JEE (Adv.

)-Mathematics Quadratic Equation

QUADRATIC EQUATION
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1. INTRODUCTION :
A function f defined by f(x) = anxn + an – 1xn – 1 + .......+ a1x + a0
where a0, a1, a2, ......, an Î R is called a polynomial of degree n with real coefficients (an ¹ 0, n Î W).
If a0, a1, a2, ....., an Î C, it is called a polynomial with complex coefficients.
The algebraic expression of the form ax 2 + bx + c, a ¹ 0 is called a quadratic expression, because the
highest order term in it is of second degree. Quadratic equation means, ax 2 + bx + c = 0. In general
whenever one says zeroes of the expression ax2 + bx + c, it implies roots of the equation ax 2 + bx +
c = 0, unless specified otherwise.
A quadratic equation has exactly two roots which may be real (equal or unequal) or imaginary.
« a quadratic equation if a¹0 Two Roots
« a linear equation if a = 0, b ¹ 0 One Root
« a contradiction if a = b = 0, c ¹ 0 No Root
« an identity if a=b=c=0 Infinite Roots
Note : A quadratic equation cannot have three or more roots & if it has , it becomes an identity.If ax 2 + bx +
c = 0 is an identity Û a = b = c = 0
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2. ROOTS OF QUADRATIC EQUATION & RELATION BETWEEN ROOTS
& CO-EFFICIENTS :
(a) The general form of quadratic equation is ax 2 + bx + c = 0, a ¹ 0.
The roots can be found in following manner :
2
æ b cö æ b ö c b2
a ç x2 + x + ÷ = 0 Þ ç x + ÷ + - =0
è a aø è 2a ø a 4a 2
2
æ b ö b2 c -b ± b 2 – 4ac
ç x + ÷ = - Þ x=
è 2a ø 4a 2 a 2a
This expression can be directly used to find the two roots of a quadratic equation.
(b) The expression b2 – 4 ac º D is called the discriminant of the quadratic equation.
(c) If a & b are the roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 , then :

(i) a + b = – b/a (ii) ab = c / a (iii) a -b = D / | a |

(d) A quadratic equation whose roots are a & b is ( x – a ) ( x – b ) = 0 i.e.
x2 – ( a + b ) x + ab = 0 i.e. x2 – (sum of roots) x + product of roots = 0.

S OLVED E XAMPLE
Example 1: For what value of 'a', the equation (a2 – a – 2)x 2 + (a2 – 4)x + (a2 – 3a + 2) = 0, will have more than
two solutions ?
Solution: a2 – a – 2 = 0, a2 – 4 = 0, a2 – 3a + 2 = 0
Þ a = 2, – 1 and a = ± 2 and a = 1, 2 Þ a = 2
Now (x2 + x + 1) a2 – (x2 + 3) a – (2x2 + 4x – 2) = 0 will be an identity if x 2 + x + 1 = 0 & x 2 + 3
= 0 & 2x 2 + 4x – 2 = 0 which is not possible.
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JEE (Adv.)-Mathematics Quadratic Equation
Example 2 : If a, b are the roots of a quadratic equation x 2 – 3x + 5 = 0, then the equation whose roots are
(a2 – 3a + 7) and (b2 – 3b + 7) is -
(A) x2 + 4x + 1 = 0 (B) x2 – 4x + 4 = 0 (C) x2 – 4x – 1 = 0 (D) x2 + 2x + 3 = 0
Solution : Since a, b are the roots of equation x 2 – 3x + 5 = 0
So a2 – 3a + 5 = 0
b2 – 3b + 5 = 0
\ a2 – 3a = – 5
b2 – 3b = – 5
Putting in (a2 – 3a + 7) & (b2 – 3b + 7) .........(i)
– 5 + 7, – 5 + 7
\ 2 and 2 are the roots.
\ The required equation is
x2 – 4x + 4 = 0. Ans. (B)
Example 3 : If a and b are the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0, find the value of (aa + b)–2 + (ab + b)–2 .

b c
Solution : We know that a+ b=- & ab =
a a
1 1
(aa + b)–2 + (ab + b)–2 = +
(aa + b) (ab + b) 2
2

a 2b 2 + b 2 + 2abb + a 2 a 2 + b 2 + 2aba a 2 (a 2 + b2 ) + 2ab(a + b) + 2b 2

= =
(a 2 ab + bab + baa + b 2 ) 2 (a 2ab + ab(a + b) + b 2 )2
(a2 + b2 can always be written as (a + b)2 – 2ab)

é b 2 - 2ac ù æ bö
a2 ê ú + 2ab ç - ÷ + 2b 2
a éë (a + b) - 2ab ùû + 2ab(a + b) + 2b
2 2
ë a
2 2
û è aø b 2 - 2ac
= = =
(a 2ab + ab(a + b) + b 2 )2 æ 2c æ bö 2ö
2
a 2c2
ç a a + ab ç - a ÷ + b ÷
è è ø ø
Alternatively :
If a & b are roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0
then, aa2 + ba + c = 0
c
Þ aa + b = -
a
c
same as ab + b = -
b
a 2 b2
\ (aa + b) -2 = (ab + b)-2 = +
c2 c 2
(a + b)2 - 2ab
=
c2
(-b / a)2 - 2(c / a) b 2 - 2ac
= =
c2 a 2c2
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S OLVED E XAMPLE
Example 4 : The least prime integral value of '2a' such that the roots a, b of the equation 2 x 2 + 6 x + a = 0
a b
satisfy the inequality + < 2 is
b a
a b
'2a' dk U;wure vHkkT; iw.kkZad eku gksxk tcfd lehdj.k 2 x 2 + 6 x + a = 0 ds ewy a, b vlfedk + < 2 dks lUrq"V
b a
djrs gS&
Solution: 2x 2 + 6x + a = 0

a
Its roots are a, b Q blds ew y a, b gS ] Þ a + b = – 3 & ab =
2

a b
+ <2
b a

( a + b) 2 – 2ab 9–a 2a – 9
Þ <2 Þ <1 Þ >0
ab a a

æ9 ö
Þ a Î (–¥, 0) È ç , ¥ ÷ Þ 2a = 11 is least prime.
è2 ø

Example 5 : If both roots of x2 – 32x + c = 0 are prime numbers then possible values of c are

(A) 60 (B) 87 (C) 247 (D) 231

Solution: Split 32 into sum of two primes 32 = 2 + 30 = 3 + 29 = 5 + 27 = 7 + 25 = 11 + 21 = 13 + 19.

32 = 2 + 30 = 3 + 29 = 5 + 27 = 7 + 25 = 11 + 21 = 13 + 19. Ans. (BC)

Self practice problems : 1

(i) Find the roots of following equations :

(a) x2 + 3x + 2 = 0

(b) x2 – 8x + 16 = 0

(c) x2 – 2x – 1 = 0

(ii) Find the roots of the equation a(x 2 + 1) – (a2 + 1)x = 0, where a ¹ 0.

6- x x
(iii) Solve : = 2+
x -4
2
x+2
(iv) If the roots of 4x2 + 5k = (5k + 1)x differ by unity, then find the values of k.

1
Ans. (i) (a) –1, –2; (b) 4 ; (c) 1± 2; (ii) a, ;
a

(iii)
7 (iv) 3, –
1
3 5
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JEE (Adv.)-Mathematics Quadratic Equation
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3. THEORY OF EQUATIONS :
Let a1, a2, a3, ...... an are roots of the equation, ƒ (x) = a0xn + a1xn–1 + a2xn–2 + .... an – 1 x + an = 0,

where a0, a1, ......... an are constants and a0 ¹ 0.

ƒ (x) = a0(x – a1)(x – a2)(x – a3) ......... (x – an)

\ a0xn + a1xn–1 + ......... an – 1x + an = a0(x – a1)(x – a2) ..... (x – an)

Comparing the coefficients of like powers of x, we get

a1
åa i =-
a0
= S1 (say)

coefficient of x n–1
or S1 = -
coefficient of x n

a
S2 = å a i a j = ( -1)2 a2
i¹ j 0

a3
S3 = å ai a j a k = ( -1)3
a0
i ¹ j¹k

an constant term
Sn = a1a 2 ...... a n = ( -1)
n
= (–1)n
a0 coefficient of x n

where Sk denotes the sum of the product of root taken k at a time.

For Cubic equation : If a, b, g are roots of a cubic equation ax 3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0, then

b c d
a + b + g = - , ab + bg + ga = and abg = -
a a a
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4. TRANSFORMATION OF THE EQUATION :
Let ax2 + bx + c = 0 be a quadratic equation with two roots a and b. If we have to find an equation whose roots
are f(a) and f(b), i.e. some expression in a & b, then this equation can be found by finding a in terms of y. Now
as a satisfies given equation, put this a in terms of y directly in the equation.

y = f (a)

By transformation, a = g(y)

a(g(y))2 + b(g(y)) + c = 0

This is the required equation in y.

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JEE (Adv.)-Mathematics Quadratic Equation
S OLVED E XAMPLE
Example 6 : If the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 are a and b, then find the equation whose roots are :
-2 -2 a b
(a) , (b) , (c) a2, b2
a b a +1 b +1
-2 -2
Solution : (a) ,
a b
-2 -2
put, y = Þ a=
a y
2
æ 2ö æ -2 ö
aç- ÷ + bç ÷+ c = 0 Þ cy2 – 2by + 4a = 0
è yø è y ø
Required equation is cx 2 – 2bx + 4a = 0
a b
(b) ,
a +1 b +1
a y
put, y = Þ a=
a +1 1- y
2
æ y ö æ y ö
Þ aç ÷ + bç ÷+c = 0 Þ (a + c –b)y2 + (–2c + b)y +c = 0
è 1– y ø è1- y ø
Required equation is (a + c – b) x 2 + (b – 2c) x + c = 0
(c) a2, b2

put y = a2 Þ a= y
ay + b y+c=0
b2y
= + c2 + 2acy Þ
a2y2 a2y2 + (2ac – b2) y + c2 = 0
Required equation is a x + (2ac – b2) x + c2 = 0
2 2

Example 7 : If two roots are equal, find the roots of 4x 3 + 20x2 – 23x + 6 = 0.
Solution : Let roots be a, a and b
20
\ a+a+b=– Þ 2a + b = – 5 ............ (i)
4
23 23 6
\ a . a + ab + ab = – Þ a2 + 2ab = – & a2b = –
4 4 4
from equation (i)
23 23
a2 + 2a (– 5 –2a) = – Þ a2 – 10a – 4a2 = – Þ 12a2 + 40a – 23 = 0
4 4
23 1
\ a = 1/2, – when a =
6 2
1 3
a2b = ( – 5 – 1) = –
4 2
23 23 ´ 23 æ æ 23 ö ö 3 1
whena = – Þ a2b = ç -5 - 2x ç - ÷ ÷ ¹ - Þ a= b = –6
6 36 è è 6 øø 2 2
1 1
Hence roots of equation = , , - 6
2 2
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Example 8 : If a, b, g are the roots of x3 – px2 + qx – r = 0, find :

(i) åa 3
(ii) a 2 (b + g ) + b 2 (g + a ) + g 2 (a + b)
Solution : We know that a + b + g = p
ab + bg + ga = q
abg = r
(i) a3 + b3 + g 3 = 3abg + (a + b + g ){(a + b + g ) 2 - 3(ab + bg + ga )}
= 3r + p{p2 – 3q} = 3r + p3 – 3pq

(ii) a2 (b + g ) + b2 (a + g ) + g 2 (a + b) = a2 (p - a ) + b2 (p - b) + g 2 (p - g )

= p(a + b + g ) - 3r - p + 3pq = p(p2 – 2q) – 3r – p3 + 3pq = pq – 3r

2 2 2 3

Example 9 : If b2 < 2ac and a, b, c, d ÎR, then prove that ax3 + bx 2 + cx + d = 0 has exactly one real root.
Solution : Let a, b, g be the roots of ax3 + bx 2 + cx + d = 0
b
Then a + b + g = –
a
c
ab + bg + ga =
a
-d
abg =
a
b 2 2c b 2 - 2ac
a + b + g = (a + b + g) –2(ab + bg + ga) = 2 -
2 2 2 2 =
a a a2
Þ a2 + b2 + g2 < 0, which is not possible if all a, b, g are real. So atleast one root is non-real, but complex
roots occurs in pair. Hence given cubic equation has two non-real and one real roots.

Example 10: If the roots of ax3 + bx 2 + cx + d = 0 are a, b, g then find equation whose roots are
1 , 1 , 1 .
ab bg ga
1 g ag d
Solution : Put y = = =– (Q abg = – )
ab abg d a
dy
Put x = –
a
3 2
æ dy ö æ dy ö æ dy ö
Þ aç- ÷ + bç- ÷ + cç- ÷ + d = 0
è a ø è a ø è a ø
Required equation is d2x3 – bdx2 + acx – a2 = 0
Self practice problems : 2
(i) Let a, b be two of the roots of the equation x 3 – px2 + qx – r = 0. If a + b = 0, then show that pq = r
(ii) If two roots of x 3 + 3x2 – 9x + c = 0 are equal, then find the value of c.
(iii) If a, b, g be the roots of ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0, then find the value of

1
(a) åa 2
(b) åa (c) å a (b + g )
2

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(iv) If a, b are the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0, then find the equation whose roots are
1 1 1 1 1, 1
(a) , (b) , (c) a + b+
a 2 b2 aa + b ab + b b a
If a, b are roots of x2 – px + q = 0, then find the quadratic equation whose root are (a - b )(a - b )
2 2 3 3
(v)

and a b + a b .
2 3 3 2

Ans. (ii) –27, 5

1 2 c 1
(iii) (a) (b - 2ac) , (b) - , (c) 2 (3ad - bc)
a2 d a
(vi) (a) c2y2 + y(2ac – b2) + a2 = 0 ; (b) acx2 – bx + 1 = 0; (c) acx2 + (a + c)bx + (a + c)2 = 0
(v) x2 – p(p4 – 5p2q + 5q2)x + p2q2(p2 – 4q)(p2 – q) = 0
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5. NATURE OF ROOTS :
(a) Consider the quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 where a, b , c Î R & a ¹ 0 then ;
-b ± D
x=
2a
(i) D > 0 Û roots are real & distinct (unequal).
(ii) D = 0 Û roots are real & coincident (equal)
(iii) D < 0 Û roots are imaginary..
(b) Consider the quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 where a, b, c Î Q & a ¹ 0 then ;
(i) If D is a perfect square, then roots are rational.
(ii) a = 1, b, c Î I & D is square of an integer Þ Roots are integral.
Note :
(i) Every equation of nth degree ( n ³ 1) has exactly n root & if the equation has more than n roots,
it is an identity.
(ii) If b is a root of the equation f (x) = 0, then (x –b) is a factor of f(x).
(iii) If the coefficients in the equation are all rational & p + q is one of its roots, then p – q is also a root
where p, q Î Q and q is not a perfect square.
(iv) If the coefficients of the equation f (x) = 0 are all real and a + ib is its root, then a - ib is also a root.
i.e. imaginary roots occur in conjugate pairs.
(v) Every equation f(x) = 0 of degree odd has atleast one real root of a sign opposite to that of its last term.
(vi) If there be any two real numbers ‘a’ & ‘b’ such that f(a) & f(b) are of opposite signs, then f(x) = 0 must
have atleast one real root between ‘a’ and ‘b’.
S OLVED E XAMPLE
1
Example 11: The quadratic equation whose one root is will be
2+ 5
(A) x2 + 4x – 1 = 0 (B) x2 – 4x – 1 = 0 (C) x2 + 4x + 1 = 0 (D) None of these
1
Solution : Given root = = 5 -2
2+ 5

So the other root = – 5 – 2 Then sum of the roots = – 4, product of the roots = –1
Hence the equation is x2 + 4x – 1 = 0

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Example 12: For what values of m the equation (1 + m) x 2 – 2(1 + 3m)x + (1 + 8m) = 0 has equal roots.
Solution : Given equation is (1 + m) x 2 – 2(1 + 3m)x + (1 + 8m) = 0 ........(i)
Let D be the discriminant of equation (i).
Roots of equation (i) will be equal if D = 0.
or 4(1 + 3m)2 – 4(1 + m) (1 + 8m) = 0
or 4(1 + 9m 2 + 6m – 1 – 9m – 8m 2) = 0
or m 2 – 3m = 0 or, m(m – 3) = 0
\ m = 0, 3.
Example 13: If the equation (k – 2)x 2– (k – 4)x – 2 = 0 has difference of roots as 3 then the value of k is-
(1) 1, 3 (2) 3, 3/2 (3) 2, 3/2 (4) 3/2, 1
(k - 4) -2
Sol. a+ b = , ab =
(k - 2) k -2

|a – b| = (a + b )2 - 4 ab

2
æk-4ö 8
\ |a – b| = çk -2÷ + k -2
è ø ( )

k2 + 16 - 8k + 8 ( k - 2 )
=
(k - 2)
k 2 + 16 - 8k + 8k - 16
3 =
(k - 2)
Þ 3k – 6 = ± k Þ k = 3, 3/2
Example 14 :If the coefficient of the quadratic equation are rational & the coefficient of x 2 is 1, then find the equation
p
one of whose roots is tan .
8
p
Solution : We know that tan = 2 -1
8
Irrational roots always occur in conjugational pairs.

Hence if one root is (–1 + 2 ), the other root will be (–1 – 2 ). Equation is
(x –(–1+ 2 )) (x–(–1– 2 )) =0 Þ x2 + 2x –1 = 0
Example 15: If a, b are roots of Ax2 + Bx + C = 0 and a 2 , b 2 are roots of x2 + px + q = 0, then p is equal to-

(1)
(B 2
- 2AC ) (2)
(2AC - B ) 2

(3)
(B 2
- 4AC ) (4) (4AC – B2)A2
2 2 2
A A A
B C
Solution : a +b = - , ab =
A A

B2
\ ( a + b) =
2
a2 + b2 = -p, a2b2 = q
A2

B2 2C B 2 2CA - B2
Þ ( )
a2 + b2 + 2ab =
A2
Þ -p +
A
=
A2
Þ p =
A2

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Example 16: Find all the integral values of a for which the quadratic equation (x – a)(x – 10) + 1 = 0 has integral roots.
Solution : Here the equation is x 2 – (a + 10)x + 10a + 1 = 0. Since integral roots will always be rational it means
D should be a perfect square.
From (i) D = a2 – 20a + 96.
Þ D = (a – 10)2 – 4 Þ 4 = (a – 10)2 – D
If D is a perfect square it means we want difference of two perfect square as 4 which is possible only
when (a –10)2 = 4 and D = 0.
Þ (a – 10) = ± 2 Þ a = 12, 8
Self practice problems : 3

(i) If 2 + 3 is a root of the equation x 2 + bx + c = 0, where b, c Î Q, find b, c.

(ii) For the following equations, find the nature of the roots (real & distinct, real & coincident or imaginary).
(a) x2 – 6x + 10 = 0 (b) x 2 - (7 + 3)x + 6(1 + 3) = 0 (c) 4x2 + 28x + 49 = 0
(iii) If l, m are real and l ¹ m, then show that the roots of (l – m)x2 – 5(l + m)x – 2(l – m) = 0 are real and
unequal.
Ans. (i) b = –4, c = 1; (ii) (a) imaginary; (b) real & distinct ; (c) real & coincident

GRAPH OF QUADRATIC POLYNOMIAL:

« the graph between x, y is always a parabola.
æ b D ö
« the co-ordinate of vertex are çç - 2 a , - 4 a ÷÷
è ø
« If a > 0 then the shape of the parabola is concave upwards & if a < 0 then the shape of the parabola is
concave downwards.

« the parabola intersect the y-axis at point (0, c).

« the x-co-ordinate of point of intersection of parabola with x-axis are the real roots of the quadratic
equation f (x) = 0. Hence the parabola may or may not intersect the x-axis.
&
6. RANGE OF QUADRATIC POLYNOMIAL f(x) = ax2 + bx + c.
(i) Range :
é D ö
If a > 0 Þ f (x) Î ê- 4 a , ¥ ÷÷
ë ø
æ Dù
If a < 0 Þ f (x) Î çç - ¥ , - 4 a ú
è û
D
Hence maximum and minimum values of the expression f (x) is - in respective cases and it occurs at x
4a
b
=- (at vertex).
2a
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(ii) Range in restricted domain:
Given x Î [x1, x2]
b
(a) If - Ï [x1, x2] then,
2a
f (x) Î [ min { f ( x1 ), f ( x 2 )} , max { f ( x1), f ( x 2 )}]

b
(b) If - Î [x1, x2] then,
2a
é ì Dü ì D üù
f (x) Î ê min í f ( x1) , f (x 2 ) , - ý , max í f ( x1) , f ( x 2 ) , - ýú
êë î 4aþ î 4 a þ úû

&
7. SIGN OF QUADRATIC POLYNOMIAL :
The value of expression f (x) = a x2 + b x + c at x = x0 is equal to y-co-ordinate of the point on parabola
y = a x2 + b x + c whose x-co-ordinate is x 0. Hence if the point lies above the x-axis for some x = x 0, then
f (x0) > 0 and vice-versa.
We get six different positions of the graph with respect to x-axis as shown.
(i) Conclusions :
(a) a>0
(b) D>0
(c) Roots are real & distinct.
(d) f(x) > 0 in x Î (– ¥, a) È (b, ¥)
(e) f(x) < 0 in x Î (a, b)

(ii) (a) a>0

(b) D=0
(c) Roots are real & equal.
(d) f(x) > 0 in x Î R – {a}

(iii) (a) a>0

(b) D<0
(c) Roots are imaginary.
(d) f(x) > 0 " x Î R.

(iv) (a) a<0

(b) D>0
(c) Roots are real & distinct.
(d) f(x) < 0 in x Î (– ¥, a) È (b, ¥)
(e) f(x) > 0 in x Î (a, b)
(v) (a) a<0
(b) D=0
(c) Roots are real & equal.
(d) f(x) < 0 in x Î R – {a}

(vi) (a) a<0

(b) D<0
(c) Roots are imaginary.
(d) f(x) < 0 " x Î R.

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S OLVED E XAMPLE
Example 17 :The value of the expression x 2 + 2bx + c will be positive for all real x if -
(C) c < b
2
(B) b - 4c < 0 (D) b < c
2 2
(A) b2 - 4c > 0
Solution : As a > 0, so this expression will be positive if D < 0
so 4b2 – 4c < 0
b2 < c Ans. (D)
Example 18 :The minimum value of the expression 4x + 2x + 1 is -
2

(A) 1/4 (B) 1/2 (C) 3/4 (D) 1

Solution : Since a = 4 > 0

D 4(4)(1) - (2)2 16 - 4 12 3
therefore its minimum value = - = = = = Ans. (C)
4a 4(4) 16 16 4
Example 19 :Find the range of following quadratic expressions :
(i) f(x) = –x 2 + 2x + 3 " xÎR Ans. (–¥, 4]
(ii) f(x) = x – 2x + 3
2
" x Î [0, 3] Ans. [2, 6]
(iii) f(x) = x 2 – 4x + 6 " x Î (0, 1] Ans. [3, 6)
Solution : (i) y = –x 2 + 2x + 3 = – (x 2 – 2x – 3) = – (x – 3) (x + 1)
Here a < 0 and D>0
Þ Range is (–¥, 4]
(ii) f(x) = x 2 – 2x + 3 " x Î[0, 3]

y Î[2, 6] " x Î[0, 3] Ans.

Aliter :
f(x) = x 2 – 2x + 3 = (x – 1) 2 + 2
Since 0 £ x £ 3 Þ –1 £ x – 1 £ 2 Þ 0 £ (x – 1)2 £ 4
Þ 2 £ (x – 1) 2 + 2 £ 6 Þ 2 £ f(x) £ 6
\ Range of f(x) is [2, 6].
(iii) y = x 2 – 4x + 6 ; " x Î (0, 1]
Here a > 0 and D<0
f(0) = 6 Þ f(1) = 3 ÞClearly for x Î (0, 1]
Þ y Î [3, 6)

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Example 20 :Let f(x) = ax 2 + bx + c > 0, " x Î R or f(x) < 0, " x Î R. Which of the following is/are CORRECT ?
(A) If a + b + c > 0 then f(x) > 0, " x Î R (B) If a + c < b then f(x) < 0, " x Î R
(C) If a + 4c > 2b then f(x) < 0, " x Î R (D) ac > 0.
Solution f(x) > 0 "x Î R or f(x) < 0 "x Î R hence D < 0
its graph can be

(A) f(1) > 0 graph (i) will be possible

so f(x) > 0 "x Î R
(B) f(–1) < 0 graph (ii) will be possible so f(x) < 0 "x Î R
æ 1ö
(C) f ç - ÷ > 0 so f(x) < 0 "x Î R
è 2ø
so not possible
(D) a > 0c > 0 (graph (i))
a < 0c < 0 (graph (ii))
in both cases ac > 0 (Ans. ABCD)
2
kx + 2(k + 1)x + (9k + 4)
Example 21 :Find the range of values of k, such that f(x) = is always negative.
x 2 - 8x + 17
Solution: We can see for x2 – 8x + 17 D = 64 – 4(17) < 0
\ x2 – 8x + 17 is always +ve Þ If f(x) < 0
\ kx + 2(k + 1)x + (9k + 4) < 0 Þ k < 0 ......(1)
2

& 4(k + 1)2 – 4 k(9k + 4) < 0 Þ k2 + 1 + 2k – 9k2 – 4k < 0 Þ –8k2 – 2k + 1 < 0

8k2 + 2k – 1 > 0 Þ 8k2 + 4k – 2k – 1 > 0 Þ 4k(2k + 1) – 1(2k + 1) > 0

(2k + 1)(4k – 1) > 0 .......(2)

æ 1ö
combining (1) & (2) we get k Î ç - ¥, - ÷
è 2ø
Example 22 :If x be real, then find the range of the following rational expressions :
x2 + x + 1 é1 3ù
(i) y= Ans. ê2 , 2ú
x +12 ë û

x 2 - 2x + 9 æ -4 ù
(ii) y = 2 Ans. ç -¥ , 5 ú È (1, ¥)
x – 2x - 9 è û

Solution : (i) (y – 1)x2 – x + y – 1 = 0 Q xÎR \ D³0

1 3
Þ 1 – 4(y – 1)2 ³ 0 Þ (1 + 2y – 2) (1 – 2y + 2) ³ 0 Þ (2y – 1) (2y – 3) £ 0 Þ £y£
2 2
(ii) y(x2 – 2x – 9) = x2 – 2x + 9 Þ (y – 1) x2 – 2(y – 1) x – (y + 1)9 = 0
If y = 1 Þ –(2) 9 = 0 contradiction.
\ y ¹ 1D ³ 0 Þ (5y + 4) (y – 1) ³ 0

æ -4 ù
y Î ç -¥ , È (1, ¥)
è 5 úû
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Self practice problems : 3
(i) Find the minimum value of :
(a) y = x2 + 2x + 2 (b) y = 4x 2 – 16x + 15
(ii) For following graphs of y = ax 2 + bx + c with a,b,c Î R, comment on the sign of :
(i) a (ii) b (iii) c (iv) D (v) a + b (vi) ab

y y

(1) (2)
a b x a b x

y a=b=0
x
(3)

(iii) Given the roots of equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are real & distinct, where a,b,c Î R+, then the vertex of the
graph will lie in which quadrant.
(iv) Find the range of 'a' for which :
(a) ax2 + 3x + 4 > 0 " x Î R (b) ax2 + 4x – 2 < 0 " x Î R

8x - 4
(v) Prove that the expression cannot have values between 2 and 4, in its domain.
x + 2x - 1
2

Ans. (i) (a) 1 (b) –1

(ii) (1) (i) a < 0 (ii) b < 0 (iii) c < 0 (iv) D > 0 (v) a + b < 0 (vi) ab > 0
(2) (i) a < 0 (ii) b > 0 (iii) c = 0 (iv) D > 0 (v) a + b > 0 (vi) ab = 0
(3) (i) a < 0 (ii) b = 0 (iii) c = 0 (iv) D = 0 (v) a + b = 0 (vi) ab = 0
(iii) Third quadrant
(iv) (a) a > 9/16 (b) a < –2
&
8. LOCATION OF ROOTS :
This article deals with an elegant approach of solving problems on quadratic equations when the roots are
located/ specified on the number line with variety of constraints :
Consider the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 with a > 0 and let f(x) = ax2 + bx + c
Case-1 :
(A) Both roots of the quadratic equation are greater than
a specific number (say d). The necessary and sufficient
condition for this are :
x
b
(i) D ³ 0 ; (ii) ƒ (d) > 0 ; (iii) – >d d
2a
(B) When both roots of the quadratic equation are less than
a specific number d than the necessary and sufficient
condition will be :
x
b d
(i) D ³ 0 ; (ii) ƒ (d) > 0 ; (iii) – <d
2a
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Case-2 :
Both roots lie on either side of a fixed number say (d).
The necessary and sufficient condition for this are : a d b

f(d) < 0
Case-3 :
Exactly one root lies in the interval (d, e).
The necessary and sufficient condition for this are : e e
d d
ƒ (d) . ƒ (e) < 0
Case-4 :
When both roots are lies between the number d and e (d < e).
The necessary and sufficient condition for this are :
(i) D ³ 0; (ii) ƒ (d) > 0 ; (iii) ƒ (e) > 0 d e

b
(iv) d < - <e
2a
Case-5 :
One root is greater than e and the other roots is less than d (d < e). d e
The necessary and sufficient condition for this are :
f(d) < 0 and f(e) < 0
Note : If a < 0 in the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 then we divide the whole equation by 'a'. Now assume

b c
x2 + x + as f(x). This makes the coefficient of x2 positive and hence above cases are applicable.
a a
S OLVED E XAMPLE
Example 23: Find the v alues of the param eter 'a' f or which the roots of the quadratic equation
x2 + 2(a – 1)x + a + 5 = 0 are
(i) real and distinct (ii) equal
(iii) opposite in sign (iv) equal in magnitude but opposite in sign
(v) positive (vi) negative
(vii) greater than 3 (viii) smaller than 3
(ix) such that both the roots lie in the interval (1, 3)
Solution : Let f(x) = x 2 + 2(a – 1)x + a + 5 = Ax 2 + Bx + C (say)
Þ A = 1, B = 2(a – 1), C = a + 5.
Also D = B2 – 4AC = 4(a – 1)2 – 4(a + 5) = 4(a + 1)(a – 4)
(i) D > 0
Þ (a + 1)(a – 4) > 0 Þ a Î (–¥ , –1)È(4, ¥).
(ii) D = 0
Þ (a + 1)(a – 4) = 0 Þ a = –1, 4.
(iii) This means that 0 lies between the roots of the given equation.
Þ f(0) < 0 and D > 0 i.e. a Î (–¥, –1) È (4, ¥)
Þ a + 5 < 0 Þ a < – 5 Þ a Î (–¥ , –5).
(iv) This means that the sum of the roots is zero
Þ –2(a – 1) = 0 and D > 0 i.e. a Î –(–¥, –1) È (4, ¥) Þ a=1
which does not belong to (–¥, –1)È(4, ¥)
Þ a Î f.
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(v) This implies that both the roots are greater than zero
B C
Þ - > 0, > 0, D ³ 0 Þ – (a – 1) > 0, a + 5 > 0, a Î (–¥, –1]È[4, ¥)
A A
Þ a < 1, –5 < a, a Î (–¥, –1]È[4, ¥) Þ a Î (–5, –1].
(vi) This implies that both the roots are less than zero
B C
Þ - < 0, > 0, D ³ 0 Þ –(a – 1) < 0, a + 5 > 0, a Î (–¥, –1]È[4, ¥)
A A
Þ a > 1, a > –5, a Î (–¥, –1]È[4, ¥) Þ a Î[4, ¥).
(vii) In this case
B
– > 3 , A.f(3) > 0 and D ³ 0.
2a
Þ –(a – 1) > 3, 7a + 8 > 0 and a Î (–¥, –1]È[4, ¥)
Þ a < –2, a > –8/7 and a Î (–¥, –1]È[4, ¥)
Since no value of 'a' can satisfy these conditions simultaneously, there can be no value of a for which
both the roots will be greater than 3.
(viii) In this case
B
– < 3 , A.f(3) > 0 and D ³ 0.
2a
Þ a > –2, a > –8/7 and a Î (–¥, –1]È[4, ¥) Þ a Î (–8/7, –1]È[4, ¥)
(ix) In this case
B
1<- < 3, A.f(1) > 0, A.f(3) > 0, D ³ 0.
2A
Þ 1 < – 1(a –1) < 3, 3a + 4 > 0, 7a + 8 > 0, a Î (–¥, –1]È[4, ¥)

æ 8 ù
Þ –2 < a < 0, a > –4/ 3, a > –8/7, a Î (–¥, –1]È[4, ¥) Þ a Î ç - , - 1ú
è 7 û
Example 24 :Find all the values of 'p', so that exactly one root of the equation x 2 – 2px + p2 – 1 = 0, lies
between the numbers 2 and 4, and no root of the equation is either equal to 2 or equal to 4.
Solution: (i) D > 0
4a2 – 4(a2 – 1) > 0
4>0 "xÎR
(ii) f(2) f(4) < 0
(4 – 4a + a2 – 1) (16 – 8a + a2 – 1) < 0
(a – 3) 2 (a – 1) (a – 5) < 0
a Î (1, 5) – {3}
Example 25: If both roots of the equation x 2 – 6ax + 2 – 2a + 9a2 = 0 exceed 3, then show that a > 11/9.
Solution. For both roots to exceed 3
(i) D ³ 0 Þ 36a2 – 8 + 8a – 36a2 ³ 0 Þ a ³ 1

æ 11 ö
(ii) f(3) > 0 Þ 9 – 18a + 2 – 2a + 9a2 > 0 Þ 9a2 – 20a + 11 > 0 Þ a Î (–¥, 1) È ç , ¥ ÷
è9 ø
-b 11
(iii) > 3 Þ 3a > 3 Þ a > 1 \ (i) Ç (ii) Ç (iii) Þ a > .
2a 9
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Example 26 :If a & b are the two distinct roots of x² + 2 (K - 3) x + 9 = 0, then find the values of K such that
a, b Î (- 6, 1).
Solution x 2 + 2(k – 3) x + 9 = 0 ......(i)
Roots a, b of equation (i) are distinct & lies between –6 and 1
D>0 Þ 4(K – 3)2 – 36 > 0 Þ k(k – 6) > 0
Þ k Î (– ¥, 0) È (6, ¥) ......(ii)
f(1) > 0 Þ 1 + 2 (k – 3)+ 9 > 0
Þ 2k + 4 > 0 Þ k Î (–2, ¥) ......(iii)
f(–6) > 0 Þ 36 – 12 (k – 3) + 9 > 0
æ 27 ö
Þ 4k – 27 < 0 Þ k Î ç – ¥, ÷ ......(iv)
è 4 ø

b –2(K – 3)
–6 < – <1Þ–6< < 1 Þ –1 < k – 3 < 6 Þ2<k<9 ......(v)
2a 2
æ 27 ö
(ii) Ç (iii) Ç (iv) Ç (v) Þ k Î ç 6, ÷.
è 4 ø
Self practice problems : 4
(i) If a, b are roots of 7x2 + 9x – 2 = 0, find their position with respect to following (a < b) :
(a) –3 (b) 0 (c) 1
(ii) If a > 1, roots of the equation (1 – a)x 2 + 3ax – 1 = 0 are -
(A) one positive one negative (B) both negative
(C) both positive (D) both non-real
(iii) Find the set of value of a for which the roots of the equation x 2 – 2ax + a2 + a – 3 = 0 are less than 3.
(iv) If a, b are the roots of x2 – 3x + a = 0, a Î R and a < 1 < b, then find the values of a.
(v) If a, b are roots of 4x2 – 16x + l = 0, l Î R such that 1 < a < 2 and 2 < b < 3, then find the range of l.
Ans. (i) –3 < a < 0 < b < 1; (ii) C ; (iii) a < 2 ; (iv) a < 2 ; (v) 12 < l < 16

&
9. COMMON ROOTS OF TWO QUADRATIC EQUATIONS :
(a) Only one common root.
Let a be the common root of ax2 + bx + c = 0 & a'x 2 + b'x + c' = 0 then

a2 a 1
a a + b a + c = 0 & a' a + b' a + c' = 0 . By Cramer’s Rule
2 2
= =
bc '- b 'c a 'c - ac ' ab ' - a 'b

ca '- c 'a bc ' - b ' c

Therefore, a = =
ab ' - a ' b a 'c - ac '
So the condition for a common root is (ca' - c'a)2 = (ab' - a'b) (bc'- b'c).

a b c.
(b) If both roots are same then = =
a ' b' c'
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S OLVED E XAMPLE
Example 27 :Find p and q such that px2 + 5x + 2 = 0 and 3x2 + 10 x +q = 0 have both roots in common.
Solution : a1 = p, b1 = 5, c1 = 2
a2 = 3, b2 = 10, c2 = q
We know that :

a1 b1 c1 p 5 2 3
= = = =
a 2 b2 c2 Þ 3 10 q
Þ p=
2
;q=4

Example 28 :Find the value of 'a' so that x 2 – 11 x + a = 0 and x 2 – 14x + 2a = 0 have a common root.
Solution Given equation are x 2 – 11x + a = 0 ......(i)
x – 14x + 2a = 0
2
......(ii)
Multiplying equation (i) by 2 and then subtracting, we get x 2 – 8x = 0 Þ x = 0, 8
If x = 0, a=0 If x = 8,a = 24
Example 29 :If the quadratic equations ax 2 + bx + c = 0 (a, b, c Î R, a ¹ 0) and x 2 + 4x + 5 = 0 have a common root,
then a, b, c must satisfy the relations:
(A) a > b > c (B) a < b < c
(C) a = k; b = 4k; c = 5k (k Î R, k ¹ 0) (D) b2 - 4ac is negative.
Solution: Q D of x2 + 4x + 5 = 0 is less than zero
Þ both the roots are imaginary Þ both the roots of quadratic are same

a b c
Þ b2 – 4ac < 0 & = = =k Þ a = k, b = 4k, c = 5k.
1 4 5
Example 30 :If x 2 + px + q = 0 and x 2 + qx + p = 0, (p ¹ q) have a common root, show that 1 + p + q = 0 ; show
that their other roots are the roots of the equation x 2 + x + pq = 0.
Solution: Let a is the common root hence a2 + pa + q = 0 Þ a2 + qa + p = 0

a2 a 1
= = Þ a2 = –(p + q), a = 1 Þ – (p + q) = 1 Þ p + q + 1 = 0
p -q
2 2
q-p q-p
Let other roots be b and d then a + b = – p , ab = q Þ a + d = – q, ad = p

b q b-d q-p q-p q-p

b – d = q – p, = Þ = Þ = Þ d=pÞb=q
d p d p d p
Equation having b, d as roots
x 2 – (b + d) x + bd = 0 Þ x 2 – (p + q) x + pq = 0 Þ x 2 + x + pq = 0 [ Q p + q = – 1]
Self practice problems : 5
(i) If x2 + bx + c = 0 & 2x 2 + 9x + 10 = 0 have both roots in common, find b & c.
(ii) If x2 – 7x + 10 = 0 & x 2 – 5x + c = 0 have a common root, find c.
(iii) Show that x2 + (a2 – 2)x – 2a2 = 0 and x2 – 3x + 2 = 0 have exactly one common root for all a Î R.

9
Ans. (i) b = , c =5; (ii) c = 0, 6
2
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PART-I : SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Section (A) : Quadratic Equation and Relation between the its roots and
coefficients ;
A-1 If the equation (l2 – 5l + 6)x2 + (l2 – 3l + 2)x + (l2 – 4) = 0 has more than two roots, then find the value of
l ? Does there exist a real value of 'x' for which the above equation will be an identity in ‘l’ ?
A-2 If a and b are the roots of the equation 2x2 + 3x + 4 = 0, then find the values of

a b
(i) a2 + b2 – 3 (ii) + +a×b
b a
A-3 If a, b are roots of x2 – px + q = 0 and a – 2, b + 2 are roots of x2 – px + r = 0, then find the value of

(r + 4 - q)2
p2 - 4q
A-4 If a, b are the roots of quadratic equation x 2 + p x + q = 0 and g, d are the roots of x2 + p x – r = 0, then find
(a - g) . (a - d)

m n
A-5. If m ¹ n but m2 = 5m – 3,n2 = 5n – 3, then find the equation whose roots are and .
n m
A-6. For the equation 3x2 + px + 3 = 0, p > 0 if one of the roots is square of the other, then find the the value
of p
A-7. Find the value of the expression x 3 – x2 + 3x + 8 when x = 1 + 2 -1 .

a15 + a11 + b15 + b11

A-8 Let a and b be the roots of the equation x2 – 5x – 1 = 0, then find the value of .
a13 + b13

Section (B) : Relation between roots and coefficients; Higher Degree

Equations
B-1. If a, b and g are the roots of the equation x 3 + 3x2 – 4x – 2 = 0, then find the values of the following
expressions:

1 1 1
(i) a2 + b2 + g2 (ii) a3 + b3 + g3 (iii) + +
a b g
B-2. If two roots of the equation x3 - px2 + qx - r = 0, (r ¹ 0) are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign, then prove
that pq = r
B-3. Solve the equation 18x3 + 81x2 + lx + 60 = 0, one root being half the sum of the other two. Hence find the
value of l.
B-4. If a, b, g are roots of equation x 3 – 6x2 + 10x – 3 = 0, then find equation with roots 2a + 1, 2b + 1,
2g + 1.
B-5. If a, b, g are the roots of the equation x 3 + 4x + 1 = 0, then find the value of (a + b)–1 + (b + g)–1 + (g + a)–1.
B-6. If a, b, g are roots of x3 – 3x + 1 = 0 then find the value of
(i) a3 + b3 + g3 (ii) a4 + b4 + g4 (iii) a5 + b5 + g5

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Section (C) : Nature of Roots
C-1. If 4 + i 3 is a root of the equation x2 + px + q = 0, where p, q Î R, then find the ordered pair (p, q).

2 1 1
C-2. If p(q – r) x 2 + q(r – p) x + r(p – q) = 0 has equal roots, the prove that = + .
q p r

C-3. If ax2 + bx + 10 = 0 does not have real & distinct roots, find the minimum value of 5a–b.

C-4. If the roots of the equation x2 – 2cx + ab = 0 are real and unequal, then prove that the roots of
x2 – 2(a + b) x + a2 + b2 + 2c2 = 0 will be imaginary.

C-5. For what values of k the expression kx 2 + (k + 1)x + 3 will be a perfect square of a linear polynomial.

C-6. If the roots of the equation x2 + 2cx + b = 0 are real and distinct and they differ by at most 2m, then find interval
of b

C-7. Show that if roots of equation (a 2 – bc) x 2 + 2(b2 – ac) x + c2 – ab = 0 are equal then either
b = 0 or a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc

C-8. Find the value of a for which one root of the quadratic equation (a2 – 5a + 3)x 2 + (3a – 1)x + 2 = 0 is twice as
large as other

C-9. Let p, q, r, s Î R, x2 + px + q = 0, x2 + rx + s = 0 such that 2 (q + s) = pr then prove that at least one of the
equation have real roots.

1 1 1
C-10. If p, q, r Î R, then prove that the roots of the equation x - p + x - q + = 0 are always real and cannot
x-r
have roots if p = q = r.

1 1 1
C-11. If the roots of the equation + = are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign, show that a +
(x + a) (x + b) c
b = 2c & that the product of the roots is equal to (-1/2) (a² + b²).

C-12. The value of m for which one of the roots of x 2 – 3x + 2m = 0 is double of one of the roots
x2 – x + m = 0 is

C-13. (i) If – 2 + ib, b Î R – {0} is a root of x 3 + 63x + l = 0, l Î R then find roots of equation.

-1
(ii) If + ib, b Î R – {0} is a root of 2x3 + bx2 + 3x + 1 = 0, b Î R, then find the value(s) of b.
2

C-14. Solve the equation x4 + 4x3 + 4x2 – 4 = 0, one root being – 1 + -1 .

C-15. Sketch the graph of the following

9
(i) f(x) = 2x3 – 9x2 + 12x – (ii) f(x) = 2x3 – 9x2 + 12x – 3
2

C-16. Find the values of p for which the equation x4 – 14x2 + 24x – 3 – p = 0 have
(i) Two distinct negative real root (ii) Two real roots of opposite sign
(iii) Four distinct real roots (iv) No real roots

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Section (D) : Range of quadratic expression and sign of quadratic
expression
D-1. Draw the graph of the following expressions :-

(i) y = x2 – x + 2 (ii) y = –x2 + 3x + 1 (iii) y = x 2 + 6x +9

D-2. If y = x2 – 2x – 3, then find the range of y when :

(i) x Î R (ii) x Î [0,3] (iii) x Î [–2,0]

D-3. For x Î R, find the set of values attainable by

x 2 - 3x + 4 x 2 + 2x + 1 x2 + x – 3
(i) 2 . (ii) 2 (iii)
x + 3x + 4 x + 2x + 7 x2 + x
(2a – 1)x 2 + 2(a + 1)x + (2a – 1)
D-4. Find set of all real values of a such that f(x) = is always negative.
x 2 – 2x + 40
D-5. Let x2 + y2 + xy + 1 ³ a (x + y) " x, y Î R, then find the number of possible integer(s) in the range of a.
Section (E) : Location of Roots
E-1. Find all possible values of a for which exactly one root of x 2 –(a+1)x + 2a = 0 lies in interval (0,3).
E-2. Find value of k for which one root of equation x 2 – (k+1)x + k 2 + k – 8 = 0 exceeds 2 &
other is less than 2.
E-3. If the roots of the quadratic equation (4p – p2 – 5)x 2 – (2p – 1)x + 3p = 0 lie on either side of unity, then find
the number of integral values of p.
E-4. Boot roots of (a2 – 1)x 2 + 2ax + 1 = 0 belong to the interval (0,1), then find exhaustive set of values of 'a'.
E-5. Find the values of a > 0 for which both the roots equation ax 2 – (a + 1)x + a – 2 = 0 are greater than 3.
E-6. Find the values of a for which one root of equation x2 – (a + 1)x + a2 + a – 8 = 0 is greater than 2 and the other
root smaller than 2.
E-7. If the equation 2x 3 + 9x2 – 24x + 15 – l = 0 have
(i) 1 solution in (1, ¥) then find l
(ii) 2 solutions in (0, ¥) then find l

Section (F) : Common Roots

F-1. Find the possible value(s) of a for which the equations x 2 + ax + 1 = 0 and x 2 + x + a = 0 have atleast one
common root.
F-2. If a, b, p, q are non-zero real numbers, then two equations 2a 2 x 2 - 2 ab x + b 2 = 0 and
p2 x2 + 2 pq x + q2 = 0 then prove that the equations have no common root.
F-3. If the equations k (6x 2 + 3) + rx + 2x 2 – 1 = 0 and 6k (2x 2 + 1) + px + 4x 2 – 2 = 0 have both roots common, then
find the value of (2r – p).
F-4. If one of the roots of the equation ax 2 + b x + c = 0 be reciprocal of one of the roots of
a1 x2 + b1 x + c1 = 0, then prove that (a a1 - c c1)2 = (b c1 - a b1) (b1c - a1b).

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PART-II : OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Section (A) : Relation between the roots and coefficients quadratic

equation
A-1 The roots of the equation (a – b)x2 + (b – g) x + (g – a) = 0 are
b-g g-a a -b b-g
(A) ,1 (B) ,1 (C) ,1 (D) ,1
a-b a-b g-a g-a
A-2 Let a, b, c be real numbers with a ¹ 0. If a, b are the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, then the roots of
a3x2 + abcx + c3 = 0 in terms of a, b are
(A) a2,b2 (B) a2b,ab2 (C) a3,b3 (D) a3b, ab3
A-3 If the sum of the roots of quadratic equation (a + 1)x 2 + (2a + 3)x + (3a + 4) = 0 is –1, then the product of the
roots is
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
A-4. Consider the following statements :
S1 : If the roots of x2 – ax + b = 0 are two consecutive integers, then value of a2 – 4b is equal to 1.
S2 : If a, b are roots of x2 – x + 3 = 0 then value of a4 + b4 is equal 7.
S3 : If a , b, g are the roots of x3 – 7x2 + 16 x – 12 = 0 then value of a2 + b2 + g2 is equal to 17.
State, in order, whether S1, S2, S3 are true or false
(A) TTT (B) FTF (C) TFT (D) FTT
A-5. If the roots of the equation x + mx + n = 0 are cubes of the roots of the equation x2 + px + q = 0, then
2

3
m æpö
(A) m = p3 + 3pq (B) m = p3 – 3pq (C) m + n = p3 (D) =ç ÷
n èqø
A-6. Let f(x) = x 2 – a(x + 1) – b = 0, a, b Î R – {0}, a + b ¹ 0. If a and b are roots of equation f(x) = 0, then the value
1 1 2
of + 2 – is equal to
2
a - aa b - ab a+b
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
A-7. The set of possible values of l for which x2 – (l2 – 5l + 5)x + (2l2 – 3l – 4) = 0 has roots, whose sum and
product are both less than 1, is
æ 5ö é 5ù æ 5ö
(A) çè - 1, 2 ÷ø (B) (1, 4) (C) ê1 , ú (D) çè1, 2 ÷ø
ë 2û
Section (B) : Relation between roots and coefficients ; Higher Degree
Equations
B-1. If a and b be two real roots of the equation x 3 + px2 + qx + r = 0 satisfying the relation ab + 1 = 0, then the
value of r2 + pr + q equals
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) –1 (D) –2
B-2. If a, b, g are the roots of the equation x3 + px2 + qx + r = 0, then
æ 1 ö æ 1 ö æ 1 ö
çç a - ÷÷ çç b - ÷÷ çç g - ÷÷ × abg equals
è bg ø è ga ø è ab ø

(r + 1)3 (r + 1)3 r r2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
r2 r (r + 1)3 (r + 1)3

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B-3. The equation 24x3 – 14x2 – 63x + l = 0 have one root being double of another then the value(s) of l are
(A) 45 or –25 (B) 25 or 45 (C) –45 or 25 (D) –45 or –25
B-4. Let a, b, g, d be the roots of (x – a) (x – b) (x – c) (x – d) = e, e ¹ 0, then the roots of the equation
(x – a) (x – b) (x – g) (x – d) + e = 0 are :
(A) a + 1, b + 1, c + 1, d + 1 (B) a, b, c, d

a b c d
(C) a – 1, b – 1, c – 1, d – 1 (D) , , ,
b c d a
B-5. If coefficients of biquadratic equation are all distinct and belong to the set {–10, – 6, 3, 5, 8}, then equation has
(A) at least two real roots
(B) four real roots, two are conjugate surds and other two are also conjugate surds
(C) four imaginary roots
(D) None of these
1+ a 1+ b 1+ g
B-6. If a, b & g are the roots of the equation x3 + x + 1 = 0, then the value of + + is
1- a 1- b 1- g
1 1 1 1
(A) (B) – (C) – (D)
2 2 3 3

Section (C) : Nature of Roots

C-1. If a, b, c are integers and b2 = 4(ac + 6d2), d Î N, then roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are
(A) Irrational (B) Rational & different (C) Complex conjugate (D) Rational & equal
C-2. Let a, b and c be real numbers such that 9a + 3b + c = 0 and ab > 0. Then the equation
ax2 + bx + c = 0 has
(A) real roots (B) imaginary roots (C) exactly one root (D) none of these
C-3. Consider the equation x + 2x – n = 0, where n Î N and n Î [1, 100]. Total number of different values of 'n' so
2

that the given equation has integral roots, is

(A) 4 (B) 6 (C) 8 (D) 9
C-4. If a & b (a < b) are the roots of the equation x 2 + bx + c = 0, where c < 0 < b, then
(A) 0 < a < b (B) a < 0 < b2 < a2 (C) a < b < 0 (D) a < 0 < a2 < b2
C-5. 3 2
The number of positive zeroes of y = 12x – 4x – 3x + 1 is/are
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 0
C-6. The equation x4 – 2x2 = a has four distinct real roots, then
(A) a Î (2, 3) (B) a Î (–1, 0) (C) a Î (2, 4) (D) a Î (–2, –1)

Section (D) : Range of quadratic expression and sign of quadratic expression

D-1. If y = – 2x2 – 6x + 9, then
(A) maximum value of y is 13.5 and it occurs at x = –1.5
(B) minimum value of y is 13.5 and it occurs at x = –1.5
(C) maximum value of y is –11 and it occurs at x = 2
(D) minimum value of y is –11 and it occurs at x = 2
D-2. If a and b are the non-zero distinct roots of x 2 + ax + b = 0, then the least value of x 2 + ax + b + 1 is

3 9 9 5
(A) (B) (C) – (D) –
2 4 4 4
D-3. The largest natural number a for which the maximum value of f(x) = a – 1 + 2x – x 2 is smaller than the
minimum value of g(x) = x 2 – 2ax + 10 – 2a is
(A) 1 (B) – 2 (C) –1 (D) 2
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D-4. W hich of the following graph represents the expression f(x) = a x 2 + b x + c (a ¹ 0) when
a > 0, b < 0 & c < 0 ?

(A) (B) (C) (D)

D-5. The entire graph of the expression y = –x 2 + kx – x – 9 is strictly below the x-axis if and only if
(A) k < 7 (B) –5 < k < 7 (C) k > – 5 (D) –2 < k < 4
D-6. If a, b Î R, a ¹ 0 and the quadratic equation ax - bx + 1 = 0 has imaginary roots then a + b + 1 is:
2

(A) positive (B) negative C) zero (D) depends on the sign of b

D-7. The equation, e = - 2x + 6x - 9 has:
x 2

(A) no solution (B) one solution (C) two solutions (D) infinite solutions
D-8. If (l + l – 2)x + (l + 2) x < 1 for all x Î R, then l belongs to the interval
2 2

é 2ö æ2 ö
(A) (–2, 1) (B) ê- 2, ÷ (C) ç , 1÷ (D) none of these
ë 5ø è5 ø
D-9. Let x2 + (a - b) x + (1 - a - b) = 0, a, b Î R. The value of 'a' for which Roots are imaginary " b Î R is/are
(A) a > 1 (B) a > 2 (C) a < 1 (D) a Î f
Section (E) : Location of Roots
E-1. If b > a, then the equation (x – a) (x - b) - 1 = 0, has:
(A) both roots in [a, b] (B) both roots in (- ¥, a)
(C) both roots in [b, ¥) (D) one root in (- ¥, a) & other in (b, ¥)
E-2. All the values of m for which both the roots of the equation x 2 – 2mx + m 2 – 1 = 0 are greater than –2 but less
than 4 lie in the interval
(A) –2 < m < 0 (B) m > 3 (C) – 1 < m < 3 (D) 1 < m < 4

E-3. If x1, x2 be the roots of 4x2 – 16x + l = 0, where l Î R, such that 1 < x 1 < 2 and 2 < x 2 < 3, then the number
of integral solutions of l is
(A) 5 (B) 6 (C) 2 (D) 3
E-4. The real values of 'a', so that the roots of the equation
(a2 – a + 2) x2 + 2(a – 3) x + 9 (a4 – 16) = 0 are of opposite sign is/are.
(A) a Î (–2, 2) (B) a Î (–4, –2) (C) a Î (2, 7) (D) a Î (7, 9)
E-5. The values of a for which one root of equation (a – 5)x – 2ax + a – 4 = 0 is smaller than 1 and other greater
2

than 2 is/are.
(A) 5 > a (B) a < 24 (C) 5 < a < 24 (D) a < 27
Section (F) : Common Roots
F-1. If 3x2 – 17x + 10 = 0 and x2 – 5x + b = 0 has a common root, then sum of all possible real values of b is

29 26 29
(A) 0 (B) - (C) (D)
9 9 3
F-2. If the equations x2 + a x + 12 = 0, x2 + b x + 15 = 0 & x 2 + (a + b) x + 36 = 0 have a common positive root,
then
(A) ab = 26 (B) a + b = – 15 (C) ab = 30 (D) a + b = 15.
F-3. If ax + bx + c = 0 and cx + bx + a = 0 have a common root and a, b, c are non-zero real numbers, then the
2 2

a3 + b3 + c 3
value of is.
abc
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5

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PART-III : MATCH THE COLUMN

1. Ifax2 + bx + c = 0 where a ¹ 0 is satisfied by a, b, a2 and b2, where ab ¹ 0. Let set S be the set of all
possible unordered pairs (a, b).
Then match the following lists:
Column-I Column-II
(A) The number of elements in set S is (P) 2
(B) The sum of all possible values of (a + b) (Q) 3
of the pair (a , b) in set S is
(C) The sum of all possible values of ab of (R) 4
the pair (a , b) in set S is
(D) The sum of all possible values of a2 + b2 of (S) 1
of the pair (a, b) in set S is, where a,b Î R is
2. If graph of the expression f(x) = ax 2 + bx + c (a ¹ 0) are given in column-II, then Match the items in column-
I with in column-II (where D = b2 – 4ac)
Column-I Column-II

abc
(A) <0 (P)
D

abc
(B) >0 (Q)
D

(C) abc < 0 (R)

(D) abc > 0 (S)

3. Match the following.

Column-I Column-II
(A) If x2 + x– a = 0 has integral roots and a Î N, (P) 2
then a can be equal to
(B) If the equation ax2 + 2bx + 4c = 16 has no real (Q) 12
roots and a + c > b + 4 then integral value of c
may be equal to
(C) If x2 + 2bx + 9b – 14 = 0, has only negative roots, (R) 72
then integral values of b may be
(D) Find the value of the expression 2x 3 + 2x2 – 7x + 72 (S) 20
-1 + 15
when x =
2
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PART-I : OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

1. If a, b are the roots of ax 2 + bx + c = 0 (a ¹ 0) and a + k, b + k are the roots of,
Ax 2 + Bx + C = 0 (A ¹ 0) for some constant k, then

1 æB bö 1 æb + B ö b 2 - 4ac B 2 -4AC b2 + 4ac B2 + 4AC

(A) k = ç - ÷ (B) k = ç ÷ (C) = (D) =
2 èA aø 2 èa A ø a2 A2 a2 A2
2. Let a, b be the roots of the equation x2 + ax + b = 0 and g, d be the roots of x2 – ax + b – 2 = 0. If abgd = 24
1 1 1 1 5
and + + + = , then the value of a is.
a b g d 12
(A) 5 (B) 8 (C) 9 (D) 10
3. If one root of the equation 4x 2 + 2x – 1 = 0 is ‘a’, then

-2 + 5 1+ 5
(A) a can be equal to (B) a can be equal to
4 4
(C) other root is 4a3 – 3a. (D) other root is 4a3 + 3a
4. If a, b are roots of x2 + 3x + 1 = 0, then
(A) (7 – a) (7 – b) = 0 (B) (2 – a) (2 – b) = 10
2 2
a2 b2 æ a ö æ b ö
(C) + =–2 (D) ç ÷ +ç ÷ = 16
3a + 1 3b + 1 è 1 + b ø è a + 1ø
5. If a, b, c, d Î R, then equaton (x 2 + ax + 4b) (x 2 – cx – 2b) (x 2 – 2dx + 3b) = 0 has
(A) 6 real roots (B) at least two real roots
(C) 2 real and 4 imaginary roots (D) 4 real and 2 imaginary roots

6. If a, b are the real and distinct roots of x 2 + lx + m = 0 and a4, b 4 are the roots of x 2 – nx + t = 0, then
the equation x 2 – 4mx + 2m 2 – n = 0 has always
(A) two non real roots (B) two negative roots
(C) two positive roots (D) one positive root and one negative root
7. If one root of the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 is equal to qth power of the other root, then
(A) (acq)1/(q – 1) + (aqc)1/(q – 1) + b = 0. (B) (acq)1/(q + 1) – (aqc)1/(q + 1) + b = 0.
(C) (acq)1/(q + 1) + (aqc)1/(q + 1) + b = 0. (D) (acq)1/(q + 1) + (aqc)1/(q + 1) – b = 0.
8. Let a, b, c Î R with a > 0 such that the equation ax2 + bcx + b3 + c3 – 4abc = 0 has non-real roots.
If P(x) = ax2 + bx + c and Q(x) = ax 2 + cx + b, then
(A) P(x) > 0 for all x Î R and Q (x) < 0 for all x Î R
(B) P(x) < 0 for all x Î R and Q (x) > 0 for all x Î R
(C) neither P(x) > 0 for all x Î R nor Q(x) > 0 for all x Î R
(D) exactly one of P(x) or Q(x) is positive for all real x
9. If the roots of the equation x 3 + Px 2 + Qx - 19 = 0 are each one more than the roots of the equaton
A +B+ C
x 3 - Ax 2 + Bx - C = 0, where A, B, C, P & Q are constants, then find the value of :-
10
(A) 1.8 (B) 2.8 (C) 1.9 (D) 2.9
10. If one root of the equation t2 – (12x)t – (f(x) + 64x) = 0 is twice of other, then the maximum value of the function
f(x), where x Î R is.
(A) 28 (B) 30 (C) 32 (D) 34
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2x
11. Consider y = , where x is real, then find the range of expression y 2 + 3y - 1 :-
1 + x2

é 9 ù é 9 ù é 9 ù
(A) ê – , 0ú (B) ê , 0 ú (C) [ – 3, 3] (D) ê – , 0ú
ë 2 û ë 4 û ë 8 û

ax 2 + 3x - 4
12. The values of a for which the expression assumes all real values for real values of x.
3x - 4x 2 + a
(A) [1,7] (B) (1,7] (C) (1,7) (D) [1,7)

13. The range of a for which the equation x 2 + ax – 4 = 0 has its smaller root in the interval (–1, 2) is
(A) (– ¥, –3) (B) (0, 3) (C) (0, ¥) (D) (–¥, –3) È (0, ¥).

14. The set of values of a for which ax 2 + (a – 2) x – 2 is negative for exactly two integral x, is
(A) (0, 2) (B) [1, 2) (C) (1, 2] (D) (0, 2]

15. If there exists at least one common x which satisfies the equations x 2 + 3x + 5 = 0 and ax2 + bc + c = 0; a,
b, c Î N, then the minimum value of a + b + c is
(A) 6 (B) 7 (C) 8 (D) 9

16. If x3 + 3x 2 – 9x + c is of the form (x – a)2 (x – b), then c can be equal to

(A) 27 (B) – 27 (C) 8 (D) –5

17. The complete set of values of the parameter a for which the equation
(x2 + 4x + 6)2 – (a – 3) (x2 + 4x + 6) (x2 + 4x + 5) + (a – 4) (x 2 + 4x + 5)2 = 0 has at least one real solution
belong to
(A) (9, 12] (B) (5, 6] (C) (7, 8] (D) (3, 5]

18. If the equation ax2 + bx + c = x has no real roots, then the equation a(ax 2 + bx + c)2 + b(ax 2 + bx + c) + c
= x will have
(A) four real roots (B) no real root
(C) at least two real roots (D) None of these

19. If f(x) is cubic polynomial with real coefficients, a < b < g and x1 < x2 be such that f(a) = f(b) = f(g) = f¢ (x1) =
f ¢ (x2) = 0 then possible graph of y = f(x) is (assuming y-axis vertical)

(A) (B)

=
(C) (D)

20. Consider the following statements.

S1 : The equation 2x 2 + 3x + 1 = 0 has irrational roots.
3 4 5
S2 : Let f(x) = + + , then f(x) = 0 has exactly one real root in (3, 4)
x-2 x-3 x-4
S3 : If x 2 + 3x + 5 = 0 and ax 2 + bx + c = 0 have a common root and a, b, c Î N, then the minimum value
of (a + b + c) is 10.
S4 : The value of the biquadratic expression x 4 - 8 x 3 + 18 x 2 - 8 x + 2, when x = 2 + 3 , is 2
Which of the following is/are CORRECT ?
(A) S1 (B) S2 (C) S3 (D) S4

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21. If the equation x2 + 9y2 – 4x + 3 = 0 is satisfied for real values of x and y, then

æ 1 1ö æ 1 1ö
(A) x Î (1, 3) & y Î ç – , ÷ (B) x Î (–1, 3) & y Î ç – , ÷
è 3 3ø è 3 3ø
æ 1 1ö æ 1 1ö
(C) x Î (1, 4) & y Î ç – , ÷ (D) x Î (–1, 4) & y Î ç – , ÷
è 3 3ø è 3 3ø

PART-II : NUMERICAL QUESTIONS

1. If the equation x2 + 2ax + a2 – 1 = 0 and x2 + 2bx + b2 – 1 = 0 have a common root (a > b), then the value

2a2 – 4ab – (a – b) + (a – b)b2

of the expression is :-
4
a2 b2 p 4 4p2 5l
2. If a and b be the roots of the equation x2 – px + q = 0, and + = – + , then find the value of l
b2 a 2 q 2 q 3

3. Given that x2 – 3x + 1 = 0, then find the value of the expression y =

(x 9
+ x 7 + x –9 + x –7 )
100

4. If a, b are the roots of x 2 + px + 1 = 0 and c, d are the roots of x 2 + qx + 1 = 0. Then find the value of
7
[(q2 - p2)/(a - c) (b - c) (a + d)(b + d)]
3

5. If a > b > 0 and a3 + b 3 + 27ab = 729 then the quadratic equation ax 2 + bx – 9 = 0 has roots
6b – aa
a, b (a < b), then find the value of .
10

( ) ( )
x 2 -15 x 2 -15
6. If the product of all real values of x satisfying a + b + a- b = 2a, where a2 – b = 1 is 100k then
find k.

7. If a, b are the roots of the equation ax2 + bx c = 0 and Sn = an + bn (n ³ 2), then find aSn + 1 + bSn + cSn – 1

8. If roots of the equation x 2 – 10ax – 11b = 0 are c and d and those of x2 – 10cx – 11d = 0 are a and b, then find
a + b + c + d
the value of . (where a, b, c, d are all distinct numbers)
100

9. If one root of equation (l – m) x 2 + lx + 1 = 0 be double of the other and if l be real, then the find
maximum value of m
5 13
10. Let P(x) = – 6x – 9x2 and Q (y) = – 4y2 + 4y + . If there exists unique pair of real numbers
3 2
(x, y) such that P(x) Q(y) = 20, then the value of 3(x + y) is

11. If a, b, c are non-zero real numbers, then find minimum v alue of the expression
æ (a 4 + 3a 2 + 1)(b4 + 5b 2 + 1)(c 4 + 7c2 + 1) ö
ç ÷
è 10a 2 b2 c 2 ø
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12. Let f(x) = x 3 + x + 1. Suppose P(x) be a cubic polynomial such that P(0) = – 1 and the zeros of P(x) are the
P(4)
squares of the roots of f(x) = 0. Then find value of is
10

13. If f(x) is a polynomial of degree four with leading coefficient one satisfying f(1) = 1, f(2) = 2, f(3) = 3, then find
f(–1) + f(5)
f(0) + f(4)

14. The equations x 3 + 5x 2 + qx + p = 0 and x 3 + 7x 2 + qx + s = 0 have two roots in common. If the third root

(x 1 + x 2 ) 2
of each equation is represented by x 1 and x 2 respectively, then find
10

15. All the values of k for which the quadratic polynomial f(x) = – 2x 2 + kx + k2 + 5 has two distinct zeros and only
one of them satisfying 0 < x < 2, lie in the interval (a, b). Find the value of (a + 10b).
a+b
16. If (y2 – 5y + 3) (x2 + x + 1) < 2x for all x Î R, then the interval in which y lies is (a, b). Find
2
x +1
17. If the range of function f(x) = contains the interval [0, 1], then find the maximum value of k.
k + x2

18. The values of k, for which the equation x 2 + 2 (k - 1) x + k + 5 = 0 possess atleast one positive root, are
6b
(– ¥, – b] then find the value of .
5

19. The equations x 2 - ax + b = 0, x 3 - px 2 + qx = 0, where a, b, p, q Î R – {0} have one common root & the
ap
second equation has two equal roots. Find value of .
8(q + b)

20. The condition on a, b, c, d such that equations 2ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0 and 2ax 2 + 3bx + 4c = 0 have a
common root is (ad + 4bc)2 = l (bd + 4c2) (b2 – ac) then find l :-

21. If P(x) = x 2 + 2xy + 2x + my – 3 have two linear factor for two values of m which are m 1 and m2 then find

m 12 + m 22
4(m 1 + m 2 )

PART - III : ONE OR MORE THAN ONE CORRECT OPTIONS

1. If both the roots of the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 have negative real parts then
(A) a > 0, b > 0 & c > 0 (B) a < 0, b < 0 & c < 0
(C) a > 0, b > 0 & c < 0 (D) a < 0, b > 0 & c > 0

2. Consider the quadratic equation (a + c – b)x2 + 2cx + (b + c – a) = 0 where a, b, c are distinct real number and
a + c – b ¹ 0. If both the roots of the equation are rational then the numbers which must be rational are
c b+c–a b2
(A) a, b, c (B) (C) (D)
a–b a+c-b c-a

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3. If a, b are the roots of the equation l(x2 – x) + x + 5 = 0 and if l1 and l2 are the two values of l for which the
a b 4
roots a, b are connected by the relation + = , then
b a 5

l1 l 2 l1 l 2 l12 l 22 l12 l 22
(A) + + + +
l 2 l1 = 252 (B)
l 2 l1 = 254 (C)
l 2 l1
= 4042 (D)
l 2 l1
= 4048

4. If a, b are the roots of equation x 2 – p(x + 1) – c = 0, then

(A) (a + 1) (b + 1) = 1 – c (B) (a + 1) (b + 1) = 1 + c.
a2 + 2a + 1 b2 + 2b + 1 a2 + 2a + 1 b2 + 2b + 1
(C) 2 + =1 (D) 2 + = –1
a + 2a + c b2 + 2b + c a + 2a + c b2 + 2b + c

5. The equation (ay – bx)2 + 4xy = 0 has rational solutions x, y for

(A) a = 1/2, b = 2 (B) a = 4, b = 1/8 (C) a = 1, b = 3/4 (D) a = 2, b = 1

6. f(x) = ax2 + bx + c = 0 has real roots and its coefficients are odd positive integers then
(A) f(x) = 0 always has irrational roots
(B) discriminant is a perfect square
(C) if ac = 1, then equation must have exactly one root 'a' such that a Î (–1, 0)
(D) Equation f(x) = 0 has rational roots

7. Let a and b be roots of x2 – 6((sint)2 – 2sint + 2)x – 2 = 0

with a > b. If an = an – bn for n ³ 1, then
a100 - 2a 98
(A) the minimum value of (where t Î R) 6
a 99

a100 - 2a 98
(B) the minimum value of (where t Î R) 7
a 99

a100 - 2a 98
(C) the maximum value of (where t Î R) 36
a 99

a100 - 2a 98
(D) the maximum value of (where t Î R) 30
a 99

8. Let 'm' be a real number, and suppose that two of the three solutions of the cubic equation x3 + 3x2 – 34x = m differ
by 1. Then possible value of 'm' is/are
(A) 120 (B) 80 (C) – 48 (D) –32

9. The real numbers x1, x2, x3 satisfying the equation x 3 – x 2 + bx + g = 0 are in A.P. if
1 1 1 1
(A) b £ (B) b > (C) g ³ – (D) g < –
3 3 27 27

10. If – 5 + ib, – 5 + ig, b2 ¹ g2 ; b, g Î R are roots of x3 + 15x2 + cx + 860 = 0, c Î R, then

(A) c = 222
(B) all the three roots are imaginary
(C) two roots are imaginary but not complex conjugate of each other.
(D) – 5 + 7i 3 , – 5 – 7i 3 are imaginary roots.

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a b
11. If a, b are the roots of the equation x2 + px + q = 0 and also of the equation x 2n + pnxn + qn = 0 and , are
b a
the roots of the equation x n + 1 + (x + 1)n = 0 then n can be
(A) 4 (B) 3 (C) 12 (D) 2
12. If a, b, g, d are the roots of the equation x 4 - Px 3 + Px 2 + Qx + R = 0, where P, Q & R are real numbers,
then
(A) the minimum value of a2 + b 2 + g2 + d2 is – 1
(B) the minimum value of a2 + b 2 + g2 + d2 is – 2
(C) the minimum value of a2 + b 2 + g2 + d2 occure at P = 1
(D) the minimum value of a2 + b 2 + g2 + d2 occure at P = 2

13. The inequation, 1 + log5(x2 + 1) ³ log5(ax 2 + 4x + a) is valid for all real x then
(A) maximum value of a is 3 (B) maximum value of a is 5
(C) minimum value of a is 2 (D) minimum value of a is 3

14. If the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, a, b, c Î R have non real roots, then

(A) c(a – b + c) > 0 (B) c(a + b + c) > 0
(C) c (4a – 2a + c) > 0 (D) none of these

(x – a)(x - b)
15. For real x, the function will assume all real values provided
x-c
(A) a > b > c (B) a < b < c (C) a > c > b (D) a < c < b
16. Let P(x) = x64 – x45 + x36 – x21 + x20 – x17 + 1. Which of the following are CORRECT ?
(A) Number of negative roots of P(x) = 0 are zero.
(B) Number of imaginary roots of P(x) = 0 are 64.
(C) Number of real roots of P(x) = 0 are zero.
(D) Number of imaginary roots of P(x) + P(–x) = 0 are 64.
17. If a < b < c < d, then the equation (x – a) (x – c) + 2 (x – b) (x – d) = 0 have
(A) real and distinct roots (B) exactly one root between (a, b)
(C) exactly one root betwen (c, d) (D) both the roots between (a, d)
18. Let x1 < a < b < g < x4, x1 < x2 < x3. If f(x) is a cubic polynomial with real coefficients such that
(f(a))2 + (f(b))2 + (f(g))2 = 0, f(x1) f(x2) < 0, f(x2) f(x3) < 0 and f(x 1) f(x3) > 0 then which of the following are
CORRECT ?
(A) a Î (x1, x2), b Î (x2, x3) and g Î (x3, x4) (B) a Î (x1, x3), b, g Î (x3, x4)
(C) a, b Î (x1, x2) and g Î (x4, ¥) (D) a Î (x1, x3), b Î (x2, x3) and g Î (x2, x4)

19. Let p, q Î I, such that p2 – 3p2q2 = 30q2 + 517 then -

(A) 3p2q2 = 488 (B) 3p2q2 = 588 (C) 3p2 + q2 = 51 (D) 3q2 + p2 = 61
20. If x2 – (a – 3) x + a = 0 has at least one positive root then a may belong to
(A) (– ¥, 0) (B) (– ¥, 0) È [7, ¥) (C) [9, ¥) (D) (– ¥, 0) È [10, ¥)

21. Suppose that the three quadratic equation ax2 – 2bx + c = 0, bx 2 – 2cx + a = 0 and cx 2 – 2ax + b = 0 all have
only postive roots. Then
(A) b2 = ca (B) c2 = ab (C) a2 = bc (D) a = b = c
22. If x2 + lx + 1 = 0, l Î (–2 , 2) and 4x3 + 3x + 2c = 0 have a common root then c + l can be
1 1 3
(A) (B) – (C) 0 (D)
2 2 2
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23. If every pair from among the equations x 2 + ax + bc = 0, x 2 + bx + ca = 0, and x2 + cx + ab = 0 has a common
root, where a, b, c are non zero numbers, then
(A) the sum of the three common roots is –(1/2) (a + b + c)
(B) the sum of the three common roots is 2(a + b + c)
(C) one of the values of the product of the three common roots is abc
(D) the product of the three common roots is a2b2c2

24. If a, b, g are real and a2 + b 2 + g2 = 1, then ab + bg + ga may lies in the interval:

é 1 ù
(A) [3, 4] (B) [4, 5] (C) ê - , 1ú (D) [–1, 2]
ë 2 û
25. Consider the equation 3x4 – 8x3 – 6x2 + 24x – l = 0
(A) If the equation have one solution in (0, ¥) then l Î (0, 8) È (13. ¥)
(B) If the equation has two solution in (1, ¥) then l Î (8, 13)
(C) If the equation has three solution in (–1, ¥) then l Î (8, 13)
(D) If the equation has four solution in (–1, ¥) then l Î (8, 13)

PART - IV : COMPREHENSION

COMPREHENSION - 1
af(µ) < 0 is the necessary and sufficient condition for a particular real number µ to lie between the roots of
quadratic equation f(x) = 0, where f(x) = ax 2 + bx + c. Again if f(µ1) f(µ2) < 0, then exactly one of the roots will
lie between µ1 and µ2.
1. If (b)2 > (a + c)2, then
(A) one root of f(x) = 0 is positive, the other is negative
(B) exactly one of the roots of f(x) = 0 lies in (–1,1)
(C) 1 lies between the roots of f(x) = 0
(D) both the roots of f(x) = 0 are less than 1
2. If a (a + b + c) < 0 < (a + b + c)c, then
(A) one root is less than 0, the other is greater than 1
(B) exactly one of the roots lies in (0, 1)
(C) both the root lie in (0, 1)
(D) at least one of the roots lies in (0,1)
3. If (a + b + c)c < 0 < a(a + b + c), then
(A) one root is less than 0, the other is greater than 1
(B) one root lies in (–¥, 0) and other in (0, 1)
(C) both the roots lie in (0, 1)
(D) one root lies in (0, 1) and other in (1, ¥)
COMPREHENSION - 2
Consider the equation x 4 + 2lx 2 + 8 = 0. This can be solved by substituting x 2 = t such equations are
called as pseudo quadratic equations.
4. If the equation has only two real roots, then set of values of l is
(A) (–¥, –2 2) (B) (–2 2 ,2 2) (C) {2 2} (D) f

5. If the equation has four real and distinct roots, then l lies in the interval
(A) (–¥, –6) È (2 2 , ¥) (B) (0, ¥)

(C) (–¥, –2 2) (D) (–¥, –6)

6. If the equation has no real root, then l lies in the interval
(A) (–¥, 0) (B) (–¥, – 2) (C) (6, ¥) (D) (–2 2 , ¥)
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COMPREHENSION - 3
To solve equation of type,
ax2m + bx2m – 1 + cx2m – 2 + ......... + kxm + ......... + cx2 + bx + a = 0, (a ¹ 0) ® (I)
divide by xm and rearrange terms to obtain

æ 1 ö æ 1 ö æ 1 ö
a ç x m + m ÷ + b ç xm -1 + m -1 ÷ + c ç xm -2 + m-2 ÷ + ......... + k = 0
è x ø è x ø è x ø
Substitutions like
1 1
t=x+ or t = x – helps transforming equation into a reduced degree equation.
x x

7. Roots of equation x 4 – 8x3 + 17x2 – 8x + 1 = 0 are

–3 ± 5 5 ± 21 3 ± 5 5 ± 21
(A) , (B) ,
2 2 2 2

–3 ± 5 –5 ± 21 3 ± 5 –5 ± 21
(C) , (D) ,
2 2 2 2

8. Roots of equation x5 – 5x4 + 9x3 – 9x2 + 5x – 1 = 0 are

3 ± 5 1± i 3 5± 3 3± i
(A) 1, , (B) 1, ,
2 2 2 2

3± 5 3± i 5 ± 3 1± i 3
(C) 1, , (D) 1, ,
2 2 2 2

9. If (x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 3)(x + 6) = 3x2, then the equation has

(A) all imaginary roots (B) two imaginary and two rational roots
(C) All rational roots (D) Two imaginary and two irrational roots

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PART - I : JEE (ADVANCED) / IIT-JEE PROBLEMS (PREVIOUS YEARS)

* Marked Questions may have more than one correct option.
1. Let p and q be real numbers such that p ¹ 0, p3 ¹ q and p3 ¹ – q. If a and b are nonzero complex numbers

a b
satisfying a + b = – p and a3 + b3 = q, then a quadratic equation having and as its roots is
b a
[IIT-JEE 2010, Paper-1, (3, –1)/ 84]
(A) (p3 + q) x2 – (p3 + 2q)x + (p3 + q) = 0
(B) (p3 + q) x2 – (p3 – 2q)x + (p3 + q) = 0
(C) (p3 – q) x2 – (5p3 – 2q)x + (p3 – q) = 0
(D) (p3 – q) x2 – (5p3 + 2q)x + (p3 – q) = 0
a10 - 2a 8
2. Let a and b be the roots of x2 – 6x – 2 = 0, with a > b . If an = an – bn for n ³ 1, then the value of
2a 9
is [IIT-JEE 2011, Paper-1, (3, –1), 80]
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

3. A value of b for which the equations [IIT-JEE 2011, Paper-2, (3, –1), 80]
x2 + bx – 1 = 0
x2 + x + b = 0
have one root in common is
(A) – 2 (B) – i 3 (C) i 5 (D) 2

4. The quadratic equation p(x) = 0 with real coefficients has purely imaginary roots. Then the equation
p(p(x)) = 0 has [JEE (Advanced) 2014, Paper-2, (3, –1)/60]
(A) only purely imaginary roots
(B) all real roots
(C) two real and two purely imaginary roots
(D) neither real nor purely imaginary roots

5. Let S be the set of all non-zero real numbers a such that the quadratic equation ax 2 – x + a = 0 has two
distinct real roots x 1 and x 2 satisfying the inequality |x 1 – x 2| < 1. Which of the following intervals is(are)
a subset(s) of S ? [JEE (Advanced) 2015, P-2 (4, –2)/ 80]

æ 1 1 ö æ 1 ö æ 1 ö æ 1 1ö
(A) çç – , – ÷
÷ (B) çç – , 0 ÷÷ (C) çç 0, ÷
÷ (D) çç , ÷÷
è 2 5ø è 5 ø è 5ø è 5 2ø

p p
6. Let - < q < - . Suppose a1 and b1 are the roots of the equation x 2 – 2xsecq + 1 = 0 and a2 and
6 12
b2 are the roots of the equation x 2 + 2xtanq – 1 = 0. If a1 > b1 and a2 > b2, then a1 + b2 equals
[JEE (Advanced) 2016-P-1]
(A) 2(secq – tanq) (B) 2secq (C) –2tanq (D) 0

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Comprehension (Q.7 to 8)
Let p,q be integers and let a,b be the roots of the equation, x 2 – x – 1 = 0, where a ¹ b . For
n = 0,1,2,...., let an = pan + qbn. [JEE (Advanced) 2017-P-2]
FACT : If a and b are rational numbers and a + b 5 = 0 , then a = 0 = b.
7. If a4 = 28, then p + 2q =
(A) 14 (B) 7 (C) 12 (D) 21
8. a12 =
(A) 2a11 + a10 (B) a11 – a10 (C) a11 + a10 (D) a11 + 2a10
9. Let a and b be the roots of x – x – 1 = 0, with a > b. For all positive integers n, define
2

a n - bn
an = , n ³1
a -b
b1 = 1 and bn = an–1 + an+1, n > 2.
Then which of the following options is/are correct ? [JEE (Advanced) 2019-P-1]
(A) a1 + a2 + a3 + ..... + an = an+2 – 1 for all n > 1
¥
an 10
(B) å 10
n =1
n
=
89
¥
bn 8
(C) å 10
n =1
n
=
89
(D) bn = an + bn for all n > 1

PART - II : JEE (MAIN) / AIEEE PROBLEMS (PREVIOUS YEARS)

1. Sachin and Rahul attempted to solve a quadratic equaiton. Sachin made a mistake in writing down the
constant term and ended up in roots (4, 3). Rahul made a mistake in writing down coefficient of x to get roots
(3, 2). The correct roots of equation are : [AIEEE- 2011, II, (4, –1), 120]
(1) 6, 1 (2) 4, 3 (3) –6 , –1 (4) –4 , –3

2. Let for a ¹ a1 ¹ 0, f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, g(x) = a1x2 + b1x + c1 and p(x) = f(x) – g(x). If p(x) = 0 only f or
x = –1 and p(–2) = 2, then the value of p(2) is : [AIEEE- 2011, II, (4, –1), 120]
(1) 3 (2) 9 (3) 6 (4) 18

3. The equation esinx – e–sinx – 4 = 0 has : [AIEEE- 2012 (4, –1), 120]
(1) infinite number of real roots (2) no real roots
(3) exactly one real root (4) exactly four real roots

4. If the equations x2 + 2x + 3 = 0 and ax 2 + bx + c = 0, a,b,c Î R, have a common root, then a : b : c is

[AIEEE - 2013, (4, –¼), 120]
(1) 1 : 2 : 3 (2) 3 : 2 : 1 (3) 1 : 3 : 2 (4) 3 : 1 : 2

5. If a Î R and the equation – 3(x – [x])2 + 2 (x – [x]) + a2 = 0 (where [x] denotes the greatest integer £ x) has
no intgeral solution, then all possible values of a lie in the interval :
[JEE(Main) 2014, (4, – ¼), 120]
(1) (–2, –1) (2) (–¥, –2) È (2, ¥) (3) (–1, 0) È (0, 1) (4) (1, 2)

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1 1
6. Let a and b be the roots of equation px2 + qx + r = 0, p ¹ 0. If p, q ,r are in the A.P. and + = 4, then the
a b
value of |a – b| is : [JEE(Main) 2014, (4, – ¼), 120]
34 2 13 61 2 17
(1) (2) (3) (4)
9 9 9 9
a10 – 2a 8
7. Let a and b be the roots of equation x2 – 6x – 2 = 0. If an = an – bn, for n ³ 1, then the value of is equal to
2a 9
:
[JEE(Main) 2015, (4, – ¼), 120]
(1) 6 (2) – 6 (3) 3 (4) –3

8. If both the roots of the quadratic equation x 2 – mx + 4 = 0 are real and distinct and they lie in the interval [1,5],
then m lies in the interval: [JEE(Main) 2019, Jan]
(1) (4,5) (2) (3,4) (3) (5,6) (4) (–5,–4)
9. The number of all possible positive integral values of a for which the roots of the quadratic equation,
6x2–11x+a = 0 are rational numbers is : [JEE(Main) 2019, Jan]
(1) 2 (2) 5 (3) 3 (4) 4

33
10. The least positive value of 'a' for which the equation 2x2 + (a – 10)x + = 2a has real roots is
2
[JEE-Mains - 2020(April)]

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Exercise # 1 SECTION-(E)

PART - I E-1. a Î (–¥,0] È (6,¥)

E-3. 2
SECTION-(A)
E-4. (–¥, – 2) È (1, ¥)
A-1 l = 2, No real value of x.
E-5. no value of a is
-19 9 E-6. –2<a<3
A-2 (i) (ii) A-3 4 E-7. (i) (2, ¥) (ii) (2, 15)
4 8
A-4 – (q + r) SECTION-(F)
A-5. 3x2 – 19x + 3 = 0. A-6. 3 F-1 a = 1, –2
F-3. 0
A-7. 3 A-8 27

SECTION-(B)
PART - II
B-1. (i) 17 (ii) –57 (iii) –2
SECTION-(A)
-4 3 -5
B-3. roots are ,- , , l = 121 A-1 (B) A-2 (B)
3 2 3
A-3 (B) A-4. (A)
B-4. x3 – 15x2 + 67x – 77 = 0. A-5. (B) A-6. (A)
B-5. 4 A-7. (D)
B-6. (i) –3 (ii) 15 (iii) –15 SECTION-(B)
SECTION-(C) B-1. (C) B-2. (B)
C-1. (– 8, 19) C-3 5a – b ³ –2 B-3. (A) B-4. (B)
B-5. (A) B-6. (C)
C-5. 5±2 6 C-6. [c2 – m2, c2)
SECTION-(C)
C-8. 2/3 C-12. {0, –2} C-1. (A) C-2. (A)
C-13. (i) 4, – 2 ± i 5 3 (ii) 3 or 4 C-3. (D) C-4. (B)
C-5. (B) C-6. (B)
C-14. –1 ± 3,–1± -1
SECTION-(D)
C-16. (i) (–120, –3) (ii) (–3, 5) È (8, ¥) (iii) (5, 8) D-1. (A) D-2. (D)
(iv) (–¥, –120)
D-3. (A) D-4. (B)
SECTION-(D) D-5. (B) D-6. (A)
D-2. (i) y Î [–4,¥) (ii) y Î [–4, 0] D-7. (A) D-8. (B)
D-9. (D)
(iii) y Î [–3, 5]
SECTION-(E)
é1 ù E-1. (D) E-2. (C)
D-3. (i)
ê 7 , 7ú (ii) [0, 1]
ë û E-3. (D) E-4. (A)
E-5. (C)
(iii) (–¥, 1) È [13, ¥)
SECTION-(F)
D-4. a<0
F-1. (C) F-2. (B)
D-5. 3
F-3. (B)

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JEE (Adv.)-Mathematics Quadratic Equation

PART - III PART - III

1. A ® q; B ® s; C ® s; D ® r 1. (A, B) 2. (B, C)
3. (B, D) 4. (A, C)
2. A ® s, p,q; B ® q; C ® s; D ® p, q, r
5. (A, C) 6. (A, C)
3. A®p,q,s,r ; B®q,s,r C®p,q,s,r ; D®r 7. (A, D) 8. (A, C)
9. (A, C) 10. (A, D)
Exercise # 2
11. (A, C) 12. (A, C)
PART - I 13. (A) 14. (A, B, C)
15. (C, D) 16. (A, B, C, D)
1. (C) 2. (A)
17. (A, B, C, D) 18. (A, D)
3. (C) 4. (C) 19. (B, D) 20. (A, C, D)
5. (B) 6. (D) 21. (A, B, C, D) 22. (A, B)
7. (C) 8. (D) 23. (A, B, C) 24. (C, D)
9. (A) 10. (C) 25. (A, B, C)

11. (C) 12. (C) PART - IV

13. (A) 14. (B) 1. (B) 2. (A)
15. (D) 16. (B) 3. (B) 4. (D)
5. (C) 6. (D)
17. (B) 18. (B)
7. (B) 8. (A)
19. (A) 20. (B) 9. (D)
21. (A)
Exercise # 3
PART - II PART - I
1. 1.5 2. 1.2 1. (B) 2. (C)
3. 66.21 4. 2.33 3. (B) 4. (D)
5. 1.5 6. 2.24 5. (A) 6. (C)
7. (C) 8. (C)
7. 0 8. 12.1
9. (A, B, D)
9. 1.125 10. 0.5
PART - II
11. 31.5 12. 9.9
1. (1) 2. (4)
13. 5.29 14. 14.4
3. (2) 4. (1)
15. 7 16. 2.5 5. (3) 6. (2)
17. 1.25 18. 1.2 7. (3) 8. (1)
19. 0.25 20. 4.5 9. (3) 10. 8.00
21. 2.5

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JEE (Adv.)-Mathematics Quadratic Equation

a2 b2
1. If ax + by = 1 and cx 2 + dy2 = 1 have only one solution, then prove that + = 1.
c d
2. Prove that roots of a2x 2 + (b2 + a2 - c2) x + b2 = 0 are not real, if a + b > c and ½a - b½ < c.
(where a, b, c are positive real numbers)

3. If a, b are two roots of the equation

(a - x) a - x + ( x - b) x - b
= a - b, then show that a2 + b2 = a2 + b2.
a- x + x -b

4. Let D 2 be the discriminant and a, b be the roots of the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0. Then find equation whose
roots are 2aa + D and 2a b – D.

5. If Vn= an + b n , where a, b are roots of equation x 2 + x – 1 = 0. Then prove that V n + Vn–3 = 2 Vn–2 and hence
evaluate V7 (n is a whole number)

6. a, b, c, d are four distinct real numbers and they are in A.P.

If 2(a – b) + x(b – c)2 + (c – a)3 = 2(a – d) + (b – d)2 + (c – d)3 then find the permissible values of x.

7. Find all ‘m’ for which f (x) º x 2 - (m - 3) x + m > 0 for all values of ‘x’ in [1, 2].

8. If the roots of the equation ax2 – 2bx + c = 0 are imaginary, find the number of real roots of

4ex + (a + c)2 (x3 + x) = 4b2 x.

2
æ x2 ö æ x2 ö
9. ( 2
Show that 4a - 1 ç 2 )÷ + 2 4a 2
- 1 (
ç 2 )
÷ + 4 = 0 can’t have real roots for any real ‘a’.
è x + 1ø è x + 1ø

10. If a, b; b, g and g, a are the roots of a i x 2 + b i x + c i = 0 ; i = 1, 2, 3 then show that

1
ìï 3 æ a - b + c öüï 2
Õ
(a + b + g ) + (ab + bg + ag )+ abg = ± í çç i ai i ÷÷ý - 1
ïî i = 1 è i øïþ
11. 2 2
The equations ax + bx + c = 0 and cx + bx + a = 0 have a common root and the difference of their other roots

a
is one. Then show that |ac| = |a2 – c2|. Hence or otherwise find the maximum and minimum value of .
c

12. If the quadratic equations x 2 + abx + c = 0 and x 2 + acx + b = 0 have a common root, then find the
equation containing their other roots.
13. Suppose that a1 > a2 > a3 > a4 > a5 > a6 and

p = a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 + a5 + a6

q = a1a3 + a3a5 + a5a1 + a2a4 + a4a6 + a6a2

r = a1a3a5 + a2a4a6 ,

then show that roots of the equation 2x3 – px2 + qx – r = 0 are real.

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JEE (Adv.)-Mathematics Quadratic Equation
14. If b + cos2a, b + sin2a are the roots of x2 + 2bx + c = 0 and g + cos4a, g + sin4a are the roots of X2 + 2BX + C = 0,
then prove that b2 – B2 = c – C.
15. Find the fifth degree polynomial which leaves remainder 1 when divided by (x – 1)3 and remainder –1 when
divided by (x + 1)3 ?
16. If roots of the quadratic equation x2 – (2n + 18)x – n – 11 = 0, n Î set of integers, are rational, then find the
value(s) of n.
17. Find the set of values of 'a' if (x 2 + x)2 + a (x 2 + x) + 4 = 0 has
(i) all four real & distinct roots.
(ii) four roots in which only two roots are real and distinct.
(iii) all four imaginary roots.
(iv) four real roots in which only two are equal.
18. How many quadratic equations are there which are unchanged by squaring their roots ?
19. Let P(x) = x5 + x2 + 1 have zeros a1, a2, a3, a4, a5 and Q(x) = x2 – 2, then find
5 5 5
(i) Õ Q(ai ) (ii) å Q( ai ) (iii) å å
1 £ i < j £5
Q( ai ) Q( a j ) (iv) å Q (a )
2
i
i =1 i=1 i=1

20. If a, b, c are non–zero, unequal rational numbers then prove that the roots of the equation
(abc 2)x 2 + 3a2 cx + b2 cx – 6a2 – ab + 2b2 = 0 are rational.
21. If a, b, c represents sides of a D then prove that equation x 2 – (a2 + b2 + c2)x + a2b2 + b2c2 + c2a2 = 0 has
imaginary roots.
22. Let x1, x2, x3 satisfying the equation x 3 – x2 + bx + g = 0 are in G.P where (x 1, x2, x3 > 0) then find the interval
in which b and g lie.
23. If x 1 is a root of ax 2 + bx + c = 0, x 2 is a root of - ax 2 + bx + c = 0 where 0 < x 1 < x 2, show that the equation
ax 2 + 2 bx + 2c = 0 has a root x 3 satisfying 0 < x 1 < x 3 < x 2.
24. Find the value of parameters ‘a’ for which equation x 4 – (a + 1) x 3 + x2 + (a + 1)x – 2 = 0 have at least two distinct
positive real roots.
25. Find the number of positive real roots of x 4 – 4x – 1 = 0.
26. I f a, b, c are posi t i v e r eal nu m bers such t hat a > b > c and t he quadrat i c equat i on
(a + b – 2c)x 2 + (b + c – 2a)x + (c + a – 2b) = 0 has a root in the interval (–1, 0), then prove that the
equation x 2 + (a + c) x + 4b2 = 0 cannot have real roots.
27. If a, b2 are integers, b2 is non-zero multiple of 3 and a + ib, – 2a are roots of x3 + ax2 + bx – 316 = 0,
a, b, b Î R, then find a, b.

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JEE (Adv.)-Mathematics Quadratic Equation

4. x 2 + 2b x + b2 = 0 or x 2 + 2bx – 3b2 + 16 ac = 0 5. –29

6. x Î (–¥, –8] È [16, ¥) 7. (- ¥, 10) 8. 1

-1 + 5 1+ 5
11. Minimum value = and maximum value = 12. x 2 - a (b + c) x + a2bc = 0
2 2

1
15. f (x) = (3x 5 - 10x 3 + 15x) 16. n = –8 or –11
8

æ 65 ö æ 65 ö
17. (i) a Î (– ¥, – 4) (ii) a Î çè , ¥÷ø (iii) a Î ç - 4, ÷ (iv) a Î f
4 è 4 ø

18. 4 19. (i) – 23 (ii) – 10 (iii) 40 (iv) 20

1
22. 0<b < and g < 0 24. a Î [2 2 – 1, ¥) 25. 1 27. a = 0, b = 63
3

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