Unit 08

MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION & BINOMIAL

THEOREM
Binomial Theorem:
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
(𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑛 = ( ) 𝑎𝑛 𝑏 0 + ( ) 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑏1 + ( ) 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑏 2 + ( ) 𝑎𝑛−3 𝑏3 + ⋯ + ( ) 𝑎1 𝑏 𝑛−1 + ( ) 𝑎0 𝑏 𝑛
0 1 2 3 𝑛−1 𝑛

Or
𝑛
𝑛
(𝑎 + 𝑏) = ∑ ( ) 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑏 𝑟
𝑛
𝑟
𝑟=0

Where ′𝑎′ and ′𝑏′ are real numbers, and ′𝑛′ is positive integer.

EXERCISE 8.2

1. Using binomial theorem, expand the following

i. (𝒂 + 𝟐𝒃)𝟓

Solution:

5 5 5 5 5
(𝑎 + 2𝑏)5 = ( ) (𝑎)5 (2𝑏)0 + ( ) (𝑎)4 (2𝑏)1 + ( ) (𝑎)3 (2𝑏)2 + ( ) (𝑎)2 (2𝑏)3 + ( ) (𝑎)1 (2𝑏)4
0 1 2 3 4
5
+ ( ) (𝑎)0 (2𝑏)5
5

= (1 × 𝑎5 × 1) + (5 × 𝑎4 × 2𝑏) + (10 × 𝑎3 × 4𝑏 2 ) + (10 × 𝑎2 × 8𝑏 3 ) + (5 × 𝑎 × 16𝑏4 )

+ (1 × 1 × 32𝑏 5 )

= 𝑎𝟓 + 10𝑎4 𝑏 + 40𝑎3 𝑏2 + 80𝑎2 𝑏3 + 80𝑎𝑏 4 + 32𝑏 5

𝒙 𝟐 𝟔
ii. (𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐)

Solution:

𝑥 2 6 6 𝑥 6 2 0 6 𝑥 5 2 1 6 𝑥 4 2 2 6 𝑥 3 2 3
( − 2 ) = ( ) ( ) (− 2 ) + ( ) ( ) (− 2 ) + ( ) ( ) (− 2 ) + ( ) ( ) (− 2 )
2 𝑥 0 2 𝑥 1 2 𝑥 2 2 𝑥 3 2 𝑥
2 4 1 5 0 6
6 𝑥 2 6 𝑥 2 6 𝑥 2
+ ( ) ( ) (− 2 ) + ( ) ( ) (− 2 ) + ( ) ( ) (− 2 )
4 2 𝑥 5 2 𝑥 6 2 𝑥

𝑥6 𝑥5 2 𝑥4 4 𝑥3 8 𝑥 2 16
= (1 × × 1) + (−6 × × 2 ) + (15 × × 4 ) + (−20 × × 6 ) + (15 × × 8 )
64 32 𝑥 16 𝑥 8 𝑥 4 𝑥
1
𝑥 32 64
+ (−6 × × 10 ) + (1 × 1 × 12 )
2 𝑥 𝑥

𝑥 6 3 3 15 20 60 96 64
= − 𝑥 + − 3 + 6 − 9 + 12
64 8 4 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
 𝒙 𝟒
iii. (𝟑𝒂 − )
𝟑𝒂

Solution:

𝑥 4 4 𝑥 0 4 𝑥 1 4 𝑥 2 4 𝑥 3
(3𝑎 − ) = ( ) (3𝑎)4 (− ) + ( ) (3𝑎)3 (− ) + ( ) (3𝑎)2 (− ) + ( ) (3𝑎)1 (− )
3𝑎 0 3𝑎 1 3𝑎 2 3𝑎 3 3𝑎
4 𝑥 4
+ ( ) (3𝑎)0 (− )
4 3𝑎

𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
= (1 × 81𝑎4 × 1) + (−4 × 27𝑎3 × ) + (6 × 9𝑎2 × 2 ) + (−4 × 3𝑎 × ) + (1 × 1 × )
3𝑎 9𝑎 27𝑎3 81𝑎4

4𝑥 3 𝑥4
= 81𝑎4 − 36𝑎2 𝑥 + 6𝑥 2 − +
9𝑎2 81𝑎4

𝒙 𝟕
iv. (𝟐𝒂 − 𝒂)

Solution:

𝑥 7 7 𝑥 0 7 𝑥 1 7 𝑥 2 7 𝑥 3
(2𝑎 − ) = ( ) (2𝑎)7 (− ) + ( ) (2𝑎)6 (− ) + ( ) (2𝑎)5 (− ) + ( ) (2𝑎)4 (− )
𝑎 0 𝑎 1 𝑎 2 𝑎 3 𝑎
7 𝑥 4 7 𝑥 5 7 𝑥 6 7 𝑥 7
+ ( ) (2𝑎)3 (− ) + ( ) (2𝑎)2 (− ) + ( ) (2𝑎)1 (− ) + ( ) (2𝑎)0 (− )
4 𝑎 5 𝑎 6 𝑎 7 𝑎

𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3
= (1 × 128𝑎7 × 1) + (−7 × +64𝑎6 × ) + (21 × 32𝑎5 × 2 ) + (−35 × 16𝑎4 × 3 )
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
4 5 6
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥7
+ (35 × 8𝑎3 × 4 ) + (−21 × 4𝑎2 × 5 ) + (7 × 2𝑎1 × 6 ) + (−1 × 1 × 7 )
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎

𝑥4 𝑥5 𝑥6 𝑥7
= 128𝑎7 − 448𝑎3 𝑥 + 672𝑎3 𝑥 2 − 560𝑎𝑥 3 + 280 − 84 3 + 14 5 − 7
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎

𝒙 𝟐𝒚 𝟖
v. (𝟐𝒚 − 𝒙
)

Solution:

𝑥 2𝑦 8 8 𝑥 8 2𝑦 0 8 𝑥 7 𝑥 1 8 𝑥 6 2𝑦 2 8 𝑥 5 2𝑦 3
( − ) = ( ) ( ) (− ) + ( ) ( ) (− ) + ( ) ( ) (− ) + ( ) ( ) (− )
2𝑦 𝑥 0 2𝑦 𝑥 1 2𝑦 2𝑦 2 2𝑦 𝑥 3 2𝑦 𝑥
4 5 6
8 𝑥 4 2𝑦 8 𝑥 3 2𝑦 8 𝑥 2 2𝑦 8 𝑥 1 2𝑦 7
+ ( ) ( ) (− ) + ( ) ( ) (− ) + ( ) ( ) (− ) + ( ) ( ) (− )
4 2𝑦 𝑥 5 2𝑦 𝑥 6 2𝑦 𝑥 7 2𝑦 𝑥
0 8
8 𝑥 2𝑦
+ ( ) ( ) (− )
8 2𝑦 𝑥
 𝑥8 𝑥7 2𝑦 𝑥6 4𝑦 2 𝑥5 8𝑦 3
= (1 × × 1) + (−8 × × ) + (28 × × ) + (−56 × × )
256𝑦 8 128𝑦 7 𝑥 64𝑦 6 𝑥 2 32𝑦 5 𝑥 3
𝑥4 16𝑦 4 𝑥 3 32𝑦 5 𝑥 2 64𝑦 6
+ (70 × × ) + (−56 × × ) + (28 × × 6 )
16𝑦 4 𝑥4 8𝑦 3 𝑥5 4𝑦 2 𝑥
7 8
𝑥 128𝑦 256𝑦
+ (−8 × × ) + (1 × 1 × )
2𝑦 𝑥7 𝑥8

𝑥8 𝑥6 7𝑥 4 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑦4 𝑦 6 256𝑦 8
= − + − 14 + 70 − 224 + 448 − 512 +
256𝑦 8 8𝑦 6 𝑦 4 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥6 𝑥8
𝟔
𝒂 𝒙
vi. (√𝒙 − √𝒂)

Solution:
6 6 0 5 1 4 2
𝑥 𝑎 6 𝑎 𝑥 6 𝑎 𝑥 6 𝑎 𝑥
(√ − √ ) = ( ) (√ ) (−√ ) + ( ) (√ ) (−√ ) + ( ) (√ ) (−√ )
𝑎 𝑥 0 𝑥 𝑎 1 𝑥 𝑎 2 𝑥 𝑎
3 3 2 4 1 5
6 𝑎 𝑥 6 𝑎 𝑥 6 𝑎 𝑥
+ ( ) (√ ) (−√ ) + ( ) (√ ) (−√ ) + ( ) (√ ) (−√ )
3 𝑥 𝑎 4 𝑥 𝑎 5 𝑥 𝑎
0 6
6 𝑎 𝑥
+ ( ) (√ ) (−√ )
6 𝑥 𝑎
6 4 2 0 2
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑥
= [1 × (√ ) × 1] + [−6 × (√ ) ] + [15 × (√ ) ] + [−20 × (√ ) ] + [15 × (√ ) ]
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑎
4 6
𝑥 𝑥
+ [−6 × (√ ) ] + (√ )
𝑎 𝑎

𝑎3 𝑎2 𝑎 𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3
= − 6 + 15 − 20 + 15 − 6 +
𝑥3 𝑥2 𝑥 𝑎 𝑎2 𝑎3

2. Calculate the following by means of binomial theorem:

i. (𝟎. 𝟗𝟕)𝟑

Solution:

(0.97)3 = (1 − 0.03)3

3 3 3 3
= ( ) (1)3 (−0.03)0 + ( ) (1)2 (0.03)1 + ( ) (1)1 (−0.03)2 + ( ) (1)0 (−0.03)3
0 1 2 3

= (1 × 1 × 1) + (−3 × 1 × 0.03) + (3 × 1 × 0.0009) + (−1 × 1 × 0.000027)

= 1 − 0.09 + 0.0027 − 0.000027 = 0.91267

 ii. (𝟐. 𝟎𝟐)𝟒

Solution:

(2.02)4 = (2 + 0.02)4

4 4 4 4 4
= ( ) (2)4 (0.02)0 + ( ) (2)3 (0.02)1 + ( ) (2)2 (0.02)2 + ( ) (2)1 (0.02)3 + ( ) (2)0 (0.02)4
0 1 2 3 4

= (1 × 16 × 1) + (4 × 8 × 0.02) + (6 × 4 × 0.0004) + (4 × 2 × 0.000008)

+ (1 × 1 × 0.00000016)

= 16 + 0.64 + 0.0096 + 0.000064 + 0.00000016

= 16.64966416

iii. (𝟗. 𝟗𝟖)𝟒

Solution:

(9.98)4 = (10 − 0.02)4

4 4 4 4
= ( ) (10)4 (−0.02)0 + ( ) (10)3 (−0.02)1 + ( ) (10)2 (−0.02)2 + ( ) (10)1 (−0.02)3
0 1 2 3
4
+ ( ) (10)0 (−0.02)4
4
= (1 × 10000 × 1) + (−4 × 1000 × 0.02) + (6 × 100 × 0.0004) + (−4 × 10 × 0.000008)
+ (1 × 1 × 0.00000016)
= 10000 − 80 + 0.24 − 0.00032 + 0.00000016
= 9920.23968016
iv. (𝟐𝟏)𝟓

Solution:

(21)5 = (20 + 1)5

5 5 5 5 5 5
= ( ) (20)5 (1)0 + ( ) (20)4 (1)1 + ( ) (20)3 (1)2 + ( ) (20)2 (1)3 + ( ) (20)1 (1)4 + ( ) (20)0 (1)5
0 1 2 3 4 5

= (1 × 3200000 × 1) + (5 × 1600000 × 1) + (10 × 8000 × 1) + (10 × 400 × 1) + (5 × 20 × 1)

+ (1 × 1 × 1)

= 3200000 + 8000000 + 80000 + 4000 + 100 + 1

= 11284101
3. Expand and simplify the following:
i. (𝒂 + √𝟐𝒙)𝟒 + (𝒂 − √𝟐𝒙)𝟒

Solution:

𝐿𝑒𝑡 √2𝑥 = 𝑏

Consider

4 4 4 4 4
(𝑎 + 𝑏)4 = ( ) (𝑎)4 (𝑏)0 + ( ) (𝑎)3 (𝑏)1 + ( ) (𝑎)2 (𝑏)2 + ( ) (𝑎)1 (𝑏)3 + ( ) (𝑎)0 (𝑏)4
0 1 2 3 4

= (1 × 𝑎4 × 1) + (4 × 𝑎3 × 𝑏) + (6 × 𝑎2 × 𝑏 2 ) + (4 × 𝑎3 × 𝑏 3 ) + (1 × 1 × 𝑏 4 )

= 𝑎4 + 4𝑎3 𝑏 + 6𝑎2 𝑏 2 + 4𝑎𝑏 3 + 𝑏 4 (i)

Similarly:

4 4 4 4 4
(𝑎 − 𝑏)4 = ( ) (𝑎)4 (−𝑏)0 + ( ) (𝑎)3 (−𝑏)1 + ( ) (𝑎)2 (−𝑏)2 + ( ) (𝑎)1 (−𝑏)3 + ( ) (𝑎)0 (−𝑏)4
0 1 2 3 4

= (1 × 𝑎4 × 1) + (−4 × 𝑎3 × 𝑏) + (6 × 𝑎2 × 𝑏 2 ) + (−4 × 𝑎3 × 𝑏 3 ) + (1 × 1 × 𝑏 4 )

= 𝑎4 − 4𝑎3 𝑏 + 6𝑎2 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑏 3 + 𝑏 4 (ii)

Equation(i)+Equation(ii)

(𝑎 + 𝑏)4 + (𝑎 − 𝑏)4 = 𝑎4 + 4𝑎3 𝑏 + 6𝑎2 𝑏 2 + 4𝑎𝑏 3 + 𝑏 4 + 𝑎4 − 4𝑎3 𝑏 + 6𝑎2 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑏 3 + 𝑏 4

= 2𝑎4 + 12𝑎2 𝑏2 + 2𝑏 4

Put 𝑏 = √2𝑥
4 4 2 4
(𝑎 + √2𝑥) + (𝑎 − √2𝑥) = 2𝑎4 + 12𝑎2 (√2𝑥) + 2(√2𝑥)

= 2𝑎4 + 24𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 4

ii. (𝟐 + √𝟑)𝟓 + (𝟐 − √𝟑)𝟓

Solution:

𝐿𝑒𝑡 √3 = 𝑏

5 5 5 5 5 5
(2 + 𝑏)5 = ( ) (2)5 (𝑏)0 + ( ) (2)4 (𝑏)1 + ( ) (2)3 (𝑏)2 + ( ) (2)2 (𝑏)3 + ( ) (2)1 (𝑏)4 + ( ) (2)0 (𝑏)5
0 1 2 3 4 5

= (1 × 32 × 1) + (5 × 16 × 𝑏) + (10 × 8 × 𝑏 2 ) + (10 × 4 × 𝑏 3 ) + (5 × 2 × 𝑏 4 ) + (1 × 1 × 𝑏 5 )

= 32 + 80𝑏 + 80𝑏 2 + 40𝑏 3 + 10𝑏 4 + 𝑏 5 (i)

Similarly:
 5 5 5 5 5
(2 − 𝑏)5 = ( ) (2)5 (−𝑏)0 + ( ) (2)4 (−𝑏)1 + ( ) (2)3 (−𝑏)2 + ( ) (2)2 (−𝑏)3 + ( ) (2)1 (−𝑏)4
0 1 2 3 4
5
+ ( ) (2)0 (−𝑏)5
5

= (1 × 32 × 1) + (−5 × 16 × 𝑏) + (−10 × 8 × 𝑏 2 ) + (−10 × 4 × 𝑏 3 ) + (−5 × 2 × 𝑏 4 ) + (−1 × 1 × 𝑏 5 )

= 32 − 80𝑏 + 80𝑏 2 − 40𝑏 3 + 10𝑏 4 − 𝑏 5 (ii)

Equation (i)+Equation (ii)

(2 + 𝑏)5 + (2 − 𝑏)5 = 32 + 80𝑏 + 80𝑏 2 + 40𝑏 3 + 10𝑏 4 + 𝑏 5 + 32 − 80𝑏 + 80𝑏 2 − 40𝑏 3 + 10𝑏 4 − 𝑏 5

= 64 + 160𝑏2 + 20𝑏 4

Put 𝑏 = √3

(2 + √3)5 + (2 − √3)5 = 64 + 160(√3)2 + 20(√3)4

= 64 + 480 + 180 = 724

iii. (𝟐 + 𝒊)𝟓 − (𝟐 − 𝒊)𝟓

Solution:

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑖=𝑏

5 5 5 5 5 5
(2 + 𝑏)5 = ( ) (2)5 (𝑏)0 + ( ) (2)4 (𝑏)1 + ( ) (2)3 (𝑏)2 + ( ) (2)2 (𝑏)3 + ( ) (2)1 (𝑏)4 + ( ) (2)0 (𝑏)5
0 1 2 3 4 5

= 1 × 32 × 1 + 5 × 16 × 𝑏 + 10 × 8 × 𝑏 2 + 10 × 4 × 𝑏 3 + 5 × 2 × 𝑏 4 + 1 × 1 × 𝑏 5

= 32 + 80𝑏 + 80𝑏 2 + 40𝑏 3 + 10𝑏 4 + 𝑏 5 (i)

Similarly:

5 5 5 5 5
(2 − 𝑏)5 = ( ) (2)5 (−𝑏)0 + ( ) (2)4 (−𝑏)1 + ( ) (2)3 (−𝑏)2 + ( ) (2)2 (−𝑏)3 + ( ) (2)1 (−𝑏)4
0 1 2 3 4
5
+ ( ) (2)0 (−𝑏)5
5

= (1 × 32 × 1) + (−5 × 16 × 𝑏) + (−10 × 8 × 𝑏 2 ) + (−10 × 4 × 𝑏 3 ) + (−5 × 2 × 𝑏 4 ) + (−1 × 1 × 𝑏 5 )

= 32 − 80𝑏 + 80𝑏 2 − 40𝑏 3 + 10𝑏 4 − 𝑏 5 (ii)

Equation (i)-Equation(ii)

(2 + 𝑏)5 − (2 − 𝑏)5 = 32 + 80𝑏 + 80𝑏 2 + 40𝑏 3 + 10𝑏 4 + 𝑏 5 − 32 + 80𝑏 − 80𝑏 2 + 40𝑏 3 − 10𝑏 4 + 𝑏 5

= 160𝑏 + 80𝑏 3 + 2𝑏 5

Put 𝑏 = 𝑖

= (2 + 𝑖)5 − (2 − 𝑖)5 = 160𝑖 + 80𝑖 3 + 2𝑖 5 = 160𝑖 − 80𝑖 + 2𝑖 = 82𝑖.

 iv. (𝒙 + √𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏)𝟑 + (𝒙 − √𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏)𝟑

Solution:

𝐿𝑒𝑡 √𝑥 2 − 1 = 𝑏

3 3 3 3
(𝑥 + 𝑏)3 = ( ) (𝑥)3 (𝑏)0 + ( ) (𝑥)2 (𝑏)1 + ( ) (𝑥)1 (𝑏)2 + ( ) (𝑥)0 (𝑏)3
0 1 2 3

= (1 × 𝑥 3 × 1) + (3 × 𝑥 2 × 𝑏) + (3 × 𝑥 3 × 𝑏 2 ) + (1 × 1 × 𝑏 3 )

= 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 𝑏 + 3𝑥𝑏 2 + 𝑏 3 (i)

Similarly:

3 3 3 3
(𝑥 − 𝑏)3 = ( ) (𝑥)3 (−𝑏)0 + ( ) (𝑥)2 (−𝑏)1 + ( ) (𝑥)1 (−𝑏)2 + ( ) (𝑥)0 (−𝑏)3
0 1 2 3

= (1 × 𝑥 3 × 1) + (−3 × 𝑥 2 × 𝑏) + (3 × 𝑥 3 × 𝑏 2 ) + (−1 × 1 × 𝑏 3 )

= 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑏 + 3𝑥𝑏 2 + 𝑏 3 (ii)

Equation (i)+Equation (ii)

= (𝑥 + 𝑏)3 + (𝑥 − 𝑏)3 = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 𝑏 + 3𝑥𝑏 2 + 𝑏 3 + 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑏 + 3𝑥𝑏 2 − 𝑏 3

= 2𝑥 3 + 6𝑥𝑏 2

∴ 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑏 = √𝑥 2 − 1

(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1)3 + (𝑥 − √𝑥 2 − 1)3 = 2𝑥 3 + 6𝑥(𝑥 2 − 1) = 2𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 3 − 6𝑥

= 8𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 = 2𝑥(4𝑥 2 − 3)

4. Expand the following in ascending power of 𝒙:

4
i. (𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 )

Solution:

(2 + (𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ))4
4 4 4 4
= ( ) (2)4 (𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )0 + ( ) (2)3 (𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )1 + ( ) (2)2 (𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )2 + ( ) (2)1 (𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )3
0 1 2 3
4
+ ( ) (2)0 (𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )4
4

= (1 × 16 × 1) + (4 × 8 × (𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )) + (6 × 4 × (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 )) + (4 × 2 × (𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 5 − 𝑥 6 ))
+ (1 × 1 × (𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 5 + 6𝑥 6 − 4𝑥 7 + 𝑥 8 ))

= 16 + 32𝑥 − 32𝑥 2 + 24𝑥 2 − 48𝑥 3 + 24𝑥 4 + 8𝑥 3 − 24𝑥 4 + 24𝑥 5 − 8𝑥 6 + 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 5 + 6𝑥 8 − 4𝑥 7 + 𝑥 8

= 16 + 32𝑥 − 8𝑥 2 − 40𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 + 20𝑥 5 − 2𝑥 6 − 4𝑥 7 + 𝑥 8

 ii. (𝟏 − 𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 )4

Solution:

(1 − (𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ))4
4 4 4 4
= ( ) (1)4 (𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )0 − ( ) (1)3 (𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )1 + ( ) (1)2 (𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )2 − ( ) (1)1 (𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )3
0 1 2 3
4
+ ( ) (1)0 (𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )4
4

= (1 × 1 × 1) + (−4 × 1 × (𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )) + (6 × 1 × (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 ))
+ (−4 × 1 × (𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 5 − 𝑥 6 )) + (1 × 1 × (𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 5 + 6𝑥 6 − 4𝑥 7 + 𝑥 8 ))

= 1 − 4𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 3 + 12𝑥 4 − 12𝑥 5 + 4𝑥 6 + 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 5 + 6𝑥 6 − 4𝑥 7 + 𝑥 8

= 1 − 4𝑥 + 10𝑥 2 − 16𝑥 3 + 19𝑥 4 − 16𝑥 5 + 10𝑥 6 − 4𝑥 7 + 𝑥 8

iii. (𝟏 − 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 )𝟒

Solution:

(1 − (𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ))4
4 4 4 4
= ( ) (1)4 (𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )0 − ( ) (1)3 (𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )1 + ( ) (1)2 (𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )2 − ( ) (1)1 (𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )3
0 1 2 3
4
+ ( ) (1)0 (𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )4
4

= (1 × 1 × 1) + (−4 × 1 × (𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )) + (6 × 1 × (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 ))
+ (−4 × 1 × (𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 5 + 𝑥 6 )) + (1 × 1 × (𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 5 + 6𝑥 6 + 4𝑥 7 + 𝑥 8 ))

= 1 − 4𝑥 − 4𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 4 − 12𝑥 5 − 4𝑥 6 + 𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 5 + 6𝑥 6 + 4𝑥 7 + 𝑥 8

= 1 − 4𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 4 − 8𝑥 5 + 2𝑥 6 + 4𝑥 7 + 𝑥 8

5. Expand the following in descending power of x:

i. (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟏)3

Solution:

3 3 3 3
((𝑥 2 + 𝑥) − 1)3 = ( ) (𝑥 2 + 𝑥)3 (1)0 − ( ) (𝑥 2 + 𝑥)2 (1)1 + ( ) (𝑥 2 + 𝑥)1 (1)2 − ( ) (𝑥 2 + 𝑥)0 (1)3
0 1 2 3

= (1 × (𝑥 6 + 3𝑥 5 + 3𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 ) × 1) + (−3 × (𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 ) × 1) + (3 × (𝑥 2 + 𝑥) × 1) + (−1 × 1)

= 𝑥 6 + 3𝑥 5 + 3𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 4 − 6𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 1

= 𝑥 6 + 3𝑥 5 − 5𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 − 1
 𝟏 𝟑
ii. (𝒙 − 𝟏 − )
𝒙

Solution:

13 3 1 0 3 1 1 3 1 2
[(𝑥 − 1) − ] = ( ) (𝑥 − 1)3 (− ) + ( ) (𝑥 − 1)2 (− ) + ( ) (𝑥 − 1)1 (− )
𝑥 0 𝑥 1 𝑥 2 𝑥
3
3 1
+ ( ) (𝑥 − 1)0 (− )
3 𝑥
1 1 1
= [1 × {𝑥 3 − 3𝑥(𝑥 − 1) − 1} × 1] + [3 × (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1) (− )] + [3 × (𝑥 − 1)1 ( 2 )] + [− 3 ]
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
1 1 1
= {𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 1} − (3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 3) ( ) + (3𝑥 − 3) ( 2 ) − 3
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
3 3 3 1 3 1
= 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 1 − 3𝑥 + 6 − + − 2 − 3 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 5 − 2 − 3
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

6. Find the term involving:

i. 𝒙4 in the expansion of (𝟑 − 𝟐𝒙)𝟕

Solution:

(3 − 2𝑥)7

𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 = 3 , 𝑏 = −2𝑥 , 𝑛 = 7 , 𝑟 =?
𝑛
𝑇𝑟+1 = ( ) 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑏 𝑟
𝑟
7 7
𝑇𝑟+1 = ( ) 37−𝑟 (−2𝑥)𝑟 = ( ) 37−𝑟 (−2)𝑟 (𝑥)𝑟
𝑟 𝑟

For the term involving 𝑥 4 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑟 = 4

7
𝑇4+1 = ( ) 37−4 (−2)4 (𝑥)4
4

𝑇5 = 35 × 33 × 16 × 𝑥 4 = 35 × 27 × 16 × 𝑥 4 = 15120𝑥 4

𝟐 𝟏𝟑
ii. 𝒙−2 in the expansion of (𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐)

Solution:

2
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 = 𝑥 , 𝑏=− , 𝑛 = 13 , 𝑟 =?
𝑥2
𝑛
𝑇𝑟+1 = ( ) 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑏 𝑟
𝑟

13 13−𝑟 2 𝑟 13 (−2)𝑟 13
𝑇𝑟+1 = ( )𝑥 (− 2 ) = ( ) 𝑥 13−𝑟 2𝑟 = ( ) 𝑥 13−𝑟−2𝑟 (−2)𝑟
𝑟 𝑥 𝑟 𝑥 𝑟
 13 13−3𝑟
𝑇𝑟+1 = ( )𝑥 (−2)𝑟
𝑟

For the term involving 𝑥 −2 𝑝𝑢𝑡 13 − 3𝑟 = −2

⇒ 13 + 2 = 3𝑟

⇒ 15 = 3𝑟 ⇒ 𝑟 = 5

13
𝑇5+1 = ( ) 𝑥 −2 (−2)5
5

𝑇6 = 1287 × 𝑥 −2 × −32 = −41184𝑥 −2

𝟐 𝟗
iii. 𝒂𝟒 in the expansion of (𝒙 − 𝒂)

Solution:

2
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 = , 𝑏 = −𝑎 , 𝑛 = 9 , 𝑟 =?
𝑥
𝑛
𝑇𝑟+1 = ( ) 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑏 𝑟
𝑟

9 2 9−𝑟 9 (2)9−𝑟
𝑇𝑟+1 = ( ) ( ) (−𝑎)𝑟 = ( ) 9−𝑟 (−1)𝑟 (𝑎)𝑟
𝑟 𝑥 𝑟 𝑥
9
𝑇𝑟+1 = ( ) (2)9−𝑟 𝑥 −9+𝑟 (−1)𝑟 (𝑎)𝑟
𝑟

For the term involving 𝑎4 𝑝𝑢𝑡 ⇒ 𝑟 = 4

9
𝑇4+1 = ( ) (2)9−4 (𝑥)−9+4 (−1)4 (𝑎)4 = 126 × (2)5 𝑥 −5 𝑎4 = 126 × 32 𝑥 −5 𝑎4
4

𝑎4
𝑇5 = 4032
𝑥5

iv. 𝒚𝟑 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 (𝒙 − √𝒚)𝟏𝟏

Solution:

𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 = 𝑥 , 𝑏 = −√𝑦 , 𝑛 = 11 , 𝑟 =?

𝑛
𝑇𝑟+1 = ( ) 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑏 𝑟
𝑟
11 𝑟
𝑇𝑟+1 = ( ) (𝑥)11−𝑟 (−√𝑦)
𝑟
11 11−𝑟 𝑟
𝑇𝑟+1 = ( )𝑥 (−1)𝑟 (𝑦)2
𝑟
𝑟
For the term involving 𝑦 3 𝑝𝑢𝑡 2
=3 ⇒ 𝑟=6
 11
𝑇6+1 = ( ) (𝑥)11−6 (−1)6 (𝑦)3
6

𝑇7 = 462𝑥 5 𝑦 3

7. Find the coefficient of:

𝟑 𝟏𝟎
i. 𝒙𝟓 in the expansion of (𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙)

Solution:

−3
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑏 = , 𝑛 = 10 , 𝑟 =?
2𝑥
𝑛
𝑇𝑟+1 = ( ) 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑏 𝑟
𝑟

10 −3 𝑟 10 −3 𝑟 1
𝑇𝑟+1 = ( ) (𝑥 2 )10−𝑟 ( ) = ( ) 𝑥 20−2𝑟 ( ) . 𝑟
𝑟 2𝑥 𝑟 2 𝑥

10 20−2𝑟−𝑟 −3 𝑟 10 −3 𝑟
𝑇𝑟+1 = ( )𝑥 ( ) = ( ) 𝑥 20−3𝑟 ( )
𝑟 2 𝑟 2

For the term involving 𝑥 5 𝑝𝑢𝑡 20 − 3𝑟 = 5

⇒ 20 − 5 = 3𝑟

⇒ 3𝑟 = 15 ⇒ 𝑟 = 5

10 −3 5
𝑇5+1 = ( ) 𝑥 5 ( )
5 2
−243 5 −15309 5
𝑇6 = 252. 𝑥 = 𝑥
32 8
−15309
𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 5 =
8

𝟏 𝟐𝒏
ii. 𝒙𝒏 in the expansion of (𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙)

Solution:

−1
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑏= , 𝑁 = 2𝑛 , 𝑟 =?
𝑥
𝑁
𝑇𝑟+1 = ( ) 𝑎𝑁−𝑟 𝑏 𝑟
𝑟

2𝑛 −1 𝑟 2𝑛 (−1)𝑟
𝑇𝑟+1 = ( ) (𝑥 2 )2𝑛−𝑟 ( ) = ( ) 𝑥 4𝑛−2𝑟
𝑟 𝑥 𝑟 𝑥𝑟
2𝑛 4𝑛−2𝑟−𝑟 2𝑛
𝑇𝑟+1 = ( )𝑥 (−1)𝑟 = ( ) 𝑥 4𝑛−3𝑟 (−1)1
𝑟 𝑟
For the term involving 𝑥 𝑛 𝑝𝑢𝑡 4𝑛 − 3𝑟 = 𝑛

⇒ 4𝑛 − 𝑛 = 3𝑟

⇒ 3𝑟 = 3𝑛 ⇒ 𝑟 = 𝑛

2𝑛 𝑛
𝑇𝑛+1 = ( ) 𝑥 (−1)𝑛
𝑛
2𝑛! 2𝑛! 𝑛
𝑇𝑛+1 = (−1)𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 = (−1)𝑛 𝑥
(2𝑛 − 𝑛)!. 𝑛! (𝑛!)2

2𝑛!
𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑛 = (−1)𝑛
(𝑛!)2

𝟑 𝟏𝟎
8. Find the 𝟔𝒕𝒉 term in the expansion of (𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙)

Solution:

−3
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑏 = , 𝑛 = 10, 𝑟 + 1 = 6 ⇒ 𝑟 = 5
2𝑥
𝑛
𝑇𝑟+1 = ( ) 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑏 𝑟
𝑟

10 −3 5
𝑇5+1 = ( ) (𝑥 2 )10−5 ( )
5 2𝑥

10 −3 5 10 −3 5
𝑇6 = ( ) 𝑥 10 ( ) . 𝑥 −5 = ( ) 𝑥 5 ( )
5 2 5 2
−243 5 −15309 5
𝑇6 = 252 𝑥 = 𝑥
32 8

9. Find the term independent of 𝒙 in the following expansions:

𝟐 𝟏𝟎
i. (𝒙 − 𝒙)

Solution:
−2
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 = 𝑥 , 𝑏 = 𝑥
, 𝑛 = 10 , 𝑟 =?

𝑛
𝑇𝑟+1 = ( ) 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑏 𝑟
𝑟

10 −2 𝑟 10 (−2)𝑟
𝑇𝑟+1 == ( ) (𝑥)10−𝑟 ( ) = ( ) 𝑥 10−𝑟
𝑟 𝑥 𝑟 𝑥𝑟
10 10
𝑇𝑟+1 == ( ) 𝑥 10−𝑟−𝑟 (−2)𝑟 = ( ) 𝑥 10−2𝑟 (−2)𝑟
𝑟 𝑟
For the term independent 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑝𝑢𝑡 10 − 2𝑟 = 0

⇒ 10 = 2𝑟 ⇒ 𝑟 = 5

10
𝑇5+1 = ( ) 𝑥 0 (−2)5
5

𝑇6 = 252(−32) = −8064

𝟏 10
ii. (√𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐)

Solution:

1
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 = √𝑥 , 𝑏= , 𝑛 = 10 , 𝑟 =?
2𝑥 2

𝑛 10 10−𝑟 1 𝑟
𝑇𝑟+1 = ( ) 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑏 𝑟 = ( ) (√𝑥) ( 2)
𝑟 𝑟 2𝑥

10 10−𝑟 1 𝑟 1 10 10−𝑟 1 𝑟
𝑇𝑟+1 == ( ) 𝑥 2 ( ) . 2𝑟 = ( ) 𝑥 2 −2𝑟 ( )
𝑟 2 𝑥 𝑟 2

10 10−𝑟−4𝑟 1 𝑟
𝑇𝑟+1 == ( ) 𝑥 2 ( )
𝑟 2
10−𝑟−4𝑟
For the term independent of 𝑥 𝑝𝑢𝑡 2
=0

⇒ 10 − 5𝑟 = 0

⇒ 5𝑟 = 10 ⇒ 𝑟 = 2

10 1 2
𝑇2+1 = ( ) 𝑥 0 ( )
2 2
1 45
𝑇3 = 45 ( ) =
4 4
𝟏 4
iii. (𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 )3 [𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐]

Solution:
4
1 4 𝑥2 + 1 (1 + 𝑥 2 )4
(1 + 𝑥 2 )3 [1 + ] = (1 + 𝑥 2 3
) [ ] = (1 + 𝑥 2 3
)
𝑥2 𝑥2 (𝑥 2 )4
7
(1 + 𝑥 2 )7 (1 + 𝑥 2 )7 1 + 𝑥2
= = = ( 8 )
𝑥8 8 7
(𝑥 7 ) 𝑥 7

7
1 𝑥2 8 8 7
= ( 8 + 8 ) = (𝑥 −7 + 𝑥 2−7 )
𝑥7 𝑥7
 8 14−8 7
−
= (𝑥 7 + 𝑥 7 )

6 8 7
= (𝑥 7 + 𝑥 −7 )

6 8
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 = 𝑥 7 , 𝑏 = 𝑥− 7 , 𝑛 = 7 , 𝑟 =?
𝑛
𝑇𝑟+1 = ( ) 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑏 𝑟
𝑟

7 6 7−1 8 𝑟 7 6𝑟 8
𝑇𝑟+1 = ( ) (𝑥 7 ) (𝑥 −7 ) = ( ) 𝑥 6− 7 𝑥 −7
𝑟 𝑟
7 14𝑟 7
𝑇𝑟+1 = ( ) 𝑥 6− 7 = ( ) 𝑥 6−2𝑟
𝑟 𝑟

For the term independent of 𝑥 𝑝𝑢𝑡 6 − 2𝑟 = 0 ⇒ 2𝑟 = 6 ⇒ 𝑟 = 3

7
𝑇3+1 = ( ) 𝑥 0
3
𝑇4 = 35
10. Determine the middle term in the following expansion:
𝟏𝟐
𝟏 𝒙𝟐
i. (𝒙 − 𝟐
)

Solution:

Here 𝑛 = 12 is even then

𝑛 12
𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = ( + 1) 𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = ( + 1) 𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = 7𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
2 2

1 𝑥2
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 = , 𝑏=− , 𝑛 = 12 , 𝑟 + 1 = 7 ⇒ 𝑟 = 6
𝑥 2
𝑛
𝑇𝑟+1 = ( ) 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑏 𝑟
𝑟
6
10 1 12−6 𝑥2 10 𝑥 12
𝑇7 = ( ) ( ) (− ) = ( ) 𝑥 −6 .
6 𝑥 2 6 64

𝑥 12−6 231 6
= 924. = 𝑥
64 16
 𝟑𝒙 𝟏 𝟏𝟏
ii. ( − )
𝟐 𝟑𝒙

Solution:

Here 𝑛 = 11 is odd then

𝑛+1 𝑛+3
𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = ( ) 𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ( ) 𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
2 2
11 + 1 11 + 3
=( ) 𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ( ) 𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
2 2

𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 6𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 7𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠

3𝑥 1
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 = , 𝑏=− , 𝑛 = 11
2 3𝑥

For 6th term:

𝑟+1=6⇒𝑟 =5
𝑛
𝑇𝑟+1 = ( ) 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑏 𝑟
𝑟

11 3𝑥 11−5 1 5 11 3𝑥 6 1 5
𝑇6 = ( ) ( ) (− ) = ( ) ( ) (− ) 𝑥 −5
5 2 3𝑥 5 2 3
729 4 1
𝑇6 = 462. 𝑥 (− ) 𝑥 −5
64 243
693 6−5 693
𝑇6 = − 𝑥 =− 𝑥
32 32

For 7th term:

𝑟+1=7 ⇒𝑟 =6
𝑛
𝑇𝑟+1 = ( ) 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑏 𝑟
𝑟

11 3𝑥 11−6 1 6
𝑇7 = ( ) ( ) (− )
6 2 3𝑥

11 3𝑥 5 1 6 −6 243 5 1
𝑇7 = ( ) ( ) (− ) . 𝑥 = 462. 𝑥 ( ) 𝑥 −6
6 2 3 32 729
77 −6+5 77 −1 77
𝑇7 = 𝑥 = 𝑥 =
16 16 16𝑥
 𝟏 𝟐𝒎+𝟏
iii. (𝟐𝒙 − )
𝟐𝒙

Solution:

Here 𝑛 = 2𝑚 + 1 is odd then

𝑛+1 𝑛+3
𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = ( ) 𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ( ) 𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠
2 2
2𝑚 + 1 + 1 2𝑚 + 1 + 3
= ( ) 𝑡ℎ , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ( ) 𝑡ℎ
2 2

Middle term= (𝑚 + 1)𝑡ℎ term and (𝑚 + 2)𝑡ℎ term

𝑭𝒐𝒓 (𝒎 + 𝟏)𝒕𝒉 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎

𝑟+1=𝑚+1 ⇒𝑟 =𝑚

1
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 = 2𝑥 , 𝑏=− , 𝑛 = 2𝑚 + 1 , 𝑟=𝑚
2𝑥
𝑛
𝑇𝑟+1 = ( ) 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑏 𝑟
𝑟

2𝑚 + 1 1 𝑚
𝑇𝑚+1 = ( ) (2𝑥)2𝑚+1−𝑚 (− )
𝑚 2𝑥
2𝑚 + 1 (−1)𝑚 2𝑚 + 1
𝑇𝑚+1 = ( ) (2𝑥)𝑚+1 . 𝑚
= ( ) (2𝑥)𝑚+1−𝑚 (−1)𝑚
𝑚 (2𝑥) 𝑚

(2𝑚 + 1)! (2𝑚 + 1)!

𝑇𝑚+1 = (−1)𝑚 . (2𝑥)1 = (−1)𝑚 . 2𝑥
𝑚! (2𝑚 + 1 − 𝑚)! 𝑚! (𝑚 + 1)!

(2𝑚 + 1)!
𝑇𝑚+1 = 2(−1)𝑚 𝑥
𝑚! (𝑚 + 1)!

𝑭𝒐𝒓 (𝒎 + 𝟐)𝒕𝒉 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎:

𝑟+1=𝑚+2 ⇒𝑟 =𝑚+1

1
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 = 2𝑥 , 𝑏 = − , 𝑛 = 2𝑚 + 1
2𝑥
𝑛
𝑇𝑟+1 = ( ) 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑏 𝑟
𝑟

2𝑚 + 1 1 𝑚+1 2𝑚 + 1 (−1)𝑚+1
𝑇𝑚+2 = ( ) (2𝑥)2𝑚+1−𝑚−1 (− ) =( ) (2𝑥)𝑚
𝑚+1 2𝑥 𝑚+1 (2𝑥)𝑚+1

(2𝑚 + 1)!
𝑇𝑚+2 = (−1)𝑚+1 . (2𝑥)𝑚−𝑚−1
(𝑚 + 1)! (2𝑚 + 1 − 𝑚 − 1)!
 (2𝑚 + 1)!
𝑇𝑚+2 = (−1)𝑚+1 . (2𝑥)−1
(𝑚 + 1)! 𝑚!

1 (2𝑚 + 1)! 1
𝑇𝑚+2 = (−1)𝑚+1 .
2 (𝑚 + 1)! 𝑚! 𝑥

𝟏 𝟑𝒏
11. Find (2n+1)th term from the end in the expansion of (𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙)

Solution:

1 3𝑛
(𝑥 − 2𝑥)

1
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 = − , 𝑏 = 𝑥 , 𝑁 = 3𝑛 , 𝑟 + 1 = 2𝑛 + 1 ⇒ 𝑟 = 2𝑛
2𝑥
𝑁
𝑇𝑟+1 = ( ) 𝑎𝑁−𝑟 𝑏 𝑟
𝑟

3𝑛 1 3𝑛−2𝑛 2𝑛
3𝑛 1 𝑛 2𝑛
3𝑛 (−1)𝑛 2𝑛
𝑇2𝑛+1 = ( ) (− ) (𝑥) = ( ) (− ) (𝑥) = ( ) 𝑛 𝑛 𝑥
2𝑛 2𝑥 2𝑛 2𝑥 2𝑛 2 . 𝑥
(3𝑛)! (−1)𝑛 2𝑛−𝑛
𝑇2𝑛+1 = 𝑥
(2𝑛)! (3𝑛 − 2𝑛)! 2𝑛

(−1)𝑛 (3𝑛)!
𝑇2𝑛+1 = 𝑛
× 𝑥𝑛
2 𝑛! (2𝑛)!
𝟏.𝟑.𝟓 …(𝟐𝒏−𝟏)
12. Show that the middle term of (𝟏 + 𝒙)𝟐𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒏!
𝟐𝒏 . 𝒙𝒏

Solution:

𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑁 = 2𝑛 is even therefore

𝑁 2𝑛
𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = ( + 1) 𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = ( + 1) 𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
2 2

= (𝑛 + 1)𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚

𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 = 1 , 𝑏=𝑥, 𝑁 = 2𝑛 , 𝑟+1=𝑛+1⇒𝑟 =𝑛

𝑁
𝑇𝑟+1 = ( ) 𝑎𝑁−𝑟 𝑏 𝑟
𝑟
2𝑛 2𝑛
𝑇𝑛+1 = ( ) (1)2𝑛−𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 = ( ) (1)𝑛 𝑥 𝑛
𝑛 𝑛
2𝑛!
= 𝑥𝑛
𝑛! (2𝑛 − 𝑛)!

(2𝑛). (2𝑛 − 1). (2𝑛 − 2). (2𝑛 − 3) … 5.4.3.2.1 𝑛

𝑇𝑛+1 = 𝑥
𝑛! 𝑛!
 [(2𝑛). (2𝑛 − 2). (2𝑛 − 4) … 4.2][(2𝑛 − 1). (2𝑛 − 3). (2𝑛 − 5) … 5.3.1] 𝑛
= 𝑥
𝑛! 𝑛!
[2. (𝑛). 2(𝑛 − 1). 2(𝑛 − 2) … (2.2). (2.1)][(2𝑛 − 1). (2𝑛 − 3). (2𝑛 − 5) … 5.3.1] 𝑛
= 𝑥
𝑛! 𝑛!
[2𝑛 (𝑛). (𝑛 − 1). (𝑛 − 2) … 2.1][(2𝑛 − 1). (2𝑛 − 3). (2𝑛 − 5) … 5.3.1] 𝑛
= 𝑥
𝑛! 𝑛!
[2𝑛 𝑛!] [(2𝑛 − 1). (2𝑛 − 3). (2𝑛 − 5) … 5.3.1] 𝑛
= 𝑥
𝑛! 𝑛!
1.3.5 … (2𝑛 − 1) 𝑛 𝑛
𝑇𝑛+1 = 2 𝑥
𝑛!

13. Show that (𝒏𝟏) + (𝒏𝟑) + (𝒏𝟓) + ⋯ + (𝒏−𝟏

𝒏
) = 𝟐𝒏−𝟏

Solution:

we know that
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
(1 + 𝑥)𝑛 = ( ) 𝑥 0 + ( ) 𝑥 1 + ( ) 𝑥 2 + ( ) 𝑥 3 + ⋯ + ( ) 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ( ) 𝑥 𝑛 (i)
0 1 2 3 𝑛−1 𝑛

Put 𝑥 = 1 in equ (i)

𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
(1 + 1)𝑛 = ( ) 10 + ( ) 11 + ( ) 12 + ( ) 13 + ⋯ + ( ) 1𝑛−1 + ( ) 1𝑛
0 1 2 3 𝑛−1 𝑛
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
2𝑛 = ( ) + ( ) + ( ) + ( ) + ⋯ + ( )+( )
0 1 2 3 𝑛−1 𝑛
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
2𝑛 = [( ) + ( ) + ⋯ + ( )] + [( ) + ( ) + ( ) + ⋯ + ( )] ______(𝑖𝑖)
1 3 𝑛−1 0 2 4 𝑛

Put 𝑥 = 1 in equ (i)

𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
(1 − 1)𝑛 = ( ) (−1)0 + ( ) (−1)1 + ( ) (−1)2 + ( ) (−1)3 + ⋯ + ( ) (−1)𝑛−1 + ( ) (−1)𝑛
0 1 2 3 𝑛−1 𝑛
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
0 = ( ) −( ) + ( )− ( )+ ⋯− ( )+( ) ∴ 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
0 1 2 3 𝑛−1 𝑛
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
= ( )+ ( ) +⋯+ ( ) = ( )+ ( )+ ⋯+ ( ) 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢 (𝑖𝑖)
0 2 𝑛 1 3 𝑛−1
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
2𝑛 = {( ) + ( ) + ( ) + ⋯ + ( )} + {( ) + ( ) + ( ) + ⋯ + ( )}
0 2 4 𝑛 1 3 5 𝑛−1
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
2𝑛 = {( ) + ( ) + ( ) + ⋯ + ( )} + {( ) + ( ) + ( ) + ⋯ + ( )}
1 3 5 𝑛−1 1 3 5 𝑛−1
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
2𝑛 = 2 {( ) + ( ) + ( ) + ⋯ ( )}
1 3 5 𝑛−1
2𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
= ( ) + ( )+ ( )+ ⋯+ ( )
2 1 3 5 𝑛−1
 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
2𝑛−1 = ( ) + ( ) + ( ) + ⋯ + ( ) 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑
1 3 5 𝑛−1
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐𝒏+𝟏 −𝟏
14. Show that (𝒏𝟎) + 𝟐 (𝒏𝟏) + 𝟑 (𝒏𝟐) + 𝟒 (𝒏𝟑) + ⋯ + 𝒏+𝟏 (𝒏𝒏) = 𝒏+𝟏

Solution:

𝑛 1 𝑛 1 𝑛 1 𝑛 1 𝑛
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = ( ) + ( ) + ( ) + ( ) + ⋯ + ( )
0 2 1 3 2 4 3 𝑛+1 𝑛
1 𝑛! 1 𝑛! 1 𝑛! 1
=1+ + + + ⋯+ .1
2 1! (𝑛 − 1)! 3 2! (𝑛 − 2)! 4 3! (𝑛 − 3)! 𝑛+1

1 (𝑛 + 1)𝑛! (𝑛 + 1) 𝑛! (𝑛 + 1) 𝑛! 𝑛+1
= {(𝑛 + 1) + + + + ⋯+ }
𝑛+1 2! (𝑛 − 1)! 3! (𝑛 − 2)! 4! (𝑛 − 3)! 𝑛+1

1 (𝑛 + 1)! (𝑛 + 1)! (𝑛 + 1)!

{(𝑛 + 1) + + + + ⋯ + 1}
𝑛+1 2! (𝑛 − 1)! 3! (𝑛 − 2)! 4! (𝑛 − 3)!

1 𝑛+1 𝑛+1 𝑛+1 𝑛+1 𝑛+1

𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = {( )+( )+( )+( ) + ⋯+ ( )} _____(𝑖)
𝑛+1 1 2 3 4 𝑛+1

As we know that

𝑛+1 0 𝑛+1 1 𝑛+1 2 𝑥+1 3 𝑛+1 4 𝑛 + 1 𝑛+1

(1 + 𝑥)𝑛+1 = ( )𝑥 + ( )𝑥 + ( )𝑥 + ( )𝑥 + ( )𝑥 + ( )𝑥
0 1 2 3 4 𝑛+1

𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 1

𝑛+1 𝑛+1 𝑛+1 𝑛+1 𝑛+1 𝑛+1

2𝑛+1 = ( )+( )+( )+( )+( )+ ⋯+ ( )
0 1 2 3 4 𝑛+1
𝑛+1 𝑛+1 𝑛+1 𝑛+1 𝑛+1
2𝑛+1 = 1 + ( )+( )+( )+( )+ ⋯+ ( )
1 2 3 4 𝑛+1
𝑛+1 𝑛+1 𝑛+1 𝑛+1 𝑛+1
2𝑛+1 − 1 = ( )+( )+( )+( )+ ⋯+ ( )
1 2 3 4 𝑛+1

put this in equ (i) we have

1
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝑛+1 (2𝑛+1 − 1)

2𝑛+1 − 1
= = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆
𝑛+1

Hence proved 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆