6 ⇒ PA = 139004 Pa = 1.39 bar ≈ 1.4 bar

r = 2ρf f = 2ρf = 2×13.6×103 ×25×10−6
A
m m
∴ PA = 1.4 bar

0 de
r = 0.73529 cm
New Height of Mercury in left Limb = y + x 4. Answer: (D)

= 20.735 cm

I1 o
2. Answer: (2.0 to 2.0)
P1 = P2
h
c
PA + 0.5γ (2 + 0.5) + 2γ(0.2) = 0.5 γ
EG al
0.25 γh + 0.3γ Patm,L + γ(1.2)1.2 γ
PgA = 0.5γ − 0.25 γh
N rr

h − 2 (in m)o Applying static pressure balance about

e

3. Answer: (C) PA + ρw g(x + H) = PB + ρw gx + ρm gH

ef

⇒ PA − PB = (ρm − ρw )gH
∴ PA − PB = (ρm − ρw )gH
R

5. Answer: (A)

Applying static Equilibrium at x-x

PA + ρw g(10 × 10−2 )

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P0 + ρ0 g(3) = PW + ρW g(1.5) + ρHg g(0.2) 6. Answer: (B)

⟶ Eq (1)

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PV,A = 50 cm Hg
Patm,L = 76 cm Hg

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P0 + ρ0 g(2.9) = PW + ρw g(1.6) ⟶ Eq (2) PV,A = Patm,L − Pabs,A
Eq (2) - and (1)
c
−ρ0 g(0.1) = (PW′ − PW ) + ρw g(0.1) −
ρHg g(0.2)
50 cm of Hg = 76 cm of Hg- PA

PA = 26 cm of Hg
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P1 = P2
PW′ − PW = ρHg g(0.2) − ρw g(0.1) −
Patm,L = PA + ρHg gH
N rr

ρ0 g(0.1)
76 cm of Hg = 26 cm of Hg +ρHg gH
= ρw g(13.55 × 0.2 − 0.1 − 0.9 × 0.1)
ρHg gH = 50 cm of Hg
e

= 9810 × 2.52
ρHg g(0.5)
= 24.7 kPa H= = 0.5
ef

ρHg g

H = 50 cm
R

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Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP - 16

Chapter : Pressure & Its Measurement

Topic: Barometer & Manometer
1. [MCQ, ]

0 de
I1 o
c A. For zero surface tension, column height will
be 37.8 mm to 38.4 mm.
EG al
Consider a U-tube whose arms are open to the B. For zero surface tension, column height will
atmosphere. Now water is poured into the U- be 32.4 mm to 32.6 mm.
tube from one arm, and light oil (ρ =
N rr

C. For 1 mm tube diameter, the total height of

790 kg/m3 ) from the other. One arm contains
column will be 67.6 mm to 68.2 mm.
70-cm-high water, while the other arm
e

D. For 1 mm tube diameter, the total height of

contains both fluids with an oil-to-water height
ratio of 6. The height of oil in that arm is column will be 62.6 mm to 63.2 mm.
ef

__________ m. 3. [NAT, ]

The manometer contains water and kerosene
A. 0.63 B. 0.53
R

(SG = 0.82) with the both tubes are open to

C. 0.83 D. 0.73
the atmosphere. The difference in free surface
2. [MSQ, ]
elevation is 20 mm. If the extra pressure of
A 2.5 mm diameter glass tube contains water 98 Pais applied to the right tube, then the new
column upto a height of 50 mm. Assume elevation difference between the free surface
applied pressure remains constant and neglect of the fluids is _____ mm. (Round off to
volume under meniscus. Take θ = 0°, σ = nearest integer)
72.8 × 10−3 N/m & column height is the sum
of capillary rise and pressure difference rise.

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4. [MCQ, ]

0 de
A. 10.25 B. 12.62
A manometer is formed from glass tubing with C. 20.24 D. 17.75
uniform inside diameter D = 6.35 mm. The U-
tube is partially filled with water. An oil (SG =

I1 o
0.827) of 3.25 cm3 volume is added to the left
side. The equilibrium height H is (in mm) is
c
____. Both legs of the U-tube are open to the
atmosphere.
EG al
N rre
ef
R

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Answer Key
1. (D) 3. (29 to 31)
2. (A, C) 4. (D)

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Solutions
1. Answer: (D) 3. Answer: (29 to 31)

At (1) — (1) Reference plane

0 de
Patm + ρk g(20 + x) × 10−3
= Patm + ρw gx × 10−3
ρk (20 + x) = ρw gx

I1 o
H H
=6 ⇒h= x = 91.111 mm
h 6

c
Equating pressure at Reference plane
Patm + ρw g(0.7 − h) = Patm + ρo gH
At (2) — (2) Reference plane
Patm + ρk g(20 + x) × 10−3 + ρw g × l × 10−3
EG al
= Patm + 98 + ρw g(x − l) × 10−3
1000 × g(0.7 − h) = 790 × g × H
H Putting x = 91.111 mm & solving
1000 (0.7 − ) = 790 H
N rr

6 l = 4.9898 mm
H = 0.7317 m The new elevation difference
e

= 20 + 2l
2. Answer: (A & C)
= 20 + 2 × 4.9898
ef

Capillary rise for 2.5 mm diameter tube =

= 29.9796 mm
4σ cos θ 4×.0728
= 103 ×9.81×2.5×10−3
ρgd1
R

4. Answer: (D)
= 11.8735 mm
Column height due to pressure only
= 50 − 11.8735
= 38.126 mm
4×0.0728
For 1 mm diameter rise = =
103 ×9.81×10−3

29.68 mm
Total height 1 mm diameter = 29.68 +
38.126 (remain same) V 3.25
y= =π = 10.262 cm
a (0.635)2
= 67.81 mm 4

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Equating pressure at Reference plane H= y−h

Patm + ρoil gy = Patm + ρw gh = 1.77505 cm
ρoil gy = ρw gh = 17.7505 mm
827 × 10.262 = 1000 × h
h = 8.4869 cm

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c
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Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 PYQs - 15

Chapter : Pressure & Its Measurement

Topic: Barometer & Manometer
— NO PYQs —

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c
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Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP - 15

Chapter : Pressure & Its Measurement

Topic: Barometer & Manometer
1. [MCQ, ]

0 de
I1 o
c A. For zero surface tension, column height will
be 37.8 mm to 38.4 mm.
EG al
Consider a U-tube whose arms are open to the B. For zero surface tension, column height will
atmosphere. Now water is poured into the U- be 32.4 mm to 32.6 mm.
tube from one arm, and light oil (ρ =
N rr

C. For 1 mm tube diameter, the total height of

790 kg/m3 ) from the other. One arm contains
column will be 67.6 mm to 68.2 mm.
70-cm-high water, while the other arm
D. For 1 mm tube diameter, the total height of
e

contains both fluids with an oil-to-water height

column will be 62.6 mm to 63.2 mm.
ratio of 6. The height of oil in that arm is
ef

3. [NAT, ]
__________ m.
The U-tube contains water and kerosene
A. 0.63 B. 0.53
R

(SG = 0.82) with the both limbs open to the

C. 0.83 D. 0.73
atmosphere. The difference in free surface
2. [MSQ, ] elevation is 20 mm. If the extra pressure of
A 2.5 mm diameter glass tube contains water 98 Pa is applied to the right limb, then the
column upto a height of 50 mm. Assume new elevation difference between the free
applied pressure remains constant and neglect surface of the fluids is _____ mm. (Round off
volume under meniscus. Take θ = 0°, σ = to nearest integer)
72.8 × 10−3 N/m & column height is the sum
of capillary rise and pressure difference rise.

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4. [MCQ, ]

0 de
A. 10.25 B. 12.62
A manometer is formed from glass tubing with C. 20.24 D. 17.75
uniform inside diameter D = 6.35 mm. The U-
tube is partially filled with water. An oil (SG =

I1 o
0.827) of 3.25 cm3 volume is added to the left
limb. The equilibrium height H is (in mm) is
c
____. Both limbs of the U-tube are open to the
atmosphere.
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Answer Key
1. (D) 3. (29 to 31)
2. (A, C) 4. (D)

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Solutions
1. Answer: (D) 3. Answer: (𝟐𝟗 𝐭𝐨 𝟑𝟏)

At (1) — (1) Reference plane

0 de
Patm + ρk g(20 + x) × 10−3
= Patm + ρw gx × 10−3
ρk (20 + x) = ρw gx

I1 o
H H
=6 ⇒h= x = 91.111 mm
h 6

c
Equating pressure at Reference plane
Patm + ρw g(0.7 − h) = Patm + ρo gH
At (2) — (2) Reference plane
Patm + ρk g(20 + x) × 10−3 + ρw g × l × 10−3
EG al
1000 × g(0.7 − h) = 790 × g × H = Patm + 98 + ρw g(x − l) × 10−3
H Putting x = 91.111 mm & solving
1000 (0.7 − ) = 790 H
N rr

6 l = 4.9898 mm
H = 0.7317 m
The new elevation difference
e

2. Answer: (A & C) = 20 + 2l
ef

Capillary rise for 2.5 mm diameter tube = = 20 + 2 × 4.9898

4σ cos θ 4×.0728 = 29.9796 mm
= 103 ×9.81×2.5×10−3
ρgd1
R

= 11.8735 mm 4. Answer: (D)

Column height due to pressure only
= 50 − 11.8735
= 38.126 mm
4×0.0728
For 1 mm diameter rise = =
103 ×9.81×10−3

29.68 mm
Total height 1 mm diameter = 29.68 +
38.126 (remain same)
= 67.81 mm

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V 3.25 827 × 10.262 = 1000 × h

y= =π = 10.262 cm
a (0.635)2 h = 8.4869 cm
4

Equating pressure at Reference plane H= y−h

Patm + ρoil gy = Patm + ρw gh = 1.77505 cm
ρoil gy = ρw gh = 17.7505 mm

0 de
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c
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Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 PYQs - 14

Chapter : Pressure & Its Measurement

Topic: Various Cases
1. [NAT, ]
Consider a tank filled with 3 immiscible liquids
A, B and C at static equilibrium, as shown in the

0 de
figure. At 2 cm below the liquid A – liquid B
interface, a tube is connected from the side of
the tank. Both the tank and the tube are open

I1 o
[GATE-2021-XE]
to the atmosphere.
3. [NAT, ]
c A three-fluid system (immiscible) is connected
to a vacuum pump. The specific gravity values
EG al
of the fluids (S1 , S2 ) are given in the figure.
N rre

At the operating temperature and pressure, the

ef

specific gravities of liquids A, B and C are 1, 2

and 4, respectively. Neglect any surface tension
R

effects in the calculations. The length of the

tube L that is wetted by liquid B is _______ cm.
[GATE-2021-CH]
2. [NAT, ]
The gauge pressure value (in kN/m2 , up to two
For the configuration shown in the figure, oil of
decimal places) of P1 is ______.
density 800 kg/m3 lies above water of density
[GATE-2018-CE]
1000 kg/m3 . Assuming hydrostatic conditions
and acceleration due to gravity g = 10 m/s 2 , 4. [MCQ, ]
the length L (in meters, up to one decimal A closed tank contains 0.5 m thick layer of
place) of water in the inclined tube is _____. mercury (specific gravity = 13.6) at the bottom.
A 2.0 m thick layer of water lies above the

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mercury layer. A 3.0 m thick layer of oil (specific you say about the pressure PA and PB at the
gravity = 0.6) lies above the water layer. The bottom of the tanks A and B respectively.
space above the oil layer contains air under A. PA = 10 PB
pressure. The gauge pressure at the bottom of B. PB = 10 PA
the tank is 196.2 kN/m2 . The density of water C. PA = PB
is 1000 kg/m3 and the acceleration due to D. Additional data is required to compare the
gravity is 9.81 m/s2 . The value of Gauge two pressures.
pressure in the air space is [GATE-2011-XE]
[MCQ, ]

0 de
A. 92.214 kN/m2 B. 95.6444 kN/m2 7.
The force F needed to support the liquid of
C. 98.922 kN/m2 D. 99.321 kN/m2
density d is
[GATE-2018-CE]

I1 o
5. [MCQ, ]

c
If a small concrete cube is submerged deep in
still water in such a way that the pressure
EG al
exerted on all faces of the cube is P, then the
maximum shear stress developed inside the
N rr

cube is
P
A. 0 B.
e

2
C. P D. 2P
ef

A. gd [ ha – (H – h ) A]
[GATE-2012-CE]
6. [MCQ, ] B. gdHA
R

C. gdHa
Two tanks, A and B, with the same height are
filled with water till the top. The volume of tank D. gd (H – h ) A

A is 10 times the volume of tank B. What can [GATE-1995-ME]

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Answer Key
1. (8.0 to 8.0) 5. (A)
2. (1.7 to 1.9) 6. (C)
3. (-9.0 to -8.0) 7. (B)
4. (A)

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Solutions
1. Answer: (8.0 to 8.0) Patm,L + ρo g(0.5) + ρw g(0.5)
= Patm,L + ρw g (0.5 L)

0.5ρw L = 0.5 ρ0 + 0.5ρw

ρo
L= +1
ρw

⇒ L = 1.8 m

0 de
3. Answer: (-9.0 to -8.0)
Patm,L + ρA g(0.04) + ρB g(0.02)

I1 o
= Patm,L + ρB g(0.5 L)
= 0.5 ρB L = 0.04 ρA + 0.02 ρB

L=
0.04 ρA 0.02 ρB
0.5 ρB
+
0.5 ρB
c
EG al
ρA
L = 0.08 + 0.04
ρB
N rr

(0.5 L)
P1 = P2
e

L = 0.08 m
Patm,L + ρw g(0.5) = P1 + ρ1 g(0.5) + ρ2 g(1.0)
ef

L = 8.0 cm P1 − Patm,L = ρ3 g(0.5) − ρ1 g(0.5) − ρ2 g(1.0)

2. Answer: 1.8 (1.7 to 1.9) Pg1 = ρw g(0.5 − 0.44 − 0.95)

R

Pg1 = 9.81 [−0.89]

⇒ Pg1 = −8.7309 kPa
4. Answer: (A)

P1 = P2

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AA = 10 AB
VA = 10 VB
AA h = 10 AB h
AA = 10 AB
FA = ρgh AA
FB = ρgh AB
FA = 10 FB

P2 = P1 + ρ0 g(3) + ρw g(2) + ρm g(0.5) 7. Answer: (B)

P2 = Pq + 3ρo g + 2ρw g + 0.5ρm g

0 de
Pgb + Patm,L = Pa + 3ρg + 2ρw g + 0.5ρm g
Pa − Patm,L = Pgb − 3ρ0 g − 2ρw g − 0.5ρm g

I1 o
Pga = 196.2 − 1

c
× 9.81(3 × 0.6 + 2 + 0.5
× 13.6)
EG al
Pga = 196.2 − 103.986
Pga = 92.214 kPa
N rr

5. Answer: (A)
σx = σx = σz = P At Equilibrium
e

and τxy = 0 (only normal forces act over it) F = Pf Ap

σx −σy F = (dgH)A
ef

So, τ0 = sin 2θ − τxy cos 2θ = 0

2
F = gdHA
σx − σy 2
τmax = √( ) + τ2xy = 0
R

6. Answer: (C)

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Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP - 14

Chapter : Pressure & Its Measurement

Topic: Various Cases
1. [MCQ, ] A. 0.36 B. 0.46
In figure both the tank and the slanted tube are C. 0.56 D. 0.66
open to the atmosphere. If L = 2.13 m. The
angle of tilt ϕ (in degrees) of the tube is 3. [MCQ, ]
________ approximately. A multi fluid container is connected to a U-

0 de
tube; as shown figure. For the given specific
gravities and fluid column heights. The height
of a mercury column in cm that would create
the same gauge pressure at A is _____.

I1 o
c
EG al
Take γwater = 9790 N/m3
N rr

A. 15 B. 20
C. 25 D. 30
e

2. [MCQ, ]
The 500 kg load on the hydraulic lift shown in
ef

A. 0.453 B. 0.353
figure. is to be raised by pouring oil (ρ =
C. 0.583 D. 0.173
780 kg/m3 ) into a thin tube. h should be
_______ m in order to begin to raise the
R

4. [MSQ, ]
weight.
A zig-zag tube open at N, having liquids of
densities ρ1 , ρ2 and ρ3 , is placed in a vertical
plane as shown below. Assume the pressure at
M is equal to atmospheric pressure.

A. Pressure at A is PA = Patm − ρ1 gl sin θ.

B. Pressure at Bis PB = Patm − ρ2 gh.

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ρ2 h ρ
C. θ = (ρ . C. 2ρ D.
3 −ρ1 )l √2
ρ3 h
D. θ = (ρ .
2 −ρ1 )l 7. [NAT, ]
Consider a tank containing mercury (SG =
5. [MSQ, ]
13.55), water and benzene (SG = 0.879) and
In figure, all the fluids are at 20°C. Pressure
air as shown below. If an opening is made in the
gauge A reading gives 350 kPa absolute.
top of the tank, then the new equilibrium level
Choose the correct statements. Take ρwater =
of the mercury in the right limb of the
1000 kg/m3 , ρmercury = 13600 kg/m3 , g= manometer is ____mm. (Round off to near
9.81 m/s2 . integer)

0 de
I1 o
c
A. Height (h) ranges from 6.4 – 6.5 m.
EG al
B. Height (h) ranges from 24.7 – 24.8 m. 8. [NAT, ]
C. Reading of gauge B in kPa ranges from The opening to atmosphere on the right
N rr

248 – 254 absolute. chamber of the partitioned tank (shown in

D. Reading of gauge B in kPa ranges from
previous question) is first sealed. The pressure
e

428 – 432 absolute. of trapped air on the left at which water and
ef

mercury levels will become equal is _____ kPa.

6. [MCQ, ] (Round off to nearest integer). Take S. G. of
A vertical U-tube has two liquids 1 and 2. The mercury as 13.55.
R

heights of liquids columns in both the limbs are

h and 2h, as shown in the figure. If the density 9. [MSQ, ]
of the liquid 1 is 2ρ. The density of liquid 2 will A partitioned tank as shown, contains water
be. and mercury. Take specific gravity of mercury
as 13.55.

ρ
A. 2 B. ρ

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A. The gauge pressure of trapped air in the left

chamber is 3.45 kPa to 3.53 kPa.
B. The gauge pressure of trapped air in the left
chamber is 3.05 kPa to 3.11 kPa.
C. Pressure required to make water and
mercury levels equal is 121 kPa to 124 kPa.
D. Pressure required to make water and
mercury levels equal is 132 kPa to 134 kPa.

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Answer Key
1. (C) 6. (B)
2. (C) 7. (115 to 117)
3. (B) 8. (226 to 232)
4. (A & C) 9. (A & C)
5. (A & C)

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Solutions
1. Answer: (C)

h
sin ϕ =

0 de
L
h = 2.13 sin Φ
Equating gauge pressure at datum line. Equating pressure
At datum line Patm,L + ρo g(0.7) + ρw g(0.3) + ρg g(0.2)
= PA + ρg (0.9)

I1 o
ρoil × g × 0.5 = yw (h − 0.5)
800 × 9.79 × 0.5 = 9790 (h − 0.5) Pgauge , A = 900 × 9.81 × 0.7 + 1000 × 9.81
× 0.3 + 1260 × 9.81 × 0.2
h = 0.9m = 2.13 sin ϕ
2.13 sin ϕ = 0.9
Φ = 24.9947°
c − 1260 × 9.81 × 0.9
Pgauge , A = 470.88 Pa
470.88
EG al
Pgauge , A = m of Hg
2. Answer: (C) 13600 × 9.81
Pgauge , A = 0.003529 m of Hg
0.3529 cm of Hg
N rre

4. Answer: (A & C)
ef

PA = Patm − ρ1 g(l sin θ) (M & A)

PA = Patm − ρ1 gh − ρ3 g(l sin θ) (N & A)
Patm − ρ g(l sin θ)
R

Equating gauge pressure at datum line = Patm − ρ2 gh − ρ2 g(l sin θ)

Load ρ2 h
= ρoil gh sin θ =
Area (ρ3 − ρ1 )l
500 × 9.81
π = 780 × 9.81 × h
(1.2)2 5. Answer: (A & C)
4
h = 0.5667 m

3. Answer: (B)

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7. Answer: (115 to 117)

Patm + ρHg g(0.3 − x) + ρHg g(0.1 − y)

0 de
3 − ρw g(0.1) − ρBenz g(0.1)
PA − ρm g(0.8) = ρw gh = 180 × 10
= Patm
350 × 103 − 13600 × 9.81 × 0.8 − 103
ρw g[SGHg (0.3 − x) − SGHg (0.1 + y) − 0.1
× 9.81 × h − SGBenz (0.1)] = 0

I1 o
h = 6.4492 m π 2 π 2
d x= D y
4 4
180 × 103 103 × 9.81 × (0.8 + 6.4492)
PB =
103
−

PB = 251.1152 kPa
c 103
d 2
⇒ y( ) x
D
0.025 2
EG al
⇒ y( ) x = 0.01x
0.25
6. Answer: (B) 13.55(0.3 − x) − 13.55(0.1 + 0.01x) − 0.1
For stationary fluid − 0.879(0.1) = 0
N rr

−13.685x + 2.522 = 0
P1 = P2 x = 0.184 m
e

ρ1 gh = ρ2 g(2h) The manometer level will be 0.3 − x =

ρ1 2ρ 0.116 m
ef

ρ2 = = =ρ = 116 mm
2 2
ρ2 = ρ
8. Answer: (226 to 232)
R

0.75 × h1 = 3.75 h2
h1 h2
=
3.75 0.75

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h1 PAir + ρw g(1) = Patm,L + ρHg g(0.1)

=5
h2 PAir − Patm,L = {ρHg (0.1) − ρw (1)}g
h1 + h2 = 0.9 Pgauge,Air = 3.482055 kPa
5h2 + h2 = 0.9
h2 = 0.15 m
h1 = 0.75 m
Assuming Isothermal
Patm Vatm = Pf Vf
Patm = 101.325 kPa, Vatm = 3.75 × 3
= 11.25 m3
Vf = 3.75 × (3 − 0.15) = 106.65 kPa
V
Hence Pf = atm × Patm = 106.65 kPa

0 de
Vf
Equating pressure at Reference Plane
Equating at reference line Pair + ρw g(1) = Patm,L + ρHg g(1)
PAir + ρw g(1) = Pf + ρHg g(1) Pair − Patm,L = −ρw g + ρHg g
PAir = 230.256 kPa Pgauge,Air = 123.1155 kPa

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9. Answer: (A & C)
c
EG al
N rre

Equating pressure at Reference Plane

ef
R

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Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 PYQs - 13

Chapter : Pressure & Its Measurement

Topic: Hydrostatic Law
1. [NAT] depth of 2.5 m from the top of the tank will be
A pressure measurement device fitted on the _______.
surface of a submarine, located at a depth H [GATE-2017-XE]

0 de
below the surface of an ocean, reads an 4. [MCQ]
absolute pressure of 4.2 MPa. The density of Consider the density and altitude at the base of
sea water is 1050 kg/m3 , atmospheric an isothermal layer in the standard atmosphere

I1 o
pressure is 101 kPa, and the acceleration due to to be ρ1 and h1 , respectively. The density
gravity is 9.8 m/s 2 . The depth H is ______m
c
(round off to the nearest integer).
variation with altitude (ρ versus h) in that layer
is governed by (R: specific gas constant, T:
EG al
[GATE-2021-ME] temperature, g 0 : acceleration due to gravity at
2. [NAT] sea level)
A lake has a maximum depth of 60 m. If the
N rr

g0
ρ
mean atmospheric pressure in the lake region is A. = e−[RT](h−h1 )
ρ1

91 kPa and the unit weight of lake water is ρ g0

e

B. = e−[RT](h1 −h)
ρ1
9790 N/m3 , the absolute pressure (in kPa,
ef

RT
round off to two decimal places) at the ρ −[ ](h−h1 )
C. =e g0
ρ1
maximum depth of the lake is ________.
RT
ρ −[ ](h1 −h)
[GATE-2021-CE] D. =e g0
R

ρ1

3. [NAT] [GATE-2015-AE]
In a 5 m deep vertical cylindrical tank, water is
5. [MCQ]
filled up to a level of 3 m from the bottom and
Assuming constant temperature condition and
the remaining space is filled with oil of specific
air to be an ideal gas, the variation in
gravity 0.88. Assume density of water as
atmospheric pressure with height calculated
3
1000 kg/m and acceleration due to gravity to
from fluid statics is
2 2
be 10 m/s . The gauge pressure (in kN/m ,
A. linear B. exponential
rounded off to the first decimal place) at a
C. quadratic D. cubic
[GATE-2014-ME]

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Answer Key
1. (397 to 399) 4. (A)
2. (677.50 to 679.50) 5. (B)
3. (22.6 to 22.6)

0 de
I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R

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Solutions

1. Answer: 398.34 (397 to 399) Pabs = 91 × 103 + 9790 × 60

Pabs = 678400 Pa
∴ Pabs, A = 678.4 kPa

3. Answer: (22.6 to 22.6)

P − Patm,L + ρ0 g(2.0) + ρ w g(0.5)
Pg = 10 [0.88 × 2 + 1 × 0.5 kPa]

0 de
Pg = 22.6 kPa

4. Answer: (A)

H=
Pabs − Patm,L
ρw g I1 o
Pabs = Patm,L + ρw gH
c
EG al
4.2 × 106 − 101 × 103
⇒H=
1050 × 9.8
N rr

= 398.34 m
e

2. Answer: 678.40 (677.50 to 679.50) Static Isothermal Ideal gas

gh
ef

P2 = P1 ρ−RT
gh
ρ2 RT = ρ1 RTρ−RT
R

gh
ρ2 = ρ1 e−RT
g0 (h−h1 )
ρ = ρ1 e− RT

5. Answer: (B)
gh
P2 = P1 e−RT (Exponentially)

Pabs = Patm,L + ρgH

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Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP - 13

Chapter : Pressure & Its Measurement

Topic: Hydrostatic Law
1. [MCQ] 4. [NAT]
The basic differential equation for the variation The maximum blood pressure in the upper arm
of fluid pressure P in a static fluid with vertical of a healthy person is about 120 mm of Hg. If a
distance z (measured upwards) is vertical tube open to the atmosphere is

0 de
A. dP = −dz connected to the vein in the arm of the person,
B. dP = −ρdz then the blood will rise ______ mm in the tube.
C. dz = −wdP Take the density of the blood to be 1050 kg/
D. dP = −wdz m3 .

I1 o
Where ρ is density & w is specific weight.

2. [MCQ] c
For static, compressible, isothermal, ideal gas
EG al
A. pressure decreases linearly with altitude
B. pressure decreases exponentially with
N rr

altitude
C. pressure increases logarithmically with
e

altitude.
D. pressure varies inversely as the density.
ef

3. [MCQ] 5. [MCQ]
Consider a 1.8 m tall man standing vertically in
R

The barometer of a mountain hiker reads

water and completely submerged in a pool. The 980 milli bar at the beginning of a hiking trip
difference between the pressures acting at the and 790 milli bar at the end. Neglecting the
head and at the toes of this man, in kPa is effect of altitude on local gravitational
_______. acceleration, the vertical distance climbed is
A. 13.66 ____________. (Assume an average air density
B. 17.66
of 1.20 kg/m3 )
C. 11.66
A. 1416 B. 1164
D. 15.66 C. 1614 D. 1864

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6. [MCQ] A. PD = PB
A glass tube is attached to a water pipe, as B. PA < PB = PD < PC
PC −PA
shown in figure. If the water pressure at the C. PD = PB = 2
bottom of the tube is 115 kPa and the local PC + PA
D. PD = PB = 2
atmospheric pressure is 92 kPa, how high the
water will rise in the tube, (in m) is _____. 8. [MSQ]
Assuming an isothermal ambient, what is the
Assume g = 9.8 m/s2 at that location and take
pressure at an elevation of 2500 m above sea
the density of water to be 1000 kg/m3 .
level. The mass density and atmospheric
pressure at an elevation of 500 m above sea

0 de
level are known to be 1.1677 kg/m3 and
95480 Pa. What is the density of air at that
level? Take g = 9.81 m/s 2 . Assume

I1 o
atmospheric air as an ideal gas & consider
isothermal ambient.

c A. The pressure at an elevation of 2500 m

above sea
38 kPa to 40 kPa.
level ranges from
EG al
B. The pressure at an elevation of 2500 m
A. 3.246 B. 4.236 above sea level ranges from
N rr

C. 2.346 D. 1.346 74 kPa to 76 kPa.

C. The density at an elevation of 2500 m
above sea level ranges from
e

7. [MSQ]
3 3
Figure shows below, a container filled with a 0.88 kg⁄m to 0.94 kg⁄m .
ef

liquid of density ρ. Four points A, B, C and D D. The density at an elevation of 2500 m

lie on the vertices of a vertical square. Points A above sea level ranges from 0. 44 kg/
and C lie on a vertical line and points B and D m3 to 0.48 kg/m3 .
R

lies on a horizontal line. Choose the correct

statement(s) about the pressure at the four 9. [MCQ]
points. The temperature and atmospheric pressure at
sea level are 288 K and 101.3 kN/m2
respectively. Taking the linear temperature
lapse rate as 6.35 K/km, the atmospheric
pressure at 10 km above sea level is (in kPa)
______. Take ρair = 1.205 kg/m3 (at sea level).
A. 19.5 B. 26.5
C. 40.5 D. 32.5

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Answer Key
1. (D) 6. (C)
2. (B) 7. (A, B & D)
3. (B) 8. (B & C)
4. (1550 to 1558) 9. (B)
5. (C)

0 de
I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R

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Solutions
1. Answer: (D)
dP
= −ρg
dz
dP
= −w
dz

2. Answer: (B)
For static, compressible, isothermal, ideal gas

0 de
−g
P2 = P1 e(RT) h
P2 − P1 = ρb gh
Pb − Patm,L = ρb gh

I1 o
Pgb = ρb gh

c ρb gh = 120 mm of Hg
ρb gh = ρm g (0.12)
ρm (0.12)
EG al
h=
ρb
3. Answer: (B) 13600 × 0.12
h=
N rr

1050
h = 1.5542857 m
h = 1554.2857 mm
e

5. Answer: (C)
ef
R

P2 − P1 = ρgh

P2 − P1 = 1 × 9.81 × 1.8 kPa

P2 − P1 = 17.658 kPa P2 − P1 = ρa gh
P2 − P1
4. Answer: (1550 to 1558) h=
ρa g
(980 − 790) × 102
h=
1.2 × 9.81

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h = 1613.999 m PgC + PgA a

= ρg (h + )
2 √2
6. Answer: (C)
8. Answer: (B & C)

0 de
P2 = P1 e−(RT)h
P1 = 95480 Pa, ρ ⊥ = 1.1677 kg/m3
P2 − P1
h= P1 95480
ρg T= = = 284.904 K
ρ1 R 1.1677 × 287

I1 o
−gh
23 × 103 P2 = P1 e RT
h=
103 × 9.8
h = 2.347 m
c P2
P2
P2
−9.81×2000
= 95480 e287×284.904
= 95480 × 0.7866
= 75.11 kPa
EG al
7. Answer: (A, B & D) P1 ρ1
= [∴ T = C]
P2 ρ2
N rr

P2 75.11 × 1.1677
ρ2 = ( ) ρ1 =
P1 95.48
3
ρ2 = 0.9185 kg/m
e

9. Answer: (B)
ef

α = 6.35 K/km
α = 6.35 × 10−3 k⁄m
R

PA = Patm,L + ρgh
a
PB = Patm,L + ρg (h + )
√2
PC = Patm,L + ρg (h + √2a)
a
PD = Patm,L + ρg (h + )
√2
a T2 g/Rα
PgB = PgD = ρg (h + ) P2 = P1 ( )
√2 T1
Pgc = ρg(h + √2a) T2 g/Rα
PgA = ρgh P2 = P0 ( )
T0
Pgc + PgA = ρg(2h + √2a) T2 = T0 − αz2

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T2 = To − αz2 P2 = 26.504 kPa

T2 = To − αH 9.81
T2 = 288 − 6.35 K⁄km × 10 km 287 × 6.35 × 10−3
T2 = 224.5 K P = 26.504 kPa
224.5
P2 = 101.3 ( )
288

0 de
I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R

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Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTA - 01

Chapter : Fluid & Its Properties

1. [NAT, ] 5. [MCQ, ]
If a certain liquid has a viscosity of 0.048 poise For a given fluid the distinction between
−2
and kinematic viscosity 3.50 × 10 stokes. The Newtonian and non-Newtonian behavior is
specific gravity of the liquid is ______. (Correct to usually based on measurements of shear stress
two decimal places). and rate of shearing strain. Assume that the

0 de
2. [MCQ, ] viscosity of fluid is to be determined by
In a stream of glycerin, in motion, at a certain measurements of shear stress τ and rate of

I1 o
du
point the velocity gradient is 0.25 s−1. The shearing strain , obtained from a small fluid
dy
kinematic viscosity and density of the fluid is
c
6.30 × 10−6 m/s, 1268.43 kg/m3 respectively.
2
The shear stress is (in N/m ).
sample tested in a suitable viscometer. Based on
the data given below, the fluid is
EG al
τ(N/m2 ) 0.04 0.06 0.12 0.18 0.30 0.52 1.12
A. 8.129 × 10−4
B. 1.997 × 10−3
N rr

du −1 225
−3 (s )) 2.25 4.50 11.25 22.5 45.0 90.0
C. 7.195 × 10 dy

D. 2.024 × 10−3
e

A. Newtonian fluid

3. [NAT, ] B. Shear thicking fluid

ef

The relative velocity of two consecutive layers is C. Shear thinning fluid

8 cm/s. If the perpendicular distance between D. Bingham plastic

R

the layers is 0.1 cm, then the velocity gradient 6. [NAT, ]

will be _____ cm−1. (Round off to nearest Some measurements on a blood sample at 37o C
integer). indicate a shearing stress of 0.52 N/m2 for a

4. [NAT, ] corresponding rate of shearing strain of 200 S −1 .

The bulk modulus of elasticity of a liquid, if the The apparent viscosity of the blood is _____ ×

pressure of the liquid is increased from 10−3 N. s/m2 (Round off to one decimal places)

70 N/cm2 to 130 N/cm2 and the volume

decreases by 0.15 percent, is ___N/mm2 .

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7. [NAT, ] 9. [NAT, ]

A block of 10 kg is slides down on a smooth A block of 50 kg mass with flat base area of
inclined surface is shown below. 0.1 mm gap is 20 cm2 begins to slide down on a smooth plane
maintained between the block and the surface surface. The plane surface is smeared with 1 mm
contains oil, μoil = 0.38 N. s/m2 . Assume the layer of a lubrication oil, the block is slide down
velocity distribution in the gap is linear. If the the plane with an uniform velocity of 2 m/s at a
area of the block in contact with the oil is 0.2 m2 , lower inclination of 15o with the horizontal. The

0 de
the terminal velocity of the block is _____ m/s. viscosity of the lubrication oil is ____ N. s/m2 .
(Round off to three decimal places). Assume linear velocity variation. (Round off to
two decimal places)

I1 o
10. [NAT, ]

c The tube rests on a 1.5 mm thin film of oil having

a viscosity of μ = 0.0586 N. s/m2 . If the tube is
EG al
rotating at a constant angular velocity of ω =
4.5 rad/s, the torque applied to the tube to
N rr

8. [MCQ, ]
maintain the motion is _____ N − m. (Round off
A simple and popular model for two non-
to 4 decimal places). Assume the velocity profile
e

Newtonian fluids is the power law :

with in the oil is linear.
ef

n
du
τ = C( )
dy
Consider the specific model constant C =
R

0.2 N. sn /m2 , with the fluid being sheared

between two parallel plates at a distance of h =
1 micron, where the lower plate is stationary. If
the shear stress in the fluid is 1000 Pa, the
velocity V of the upper plate for n = 0.7 is
A. 19 m/s B. 0.9 m/s
B. 15 m/s D. 0.19 m/s

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11. [MCQ, ]

A thin plate of area ′A′ is placed midway in a gap
of height ′h′ filled with a liquid of viscosity ′μ1 ′.
The same gap is now filled with another liquid of
viscosity ′μ2 ′ and the same plate is placed at a
h
distance of from one wall. Experiments
4

indicated that for the same velocity V, the force

0 de
required was same. The viscosity μ2 = k × μ1,
the value of k is _____. 13. [MCQ, ]

A. 1.54 A pressure vessel has an internal volume of

I1 o
B. 1.34 0.5 m3 at atmospheric pressure. It is desired to
C. 0.75
D. 1.15
c test the vessel at 3000 bar by pumping water
into it. The estimated variation in the change of
EG al
12. [NAT, ] the empty volume of the container due to

A Newtonian fluid having a specific gravity of pressurization to 3000 bar is 0.6 percent. Given
N rr

0.92 and a kinematic viscosity of 4 × 10−4 m2 /s the bulk modulus of water as β = 2000 MPa. The

flows past a fixed surface. Due to the no slip mass of water to be pumped in after filling the
e

condition, the velocity at the fixed surface is zero, vessel is (in kg). The pressurization shall proceed
ef

and the velocity profile near the surface is shown when pumping is continued after this vessel is

below. The magnitude of the shear stress completely filled with water. Take Patm =
R

U 1.013 bar
developed on the plate (at y = 0) is k h N/m2 ,
A. 64 B. 71
acting to left on plate. The value of k is _____.
C. 67 D. 78
(Round off to 3 decimal places)
14. [NAT, ]
As shown in figure surface tension forces can be
strong enough to allow a double-edge steel razor
blade to “float” on water. Assume that the
surface tension forces act at angle θ relative to
the water surface as showing in figure. The mass

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of the double-edge blade is 0.64 × 10−3 kg, and isentropically. The speed of sound in this liquid is
the total length of its sides is 206 mm. The value _______ m/s (approximately).
of θ is __________° so that double edge blade will A. 252 B. 1252
float. C. 522 D. 1522

17. [MSQ, ]
Three fluid elements namely a droplet, a bubble
and a jet of same liquid are present in same
atmosphere. All the three elements have same

0 de
radius R. Choose the correct statement(s).
15. [NAT, ]
A clean glass tube has an inner diameter d = A. Gauge pressure developed inside liquid
2σ
2 mm and is immersed in pure water at an angle droplet is .

I1 o
R
θ = 20° from the horizontal. Assume water is B. Gauge pressure developed inside liquid jet is

c
flowing through the tube having surface tension
σ = 0.0754 N/m and density is ρ = 1000 kg/
m3 . The average length L to which water will rise
2σ
R
.
C. The ascending order of the fluid elements with
EG al
respect to their gauge pressure developed
along the tube due to capillary action is ____
mm. (Round off to two decimal places) inside them is bubble, droplet, jet.
N rr

D. The ascending order of the fluid elements with

respect to their gauge pressure developed
e

inside them is jet, droplet, bubble.

ef

18. [MCQ, ]

Between two large fixed parallel plane surfaces, a
thin plate is pulled, parallel to the lower plane
R

surface, with a constant force. The space

between the plate and the plane surface is filled
with two types of oil where the top oil (oil at the
top side of the plate) and the bottom oil (oil at
the bottom side of the plate) have different
16. [MCQ, ] kinematic viscosities. The distance between the
A liquid with specific gravity of 0.87 undergoes a plate and the lower plane surface is one fourth
reduction in volume of 0.11% when subjected to the distance between the two plane surfaces. In
an increase in pressure of 1500 kPa, this horizontal position, the force required to
drag the plate is the minimum compared to that

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required for any other horizontal positions. If the 21. [MCQ, ]

ratio of the density of the top oil to that of the
bottom oil is 1 ∶ 3, then the corresponding ratio
of their kinematic viscosities, should be
A. 27 ∶ 1 B. 9 ∶ 1
C. 3 ∶ 1 D. 1 ∶ 3

19. [MSQ, ]

A cylindrical shaft of 90 mm diameter rotates

0 de
about a vertical axis inside a fixed cylindrical tube
A large thin plate is pulled at a constant velocity
of length 50 cm and 95 mm internal diameter. If
V through the gap between two parallel planes
the space between the tube and the shaft is filled
as shown in the figure. The upper side of the
by a lubricant of dynamic viscosity 2.0 poise,

I1 o
plate is having oil of viscosity μ and the lower
choose the correct statement(s) when shaft is
side is having oil of viscosity αμ. The gap width
rotated at speed of 240 rpm.

12.8 N.
c
A. Shear Force acting on the shaft is around
between the planes is h and between upper
plane and plate is x. Total drag force to be
minimum, value of x is equal to
EG al
B. Shear force acting on the shaft is around
h h
18.2 N. A. 1+α B. 1+
√α
C. Torque required to maintain the rotation of h h
C. 1−α D.
N rr

1−√α
shaft is around 0.675 N. m.
D. Power required to maintain the rotation of 22. [NAT, ]
e

Magnet wire is to be coated with varnish for

shaft is around 14.5 W.
ef

insulation by drawing it through a circular die of

20. [MCQ, ] 1.0 mm diameter. The wire diameter is 0.9 mm
A block (l meters × b meters × h meters) and it is centered in the die. The varnish (μ =
R

weighing W Newtons is moved at a constant

20 centipoise) completely fills the space
velocity of V m/s up a plane, inclined at an angle
between the wire and the die for a length of
of 30° to the horizontal, by a force F Newtons
50 mm. The wire is drawn through the die at a
applied in the horizontal direction. If an oil
(Newtonian fluid of viscosity μpoise) film of speed of 50 m/s. The force required to pull the
thickness t mm, separates the block and the wire is ______N.
inclined surface, then W is equal to: 23. [MCQ, ]
2μlbV 200μlbV
A. √3F − B. √3F − A newly produced pipe with diameter of
t t

C. F −
2μlbV
D. F −
200μlbV 3 m and length 15 m is to be tested at 10 MPa
t t
using water at 15°C. After sealing both ends, the

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pipe is first filled with water and then the 26. [MCQ, ]
pressure is increased by pumping additional A plate of area 0.2 m2 and 4 mm thickness is
water into the test pipe until the test pressure is lifted through the mid way between two large
reached. Assuming no deformation in the pipe, plates spaced 2.4 cm apart at a uniform speed
the mass of additional water needs to be of 12 cm/s. The gap is filled with oil of viscosity
pumped into the pipe is __________.
1.8 N-s/m2 , ρoil is 960 kg/m3 .
Take the coefficient of compressibility to be
The plate weighs 30 N, then the required lifting
2.10 × 109 Pa
force is (in N)
A. 405 B. 605
A. 31.1 B. 18.6

0 de
C. 555 D. 505
C. 24.8 D. 34.2

24. [MCQ, ] 27. [NAT, ]

A cylinder container 0.35 m3 of air at 50°C and Consider a 30 cm long journal bearing that is

I1 o
276 kN/m2 (absolute). The air is isentropically lubricated with oil whose viscosity is 0.1 kg/m. s

c 3
compressed to 0.071 m . The isentropic bulk
modulus of elasticity at new state is ______.
(Take the ratio of specific heats of air γ = 1.4)
at 20°C at the beginning of operation and
0.008 kg/m. s at the anticipated steady
EG al
A. 3.6 kN/m2 B. 2.575 kN/m2 operating temperature of 80°C. The diameter of
2 2
C. 3.6 MN/m D. 2.575 MN/m the shaft is 8 cm, and the average gap between
N rr

the shaft and the journal is 0.08 cm. The

25. [NAT, ]
e

percentage decrease in torque needed to

An insulation company is examining a new fluid
overcome the bearing friction initially and during
ef

(behaving as Bingham Plastic fluid having yield

stress of 154 Pa) for extruding into cavities. The steady operation is _____. The shaft is rotated at
experimental data is given below for the speed
500 rpm.
R

U of the upper plate, which is separated from a

fixed lower plate by a 1 mm thick sample of the 28. [NAT, ]
fluid, when a given shear force per unit area is Water at A (μA = 1.15 cp) has a velocity profile
applied. The apparent viscosity of fluid is
________N − S⁄m2 . of uA = 10 sin(2.5 πy) m/s, y is in meters,
measured from plate. Flows along the top
Shear Force per
50 100 1500 444 surface of the place C. Below the plate C, the
unit Area (Pa)
water at B (μB = 0.47 cp) has a velocity profile
U(m/s) 0 0 0 0.3
of uB = 4 × 103 (0.1 y − y 2 ), y is in meters

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measured not from force. If the plate is 3 m 31. CONVENTIONAL (BRAIN TEASER, ) `
wide, then the resultant force per unit length on A block 0.1 m square, with 5 kg mass, slides
down a smooth inclined plane having 30° angle
the fixed plate C is _____ N/m. Assume that the
with horizontal plane, on an oil film that is
force exerts on the plate due to viscous friction. 0.20 mm thick. The dynamic viscosity of oil is
(Round off to two decimal places) 0.4 Pa-s.
1. If the block is released from rest at t = 0,
what is its initial acceleration (in m/s 2 )?
2. Find the velocity (in m/s) after 0.1 s.

0 de
32. [MCQ, ]
A shaft with a diameter of D = 80 mm and a

I1 o
length of L = 400 mm, shown in figure is pulled
with a constant velocity of U = 5 m/s through a

29. [NAT, ]

c bearing with variable diameter. The clearance
between shaft and bearing, which varies from
EG al
A 50 cm × 30 cm × 20 cm block weighing h1 = 1.2 mm to h2 = 0.4 mm, is filled with a
150 N is to be moved at a constant velocity of Newtonian lubricant whose dynamic viscosity is
0.8 m/s on an inclined surface with a friction 0.10 Pa. s. The force required to maintain the
N rr

coefficient of 0.27. The force F (in N) that needs axial movement of the shaft is ________.
to be applied in the horizontal direction is
e

________.
ef
R

A. 69 B. 79
C. 54 D. 72
30. [NAT, ]
In above question of a 0.4 mm thick oil film with 33. [MCQ, ]
a dynamic viscosity of 0.012 Pa. s is applied A square thin plate, of length 80 cm and mass
between the block and inclined surface. The 30 kg, slides parallel to a solid plane surface
percent reduction in the required force is inclined at an angle of 60° to the horizontal. A
___________. Newtonian fluid layer of thickness 2 mm is

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present in between the plate and the plane D. Torque required to rotate the cone with
surface. Had the plane been horizontal, a constant angular velocity ω is given by
constant force of 192 N would have been 2πμωR3
.
required to move the plate at a constant velocity 3 tan θ

of 3 m/s. If the fluids velocity profile can be 35. [NAT, ]

assumed to be linear, then the constant force to A concentric cylinder viscometer is driven by a
be applied, parallel to the inclined plane, on the falling mass M connected by a cord and pulley to
plate to make it slide at an instant velocity of the inner cylinder, as shown in the figure. The
6 m/s is liquid to be tested fills the annular gap of width

0 de
A. 254.87 N B. 129.12 N a and height H. After a brief starting transient,
C. 384 N D. 89.7 N the mass falls at constant speed Vm . The
viscosity of the liquid is ________ N-s/m2 .
34. [MSQ, ]

I1 o
M = 0.10 kg r = 25 mm
The cone and plate viscometer shown is an R = 50 mm a = 0.20 mm

c
instrument used frequently to characterize non-
Newtonian fluids. It consists of a flat plate and a
rotating cone with a very obtuse angle (typically
H = 80 mm Vm = 30 mm/s
EG al
θ is less than 0.5o ). The apex of the cone just
touches the plate surface and the liquid to be
N rr

tested fills the narrow gap formed by the cone

and plate.
e
ef
R

36. [MCQ, ]

A spherical thrust bearing is shown in figure
below. The gap between the spherical member
and the housing is of constant width h. The
correct expression for Torque in terms of α is
A. Shear stress is constant & is independent of r.
B. Shear stress is variables & increases with r.
C. Torque required to rotate the cone with
constant angular velocity ω is given by
2πμωR3
.
3 sin θ

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below. The thickness of the oil film on all sides is

1.2 mm. The required power input is ______ W.
(Round off to nearest integer). For easy
calculation assume differential area of curved
surface is dA = 2πrdz & the thickness of oil
layer remains constant.

0 de
2πμωR4 sin3 α 1
A. [ − sin α + 3]
h 3
2πμωR4 cos3 α 1
B. [ − cos α + 3]

I1 o
h 3
2πμωR4 sin3 α 2
C. [ − sin α + 3]
h 3

D.
2πμωR4 cos3 α
h
[ 3
c− cos α + 3]
2
EG al
37. NAT[HIGH ORDER THINKING, ]
A Frustum shaped body is rotating at a constant
N rr

angular speed of 200 rad/s in a container filled

with oil at 20°C, μ = 0.100 Pa-s, as shown
e
ef
R

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 103

Answer Key
1. (1.35 to 1.39) 20. (B)
2. (B) 21. (B)
3. (80 to 80) 22. (2.81 to 2.85)
4. (400 to 400) 23. (D)
5. (C) 24. (C)
6. (2.4 to 2.8) 25. (0.960 to 0.972)
7. (0.042 to 0.047) 26. (A)
8. (D) 27. (91 to 93)
9. (31.05 to 31.95) 28. (0.83 to 0.88)

0 de
10. (0.0102 to 0.0109) 29. (105.5)
11. (C) 30. (45.8)
12. (0.549 to 0.554) 31. (4.9 & 0.404)

I1 o
13. (D) 32. (A)
14. (24 to 25) 33. (B)
15. (44.24 to 45.64)
16. (B)
17. (A & D)
c 34. (A & D)
35. (0.06 to 0.07)
36. (D)
EG al
18. (A) 37. (262.75 to 276.75)
19. (A & D)
N rre
ef
R

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Solutions

1. Answer: (𝟏. 𝟑𝟓 𝐭𝐨 𝟏. 𝟑𝟗) Bulk modulus,

μ dP 60
ν = K= = × 100 = 40000 N/cm2
ρ dV 0.15
(− )
V
μ
⇒ρ= K = 400 N/mm2
ν
0.048 × 10−1
= 5. Answer: (C)
3.50 × 10−2 × 10−4 τ 0.0178 0.0133 0.0107 0.0080 0.0067 0.0058 0.0050
3
= 1371.42 kg/m du/dy

0 de
1371.42 τ
Specific gravity = The values are decreases as the rate of
1000 du/dy

= 1.37 shearing strain increases ⇒ given fluid is shear

I1 o
thinning fluid.
2. Answer: (B)
ν=ρ
μ

⇒μ =ν×ρ
c 6. Answer: (2.4 to 2.8)

τ=μ
du
dy
EG al
= 6.30 × 10−6 × 1268.43
0.52 = μ × 200
−3 2
N rr

μ = 7.99 × 10 N. s/m 0.52

⇒μ= 200
du
τ=μ
e

dy μ = 2.6 × 10−3 N. s/m2

ef

= 7.99 × 10−3 × 0.25 7. Answer: (0.042 to 0.047)

Wsin θy
= 1.997 × 10−3 N/m2 Terminal velocity V =
μA
R

3. Answer: (𝟖𝟎 𝐭𝐨 𝟖𝟎) 10 × 9.81 × sin20o × 0.1 × 10−3

=
du
Velocity gradient dy = 0.1
8 0.38 × 0.2
V = 0.0442 m/s
= 80 cm−1
8. Answer: (D)
4. Answer: (𝟒𝟎𝟎 to 𝟒𝟎𝟎)
du n
τ = C (dy)
Given, P1 = 70 N/cm2
n
P2 = 130 N/cm2 3
V
10 = 0.2 ( )
1 × 10−6
∴ dP = 130 − 70 = 60 N/cm2
V
−dV 0.15 (5 × 103 )1/0.7 =
Decrease in volume, = 1 × 10−6
V 100

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⇒ V = 0.192 m/s 2πμω r0 3

= ∫ r dr
y ri
9. Answer: (𝟑𝟏. 𝟎𝟓 𝐭𝐨 𝟑𝟏. 𝟗𝟓)
πμω 4
T= (r0 − ri4 )
2y
π × 0.0586 × 4.5
= × (0.084 − 0.044 )
2 × 1.5 × 10−3
T = 0.0106 N − m

11. Answer: (C)

F
τ=

0 de
As
mg sinθ
=
As
50 × 9.81 × sin 15o

I1 o
=
20 × 10−4
τ = 6.3475 × 104 N/m2

τ=μ
v
y
c F = (μ
V
h1
V
+μ )×A
h2
EG al
τ×y 1 1
⇒μ= F = μ AV ( + )
V h1 h2
6.3475 × 104 × 10−3 × 1
N rr

μ= Liquid of μ1 fills the gap and the plate is placed

2
μ = 31.7375 Ns/m2 midway.
e

10. Answer: (𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟐 𝐭𝐨 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟗) h

ef

∴ h1 = h2 =
2
The velocity of the oil in contact with the tube
1 1
at an arbitrary point is ∴ F1 = μ1 AV ( + )
R

h/2 h/2
V = rω
dv v rω 4μ1 AV
∴ dy = y = F1 =
y h
rω μωr
τ=μ = Liquid of viscosity μ2 , fills the gap and the
y y
h
dF = τ × dA plate is placed at a distance 4 from one wall
μωr
= × 2πrdr h
y ∴ h1 =
4
2πμωr 2
dF = dr 3h
y ∴ h2 =
r
4
Torque T = ∫r 0 r × dF
i

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13. Answer: (D)

At atmospheric pressure the mass of water
required to fill the vessel is m = V × ρ = 0.5 ×
1000 = 500 kg. The additional quantity of
water needed for pressurization is
1 1 accommodated due to: increase in the vessel
F2 = μ2 AV ( + )
h/4 3h/4
volume and compression of water under
16 μ2 AV pressure.
F2 =
3 h

0 de
mwater = ρwater × vvessel
Given F1 = F2
ln m = ln ρ + ln v
4μ1 AV 16 μ2 AV By differentiation
=

I1 o
h 3 h
dm dρ dv
= + -----(1)
4 m ρ v
⇒ μ1 = μ2
3
3
c It is given that
dv
v
= 0.6% = 0.006.

The density variation is obtained by using bulk

EG al
∴ μ2 = μ = 0.75 μ1
4 1
modulus:
12. Answer: (0.549 to 0.554)
dρ
N rr

du dp = β
τy=0 = μ (dy ) ρ
y=0
dρ 1
e

du 3 3 y2 = dp
= U ( − 3) ρ β
dy 2h 2 h
ef

dρ 105
At y = 0 = × (3000 − 1.013)
ρ 2 × 109
du 3 U = 0.15
R

=
dy 2 h
From equation (1)
du
∴τ =ν×ρ×( ) dm dV
dy = 0.15 +
m V
3U
τ = 4 × 10−4 × 920 × dm
2h ⇒ = 0.15 + 0.006 = 0.156
m
U
∴ τ = 0.552 Therefore, the mass of water to be pumped in
h
∴ k = 0.552 after filling the vessel is

dm = 0.156 × 500 = 78 kg

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14. Answer: (24 to 25) (1500) 15 × 104

= 0.11 kPa = kPa
( ) 0.11
100
= 1363,6363.364 kPa
Ks
C = √ = 1251.9577 m⁄s
ρ

17. Answer: (A & D)

Fst sin θ = W Gauge pressure developed inside liquid
(σL)sinθ = W droplet is
2σ
.
(0.073)(0.206)sinθ = (0.64 × 10−3 ) × 9.81 R
The ascending order of the fluid elements with

0 de
sinθ = 0.4175
respect to their gauge pressure developed
θ = 24.676°
inside them is jet, droplet, bubble.
15. Answer: (44.24 to 45.64)
18. Answer: (A)

I1 o
c
EG al
μ
ν=
ρ
N rr

νT μT ρB
=( )× ( )
νB μB ρT
ρT 1
e

= (given)
ρB 3
νT
ef

h = 9 × 3 = 27
sinθ = νB
L
4σcos0° We know for minimum pulling force
h=
R

δgd YT μT
4(0.0754) =√
= YB μB
(10 ) × 9.81 × 2 × 10−3
3

= 15.37 mm 3h/4 μT
15.37 =√
sin20° = h/4 μB
L
L = 44.944 mm μT
3=√
μB
16. Answer: (B)
Ks = ρ
dP
| −
dV
=
dρ μT
dρ s V ρ √ = 32 = 9
μB
dP
Ks = dρ
|
(ρ)
s

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19. Answer: (A & D) 22. Answer: (𝟐. 𝟖𝟏 𝐭𝐨 𝟐. 𝟖𝟓)

D−d 95−90 20 centipoise
μ = 2 poise = 0.2 Pa-s, Y = = =
2 2
= 10−2 × 10−1 Pa-s
2.5 mm
d μAV
μ(πdL) (2 ω) 2π × 240 4 F=
Fs = ω= = 8π Y
Y 60 (20 × 10−2 × 10−1 )(π × 0.0009 × 0.05)50
0.09 F= 0.1
(0.2)(π × 0.9 × 0.5) ( 2 × 8π) × 103
Fs = 2
2.5 × 10−3 D−d
Fs = 12.791 N Y=
2
d 0.09 F = 2.827 N
T = Fs × = 12.791 × ( ) = 0.575 Nm
2 2
P = Tω = 0.575 × 8π = 14.466 W

0 de
23. Answer: (D)
Vi = Vf =
20. Answer: (B) = V (pipe volume since nodeformation)
π
V = D3 L

I1 o
4
π
V = × 32 × 15
4
c V = 106.0287 m3
K=ρ
dp
dρ
EG al
ρi ×10×106
2.1 × 109 = ρi = 1000 kg⁄m3
Fcos30° − Wsin30° − Fs = 0 (ρf −ρi )

Fcos30° − Fs = Wsin30° ρf = 1004.7619 kg⁄m3

N rr

Fcos30 Fs Mass of additional water = ρf Vf − ρi Vi

W= − = 504.898 kg
sin30° sin30°
e

F μAV × 0.1 × 103

W= − 24. Answer: (C)
tam30° t × sin30°
ef

μAV K s2 = γP2 Isentropic bulk modulus for

W = √3F − 200
t ideal gas
γ γ
P1 V1 = P2 V2
R

21. Answer: (B) (276)(0.35)1.4 = P2 (0.071)1.4

For minimum drag force P2 = 2575.38 kN⁄m2
YT μT K s2 = γ × P2
=√ K s2 = 1.4 × 2575.38
YB μB
K s2 = 3605.53 kN⁄m2
x μ K s2 = 3.605 MN⁄m2
=√
H−x αμ
x 1 25. Answer: (𝟎. 𝟗𝟔𝟎 𝐭𝐨 𝟎. 𝟗𝟕𝟐)
= du
H − x √α τ = A + μapp ( )
dy
x√α = H − x 0.3 − 0
H 444 = 154 + μapp × ( )
x= 1 × 10−3
1 + √α 444 − 154 = μapp × 0.3 × 1000
μapp = 0.9666 Ns⁄m2

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 109

duA
τA = μ × = 1.15 × 10−3 × 25 × π
26. Answer: (A) dy
= 0.02875 π N⁄m2
duB
τB = μ
dy
d
= 0.47 × 10−3 × [4 × 103 (0.1y − y 2 )]
dy
= 1.88 (2y – 0.1) (∵ y = 0.1 m)

FLift = 2FD + W − FB τB = 1.88 (2 × 0.1 − 0.1)

μV
FLift = 2 × ( ) A + 30 − ρliq Vdis × g τB = 0.188 N⁄m2
h

0 de
2 × 1.8 × 0.12 × 0.2 F = (τA + τB ) × 3
FLift = + 30 − 960
10 × 10−3
× (0.2 × 4 × 10−3 ) × 9.81 = (0.02875 π + 0.188) × 3
FLift = 8.64 + 30 − 7.534
F = 0.835 N⁄m

I1 o
FLift = 31.1 N
29. Answer: (105.5)
27. Answer: (91 to 93)
F=
μAV
h
c
EG al
μ(2πRL) × (Rω)
F=
h
T=F×R
N rr

μ(2πRL)(Rω)R (2πRL)(Rω)R
T= ∵k=
h h
T = kμ
e

T1 = μ1 K
T2 = μ2 K
ef

T1 − T2 The velocity of the block is constant and thus its

% decrease = ( ) × 100
T1 acceleration and net force on it are zero.
T2 ΣFx = 0 ∶ F1 − Ff cos 20° − FN1 sin 20 = 0
= (1 − ) × 100
R

T1 ΣFy = 0 ∶ FN1 cos 20° = Ff sin 20 − W = 0

μ
=(1 − μ2 ) × 100 Ff = fFN1 [f = coefficient of friction]
1
W
= 92% FN1 =
cos 20° − fsin 20°
= 177.0 N
28. Answer: (0.83 to 0.88)
F1 = Ff cos 20° + FN1 sin 20° = 105.5 N
uA = 10 sin(2.5 πy)
duA
= 10(2.5π) cos(2.5 πy) 30. Answer: (45.8)
dy
duA
= (25 π cos 2.5 πy)s −1
dy
At y = 0 (at surface of plate C)
duA
| = 25πs −1
dy y = 0

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g
a= = 4.90 m/s 2
2
(2) Velocity after time t
μAV
Fnet = mg sinθ − h=
h
film thickness
dv μAV
m dt = mg sinθ − h
mdv μAV
= 1−
mgsinθ. dt (mg sinθ)h
Fshear = τw As v t
∫0 dv
V μAV
= gsinθ ∫ dt
= μAs (1 − mgh sinθ) 0
h
0.8

0 de
= (0.012)(0.5 × 0.2) −hmgsinθ μAV
4 × 10−4 ln (1 − ) = g sin θ t
μA mgh sinθ
= 2.4 N μAV −μAt
ΣFx = 0 ∶ F2 − Fshear cos 20° ln (1 − )=
mgh sin θ mh

I1 o
− FN2 sin 20° = 0
μAV −μAt
ΣFy = 0 ∶ FN2 cos 20° 1− = e mh
mgh sin θ

FN2 =
c
− Fshear sin 20° − W = 0
(Fshear sin 20° + W)
cos 20°
μAt mgh sin θ
V = (1 − e− mh )
μA
m = 5kg, g = 9.81 m⁄s2 , h
EG al
{(2.4) sin 20° + 150}
= = 0.2 × 10−3 m
cos 20°
= 160.5 N A = (0.1)2 = 0.01 m2
N rr

F2 = Fshear cos 20° + FN2 sin 20° μ = 0.4 Pa − S

= 57.2 N θ = 30°
Percentage reduction in required force t = 0.1
e

F1 − F2 Putting all these values

= × 100% V = 0.4042 m⁄s
F1
ef

105.5−57.2
= 105.5 × 100%
32. Answer: (A)
= 45.8%
(h1 − h2 )
R

hX = [h1 − x]
L
31. Answer: (4.9 & 0.404) μAx V
(1) At t = 0. Since block released from rest, dF = Ax = πd(dx)
hx
hence drag force at t = 0 will be zero μ(πd(dx))V
By Newton’s second law dF = h −h
{h1 − ( 1 L 2 ) x}
μVπd dx
dF = h1 −h2
{h1 − ( ) x}
L
F h2
dx
∫ dF = μπ Vd ∫ h −h
o {h1 − ( 1 L 2) x}
h1

L h2
Fnet = mg sin θ F = −μVπd × ln ( )
h1 − h2 h1
ma = mg sin 30°

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μV(πdL) h1
F= ln ( )
h1 − h2 h2 35. Answer: 0.06 to 0.07
F = 69.0278 N Vm = ωr
Vm
33. Answer: (B) ω=
r
μAV ΔV ωR
Fs1 = τ=μ =μ
t Δy a
μ × (0.8)2 × 3 μVm R
192 = τ=
2 × 10−3 ar
μ = 0.2 Pa-s Torque balance;
Mg × r − τAR = I ∝
μVm R

0 de
Mgr − ( ) × 2πRH × R = 0
ar
Mgr 2 a
μ=
2πVm R3 H
Putting all the given values

I1 o
μ = 0.0651 Ns⁄m2
F = Fs − W sin 60°
F=
F=
μAV
t c
− (30 × 9.81) × sin 60 36. Answer: D
EG al
0.2 × (0.8)2 × 6
F= − (30 × 9.81) sin 60°
2 × 10−3
F = 384 − 254.87
N rr

F = 129.128 N
e

34. Answer: (A & D)

Δv
τ=μ
ef

Δy
R

μ × ωr
τ=
rtanθ
μω
τ=
tan θ μV
x
= tan θ τ=
(Independent of r and constant)xr = r tan θ h
μωr
dT = (τdA)r = τ(2πrdr)r τ=
T R h
∫ dT = τ2π ∫ r 2 dr μωRsinθ
o 0
τ=
h
R3 dT = (τdA)r
T = τ2π
3 (μωRsinθ)(2πR2 sinθdθ)(Rsinθ)
μω2πR3 2πμωR3 =
T= = h
3tanθ 3tanθ

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T
2πμωR4 ∝ 3 For side surface dA = 2πrdz
∫ dT = ∫ sin θdθ d (D − d)
0 h 0 r= + Z
2πμωR4 ∝ 3 2 2L
T= ∫ sin θdθ (D − d)
h ⏟0 dr = dz
I
2L
2L
2πμωR4 dz = dr
T= ×I D−d
h dA = 2πrdz
2πμωR4 cos3 α 2
T= [ − cos α + ] 4πL
h 3 3 = rdr
∝
D−d
I = ∫ sin3 θdθ Pside = Fside × r × ω
0 μ(dA)(rω)
∝ = ×r×ω

0 de
Y
I = ∫ (sin2 θ)sinθdθ μ 4πL
0 = ( rdr) × (rω) × (rω)
∝ Y D−d
I = ∫ (1 − cos2 θ) sin θdθ cosθ = t 4πμω2 L r = D/2 3 4πμω2 L r 4
D/2
0 = ∫ r dt = |

I1 o
−sinθdθ = dt Y(D − d) r = d h(D − d) 4 d/2
2
cos∝2
(t 2 πμω2 L(D4 − d4 )
I= ∫

I=
t
1
3
− t|
cos∝ c
− 1)dt =
16Y(D − d)
Total power required becomes
EG al
3 PTotal = Ptop + Pbottom + Pside
1
cos3 ∝ 2 πμω2 D4 πμω2 d4 πμω2 L(D4 − d4 )
I= − cos ∝ + = + +
3 3 32Y 32Y 16Y(D − d)
N rr

d 4
2 4
πμω D d 4 2L [1 − (D) ]
37. Answer: (262.75 to 276.75) = (1 + ( ) + )
(269.758 W) 32Y D (D − d)
e

Power required for top surface

π(0.1)(200)2 (0.12)4 1 4
ef

πμω2 R4
PTop = = [1 + ( )
2Y 32 × (0.0012) 3
πμω2 D4
PTop = 1 4
2 × 16Y
R

2(0.12)(1 − (3) )
Similarly + ]
πμω2 d4 (0.12 − 0.04)
Pbottom =
32Y
Power required for side surface = 269.758 W

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 113

Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 PYQs - 12

Chapter : Pressure & Its Measurement

Topic: Pressure & Pascal’s Law
1. [MCQ] A. 1.01 bar B. 2.01 bar
The dimension of a pressure gradient in a fluid C. 5.00 bar D. 7.01 bar
flow is [GATE-2004-ME]
A. ML−1 T 2

0 de
3. [MCQ]
B. ML−3 T −2
In a static fluid, the pressure at a point is
C. ML−2 T −2
A. equal to the weight of the fluid above
D. M −1 L−3 T −2

I1 o
B. equal in all directions
[GATE-1995-CE]
C. equal in all directions, only if, its viscosity is
2. [MCQ]
c
The pressure gauges G1 and G2 installed on the
system shows pressures of PG1 = 5.00 bar and
zero
D. always directed downwards
EG al
[GATE-1996-CE]
PG2 = 1.00 bar. The value of unknown pressure
4. [MCQ]
P is
If, for a fluid in motion, pressure at a point is
N rr

same in all directions, then the fluid is

A. a real fluid
e

B. a Newtonian fluid
ef

C. an ideal fluid
D. a non-Newtonian fluid
R

[GATE-1996-CE]

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Answer Key
1. (C) 3. (B)
2. (D) 4. (C)

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Solutions

1. Answer: (C) P1 = 7.1 bar

[P] = [ML−1 T −2 ] P = 7.01 bar
3. Answer: (B)
∂P
[ ] = [ML−2 T −2 ]
∂n

2. Answer: (D)

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Pascal’s Law

Pg1 = P1 − P2
c 1. Static Fluid
2. At a point
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P1 = Pg1 + P2 → (a) 4. Answer: (C)
Pg2 = P2 − P3 In the absence of shear Forces Pascal's law is
N rr

P2 = Pg2 + P3 applicable for Fluid in motion also.

Substituting in equation (a)
e

P1 = Pg1 + Pg2 + P3
P1 = 5.00 + 1.00 + 1.01
ef
R

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Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP - 12

Chapter : Pressure & Its Measurement

Topic: Pressure & Pascal’s Law
1. [MSQ] 3. [NAT]
Which one or more of the following A hydraulic press has a ram of 150 mm and a
statement(s) is/are TRUE ? plunger of 20 mm diameter. The force required
A. Local atmospheric pressure is always less on the plunger to lift a weight of 40 kN is _____

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than the standard atmospheric pressure. N (round off to 2 decimal places).
B. Standard atmospheric pressure is 760 mm
4. [MCQ]
of mercury.

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Which one of the following statement is FALSE?
C. Local atmospheric pressure depends only
A. The pressure at a point in a static fluid has
on the elevation of the place.
c
D. Pascal’s law is valid for any fluid.
the same magnitude in all directions.
B. Standard atmospheric pressure is 780 mm
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2. [MCQ] of mercury.
As per Pascal’s law, the correct statement is C. In general, if the absolute pressure is more
N rr

A. Intensity of pressure at a point in a moving than the local atmospheric pressure, then
fluid is equal in the direction of applied the pressure measured with respect to local
force atmospheric pressure is known as gauge
e

B. Intensity of pressure at a point in a moving pressure.

ef

fluid is equal in all directions D. In general, if the absolute pressure is less

C. Intensity of pressure at a point in a static than the local atmospheric pressure, then
R

fluid is equal in the direction of applied the pressure measured with respect to local
force atmospheric pressure is known as gauge
D. Intensity of pressure at a point in a static pressure.
fluid is equal in all directions

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Answer Key
1. (B, D) 3. (708.25 to 713.25)
2. (D) 4. (B)

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Solutions

1. Answer: (B, D) P1 = P2
Local atmospheric pressure is always less than F1 F2
=
the standard atmospheric pressure. A1 A2
Pascal’s law is valid for any fluid. A2
F2 = F
A1 1
2. Answer: (D) π
× (20)
4
Intensity of pressure at a point in a static fluid is F2 = π × 40 × 103
× (150)

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4
equal in all directions
F2 = 711.11N
3. Answer: 711.11 (𝟕𝟎𝟖. 𝟐𝟓 𝐭𝐨 𝟕𝟏𝟑. 𝟐𝟓)
4. Answer: (B)

I1 o
Pg = Pabs − Patm,L

c Pv = Patm,L − Pabs
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ef
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Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 PYQs - 11

Chapter : Fluid & Its Properties

Topic : Capillarity
1. [MCQ] contact angle 30°. The rise in the height of fluid in
A small capillary tube of 3 mm inner diameter is the capillary tube due to surface tension is
inserted into a fluid having density A. 111.4 mm B. 13.07 mm
3
900 kg⁄m , surface tension 0.1 N⁄m, and C. 89.1 mm D. 154.1 mm

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[GATE-2021-PI]

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Answer Key
1. (B)

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Solution

1. Answer: (B)
4σcosθ
h=
ρgD
4 × 0.1 × cos 30°
h=
900 × 9.81 × 3 × 10−3
h = 0.01307 m
h = 13.07 mm

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Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP - 11

Chapter : Fluid & Its Properties

Topic : Capillarity
1. [MCQ, ] 4. [MCQ, ]
A 0.6 mm diameter glass tube is inserted into A concentric-cylinder viscometer is shown in the
water at 20°C in a container. If the glass is clean figure below. Viscous torque is produced by the
and water is pure, the capillary rise of water in annular gap around the curved surface of inner

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tube is ____________ approximately. (Assume cylinder. Additional viscous torque is produced
surface tension of water at 20°C = 0.073 N/m) when the flat bottom of the inner cylinder rotates
A. 5.0 cm B. 7.0 cm above the flat bottom of the stationary outer
C. 3.0 cm D. 2.8 cm cylinder. The ratio of torque acting on curved

I1 o
surface of inner cylinder (Tc ) to the torque acting
2. [MCQ, ] on the flat bottom of inner cylinder (Tb ) is
c
Nutrients dissolved in water are carried to upper
parts of plants by tiny tubes partly because of the
EG al
capillary effect. The height (in m) the water
solution will rise in a tree in a 0.005 mm diameter
tube as a result of the capillary effect is ________.
N rr

Treat the water solution as water at 20°C with a

contact angle of 15°.
e

A. 3.75 m B. 4.75 m
ef

C. 5.75 m D. 6.75 m

3. [MSQ, ]
R

Choose the correct statement(s). Tc 4Hb Tc 4HR

A. T = B. T =
A. Viscosity of liquids increases with increase in b Ra b ab
Tc 4Ha Tc 4ab
temperature. C. T = D. T =
b Rb b HR
B. Viscosity of gases increases with increase in
temperature. 5. [NAT, ]
C. Surface tension of liquid-gas interface A shock-free coupling for a low-power mechanical
decreases with increase in temperature. drive is to be made from a pair of concentric
D. Mathematically for angle of contact θ = 90°, cylinders. The annular space between the
there is neither capillary rise nor capillary fall cylinders is to be filled with oil. The drive must
of the liquid. transmit power, P = 10 W. other dimensions and
properties are as shown in diagram. Neglect any
bearing friction and end effects. Assume the

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minimum practical gap clearance δ for the device liquid viscosity, μ, disk radius, R, disk spacing, a,
is δ = 0.25 mm. The viscosity of oil is _____ poise. and the angular speeds: ω1 of the input disk and
ω2 of the output disk is ___________.

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6. [MCQ, ]
A viscous clutch is to be made from a pair of

I1 o
πμω2(ω1 −ω2 )R4 πμω2(ω1 −ω2 )R3
closely spaced parallel disks enclosing a thin layer A. B.
2a 16
πμ(ω1 −ω2 )R4

c
of viscous liquid. The algebraic expressions of
power transmitted by the disk pair, in terms of
C. 2aω2
D.
πμω2R4
4h
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Answer Key
1. (A) 5. (2.00 to 2.04)
2. (C) 6. (A)
3. (B, C & D)
4. (A)

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Solutions

1. Answer: (A) 2πμωR3 L

T=
4σ cos θ Y
h= 2πμωR3 H
ρgD Tc = ….. (a)
a
πμωd3 L
4 × (0.073) × cos 0° T=
h= 4Y
1000 × 9.81 × 0.6 × 10−3 2πμωR3 L
= 0.0496 m T=
Y
For Bottom Surface
⇒ h = 4.96 cm
πμωR4

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T=
2Y
2. Answer: (C) πμωR4
Tb = 2b ….. (b)
4σ cos θ 2πμωR3 H
h=

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ρgD Tc a
= πμωR4 R
Tb
4 × 0.073 × cos 15°
h=
c
1000 × 9.81 × 0.005 × 10−3
h = 5.75 m
Tc 4Hb
Tb
=
Ra
2b
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3. Answer: (B, C & D) 5. Answer: (2.00 to 2.04)
N rr

4σ cos θ
h= h=0
ρgD
e

4σcos90°
h=
ef

ρgD

4. Answer: (A) P2 = T2 ω2
R

P2 = F2 (R + δ)ω2
P2 = [τ2 2π(R + δ)L](R + δ)ω2

For curved surface

Rω
T = μ ( ) (2πRL)R
Y

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2πN1 2π × 10000
ω1 = =
60 60 3
2πN2 2π × 9000 150
ω2 = =
60 60
ΔV
P2 = μ ( ) 2πω2 (R + δ)2 L
Y
Rω1 − (R + δ)ω2
P2 = μ [ ] 2πω2 (R + δ)2 L
δ
Exact answer
10

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1000π
0.01 × − 0.01025 × 300π
3
= μ[ ] 2π(300π)(0.01025)2
0.00025

× 0.02

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10 = 40.384 μ
ΔV
10 τ = μ( )
μ=
40.384
μ = 0.2476 N − s⁄m2
c τ=μ
Y
rω1 − rω2
a
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(ω1 − ω2 )r
μ = 2.476 Poise τ=μ
a
(ω1 − ω2 )r
6. Answer: (A) dFs = μ 2πrdr
N rr

a
2πμ(ω1 − ω2 )r 2 dr
dFs =
a
e

2πμ(ω1 − ω2 )r 3 dr
dT2 =
a
ef

R
2πμ(ω1 − ω2 )r 3 dr
T2 = ∫
0 a
πμ(ω1 − ω2 )R4
R

T2 =
29

πμωR4
T=
2Y
πμ(ω1 − ω2 )R4
T2 =
2a
P2 = T2 ω2
πμ(ω1 − ω2 )ω2 R4
P2 =
2a

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Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 PYQs - 10

Chapter : Fluid & Its Properties

Topic : Surface Energy
No Question

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Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP - 10

Chapter : Fluid & Its Properties

Topic : Surface Energy
1. [NAT, ] applicator’s surface is 0.8 mm. The radius of the
A thin liquid film, exposed to the atmosphere on wheel is 150 mm. The troque required to rotate
both sides, is present in the area ABDD of the the wheel at 0.5 rad⁄s (in m N-m) _____.
metallic framework Assume the velocity profile within the liquid is

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linear:

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c
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The sider CD, of length 10 cm, is movable and
can be pulled with the help of a rod. The work
N rr

done to increase the length of side BC by 1 mm,

is _____ × 10 − 5 J. The surface tension of liquid
– air interface is 0.04 N⁄m (Round off to one
e

decimal place)
ef

2. [NAT, ] A. 8.00 B. 6.121

A spherical water drop of 1 mm in diameter C. 7.65 D. 7.00
R

splits up in air into 64 smaller drops of equal

size. The work required in splitting up the drop is 4. [MSQ, ]
_______ × 10−6 J. The surface tension of water Two immiscible Newtonian liquids flows steadily
- air interface is = 0.073 N/m. (Round off to between two large parallel plates under the
two decimal place). influence of an applied pressure gradient. The
lower plate is fixed, and the upper plate is pulled
3. [MCQ, ]
with a constant velocity of U = 10 m/s. The
A 10 mm wide tape is drawn through an
thickness of each layer of fluid is 0.5 m. The
applicator, which applies a liquid coating to each
velocity profile for each layer is given by
side of the tape. Assume the liquid coating is of
Newtonian fluid having viscosity 0.83 N. s/m2 . U1 = 6 + ay − 3y 2 , 0 ≤ y ≤ 0.5 (Liquid – 1)
The gap between each side of the tape and the U2 = b + cy − 9y 2 , −0.5 ≤ y ≤ 0 (Liquid – 2)

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Where y is u is in distance taken from interface,

Take μ1 = 10−3 Pa-s

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μ2
A. The viscosity ratio is 1. 25 to 1.29.
μ1
μ2
B. The viscosity ratio μ is 0. 75 to 0.79.
1

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C. Force exerted by the liquid-1 on the upper
plate is 0.00814 N to 0.00865 N.

c
D. Force exerted by the liquid-2 on the Lower
plate is 0.00612 N to 0.00691 N.
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Answer Key
1. (0.8) 3. (D)
2. (0.686 to 0.690) 4. (A)

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Solutions

1. Answer: (𝟎. 𝟖)
T = F×R
At equilibrium
F = FsL + FsR
V V
F = μ ( ) (LW) + μ ( ) (LW)
Y Y
V

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F = 2μ (LW)
Y
W = σ(ΔA)
W = σ(2LΔx) (Rω)
F = 2μ (LW)
W = 0.04 (2 × 10 × 10−2 × 1 × 10−3 ) Y

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W = 0.8 × 10−5 J 2μR2 ω (LW)
T=

1
W = σ (n − 1) 4πR2
3
c
2. Answer: (𝟎. 𝟔𝟖𝟔 𝐭𝐨 𝟎. 𝟔𝟗𝟎)
T=
Y
2 × 0.83 × 0.152 × 0.5 × (0.03 × 0.01)
0.0008
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1 0.83 × 0.0225 × 3
W = 0.073 (643 − 1) 4π(5 × 10−4 )2 T=
8
N rr

W = 0.219π × 10−6 J T = 7.003 × 10−3 N-m

W = 0.688 × 10−6 J
T = 7.003 mN-m
e

3. Answer: (D)
4. Answer: (A)
ef
R

At Interface

τ1 = τ2
du du
μ1 ( ) = μ2 ( )
dy 1, y=0
dy 2, y=0

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d Force exerted by Liquid-1 on upper plate

μ1 (6 + ay − 3y 2 )|y = 0
dy
du
d F1 = μ1 ( ) A
= μ2 (b + cy − ay 2 )|y = 0 dy 1,Y
dy 1

μ1 (0 + a − 6y)|y=0 = μ2 (O + C − 18y)|y = 0 d
F1 = μ1 [6 + 9.5y − 3y 2 ]Y1 A
dy
aμ1 = cμ2
F1 = μ1 (9.5 − 6Y1 )A
μ2 a
= F1 = 10−3 (9.5 − 6 × 0.5) × 4
μ1 c
For Liquid-1 F1 = 26 × 10−3 N

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At y = Y1 , u = U F1 = 0.026 N

U = 6 + aY1 − 3Y12 Force exerted by Liquid-2 on lower plate

10 = 6 + a(0.5) − 3(0.5)2 du
F2 = μ 2 ( ) A

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dy 2,−Y
2
a = 9.5

At y = 0, u = Vi
c
u = 6 + 9.5y − 3y 2 → Liquid-1 F2 = μ 2
d
dy
[6 + 7.5y − 9y 2 ]−Y2 A

F2 = μ2 (7.5 + 18 Y2 )A
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2
Vi = 6 + 9.5 × 0 − 3 × 0
F2 = 1.266 μ1 (7.5 + 18 Y2 )A
Vi = 6.0 m⁄s
N rr

F2 = 1.266 × 10−3(7.5 + 18 × 0.5) × 4

For Liquid-2
F2 = 0.08355 N
e

At y = 0, u = Vi

Vi = b + c × 0 − 9 × 02
ef

b=6
u = 6 + cy − 9y 2
R

At y = −Y2 , u = 0

0 = 6 + c(−0.5) − 9 (−0.5)2
c = 7.5
u = 6 + 7.5y − 9y 2
μ2 a
=
μ1 c
μ2 9.5
=
μ1 7.5
μ2
= 1.266
μ1

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Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 PYQs - 09

Chapter : Fluid & Its Properties

Topic : Surface tension
1. [MCQ, ] 2. [NAT, ]
The absolute value of pressure difference The difference in pressure (in N/m2 ) across an
between the inside and outside of a spherical air bubble of diameter 0.001 m immersed in
soap bubble of radius, R, and surface tension, γ, water (surface tension = 0.072 N/m) is _____

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is: [GATE-2014-ME]
2γ γ
A. B. 3. [MCQ, ]
R R
γ 4γ If ‘P’ is the gauge pressure within a spherical

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C. D.
2R R droplet, then gauge pressure within a bubble of
the same fluid and of same size will be
c [GATE-2021-XE]
A.
P
4
B.
P
2
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C. P D. 2P
[GATE-1999-ME]
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Answer Key
1. (D) 3. (D)
2. (287 to 289)

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Solutions
1. Answer: (D) Pg = 288 N/m2
8
Pg 
D 3. Answer: (D)
4
8σ
Pg =
2R
4σ
Pg =
R

4σ 8σ

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Pg = P'g =
2. Answer: (287 to 289) D D
4σ
Pg = 4σ  4σ 
D P= P'g =2    2P
4 × 0.072 D  D

I1 o
Pg =
0.001

c
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Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP - 09

Chapter : Fluid & Its Properties

Topic : Surface tension
1. [NAT, ]
A marine water strider has a mass of 0.36 g. If it 3. [MCQ, ]
has six slender legs, then the minimum contact The gauge pressure inside a soap bubble of
length of all of its legs to support itself in water diameter 5 cm at 20°C is ________ Pa. The

0 de
is _____ mm (Round off to one decimal place). surface tension of soap water at 20°C is
Take σ = 72.7 mN/m, and assume the legs are 0.025 N/m.
thin cylinders & water repellent. A. 4 B. 8
C. 2 D. 1

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4. [NAT, ]
c If the surface tension at the water-air interface
is 0.0718 N/m, the pressure in a cylindrical jet
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of water 4 mm in diameter exceed the pressure
of the surrounding atmosphere by _____ Pa
(Round off to one decimal place).
N rr

2. [NAT, ] 5. [MCQ, ]

e

Champu’s ring has a weight of 0.2 N and is Two identical spherical soap bubbles of radius ‘a’
suspended on the surface of the water. The each coalesce isothermally to form a spherical
ef

vertical force P required to pull the ring free soap bubble of radius b. If Patm,l is the local
from the surface is _____ N. (Round off to three atmospheric pressure, the surface tension of the
R

decimal places). Assume σ = 73.6 mN/m. soap solution - air interface is (Assume, there is
no loss of air & temperature of air in all soap
bubble is same.
Patm,l(b3 −2a3 ) Patm,l(2a3 −b3 )
A. B.
4(b2 −2a2 ) 2(b2 −2a2 )

Patm,l(2a3 −b3 ) Patm,l(b3 −2a3 )

C. D.
4(b2 −2a2 ) 4(a2 −2b2 )

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Answer Key
1. (24.2 to 24.4) 4. (35.4 to 36.4)
2. (0.244 to 0.248) 5. (C)
3. (A)

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Solutions
1. Answer: (24.2 to 24.4) P  W  2  d 
P  0.2  2  73.6 103  0.05
P  0.2462 N
At equilibrium
P  W    d     D 
P  W  2  d 

W ≤ FST cos θ
P  0.2  2  73.6 103  0.1
mg ≤ σ(2L) cos θ P  0.2462 N
mg

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L (Minimum) ≥
2σcosθ (Maximum)
mg 3. Answer: (A)
Lm = 8σ
2σ ΔP =
0.36 × 10−3 × 9.81 D

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Lm = 8 × 0.025
2 × 72.7 × 10−3 =
Lm = 0.02428 m 5 × 10−2
= 4 N⁄m2

2.
Lm = 24.28 mm
c
Answer: (0.244 N to 0.248 N)
4. Answer: (35.4 to 36.4)
  0.0718 N / m
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D  4 mm
2
N rr

Pg 
D
2  0.0718
Pg 
e

0.00 4 2
Pg  35.9 N / m2
ef

5. Answer: (C)
R

Assume, there is no loss of air & temperature of

air & temperature of air in all soap bubble is
same.

According to conservation of mass

At equilibrium
m1  m2  m3
P  W    d     D 

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P1V1 P2 V2 P3V3 2Patm,La 3  8a 3  Patm,L b3  4b2

 
RT1 RT2 RT3 4b2  8a 2  2Patm,La 3  Patm,L b3
2P1V1  P3V3

 2a  b  P
3 3
atm,L

 8  4  8  4
2 Patm,L   a 3  Patm,L   b3 4  b  2a 
2 2

 2a  3  2b  3

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Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 PYQs - 08

Chapter : Fluid & Its Properties

Topic : Surface tension
1. [MCQ, ] 3. [MCQ, ]
The SI units of surface tension is: Surface tension is due to
A. N/m2 B. J/m A. cohesion and adhesion
C. J/m2 D. W/m B. cohesion only

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[GATE-1997-ME] C. adhesion only
D. none of the above
2. [MCQ, ]
[GATE-1989-CE]

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The dimension of surface tension is:
A. ML−1 B. L2 T −1
C. ML−1 T −1
c D. MT −2
[GATE-1996-ME]
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Answer Key
1. (C) 3. (A)
2. (D)

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Solutions
1. Answer: (C)   MT2 
F N
  ST 
L m
ES J 3. Answer: (A)
  2
A m Surface Tension is due to the imbalance of
cohesion and adhesion forces between fluid
2. Answer: (D) molecules and surrounding medium.
F 
  LST

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 

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Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP - 08

Chapter : Fluid & Its Properties

Topic : Surface tension
1. [MSQ, ]
Champu intend to gently place several needles A. 5 cm long needle having 1 mm diameter
on the free surface of water in a large tank. B. 10 cm long needle having 1 mm diameter
According to you needle/needles going to float C. 1 cm long needle having 5 mm diameter
D. 1 cm long needle having 10 mm diameter

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is/are
Assume water is at 20°C , contact angle
θ as 0°, specific gravity of needle as
7.83 & σ = 0.073 N/m

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c
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Answer Key
1. (A , B)

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Solutions

1. Answer: (A, B) L is getting cancelled


s  d 2 L  g   2 L  Cos 
4
8 Cos
d2  Independent of L
gs
8  0.073 Cos0
d2 
 9.81 7.831000
d 2  2.42 106 m2

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d 2  1.5556 103 m
d  1.5556mm
W  FST cos   Float

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W  FST cos   Float
W  FST cos   Sink
c
For Floating Condition
W  FST cos 
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Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 PYQs - 07

Chapter : Fluid & Its Properties

Topic : Compressibility
1. [MCQ, ]
An object is moving with a Mach number of The speed of object is ________m/s (round
0.6 in an ideal gas environment, which is at a off to the nearest integer).
temperature of 350 K. The gas constant is [GATE-2021-ME]

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320 J/kg. K and ratio of specific heats is 1.3.

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Answer Key
1. (228 to 230)

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Solution

1. Answer: (228 to 230) V = 228.95 m⁄s

V
Ma =
c
V = Ma × c
V = Ma × √rRT
V = 0.6 × √1.3 × 320 × 350

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Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP - 07

Chapter : Fluid & Its Properties

Topic : Compressibility
1. [MCQ, ] and of liquid B as 1.44 × 109 Pa . The drop in
A Piston cylinder arrangement contains 0.35 m3 the top free surface of liquid B is
of air at 50°C temperature and 276 kN/m2
pressure (absolute). The air is isentropically

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compressed to 0.071 m3 volume. The isentropic
bulk modulus of elasticity at new state is (after
isentropic compression)_______. (Take the ratio

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of specific heats of air γ = 1.4).
A. 3.6 kN/m2 B. 2.575 kN/m2
C. 3.6 MN/m2

2. [NAT, ]
c D. 2.575 MN/m2 5. [MCQ, ]
Two large horizontal plane surfaces are 20 mm
apart. This space is filled with glycerin. A thin
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The minimum speed (in km/hr) an automobile
plate of area 0.60 m2 is draged between the
would have to travel for compressible effects to
plane surfaces at a velocity of 0.70 m/s. The
be important is _______. The local air
N rr

dynamic viscosity of glycerin is 8.04 ×

temperature is 15.5°C.
10−1 Ns/m2 . If the plate is 7.50 mm away from
3. [NAT, ] one of the plane surfaces then the force
e

A liquid of specific gravity 1.2 is be subjected to required to drag the plate between the two
ef

Pressure change to cause reduction in volume plane surfaces is (in N) (Assume the plate is very
by one percent isentropic ally. The velocity of thin)
sound in the liquid is 1500 m/s. The change in A. 64.38 B. 82.76
R

pressure is applied ______ MPa. C. 72.04 D. 79.8

4. [NAT, ] 6. [MCQ, ]

A cylindrical process reactor is made of heavy A plastic strip having a width of 0.2 m and mass
construction and contains two liquids A and B as of 150 g passes between two layers of same
shown below at 5 atm. There is an air space of point A and B. A force P = 2 N is applied on the
200 mm above the top free surface of Liquid B. strip, causing it to move at a constant velocity of
If in a process, the air pressure changes from 6 mm/s. Neglect any friction at the top and
5 atm to 45 atm. Assume that there are no bottom openings, buoyancy effects and assume
changes in the temperature and in the the velocity profile through each paint layer is
dimensions of the tank. Take the isothermal bulk linear. The viscosity of the paint is (in Ns/m2 )
modulus of elasticity of liquid A as 2 × 109 Pa

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constant rate of 1800 rpm. Torque required to

overcome the frictional shear resistance of the
air between the head and the disk is _____×
10−6 N. m (Round off to three decimal places).
Take μair = 18.1 × 10−6 Pa. s. Assume it has a
linear velocity profile.

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A. 5.03 I1 o
c
B. 4.12
9. [MCQ, ]
The viscosity of a fluid is to be measured by a
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viscometer constructed of two 75 cm long
C. 1.28 D. 3.19 concentric cylinders. The outer diameter of the
7. [NAT, ] inner cylinder is 15 cm, and the gap between the
N rr

two cylinders is 0.12 cm. The inner cylinder is

The dynamic viscosity of liquid varies with
rotated at 200 rpm, and the torque required is
temperature according to μ = Aeb/T . Where μ is
e

measured to be 0.8 N.m. The viscosity of the

in Pa-s and T is in Kelvin. Use following table
fluid required is _______ N-s/m2 .
ef

Temperature (K) Viscosity (Pa-s)

293 1.00 × 10−3
R

313 6.53 × 10−4

The value of dynamic viscosity of liquid at 30°C

is equal to ______× 10−4 Pa-s. (Round off to
two decimal places)

8. [NAT, ]
The read-write head for a hand-held music
player has a surface area of 0.04 mm2 . The head A. 0.0231 B. 0.0123
is held 0.04 μm above the disk rotating at a C. 0.0321 D. 0.2031

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Answer Key
1. (C) 6. (A)
2. (364 to 372) 7. (7.92 to 8.12)
3. (27 MPa) 8. (0.205 to 0.225)
4. (2.231) 9. (A)
5. (C)

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Solutions
1. Answer: (C) m 18 km
1 
V1 = 0.35 m3 s 5 hr
T1 = 50°C = 323 K 18 km
V  102.14 
P1 = 276 kPa 5 hr
V2 = 0.071 m3 V  367.704
km
K s2 = _____ hr
K s = γP → Ideal gas
3. Answer: (27 MPa)
K s2 = γP2
s  1.2    1200 kg / m3
PV γ = Constant→ [Perfect Gas Isentropic
process] V1  V2
100  1

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γ γ V1
P1 V1 = P2 V2
V1 γ V1  V2
P2 = ( ) P1  102
V2 V1

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0.35 1.4 C  1500m / s
P2 = ( ) × 276
0.071
P  P2  P1  MPa
P2 = 2575.39 kPa
c
K s2 = 1.4 × 2575.39 kN⁄m2
K s2 = 3605.543 kN⁄m2
Isentropic Bulk Modulus (k s )
P
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k s  vV
K s2 = 3.605 MN⁄m2 V S
For Finite changes
2. Answer: (364 to 372)
N rr

Flow  compressible flow, ks  vV 2 1

P  P 
 V2  V1 

e

Mq  0.3  V  V2 
P   1  kS
 V1 
ef

Minimum, M = 0.3
V ks
= 0.3 C
C 
R

V  0.3C ks
C2 
Minimum Speed 
V  0.3C ks  c2
V  0.3 RT ks  1200 15002

V  0.3 1.4  287  288.5 k s  12  225 106

N
m2
m
V 102.14 k s  2700 106
N
s m2
km 5 m
1  N
k s  2.7 109 2
hr 18 s m
2
P  10  2.7 109

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P  2.7 107 Pa h T  2.2312 mm

P  270MPa
5. Answer: (C)
4. Answer: (2.231)
P1  5atm pr
P2  45atm pr
h1A  600 mm
h1B  400 mm

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kTA  2.2 109 Pa
kTB  1.44 109 Pa Y  20 mm
P A  0.6 m2
k T  V V  0.7 m / s

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V T
N s
For Finite changes   8.04 101
P  P 
k T  V1 2 1
 V2  V1 
c YB  7.5mm
F?
m2
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P  P  At equilibrium
V1  V2   2 1  V1 F  FST  FSB
 kT 
 V   V 
N rr

 2  P  P   F    A    A
D h1  D2 h 2   2 1  D2 h1  Y T  Y B
4 4  kT  4
 V  V
F    A  
e

P  P  A
 h1  h 2    2 1  h1  Y  YB   YB 
 kT 
 1 1 
ef

eq(a)  eq(b) F  VA   

 Y  YB YB 
P P
 h1  h2 A  2 1 h1A  (a) 
F  8.04 101  0.7  0.6 
1

1 
R

kTA 3 3 
12.5 10 7.5 10 
P P F  72.0384N
 h1  h2 B  2 1 h1B  (b)
kTB
6. Answer: (A)
P  P  P  P 
h T   2 1  h1A   2 1  h1B
 k TA   k TB 
h h 
h T   P2  P1   1A  1B 
 k TA k TB 
h T   45  5 1.01325 105
 600 400 
 2.2 109  1.44 109 
 

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ln μ = ln[Aeb/T ]
b
ln μ = ln A + ln e
T
b
ln μ = ln A +
T
b
ln(10−3 ) = ln A + → (a)
293
b
ln(6.53 × 10−4 ) = ln A + → (b)
313

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b = 1954.12 K
A = 1.269 × 10−6 Pa-s

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1954.12
μ = 1.269 × 10−6 e T

c At 30°C (303 K)

μ = 1.269 × 10−6 e
1954.12
303
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μ = 8.02 × 10−4 Pa-s
At equilibrium
N rr

P  FSL FSR W 8. Answer: (0.205 to 0.225)

 V   V 
P    A    A  mg
e

 Y L  Y R
V  V
P     L     L  mg
ef

 YL   YR  A  0.04 mm2
 1 1  Y  0.04 m
P V  L     mg
R

 YL YR  N  18.00RPM
2  6  103 T  _____106 N  m
 1 1    18.1106 Pa  s
  0.3  0.2     0.15  9.81
 8  103 6  103 T  Fs  R
 
2  0.105  1.4715 T
V
As  R
Y
N s
  5.033 R
m2 T As  R
Y
7. Answer: (7.92 to 8.12)
μ = Aeb/T As R 2
T
Y
For liquid as temperature increases viscosity
decreases.

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2N 4TY
 
60 d3L
21800 2N
 
60 60
rad
  60
s 2  20 0

18.1106  60 0.04 106  82 106 36 0
T
0.04 106 20 

T  18.1106  60 64 106 3

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T  0.21835 106 N  m 4  0.8  0.12 102


 20  0.153  0.75
3

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9. Answer: (A)
N s
d3L   0.023056
T
4Y c m2
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Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10

Chapter : Fluid & Its Properties
Problem Solving Session (Part – 1)
1. [MCQ]
The viscosity of liquids _________________
and the Viscosity of gases ____________with

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increase in temperature.
A. Increases, increases
B. Increases, decreases
C. Decreases, increases

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D. Decreases, decreases
A. 1 ∶ 6 B. 2 ∶ 3
2. [MCQ] c
The velocity distribution over a flat plate is
C. 6 ∶ 1 D. 3 ∶ 2
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3 4. [MCQ]
given by, u = 4 y − y 2 , where ‘u’ is the
A shaft of diameter 120 mm is rotating inside
velocity (in m/s) at a distance y (in m) above
a journal bearing of diameter 122 mm at a
N rr

the plate and dynamic viscosity for the given

speed of 360 r. p. m. The space between the
fluid is 0.84 Ns/m2 . The shear stress at a
shaft and the bearing is filled with a lubricating
location 0.3 m above the plate is x times the
e

oil of viscosity 6 poise. The power absorbed in

shear stresses at a location 0.2 m, above the
oil if the length of bearing is 100 mm is
ef

plate. The value of x would be

____________.
A. 0.428 B. 4.28
A. 230.63 B. 115.73
C. 0.248 D. 2.48
C. 57.32 D. 88.73
R

3. [MCQ]
5. [MCQ]
When two immiscible liquids A and B are
The specific weight of a body of fluid A is
poured into a cylindrical container, then these
twelve times that of a body of fluid B. The
separate out into two distinct layers of
acceleration due to gravity acting on the fluid
different heights as shown in the following
A is four times that acting on the fluid B. If the
figure. The specific gravity of liquid A is thrice
specific gravity of fluid B is 1.2, then the
that of the liquid B. If the ratio h1 : h2 is 2: 1,
density of fluid A(in g/cm3 ) is
then the ratio of the mass of the liquid A to
A. 57.6 B. 3.6
the mass of the liquid B in the container is
C. 14.4 D. 0.4

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9. [MSQ]
6. [MCQ] A shaft 80 mm in diameter is being pushed
The viscosity of a fluid is to be measured by a through a bearing sleeve 80.2 mm in diameter
viscometer constructed of two 40 cm log and 0.3 m long. The clearance, assumed
concentric cylinders. The outer diameter of uniform, is flooded with lubricating oil of
the inner cylinder is 12 cm, and the gap
viscosity 0.1 kg/ms and specific gravity 0.9
between the two cylinders is 0.15 cm. The
choose the correct statement(s).
inner cylinder is rotated at 300 rpm, and the
A. The force required to move the shaft axially
torque is measured to be 1.8 N − m. The 0.8 m
viscosity of the fluid in poise is at is 60.32 N.

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s
A.0.158 B. 1.58 B. The force required to move the shaft axially
C. 2.58 D. 0.258 at 0.8 m/s is 42.76 N.
C. The torque required to rotate the shaft at

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7. [MCQ] 1800 rpm is 22.74 Nm.
A fluid obeying the equation, τ = τo + D. The power required to rotate the shaft at
du 0.5
k (dy) c
τ > τo is held between two parallel
plates a distance ‘d’ apart. If the stress applied
1800 rpm is 4.28 kW.
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10.[MCQ]
to the top plate is 3τo , then the velocity with
An oil film of viscosity μ and thickness h ≪ R
which the top plate moves relative to the
lies between a solid wall and a circular disc of
N rr

bottom plate would be

2 2
radius ‘R’. The disc is rotated steadily at
τ τ
A. 2 ( ko ) d B. 3 ( ko) d angular velocity ′ω′. Assuming Newton’s las of
e

τ 2 τ 2 viscosity getting valid in the fluid domain. The

C. 4 ( ko ) d D. 9 ( ko) d
expression for Torque ′T′ required to rotate
ef

the disc is __________

8. [MCQ]
A 90 N rectangular solid block slides down a πμωR4 πμωR4
A. B.
R

32h 8h
30° inclined plane. The plane is lubricated by a
πμωR4 πμωR4
3 mm thick film of oil of specific gravity C. D.
2h 4h
0.90 and viscosity 8.0 poise. If the contact
area is 0.3 m2 , estimate the terminal velocity 11.[NAT]
of the block in m/s is A skater weighing 800 N skates at 54 km/hr
on ice at 0°C. The average skating area
supporting him is 10 cm2 and the effective
dynamic coefficient of friction between the
skates and ice is 0.02. Actually there is a thin
film of water between the skates and ice, then
its average thickness is _____× 10−6 m. Take
A. 0.5625 B. 5.625 μ = 1 centipoise.
C. 0.6525 D. 6.525

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12.[MCQ] 13.[MCQ]
A Bingham plastic fluid of apparent viscosity A piston of 60 mm diameter moves inside
10 Pa − s and yield stress τo = 10 kPa is cylinder of 60.1 mm diameter. The percentage
sheared between flat parallel plates separated decreases in force necessary to move the
by a distance 10−3 m. The top plate is moving piston when the lubricant warms up from 0°C
with a velocity of 1 m/s. The shear stress on to 120°C. Given
the plate is At 0°C dynamic viscosity is 0.0182 Ns/m2 and
A.10 kPa B. 20 kPa At 120°C dynamic viscosity is 0.00206 Ns/m2
C. 30 kPa D. 40 kPa A. 11.32 B. 88.68

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C. 66.67 D. 33.33

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Answer Key
1. (C) 8. (A)
2. (A) 9. (A, C, D)
3. (D) 10. (C)
4. (B) 11. (0.9000 to 0.9800)
5. (B) 12. (B)
6. (B) 13. (B)
7. (C)

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Solutions

1. Answer : (C)   0.6Ns / m2{1Poise  0.1Ns / m2}

The viscosity of liquid decreases and the viscosity d = 0.120 m
of gases increases with increase in temperature
P = T
2. Answer : (A) 2d3L
P
3 4Y
 y  y2
4
  0.6  12   .12   0.1
2 3

P

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 du  4 103
   
 dy  P = 115.73 W
3 
     2y  5. Answer (B)

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4 

3 
WA = 12 WB
at y0.3  0.84   0.6 

1  0.126N / m 2
 4
c  AA  12B B

A  4g B  12Bg B
EG al
3 
at y0.2  0.84   0.4  A  3B
4 
N rr

= 3 × 1200
2  0.294N / m2
= 3600 Kg/m3
1  x2
e

= 3.6 g/cm3
X = 0.428
ef

6. Answer (B)
3. Answer (D)
2  300
  10
R

mA A  h A  60
SA  3SB   
mB B  h B 
d3wL
mA A  h A  1
T = 
A  3B     3 4Y
mB B  h B  2
    0.12   10   0.4
3
mA : mB  3: 2 1.8 
4  0.15 102
4. Answer (B)
  0.158Ns / m2
Dd
Y  1  103 m   1.58Poise
2
2  360 7. Answer ( C)
  12
60 0.5
 du 
  o  k  
L = 0.1m  dy 

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0.5
V 
3o  o  k  rel 
 d 

 2 
2

Vtel   o   d
 k 

 
2

Vtel  4  o  d
k  F  N 
8. Answer (A) AV
F
 Wsin g  h y
V
A

0 de
 5 
 V  54  18  15m / s
8poise  0.8N / sm2 
110 2
101 10 104  15
 90sin 30  3 103 0.02×800 =

I1 o
V y
0.8  0.3
101 15
V = 0.5625 m/s
9. Answer (A, C, D)
c y
800  0.02
y = 0.9375×10-6m
106 m
EG al
AV
F= 12. Answer (B)
y
0.1     0.08  0.3  0.8  du 
N rr

F=   A  app  
0.1 103
 dy 
F = 60.318 N
e

2  1800 1
  60   10  103  10 
60 103
ef

A = d  L
AV A  Rw    20 103
F 
Y Y   20kPa
R

A    0.08 0.3
AR 2 w 13. Answer (B)
T  22.737 Nm
Y 1AV
A = 0.07539 F1 
y
P  Tw  4.28kW
2 AV
F1 
y
10. Answer (C)
F1 1 F  F   2
wR 4   1 2  1
T= F2 2 F1 1
2h

11. Answer (0.9000 to 0.9800)  0.8869  88.69%

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Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10

Chapter : Fluid & Its Properties

Problem Solving Session (Part – 2)
1. [MCQ,] A. 98 B. 113
Velocity profile for a fluid between two flat C. 104 D. 89
Vo y
plates as shown in figure is given by . Indicate
H
which one of the following is FALSE. 3. [MCQ,]

0 de
A 4 mm thick oil layer sandwiched between two
plates, one stationary and the other moving at a
constant velocity of 1 m/s as shown in the
figure. A thin 50 cm × 50 cm flat plate is pulled

I1 o
at 1 m/s horizontally through it. If velocity in

c
A. Shear stress is constant in the gap every
where and is independent of ‘y’.
each oil layer vary linearly and dynamic viscosity
of oil is 0.03 Pa-s then the power required to
move the thin plate at constant velocity of
EG al
B. Shear stress acts in the negative ‘x’ direction
on the lower plate. 1 m/s is
C. Shear stress acts in the negative ‘x’ direction
N rr

on the upper plate.

D. Shear stress is inversely proportional to H.
e

2. [MCQ,]
ef

A 100 kg plate is resting on a very thin film of

oil of viscosity μ = 0.0652 N-s/m2 . A force is
R

applied to the centre of the plate to slide it over

the oil with a constant velocity of 0.2 m/s as
A. 11.25 W B. 12.50 W
shown in the figure. Assume the oil thickness is
C. 20.00 W D. 22.50 W
0.1 mm and the velocity profile across this
thickness is linear. The bottom of the plate has a
4. [NAT,]
contact area of 0.75 m2 with the oil. Then the The belt in figure moves at steady velocity V and
force applied to the plate is (in N) approximately skims the top of a tank of oil of viscosity μ.
Assuming a linear velocity profile, The power P
required is ______ Watt if the belt moves at
2.5 m/s over oil at 20°C with L = 2 m, b =
60 cm, and h = 3 cm? Take μoil = 0.29 kg/m −
s

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the top and bottom of the plate are μ1 and μ2 ,

respectively as shown in figure below. The
condition of location of plate for minimum
pulling force is ______
[Assume linear velocity distributions]
5. [NAT,] Choose the correct statement(s).
A layer of water flows down an inclined fixed
surface with the velocity profile as shown in
figure. If U = 2 m/s and h = 0.1 m then the
magnitude of the shear stress exerts by the
water on the fixed surface is _____× 10−2 N/

0 de
m2 . Take μ = 1 centipoise.
h d μ μ
A. . y = μ B. dy [ y1 + h−y
2
]=0
1+ 2
μ1
2

I1 o
y μ h
C. . (h−y) = μ1 D. y = μ
2 1+√ 2
μ1

c 8. [MCQ,]
The velocity profile in a pipe flow is given by u =
rn
EG al
u0 (1 − Rn ), where r is the radial distance from
the centre. If the viscosity of the fluid is μ then
6. [MSQ,] the drag force applied by the fluid on the pipe
N rr

A steel cylinder 30 cm long and 2.5 cm in wall in the direction of flow across length L of
diameter falls due to its own weight at a uniform the pipe is (R = radius of circular pipe)
e

rate of 10 cm/s inside a tube of slightly larger A. πnμu0 L B. nμu0 /R

diameter. A lubricant oil film of constant C. 2nπμu0 L D. 2nπμu0
ef

thickness is there between the cylinder and

9. [NAT,]
tube. If μ = 0.08 Pa-s andρsteel = 7600 kg/m3 ,
R

neglecting buoyant force the clearance between A cylinder of 0.12 m radius rotates
the tube and cylinder is (in mm) concentrically inside a fixed hollow cylinder of
A. 0.102 B. 0.017 0.13 m radius. Both the cylinders are 0.3 m long.
C. 0.012 D. 0.108 Liquid of viscosity μ fills the space between the
cylinders. A torque of 0.88 Nm is required to
7. [MSQ,] maintain an angular velocity of 2π rad/s.
A thin plate is placed between two flat surfaces Assume linear velocity variation for solving the
h cm apart such that the viscosity of liquids on problem, the magnitude of μ is ____ Pas

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Answer Key
1. (B) 6. (B)
2. (B) 7. (B, C & D)
3. (B) 8. (C)
4. (72.5) 9. (0.41 to 93)
5. (4)

0 de
I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R

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Solutions

1. Answer: (B) F2  duetolowerpartof oil

Velocity at any distance ‘y’ from fixed plate μ AΔV
FST =
V h1
Vy =   y
H
0.03  0.5 1
2

Shear stress at any distance ‘y’ FST 

1 103
 ΔV 
τy = μ   FST  7.5N
 Y 
 V -0  μAΔV
FSB 

0 de
=μ  b  h2
 H 
0.03  0.5 1   1 
2
(independent of y& constant in gap
{Hence , ′A′ is correct}) FSB 
1 103

I1 o
Shear stress is inversely proportional to H
FSB  5N
{Hence, D is correct}
c Power  FST + FSB  V
 12.50W
EG al
4. Answer: (72.5)
Hence, B is False and C is correct μAV
N rr

F=
Y
2. Answer: (B) 0.29 2  0.6  2.5
F=
e

0.03
F = 29N
ef

Power (P) = F×V  2.9 2.5

 72.5Watt
R

5. Answer: (4)
 du 
FS = P Cos 30°    
 dy y 0
μAV
FS = Ns
h 1poise = 10-1
m2
0.0652 0.75 0.2
  2 2y 
 = 101 102  U  
=
0.1 103 2 
  h h y 0
FS  97.8N = PCos30°
2
τ  103 U×
P = 112.929 N h
2
τ  103 2×
3. Answer: (B) 0.1
F1  duetoupperpartof oil 2
τ  4  10 N/m2

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(Hence, ‘C’ is correct)

y μ
 1
6. Answer: (B) h-y μ2
h
y
μ2
1
μ1
(Hence, ‘D’ is correct)

8. Answer: (C)

0 de
μAV
F=
Y

I1 o
μAV
Y=c=
F

c=
ρg
c
0.08   π  0.025  0.3  0.1

du
dy
EG al

 7600    0.025  0.3 9.81 r y R
2

4
c = 0.017mm y  R r
N rr

dy  dR  r 
7. Answer: (B, C & D) dy  0  dr
e

F1 =
μ1 V μV
,F2 = 2 dy  dr
y h-y
ef

dy

F = F1 +F2 dr
For minimum pulling force du
  
R

dF dr
=0
dy d   rn 
   u0  1  
d   ,V 2V  dr   Rn 
 0
dy  y h  y   
  u0 0  n nrn1 
1
(Hence, ‘B’ is correct)  R 
-μ,V μV  nrn1 
 2 2 0   u0  n 
y 2
h - y   R 
μ2 μ
 21 u0nrn1
h  y  y
2

Rn
2
μ1  y  At pipe wall r  R

μ2  h-y 

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uorRn1 9. Answer: (0.41 to 0.45)

w  T= F×R
Rn
uon μ AV
w  T= R
R Y
Fd  w As μ 2πRL Rω R
0.88 =
u0n 0.01
Fd  2RL
R R = 0.12
Fd  2u0nL ω = 2π
Fd  2nu0L L = 0.3
μ = 0.4299 0.43Pa-s

0 de
I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R

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Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 PYQs - 06

Chapter : Fluid & Its Properties

Topic : Classification of Fluids & Compressibility
1. [MCQ, ] 1 ∂V 1 ∂V
C. − V (∂P) D. V (∂P)
T T
In an experiment, the following shear stress –
time rate of shear strain values are obtained for [GATE-2013-MT]
a fluid: 4. [MCQ, ]

0 de
Time rate of Oil in a hydraulic cylinder is compressed from an
Shear strain (1/s): 0 2→ 3→ 4 initial volume 2 m3 to 1.96 m3 . If pressure of oil
Shear stress (kPa): 0 14 2.6 4 in the cylinder changes from 40 MPa to 80 MPa
How can the fluid be classified?

I1 o
during compression, the bulk modulus of
A. Newtonian fluid B. Bingham plastic elasticity of oil is
C. Pseudo plastic D. Dilatant
c
[ESE PRILIMS -2008 -ME]
A. 1000 MPa
C. 4000 MPa
B. 2000 MPa
D. 8000 MPa
[GATE-2007-ME]
EG al
2. [MCQ, ]
In an experiment to determine the rheological
5. [MCQ, ]
behaviour of a material, the observed relation
N rr

A solid sphere of radius R and made of a

between shear stress, τ, and rate of shear strain,
material of bulk modulus K is completely
du du 0.5
, is τ = τ0 + C (dy) . The material is immersed in a liquid in a cylindrical container. A
e

dy
A. a Newtonian fluid mass less piston of area A floats on the surface
ef

B. a thixotropic substance of the liquid. When a mass M is placed on the

C. a Bingham plastic piston to compress the liquid, the fractional
dR
D. an ideal plastic change in the radius of the sphere, is given by
R

R
[ESE PRILIMS -2011 -ME] ____
Mg Mg
A. KA B. 2KA
3. [MCQ,] Mg Mg
Isothermal compressibility of a material is given C. D. 3KA
2KA
by [WBPSC AE -2003 - ME]
1 ∂V 1 ∂V
A. − P (∂P) B. P (∂P)
T T

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Answer Key
1. (D) 4. (B)
2. (B) 5. (D)
3. (C)

0 de
I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R

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Solutions
1. Answer: (D) (80 − 40) × 106 × 2
KT =
du 2 − 1.96
τ = A 0 + μapp ( )
dy K T = 2000 MPa
du
τ = μapp ( ) 5. Answer: (D)
dy
τ
μapp = du
(dy)
τ 0 1.4 2.6 4
du 0 2→ 3→ 4

0 de
dy
μapp 0 0.7 → 0.867 1
→
Shear thickening Dilatant Fluid

I1 o
2. Answer: (B)

c P1  A   Patm,L (A) P2  A   Patm,L (A)  Mg

EG al
P1  Patm,L
Mg
P2  P1 
N rr

du 0.5 A
τ = τ0 + c ( ) Mg
dy P2  P1  dP 
A
e

du n dP
τ = A+ B( ) ∴ Bulk modulus (K) =
dy −dV
ef

4 W Mg
n = 0.5 V = 3 πR3 P = = …… (ii)
A A
⇒n<1 dV 3dR
= ….. (i)
V R
R

dP
3. Answer: (C) Keep the both equation in [−dV/V = K]
1 ∂V dV
βT = − ⌋ K = dP
V ∂P T V
1 dR Mg
βT,I = P K (3 ) =
Compressibility R A
dR Mg
4. Answer: (B) 3 =
R AK
Isothermal Bulk Modulus dR Mg
=
P2 − P1 R 3AK
KT = (V2 −V1 )
− V1

(P2 − P1 )V1
KT =
V1 − V2

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Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP - 06

Chapter : Fluid & Its Properties

Topic : Classification of fluids & Compressibility
1. [MCQ, ]
4. [MCQ, ]
The percent increase in density of the ideal gas if
The apparent viscosity of the fluid is given by
it is compressed isothermally from 100 atm to
du 0.25
101 atm is ______. μa = 0.03 |dy| , the fluid is

0 de
A. 0.1 B. 1 A. Thixotropic B. Bingham plastic
C. 0.5 D. 10
C. Dilatant D. Pseudoplastic

2. [MCQ, ] 5. [MSQ, ]

I1 o
The equation of a state for a liquid isP = Which of the following statement(s) is/are
1
(3500ρ2 + 2500) N/m2 . The Bulk modulus correct?

A. 3500 N/m2
c
elasticity of liquid at a pressure of 100 kPa is
B. 2500 N/m2
A. For a Rheopectic fluid, the apparent viscosity
increases with time under a constant applied
EG al
shear stress
C. 48750 N/m2 D. 6250 N/m2
B. For a pseudo plastic fluid, the apparent
viscosity decreases with time under a
N rr

3. [NAT, ]
constant applied shear stress.
Water at 1 atm pressure & 20℃ is compressed
C. For a Bingham plastic fluid, the apparent
e

to 800 atm pressure isothermally. The final

viscosity increases exponentially with the
density of water (in kg/m3 ) is ________. Round
deformation rate
ef

off to one decimal place. At 1 atm pressure &

D. For a dilatant fluid, the apparent viscosity
20℃, take the density of water as 998 kg/m3 . increases with increasing deformation rate.
Isothermal compressibility of water is 4.80 ×
R

10−5 atm−1 .

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Answer Key
1. (B) 4. (C)
2. (C) 5. (A, D)
3. (1035.3 to 1037.3)

0 de
I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R

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Solutions
1. Answer: (B) 3. Answer: (1035.3 to 1037.3)
PV = mRT 1 ∂ρ
βT = |
P = ρRT ρ ∂P T
P For finite changes
ρ = RT T = Constant
1 ρ2 − ρ1
ραP βT = ( )
ρ1 ρ2 − ρ1
ρ2 − ρ1 P2 − P1
× 100 = × 100 ρ2 = ρ1 + βT ρ1 (P2 − P1 )
ρ1 P1
ρ2 = 998 + 4.8 × 10−5 × 998 (800 − 1)
ρ2 − ρ1 101 − 100
× 100 = × 100 ρ2 = 1036.275 kg⁄m3
ρ1 100

0 de
= 1% 4. Answer: (C)
du n−1
2. Answer: (C) μapp = B( )
dy
dP

I1 o
K=ρ n − 1 = 0.25
dρ
P = 3500 ρ1/2 + 2500 n = 1.25
dP
dρ
1
= 3500 × ρ−1/2 + 0
2
c ∴ n > 1 ⇒ Dialant Fluid
EG al
dP 1750 5. Answer: (A, D)
= 1
dρ ρ2 du 1−1
μapp = B ( )
1750 dy
N rr

1/2
K=ρe
ρ1/2 For a Rheopectic fluid, the apparent viscosity
1
K = 1750 ρ2 Increases with time under a constant applied
e

1 shear stress.
P = 3500 ρ2 + 2500
For a dilatant fluid, the apparent viscosity
ef

3500ρ1/2 = P − 2500
increases with increasing deformation rate.
P − 2500
1750ρ1/2 =
2
R

P − 2500
K=
2
At P = 100 kPa = 100000 Pa
100000 − 2500 N
K=
2 m2
N
K = 48750 2
m

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Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 PYQs - 05

Chapter : Fluid & Its Properties

Topic : Kinematic Viscosity and Classification of Fluids

1. [MCQ,] A. LT −1 B. L2 T −1
Kinematic viscosity is dimensionally C. LT −2 D. L−2 T
represented as [GATE-2019-AE]
M M
A. LT B. L2 T
4. [NAT, ]

0 de
T2 L2 Two infinite parallel horizontal plates are
C. D.
L T
separated by a small gap (d = 20 mm) as shown
[GATE-2021-CE] in figure. The bottom plate is fixed and the gap

I1 o
2. [NAT, ] between the plates is filled with oil having
Two immiscible, incompressible, viscous fluids density of 890 kg/m3 and kinematic viscosity
c
having same densities but different viscosities
are contained between two infinite horizontal
of 0.00033 m2 /s. A shear flow is induced by
moving the upper plate with a velocity of 5
EG al
parallel plates, 2 m apart as shown below. The m/s. Assume, linear velocity profile between
bottom plate is fixed and the upper plate the plates and the oil to be a Newtonian fluid.
moves to the right with a constant velocity of 3 The shear stress (N/m2 ) at the upper plate is
N rr

m/s. With the assumptions of Newtonian fluid, _____

steady, and fully developed laminar flow with
e

zero pressure gradient in all directions, the

momentum equation simplifies to
ef

d2 u
=0
dy 2
R

If the dynamic viscosity of the lower fluid, μ2 ,

is twice that of the upper fluid, μ1, then the [GATE-2017-XE]
velocity at the interface (round off to two 5. [MCQ, ]
decimal places) is ______m/s. For a fully developed flow between two
parallel flat plates, the velocity gradient at a
point is found to be 1000 s−1 . If the density of
the fluid is 880 kg/m3 and the kinematic
viscosity of the fluid is 7.4 × 10−7 m2 /s, the
[GATE-2019-ME] shear stress at the same point is approximately
3. [MCQ, ] A. 0 Pa B. 1.30 Pa
The dimensions of kinematic viscosity of a fluid C. 0.32 Pa D. 0.65 Pa
[GATE-2011-XE]
(where L is length, T is time) are

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6. [MCQ, ] 10.[MCQ, ]

A 20 cm cubical box slides on oil (mas density Consider a fluid confined between two
= 800 kg/m3 ), over a large plane surface with horizontal parallel plates and subjected to
a steady state velocity of 0.4 m/s. The plane shear flow. In the first experiment, the plates
surface is inclined at an angle of 30° with the are separated by a distance of 1 mm. It is
horizontal plane. The oil film between the found that a shear stress of 2 N. m−2 has to be
block and the plane surface is 0.4 mm thick. applied to keep the top plate moving with a
The weight of the cubical box is 64 N. The velocity of 2 ms −1 , while the other plate is
kinematic viscosity of the oil is. fixed. In the second experiment, the plates are
A. 0.8 Pa. s B. 0.001 m2 /s separated by a distance of 0.25 mm. It is found
C. 1.6 Pa. s D. 0.002 m2 /s that a shear stress of 3 N. m−2 has to be

0 de
[GATE-2010-XE]
applied to keep the top plate moving with a
7. [MCQ, ] velocity of 1 ms −1 , while the other plate is
An incompressible fluid (kinematic viscosity = fixed. In the range of shear rates studied, the

I1 o
7.4 × 10−7 m2 /s, specific gravity = 0.88) is rheological character of the fluid is
held between two parallel plates. If the top A. Newtonian
c
plate is moved with a velocity of 0.5 m/s while
the bottom one is held stationary, the fluid
attains a linear velocity profile in the gap of
B. Pseudoplastic
C. Dilatant
D. Ideal and inviscid
EG al
[GATE-2021-CH]
0.5 mm between these plates; the shear stress
in Pascal on the surface of bottom plate is: 11. [MCQ, ]
N rr

A. 65.1 B. 0.651 The general relationship between shear stress

du
C. 6.51 D. 651 τ, and the velocity gradient (dy) for a fluid is
e

[GATE-2004-ME] du n
given by τ = k (dy) , where k is constant with
8. [MCQ, ]
ef

appropriate units. The fluid is Newtonian if

The SI unit of kinematic viscosity () is:
A. n > 1 B. n < 1
A. m2 /sec B. kg/m-sec C. n = 1 D. n = 0
R

C. m/sec 2 D. m2 /sec 2
[GATE-2021-XE]
[GATE-2001-ME] 12. [MCQ, ]
9. [MCQ, ] The variation of shear stress (τ) against strain
Kinematic viscosity of air at 20°C is given to be rate (du/dy) is given in the figure. Identify the
1.6 × 10−5 m2 /s. Its kinematic viscosity at line/curve among P, Q, R and S, that represents
70°C will be varying approximately: an ideal fluid.
A. 2.02 × 10−5 m2 /s
B. 1.6 × 10−5 m2 /s
C. 1.2 × 10−5 m2 /s
D. 3.2 × 10−5 m2 /s
[GATE-1999-ME]
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14. [MCQ, ]
Group I contain the type of fluids while Group II
contains the shear stress-rate of shear
relationship of different types of fluids, as
shown in the figure.

A. S B. P

0 de
C. Q D. R
[GATE-2020-XE]
13. [MCQ, ] Group-I Group-II
Rheological diagram of different types of fluids P. Newtonian fluid 1. Curve 1

I1 o
is shown in figure. Column I represent the Q. Pseudo plastic fluid2. Curve 2
R. Plastic fluid 3. Curve 3
c
nature of the fluid and column II represents the
curve showing the variation of shear stress
against shear strain rate.
S. Dilatant fluid 4. Curve 4
5. Curve 5
The correct match between Group I and Group
EG al
Column I Column II
II is
(i) Newtonian M
(ii) Shear thinning N A. P-2, Q-4, R-1, S-5
N rr

(iii) Shear thickening O B. P-2, Q-5, R-4, S-1

(iv) Bingham plastic P C. P-2, Q-4, R-5, S-3
e

The most appropriate match between columns D. P-2, Q-1, R-3, S-4
I and II is [GATE-2016-CE]
ef

15. [MCQ, ]
Which one of the following plots relating shear
stress with strain rate represents Newtonian
R

behavior of a fluid?

A. (i) - O; (ii) - N; (iii) - P; (iv) - M

B. (i) - O; (ii) - P; (iii) - N; (iv) - M
C. (i) - P; (ii) - O; (iii) - M; (iv) - N
D. (i) - P; (ii) - O; (iii) - N; (iv) - M A. P B. Q
[GATE-2018-XE] C. R D. S
[GATE-2014-MT]

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16. [MCQ, ] 19. [MCQ, ]

The Rheological diagram depicting the relation A fluid is said to be Newtonian fluid when the
between shear stress and strain rate for shear stress is
different types of fluids is shown in the figure A. directly proportional to the velocity
below. gradient.
B. inversely proportional to the velocity
gradient
C. independent of the velocity gradient
D. none of the above
[GATE-1995-ME]
20. [MCQ, ]

0 de
Among the shear stress versus shear strain
rate curves shown in the figure, which one
The most suitable relation for flow of tooth
corresponds to a shear thinning fluid?
paste being squeezed out of the tube is given

I1 o
by the curve.
A. P
C. R c B. Q
D. S
[GATE-2010-XE]
EG al
17. [MCQ, ]
For a Newtonian fluid:
N rr

A. shear stress is proportional to shear strain

B. rate of shear stress is proportional to shear A. P B. Q
C. R D. S
strain
e

[GATE-2023-XE]
C. shear stress is proportional to rate of shear
ef

strain
D. rate of shear stress is proportional to rate of
shear strain
R

[GATE-2006-ME]
18. [MCQ, ]
Shear stress in the Newtonian fluid is
proportional to
A. Pressure
B. Strain
C. Strain rate
D. The inverse of the viscosity
[GATE-1996-CE]

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Answer Key
1. (D) 11. (C)
2. (0.98 to 1.02) 12. (B)
3. (B) 13. (B)
4. (72.5 to 75) 14. (C)
5. (D) 15. (B)
6. (B) 16. (A)
7. (B) 17. (C)
8. (A) 18. (C)
9. (A) 19. (A)

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10. (B) 20. (C)

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c
EG al
N rre
ef
R

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Solutions
1. Answer: (D)
[μ] [ML−1 T −1 ]
[v] = = = [v] = [L2 T −1 ]
[ρ] [ML−3 ]

m2 ⁄s or cm2 ⁄s → stoke
Δy
τ=μ
1 stoke = 10−4 m2 ⁄s γ
V
τ = (ρν) γ
2. Answer: (0.98 to 1.02)

0 de
5
τ = 890 × 0.00033 × 20×10−2

= 73.425 N/m2

d2u

I1 o
5. Answer: (D)
=0
dy2 du
du
dy
 c1

u  c1y  c2
c τ=μ

τ = ρv
dy
du
EG al
dy
1  2 τ = 880 × 7.4 × 10−7 × 1000
 V   V 
N rr

τ = 0.6512 N/m2
1    2  
 Y 1  Y 2 6. Answer : (B)
 V  Vi   V 0
e

1    2 2  i  Fs = W Sing θ
 Y1   Y2 
 1   ΔV
ef

μ( ) A = W Sin θ
V  Vi  2Vi Y
V
3Vi  V μ Y a2 = W Sin θ
R

V V 2
Vi  ρV a = W Sin θ
3 Y
3 W SinθY
Vi  1 V=
3 ρVa2
Vi  1m / s 64 Sin 30° × 0.4 × 10−3
V=
3. Answer: (B) 800 × 0.4 × 0.22
[μ] [ML−1 T −1 ] L2 V = 10−3 m2 /s
[v] = [L2 −1 ]
= = T =
[ρ] [ML−3 ] T V = 0.001 m2 /s
7. Answer : (B)
4. Answer: (72.5 to 75.0)
ΔV
τ=μ ( )
Y

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ΔV 10. Answer (B)

τ = ρV ( )
Y

V
τ = 1000 s V ( )
Y

10−7 × 0.5
τ = 1000 × 0.88 × 7.4 ×
0.5 × 10−3

τ = 0.651 N/m2

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8. Answer : (A)
N−s
Experiment – 1
μ m2
ν= = kg
Y1 = 1 mm
ρ
m3 τ1 = 2 N/m2

I1 o
kg−m s
× m2 V1 = 2 m/s
s2
= kg
m3

m3 m2
c du ΔV
( ) = ( )
dy 1 Y 1
EG al
= m−s = du V1 2
s ( ) = = = 2 × 103 s −1
dy 1 Y1 1 × 10−3
[V] = [L2 T −1 ]
du
N rr

τ1 = μapp1 ( )
9. Answer : (A) dy 1
μ
ν=ρ τ1 2 N−s
e

μapp1 = = 3
= 10−3
1
du
(dy) 2 × 10 m2
ef

T2 1
ν∝
1/T Experiment – 2
ν ∝ T 3/2 Y2 = 0.25 mm
R

ν2 T2 3/2 τ2 = 3 N/m2
=( )
ν1 T1 V1 = 1 M/s
T2 3/2 du
( )=
1
= 4 × 103 s−1
ν2 = ( ) ν_1 dy 0.25×10−3
T1
3 3 N−s
343 2 μapp2 = 3
= 0.75 × 10−3
⇒ ν2 = ( ) × 1.6 × 10−5 4 × 10 m2
293 du du
= 2.026 × 10−5 m2 /s ( ) >( )
dy 2 dy 1
∴ ν at 70° C is approximately μapp < μapp
2 1
2.02 × 10−5 m2 /s
Shear thinning fluid
Pseudo plastic Fluid

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11. Answer (C)

du n
τ=k ( )
dy
∴ n=1
du
τ=k ( )
dy
Dynamic Viscosity
dy
For Newtonian fluid, τ = μ. (dy)

0 de
∴ n=1

12. Answer (B) 15. Answer (B)

I1 o
Ideal fluid:
μ=0
du
τ = μ dy

τ=0
c
EG al
13. Answer (B)
N rre

For Newtonian fluid, shear stress is directly

ef

proportional to shear strain rate. So, the

relationship is linear.
du
R

τ=μ
14. Answer (C) dy
du
τ = Ay + μ. ( ) 16. Answer (A)
dy

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Tooth paste is a Bingham plastic fluid and it In case of a Newtonian fluid, shear stress is
requires some yield shear stress for initiating directly proportional to the rate of shear strain
the deformation. (yield shear stress ≠ 0). (or) shear strain rate.
So, ‘P’ is the curve
19. Answer (A)
17. Answer (C) In case of a Newtonian fluid, shear stress is
In case of a Newtonian fluid, shear stress is directly proportional to the rate of shear strain
directly proportional to the rate of shear strain (or) shear strain rate.
(or) shear strain rate.
20. Answer (C)
18. Answer (C) Pseudo plastic fluid is also known as shear-

0 de
thinning fluid.

I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R

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Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP - 05

Chapter : Fluid & Its Properties

Topic : Kinematic Viscosity and Classification of Fluids
1. [ESE CONVENTIONAL, ] the shaft so that shaft slides along the lubricated
A hydraulic lift of the type commonly used for bearing with a constant speed of 0.5 m/s.
greasing automobiles consists of a 280 mm Assume the lubricant is a Newtonian fluid and
diameter ram that slides in a 280.18 mm the velocity profile in lubricant between the

0 de
cylinder. The annular space between the ram shaft and the bearing is linear.
and cylinder is filled with oil having a kinematic
viscosity of 0.00042 m2 /s and specific gravity of

I1 o
0.86. If the rate of travel of the ram is 0.22 m/s,
find the frictional resistance when 2 m of the

2. [MSQ,]
c
ram is engaged in the cylinder.
EG al
As temperature increases; the correct
statement(s) regarding viscosity is/are
N rr

A. the dynamic viscosity of a liquid decreases. A. The viscosity of the lubricant is 0.839 N. s/m2
B. the dynamic viscosity of a liquid does not to 0.859 N. s/m2 .
change. B. The viscosity of the lubricant is 0.762 N. s/m2
e

C. the dynamic viscosity of a gas decreases.

to 0.772 N. s/m2 .
ef

D. the dynamic viscosity of a gas increases.

C. If F = 8 N, then the constant speed of the
3. [MSQ, ] shaft will be 2.0 m/s to 2.0 m/s.
A lubricant fills the clearance between a shaft
R

D. If F = 8 N, then the constant speed of the

and a bearing. Shaft is having the diameter of shaft will be 3.0 m/s to 3.0 m/s.
30 mm and the gap between the bearing and
the shaft is 1 mm. A force F = 2 N is applied to

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Answer Key
1. (1.553 kN)
2. (A & D)
3. (A & C)

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I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R

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Solutions
1. Answer: (1.553 kN)
   3 Answer: (A & C)

860 × 0.00042 [ = 1000×SG] Fs = F

F
 0.3612  (  0.28  2)0.22 τAs = F
0.09 103 ΔV
μ( ) (πdL) = F
F
 0.3612  (  0.28  2)0.22 Y
0.09 103 V
μ ( ) (πdL) = F
Y

0 de
F = 1.553 kN
FY
μ=
2 Answer: (A & D) V(πdL)

For Liquid 2 × 1 × 10−3

I1 o
μ=
0.5(π × 0.03 × 0.05)
On increasing temperature, cohesion decreases
μ = 0.8488 N − s⁄m2

For Gas
c
leading to decrease in viscosity
V&F
EG al
V2 F2
On increasing temperature, vibrations of gas =
V1 F1
molecules increases which further increases
exchange of molecular momentum, hence F2
N rr

V2 = × V1
viscosity of gas increases. F1
84
e

V2 = × 0.5
2
V2 = 2.0 m⁄s
ef
R

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Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 PYQs - 04

Chapter : Fluid & Its Properties

Topic : Viscosity & Various Cases to understand Viscous force calculations
1. [MCQ,] 3. [MSQ, ]
The gap δ between two concentric cylinders, A lightly loaded full journal bearing has journal
each of height h, is filled with an oil. The torque diameter of 50 mm, bush bore of 50.50 mm

0 de
required to rotate the inner cylinder at an and bush length of 20 mm. If rotational speed of
angular velocity of ω against the fixed outer journal is 1200 rpm and average viscosity of
cylinder is T. The diameter of the inner cylinder liquid lubricant is 0.3 Pa-sec, the power loss (in

I1 o
is d and δ ≪ d. Then dynamic viscosity of the oil Watt) will be:
is given by.
4πδT
A. d3 ωh
c 4δT
B. πd3 ωh
A. 37
C. 118
B. 74
D. 237
EG al
4πδT 4δT [GATE-2010-ME]
C. d2 ωh2 D. πdωh3
4. [MCQ, ]
N rr

[GATE-2015-XE] A journal bearing has a shaft diameter of 40 mm

and a length of 40 mm. The shaft is rotating at
e

2. [NAT, ]
In a simple concentric shaft-bearing 20 rad/s and the viscosity of the lubricant is
ef

arrangement, the lubricant flows in the 2 mm 20 MPa-s. The clearance is 0.020 mm. The loss

gap between the shaft and the bearing. The flow of torque due to the viscosity of the lubricant is
R

may be assumed to be a plane Couette flow with approximately:

zero pressure gradient. The diameter of the A. 0.040 Nm B. 0.252 Nm

shaft is 100 mm and its tangential speed is C. 0.400 Nm D. 0.652 Nm

10 m/s. The Dynamic viscosity of the lubricant is [GATE-2008-ME]

0.1 kg/m. s. The frictional resisting force (in 5. [ESE CONVENTIONAL,]

The velocity distribution for flow over a plate is
Newton) per 100 mm length of the bearing is
given by u = 2y − y 2 in which u is the velocity in
__________ ms-1 at a distance y meters from the plate.
[GATE-2014-ME] Determine the shear stress in N/m2 at the
.

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boundary and at 0.2 m from it. Dynamic

viscosity of fluid is 0.9 Ns/m2 . 8. [ESE CONVENTIONAL,]
A hydraulic lift of the type commonly used for
6. [ESE CONVENTIONAL,] greasing automobiles consists of a 280 mm
A plate with surface area of 0.4 m2 and weight diameter ram that slides in a 280.18 mm
of 500 N slides down on an inclined plane 30° to cylinder. The annular space between the ram
the horizontal at a constant speed of 4 m/s. If and cylinder is filled with oil having a kinematic
the inclined plane is lubricated with an oil of viscosity of 0.00042 m2 /s and specific gravity of
dynamic viscosity is 2 poise, find the thickness of 0.86. If the rate of travel of the ram is 0.22 m/s,

0 de
lubricant film. find the frictional resistance when 2 m of the
ram is engaged in the cylinder.
7. [ESE CONVENTIONAL,]

I1 o
A rectangle plate of 0.50 m × 0.50 m 9. [ESE CONVENTIONAL,]
dimensions weighing 500 N slides down an A vertical gap 23.5 mm wide of infinite extent

c
inclined plane making 30° angle with the
horizontal, at a velocity of 1.75 m/s. If the
contains oil of specific gravity 0.9 and viscosity
2.5 N-s/m2 . A metal plate 1.5 m × 1.5 m ×
EG al
2 mm gap between the plate and the inclined 1.5 mm weighing 50 N is to be lifted through
surface is filled with a lubricating oil, find its the gap at a constant speed of 0.1 m/sec.
viscosity and express it in poise as well as in Estimate the force required to lift the plate.40
N rr

Ns/m2 .
e
ef
R

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Answer Key
1. (B) 6. (1.28 × 10−3 m)
2. (15 to 16) 7. (11.428 poise)
3. (A) 8. (1.553 KN)
4. (A) 9. (122.474 N)
5. (1.44 N/m2)

0 de
I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R

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Solutions

1. Answer (B)
3. Answer: A
πμω2 d3 L
P=
4Y
2πN
ω=
60
2π × 1200 20
ω=
60

0 de
F = Fs ω = 40π

dω D − d 50.5 − 50
F = μ ( ) πdL Y= =
2Y 2 2

I1 o
πμωd2 L Y = 0.25 mm
F= 2 0.5
2Y π × 0.3 × 400π (40π)2 × (0.05)3

T=
πμωd L
4Y
3 c P=

P = 1.2π3
4 × 0.25 × 10−3
× 0.02
EG al
4TY P = 37.207 W
μ=
πωd3 L
N rr

4. Answer: A

πμωd3 L
2. Answer: 15 to 16 T=
e

4Y
Plane Couette Flow ⇒ Linear Velocity distribution π (0.02)(20)(0.04)3 × 0.04
T=
ef

4 × 0.02 × 10−3
πμωd2 L
Fs = T = 0.04021 N − m
2Y
R

d 5. Answer: (1.44 N/M2)

V = ( )ω
2
2V
ω=
d
2 × 10
ω=
0.1
ω = 200 rad⁄s
π(0.1)(200)5 (0.1)2 (0.1)
Fs =
2 × 2 × 10−3 u = 2y − y 2
Fs = 5πN du
τ=μ
Fs = 15.707 N dy
.

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d Y = 1.25 mm
τ=μ [2y − y 2 ]
2y
7. Answer: (𝟏. 𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟖 𝐍𝐬/𝐦𝟐 , 11.428 Poise)
τ = μ(2 − 2y)
Fs = W Sin θ
At the Boundary V
μ A = W Sin θ
Y
y=0 W Sin θ Y
μ=
τw = μ(2 − 2 × 0) VA
500 Sin 30° × 2 × 10−3
τw = 2μ μ=
1.75 × (0.5 × 0.5)
τw = 2 × 0.9 μ = 1.142857 N − s⁄m2
μ = 11.4285 Poise

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τw = 1.8 N⁄m2
At = y = 0.2 8. Answer : (1.55 kN)

τ = μ(2 − 2 × 0.2)

I1 o
τ = 1.6 μ
τ = 1.6 × 0.9
τ = 1.44 N⁄m2
c
EG al
6. Answer : (1.28 mm) Fs = τAs
N rr

ΔV
Fs = μ ( ) A s
Y
V−o
e

Fs = μ ( ) (πdL)
Y
V
ef

Fs = ρν πdL
Y
D−d
Y=
2
R

280.18 − 280
Y=
2
Y = 0.09
Fs = W Sin θ 0.22
Fs = 860 × 0.00042 × × π × 0.28
V 0.09 × 10−3
μ A = W Sin θ ×2
Y
Fs = 1553.37 N
μVA Fs = 1.55337 kN
Y=
W Sin θ
2 × 10−1 × 4 × 0.4
Y=
500 × sin 30°
6.4
Y= mm
.
5

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9. Answer : (122.475 N) 1
F = 2.5 × 0.1 × 5(1.5 × 1.5) [
0.011
1
+ ] − 900
0.011
× (1.5 × 1.5 × 0.0015) × 9.81
F = 102.272 + 50 − 29.7978
F = 122.474 N

0 de
I1 o
c
EG al
F + FB = FsL + FsR + W
N rr

F = FsL + FsL + W − FB (FB = ρf Vs g)

e

V V
F=μ A + μ A + W − ρf Vs g
YL YR
ef

1 1
F = μVa [Y + Y ] + W − ρf Vs g
L R
R

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Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP - 04

Chapter : Fluid & Its Properties

Topic : Viscosity & Various Cases to understand Viscous force calculations
1. [NAT, ] 1-2 interface is ___________. Assume linear
The viscosity of a fluid is to be measured by a velocity distribution in fluids.
viscometer constructed of two 40 cm long
concentric cylinders. The outer diameter of the 4. [CONVENTIONAL, ]

0 de
inner cylinder is 12 cm, and the gap between the A block 0.1 m square, with 5 kg mass, slides
two cylinders is 0.15 cm. The inner cylinder is down a smooth inclined plane having 30° angle
with horizontal plane, on an oil film that is
rotated at 300 rpm, and the torque required is
0.20 mm thick. The dynamic viscosity of oil is

I1 o
measured to be 1.8 N-m. The viscosity of the
fluid is N-s/m2 is ________ 0.4 Pa-s.

2. [MCQ, ] c
A sealed journal is formed from concentric
1. If the block is released from rest at t = 0,
what is its initial acceleration (in m/s 2 )?
2. Find the velocity (in m/s) after 0.1 s.
EG al
cylinders. The radius of outer and inner radius of
5. [NAT, ]
outer cylinder 25 mm and 26 mm, respectively
The horizontal belt of negligible weight shown in
N rr

the journal length is 100 mm, & it turns at

the figure moves with a steady velocity (V) of
2800 rpm. The gap is filled with oil in laminar
2.5 m/s and skims over the top surface of an oil-
motion. The velocity profile is linear across the
e

film of depth h = 3 cm. The length (L) and width

gap. The torque needed to turn the journal is 0.2
(b) of the belt are, respectively, 2 m and 60 cm.
ef

N.m. The viscosity of the oil is _______ in Pa-s.

A. 0.13895 B. 0.27791 Find the viscosity of the oil (in Pa − s), given that
C. 0.0695 D. 0.03474 the minimum power required to move the belt is
R

100 W. Neglect the end effects.

3. [NAT, ]
(Round of to two decimal places)
Fluids of viscosities μ1 = 0.15 N. s/m2 , μ2 =
0.5 N. s/m2 and μ3 = 0.2 N. s/m2 are contained
between two plates (each plate is 1 m2 in area).
The thicknesses are h1 = 0.5 mm, h2 =
0.25 mm and h3 = 0.2 mm, respectively. The
force applied on top plate is 100 N. The ratio of
velocity of the Top plate to the velocity at fluids

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Answer Key
1. (0.15 to 0.17) 4. (0.404)
2. (C) 5. (0.39 to 0.41)
3. (1.43 to 1.47)

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Solutions

1. Answer (0.15 to 0.17) F

τ1 = τ2 = τ3 =
πμωd3 L A
T= ΔV ΔV ΔV F
4Y
μ1 ( ) = μ2 ( ) μ3 ( ) =
4TY Y 1 Y 2 Y 3 A
μ= Vi1 Vi2 − Vi1 V − Vi2 F
πμωd3 L μ1 = μ2 ( ) = μ3 ( )=
h1 h2 h3 A
2πN Vi1
ω= 0.15 × = 100
60 0.5 × 10−3
5 1
2π × 300 Vi1 = m⁄s
ω= 3

0 de
60 Vi1 = 0.333 m⁄s
ω = 10π rad⁄s (Vi2 − 0.333)
0.5 × = 100
0.25 × 10−3
4 × 1.8 × 0.15 × 10−2 Vi2 = 0.383 m⁄s

I1 o
μ=
π × (10π) × (0.12)3 × 0.4 (V − 0.383)
0.2 = 100
μ = 0.1583 N − s⁄m2 0.2 × 10−3

2. Answer: (C)
c V = 0.483 m⁄s
V
=
0.483
Vi1 0.383
EG al
V
πμωd3 L = 1.45
T= Vi1
4Y
N rr

4TY
μ=
πωd3 L 4. Answer: (0.404)
Y=R−r
e

Y = 1 mm (1)
2πN
ef

ω=
60
2π × 2800
ω=
60 3
R

4 × 0.2 × 10−3
μ= 280π
π ( 3 ) (0.05)3 × 0.1
μ = 0.06947 N − s⁄m2 At t = 0. Since block released from rest
hence drag force at t = 0 will be zero
3. Answer: (1.43 to 1.47) By Newton’s second law
Fnet = mgsinθ
ma = mgsinθ
a
a = = 4.90 m/s 2
2
(2) Velocity after time t
μAV
Fnet = mgsinθ − y
y = film thickness
.

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dv μAV h  3cm  0.03m

m = mgsinθ −
dt y
mdv μAV L  2m
=1−
mgsinθ dt
v
(mgsinθ)y b  60cm  0.6m
∫dv t

μAV
= gsinθ ∫ dt P  100 w
(1 − mgysinθ) 0

−ymgsinθ μAV   _____ Pa  s

ln (1 − ) = gsinθt
μA mgysinθ
μAV −μAt P  FV
ln (1 − )=

0 de
mgysinθ my P  Fs  V
μAV −
μAt
1− = e my
mgysinθ P  t  As  V
μAt mgysinθ
−
V = (1 − e my )
 V 

I1 o
μA
P     As  V
m = 5 kg, g = 9.81 m/s2 , y = 0.2 ×  Y 
−3
10 m
c
A = (0.1)2 = 0.02 m2
μ = 0.4 Pa − s
P
V
h
 Lb  V
EG al
θ = 30°
LbV2
t = 0.1 P
Putting all these values h
N rr

V = 0.4042 m/s Ph

LbV2
e

5. Answer : (0.4)
100  0.03

ef

2  0.6 0.2  2.52

1

0.4  2.5  2.5
R

1
 Pa  s
2.5
V  2.5m / s
  0.4Pa  s

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Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 PYQs – 2 & 3

Chapter : Fluid & Its Properties

Topic : Viscosity & Various Cases to understand Viscous force calculations
1. [NAT, ] V (in m/s) of the block is _____ (correct to one
Consider the two-dimensional laminar flow of decimal place).

0 de
water (μ = 0.001 N. s/m2 ) between two
infinitely long parallel plates 0.1 m apart as
shown in the figure below. The velocity profile

I1 o
at any location is given by u(y) =
100(0.1y − y 2 ) m/s where y is in m. The
c
magnitude of shear stress (in N/m2 , rounded
off to 2 decimal places) acting on the bottom
EG al
plate is ________
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ef

[GATE-2019-XE]
[GATE-2018-ME]
R

2. [NAT, ]
3. [NAT, ]
A solid block of 2.0 kg mass slides steadily at a
Consider fluid flow between two infinite
velocity V along a vertical wall as shown in the
horizontal plates which are parallel (the gap
figure below. A thin oil film of thickness h =
between them being 50 mm). The top plate is
0.15 mm provides lubrication between the
sliding parallel to the stationary bottom plate
block and the wall. The surface area of the
at a speed of 3 m/s. The flow between the
face of the block in contact with the oil film is
plates is solely due to the motion of the top
0.04 m2 . The velocity distribution within the
plate. The force per unit area (magnitude)
oil film gap is linear as shown in the figure.
required to maintain the bottom plate
Take dynamic viscosity of oil as 7 × 10−3 Pa −
stationary is _____ N/m2 . Viscosity of the fluid
s and acceleration due to gravity as 10 m/s2 .
μ = 0.44 kg/m-s and density ρ = 888 kg/m3 .
Neglect weight of the oil. The terminal velocity
[GATE-2016-ME]

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connects to a hanging block of mass ‘m’ as

shown is fig. the Newtonian oil film of
thickness ‘h’ has dynamic viscosity ‘μ’ and the
4. [NAT, ]
flow condition is laminar. The acceleration due
In the parallel-plate configuration shown,
to gravity is ‘g’. The steady state velocity ‘v’ of
steady-flow, of an incompressible Newtonian
block is:
fluid is established by moving the top plate
with a constant speed, U0 = 1 m/s. If the
force required on the top plate to support this
motion is 0.5 N per unit area (in m2 ) of the
plate then the viscosity of the fluid between

0 de
the plates is _____ N − s/m2

I1 o
c [GATE-2016-XE]
A.

C.
Mgh
μL2
mgh
B.

D.
Mgh
μ
mgh
EG al
5. [MCQ, ] μL2 μ
A 40 cm cubical block slides on oil (viscosity =
[GATE-2006-ME]
0.80 Pa. s), over a large plane horizontal
N rr

surface. If the oil film between the block and

7. [MCQ, ]
the surface has a uniform thickness of 0.4 mm,
Newton’s law of viscosity states that the shear
e

what will be the force required to drag the

stress in a fluid is proportional to:
block at 4 m/s? Ignore the end effects and A. the velocity of the fluid.
ef

treat the flow as two dimensional.

A. 1280 N B. 1640 N B. the time rate of change of velocity of the
fluid.
R

C. 1920 N D. 2560 N
[GATE-2009-XE] C. the rate of change of velocity of the fluid

6. [MCQ, ] with the height of fluid film.

A cubic block of side ‘L’ and mass ‘M’ is D. the square of the velocity of the fluid.
dragged over an oil film across table by a string [GATE-2003-ME]

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Answer Key
1. (0.01 to 0.01) 5. (A)
2. (10.6 to 10.8) 6. (A)
3. (26.3 to 26.5) 7. (C)
4. (0.0049 to 0.0051)

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Solutions

1. Answer: (0.01 to 0.01)

At Equilibrium
Fs = W
V
μ A=W
h
Wh
V=
μA

0 de
(2 × 10) × 0.15 × 10−3
2 V=
u = 100 (0.1 y − y )
du
7 × 10−3 × 0.04
τ = μ dy V = 10.714 m⁄s

I1 o
d
τ = μ dy [100(0.1y − y 2 )]
3. Answer: (26.3 to 26.5)
τ = 100 μ (0.1 − 2y)
At bottom plate
c
EG al
y=0
τB = 100μ(0.1 − 2 × 0)
N rr

τb = 10μ
Y = 50 mm = 0.05 m
τB = 10 × 10−3
V = 3 m⁄s
e

τB = 10−2 N⁄m2 μ = 0.44 kg⁄m − s

ρ = 888 kg⁄m3
ef

τB = 0.01 N⁄m2
F = Fs
2. Answer: (10.6 to 10.8) F = τA
R

F ΔV
= μ( )
A Y
F V
=μ
A Y
F 3
= 0.44 ×
A 0.05
F
= 26.4 N⁄m2
A

4. Answer: (0.0049 to 0.0051)

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4
F = 0.8 × × 0.42
4 × 10−4
F = 1280 N

F = Fs
ΔV 6. Answer: (C)
F = μ( )A
Y
U0
F=μ A
Y
FY
μ=

0 de
U0 A
0.5 × 10−2
μ=
1
μ = 0.005 N − s⁄m2

I1 o
5. Answer: (A)
c Fs = Mg
ΔV
EG al
μ ( ) A = Mg
Y
a = 40 cm = 0.4 m V
μ ( ) L2 = Mg
N rr

h
μ = 0.8 Pa-s
mgh
Y = 0.4 mm = 4 × 10−4 m V=
e

μL2
V = 4 m⁄s
7. Answer: (C)
ef

F = −N dθ
τ∝
F = Fs dt
R

ΔV du
F = μ( )A τ∝
Y dy
V
F = μ ( ) a2
Y

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Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP – 2 & 3

Chapter : Fluid & Its Properties

Topic : Viscosity & Various Cases to understand Viscous force calculations
1. [NAT,] C. 10.5 × 10−3 N/m2 D. 24 × 10−3 N/m2
A Newtonian incompressible liquid is
3. [MCQ,]
contained between two parallel metal plates

0 de
Which of the following is the best
separated by 10−3 m (shown in figure). A force
representation of the shear stress for the given
per unit area of 5 N⁄m2 is required to
below linear velocity profile of a Newtonian
maintain the upper plate in motion with a
fluid?

I1 o
constant speed of 2 m. s −1 in the horizontal
direction relative to the bottom plate. The

c
viscosity of liquid contained between the
plates is _____× 10−3 Pa. s (rounded off to 1
EG al
decimal place).

A.
N rre
ef

B.
2. [MCQ,]
Consider an incompressible Couette flow of
R

water between two walls spaced 1 m apart.

The lower wall is kept stationary. What is the
shear stress acting on the lower wall if the
upper wall is moving at a constant speed of C.
2 m/s?
(μwater = 1 × 10−3 N. s/m2 )

A. 3.5 × 10−3 N/m2 B. 7 × 10−3 N/m2

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D. 5. [NAT, ]
A thin 20 cm × 20 cm flat plate is pulled at
1 m/s horizontally through a 3.6 mm thick oil
layer sandwiched between two walls, one
stationary and the other moving at a constant
4. [MCQ,] velocity of 0.3 m/s, as shown in figure. The
A block of weight W slides down an inclined dynamic viscosity of oil is 0.027 Pa-s.
plane on a thin film of oil, as in fig. The film Assuming the velocity in each oil layer to vary
contact area is A and its thickness is h. linearly. The distance from moving wall where
Assuming a linear velocity distribution in the

0 de
the oil velocity is zero is _________ mm.
film, the expression for the terminal velocity
‘V’ of the block.

A.
2Wsinθ
μA I1 o
c hW
B. μAsinθ 6. [NAT, ]
EG al
hWsinθ hWsinθ In above question the force (in N) that needs
C. D. to be applied on the plate to maintain this
μA 2μA
motion is _________.
N rre
ef
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Answer Key
1. (2.5 to 2.5) 4. (C)
2. (D) 5. (0.60)
3. (C) 6. (1.62)

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Solutions
1. Answer: (2.5 to 2.5)

Fs = W Sin θ
V
F = Fs μ = h A = W Sin θ
ΔV
F = μ( )A 5. Answer: (𝟎. 𝟔𝟎)
Y
FY
μ=

0 de
ΔVA
5 × 10−3
μ=
2
μ = 2.5 × 10−3 m⁄s

I1 o
2. Answer: (D)

c
EG al
ΔV
τ = μ( )
N rr

Y
V
τ=μ
Y
e

2
τ = 10−3 ×
1 VB K
τ = 2 × 10−3 N⁄m2 =
ef

V YB − K
0.3 K
3. Answer: (𝐂) =
1 2.6 − K
0.3 × 2.62
R

K=
1.3
K = 0.6 mm

6. Answer: (1.62)
F = FsT + FsB
V−0 V + VB
F = μ( )A + μ( )A
h1 h2
u = y(y) only V V + VB
F = μA [ + ]
Linear Velocity Profile h1 h2
τ is constant & is independent of y 1 1 + 0.3
F = 0.027 × 0.04 [ −3
+ ]
1 × 10 2.6 × 10−3
4. Answer: (𝐂) F = 1.62 N

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Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 PYQs - 01

Chapter : Fluid & Its Properties

Topic : Introduction & Density
1. [MCQ,] 2. [MCQ, ]
The necessary and sufficient condition for a A fluid is one which can be defined as a
surface to be called as ‘free surface’ is substance that
A. no stress should be acting on it A. has the same shear stress at all points

0 de
B. tensile stress acting on it must be zero B. can deform indefinitely under the action of
C. shear stress acting on it must be zero the smallest shear force

I1 o
D. no point on it should be under any stress. C. has the small shear stress in all directions
[GATE-2006-CE] D. is practically incompressible
c [GATE-1996-ME & CE]
EG al
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ef
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Answer Key
1. (C) 2. (B)

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Solutions

1. Answer: (C)  Fully developed Flow

According to continuity of Shear Stress at
Interface
τl = τa
du du
μl | = μa |
dy l dy a
du μa du
| = μl |
dy l μl dy a

0 de
μa ≪< μl
du
| ≅0
dy l

I1 o
Thin Film Flows
2. Answer: (B)
Assumptions

c
 Surface tension effects are neglected.
 2-D (x-y plane), steady flow.
 Incompressible Fluid Flow
A fluid is a substance that deforms continuously
under the action of infinitesimally small shear
stress.
EG al
→ Incompressible Flow
N rre
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Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP - 01

Chapter : Fluid & Its Properties

Topic : Introduction & Density
1. [MSQ,] D. can resist external shear force only under
A fluid is subjected to shear force, which of the dynamic condition
following statement is CORRECT ? 4. [MSQ,]

0 de
A. continuously no matter how small the shear Which of the following statement(s) is/are
force may be. CORRECT regarding specific weight ?
B. deforms continuously only for large shear A. Specific weight is the weight of fluid per unit

I1 o
forces. volume.
C. undergoes static deformation. B. Specific weight is related to density as; w =

forces. c
D. deforms continuously only for small shear ρg.
C. Specific weight SI unit is N/m2 .
D. Specific weight SI unit is N/m3 .
EG al
2. [MSQ, ]
Which of the following statement(s) is/are 5. [MCQ,]
N rr

CORRECT ? Which of the following statement(s) is/are

A. From the point of view of fluid mechanics, all INCORRECT ?
matter consists of only two states, fluid & A. Ideal gas is a special type of Ideal fluid.
e

solid. B. Hydrogen is the lightest gas.

ef

B. A solid can resist an external shear force by a C. Specific weight of water can be taken as
static deflection; a fluid cannot. 9.81 N/m3 .
C. The fluid deforms continuously as long as the D. For an oil having density 880 kg/m3 specific
R

external shear force is applied. gravity will be 0.880 kg/m3 .

D. A fluid at rest must be in a state of zero
normal stress. 6. [MSQ,]
Which of the following statement(s) is/are
3. [MCQ,]
CORRECT regarding Mercury ?
A fluid is a substance that
A. Specific gravity of Mercury is less than 1.
A. is either solid or liquid
B. Specific gravity of Mercury is more than 1.
B. always expands until it fills any container
C. Mercury is 13.6 times as dense as water.
C. has shear stress directly proportional to shear
D. Mercury will float over water.
strain

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7. [MSQ,] C. Specific volume is not commonly used in fluid

Which of the following statement(s) is/are mechanics but is used in thermodynamics.
CORRECT ? D. Density, Specific weight, & Specific gravity are
A. Specific volume is the reciprocal of density. all interrelated, and from a knowledge of any
B. Density is not the reciprocal of specific one of the three the other can be calculated.
volume.

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Answer Key
1. (A) 5. (A, C & D)
2. (A, B & C) 6. (B & C)
3. (D) 7. (A, C & D)
4. (A, B & D)

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Solutions
1. Answer: (A) (Hence right)
Basic definition of fluid
Fluid is the phase of substance which can't 4. (A, B & D)
resist any external shear force. Specific weight or weight density (w)
Weight(N)
=
2. Answer: (A, B & C) Volume ( m3 )
Option A: Matter states (1) Solid (2) liquid (3) mg
w= = ρg
Gas. ∀
(Hence correct)
5. Answer: (A, C & D)

0 de
Option B: Fluid is a phase of substance which
ω = ρg
can't resist any external shear force. (Hence
ω = 1000 × 9.81
correct)
ω = 9810 N⁄m3
Option C: Fluid definition (Hence correct)
ω = 9.81 kN⁄m3

I1 o
Option D: For fluid at rest, 880
τ=0 s=
σ = −ive c 1000
s = 0.880
EG al
3. Answer: (D) 6. Answer: (B & C)
Option A: Fluid is either liquid or gas Specific gravity of mercury = 13.6
(Hence Wrong) At 20°C, density of mercury = 13,600 kg/m³
N rr

Option B: Gas expands but liquid flows sHg ≅ 13.6

(Hence wrong) density of water = 1000 kg/m³
e

Option C: Shear stress is directly proportional Water floats on Mercury. (Water less dense)
to
ef

Rate of shear strain. 7. Answer: (A, C & D)

dθ 1 1
τ∝ Specific volume (v) = density = ρ
dt
R

(Hence wrong) ω = ρg
ρ
Option D: A fluid can't resist external shear s=
ρs
force under static condition but it can resist in
dynamic condition

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