Comparing Quantities

Concept of Ratios

There are situations, when we need to compare two quantities.

For example, Swaminathan and Rohan both are in the same class. Their respective marks in
mathematics are 96 and 48.

Marks scored by Swaminathan and Rohan can be compared by two methods.

1. Subtraction method

In this method, we subtract one quantity from other to find that one is how much more
than the other.

Now,

Marks scored by Swaminathan – Marks scored by Rohan = 96 – 48 = 48

So, it can be said that Swaminathan scored 48 marks more than Rohan in mathematics.

2. Division method

In this method, we divide one quantity by other to find that one is how many times the
other.

Now,

So, it can be said that the marks scored by Swaminathan are twice the marks scored by
Rohan.

When two quantities are compared using division method, the quotient obtained is
called "ratio".

First term of a ratio is called "antecedent" and the second term is called "consequent".

For example, in the ratio x : y, x is antecedent and y is consequent.

Remember
 Comparison is made between the quantities carrying the same units.
 Comparison cannot be made between the quantities which are not similar.
 Ratio does not have any unit.

If x and y are two quantities in a particular ratio, one should not be confused
between x : y and y : x.

The ratio x : y means and y : x means .

Conversion of a Fractional Ratio into a Whole Number Ratio

Example: Convert into ratio in simple form

There are two methods of converting a fractional ratio into a whole number ratio. They are:

Method I: Dividing the first quantity by the second

Let us now look at an example to understand this concept better.

Example:

Identify the cases out of the following in which a comparison can be

made using ratios.

1. The ratio between the price of a book and the price of a shirt
2. The ratio between the age of a person and the amount of money he has
3. The ratio of the length of a park to its breadth

Solution:

1. The price of a book and the price of a shirt are of the same type. Therefore, in this case,
comparison can be made using ratios.

2. The age and money are of different types. Therefore, in this case, we cannot compare the
quantities.

3. The quantities length and breadth are of the same type. Therefore, in this case, comparison
can be made using ratios.
4. Concept of Equivalent Ratios

5. Let a:b and c:d be two ratios. If a:b = c:d, i.e., if , then a:b and c:d are
called equivalent ratios.
6. For example, consider the case where the number of boys in a class is 30 and the
number of girls in the class is 35. Now, the ratio of the

number of boys to the number of girls in the class is . Now, we say

that the required ratio is 6:7. Are both the ratios same?
Yes. The two ratios 30:35 and 6:7 are same and are known as equivalent ratios.
Thus, we can use either of the two ratios. However, we always express a ratio in its
lowest terms. That is why we expressed the ratio as 6:7, and not as 30:35.

A ratio is always expressed in its lowest terms.

A ratio written in its lowest terms is said to be in its simplest form.

7. Generally, if is in its lowest terms, then the ratio a:b is said to be in its simplest
form.
Now, how did we convert the ratio 30:35 to its equivalent ratio 6:7?
We did this by dividing both the numerator and the denominator of the ratio by the
same number. In fact, we can also multiply the numerator and the denominator of a
ratio by the same number to get its equivalent ratio. However, the same is not true
for addition and subtraction operations.
If we multiply or divide the numerator and the denominator of a ratio by the same non-
zero number, then we will get the equivalent ratios of that ratio.

8. Mathematically, if we have a ratio a:b and a non zero-number k, then

9.
10. Let us find some equivalent ratios of 20:25.

11.
12. Thus, 40:50, 60:75, and 4:5 are equivalent ratios of 20:25. In this way, we can find
infinite number of equivalent ratios of any ratio.
13. Suppose we divide a number in the ratio a:b and in the ratio c:d. Here, we will get
two sets in each case. An important point to be noted here is that, if a:b and c:d are
equivalent ratios, then both the sets obtained in the two cases will be the same. Let
us try to understand this with the help of an example.
14. We know that 1:2 and 2:4 are equivalent ratios. Suppose we need to divide the
number 24 in each of the two ratios.
First consider the ratio 1:2. In this case, we can divide the number 24 into two parts
as:

15.
16. Thus, the number 24 is divided in the ratio 1:2 as 8:16.
Let us now divide the number 24 in the ratio 2:4. Here, we can divide the number 24
as:

17. As we can see, we again divided the number 24 into the same sets, i.e., 8 and 16.
This is because the two ratios that we took were equivalent ratios.
18. Note: We can say that two ratios are equivalent, if the product of the numerator of
the first ratio and the denominator of the other ratio is equal to the product of the
denominator of first ratio and the numerator of the other ratio.
For example, to check the equivalence of the ratios, 14:49 and 6:21, we have to
check whether and are equivalent or not.
19. Then, 14 × 21 = 294 = 6 × 49
20. Therefore, and are equivalent fractions.
Hence, 14:49 and 6:21 are equivalent ratios.
21. Finding missing values and numbers in given ratio equations
If two or more equivalent ratios are given, we can find the missing numbers in the
ratios.
In order to do this, we make either the numerators or the denominators of the two
fractions equal, and then obtain the missing value. Let us go through the following
video to understand this concept better.
22. While comparing the fractions, if the two fractions are equal, then the given ratios
are an example of equivalent ratios.
Let us solve some examples based on the above discussed concepts.
23. Example 1:
Find four equivalent ratios of 88:102.
24. Solution:

25. Thus, four equivalent ratios of 88:102 are 176:204, 264:306, 352:408, and 44:51.
26. Example 2:
Find the missing numerator and denominator in the ratio equation

.
27. Solution:

In , division of 39 by 13 gives 3.

28.
29. Thus, the missing numerator is 4.
30. Similarly, multiplication of 52 by 5 gives 260.

31.
32. Thus, the missing denominator is 195.
33. Example 3:
Arrange the following ratios in ascending order of magnitude.
1:3, 4:5, 3:12, 3:8
34. Solution:
The given ratios can be written as fractions as follows:

35. , and
36. LCM of 3, 5, 12, and 8 = 120
 37.

38. Or,
39. Thus, the given ratios in the ascending order are:
40. 3:12 < 1:3 < 3:8 < 4:5
41. Example 4:

If then show that .

42. Solution:
43. Let
44. ∴ p = qk and r = sk
45. We have to show that

46.

47. L.H.S. =

48. R.H.S. =
49. So, L.H.S. = R.H.S.

50. ∴

Application of Ratios in Solving Problems

Ratios are used to compare quantities. They are widely applied in many day-to-day
situations.

Consider the case where Seema and Sheetal wrote a test and scored 40 marks and 30
marks respectively.

Now, ratio of Seema’s and Sheetal’s scores

The ratio of two quantities is denoted by ‘:’.

Thus, the ratio of Seema’s and Sheetal’s scores can be written as 4:3.

Now, what information does this ratio give us?

Since the ratio of their scores is 4:3, it tells us that for every 4 marks that Seema scored,
Sheetal scored 3 marks. Thus, even if we do not know their actual scores, but only the ratio
of the scores, we can still tell who got more marks.

Let us take another case. Let us suppose Meenu has 60 marbles, out of which, 25 are red in
colour, and the rest are black in colour. Now, we have to find the ratios of the numbers of
red and black marbles out of the total number of marbles.

We know that the total number of marbles is 60.

Number of red marbles = 25

Thus, ratio of the number of red marbles to the total number of marbles

Now, we can find the number of black marbles by subtracting the number of red marbles
from the total number of marbles.

Thus, number of black marbles = 60 – 25 = 35

Thus, ratio of the number of black marbles to the total number of marbles

We can, in fact, find the ratio of the number of black marbles to the total number of marbles
in a different way. We know that the marbles are either red or black in colour.

Think of ratios as parts of a whole, just like fractions. Thus, the sum of the ratios of the
numbers of red and black marbles to the total number of marbles would be 1.

Thus, ratio of the number of black marbles to the total number of marbles

= 1 – ratio of the number of red marbles to the total number of marbles

If the ratio between two quantities is a : b, then we cannot write the ratio as b : a.

∴a:b≠b:a

Let us now solve some more problems to understand this concept better.

Example 1:

There are 35 boys and 30 girls in a class. Find the ratio of

1. the number of boys to the total number of students in the class.

2. the total number of students to the number of girls in the class.
3. the number of boys to the number of girls in the class.

Solution:

Number of boys in the class = 35

Number of girls in the class = 30

Thus, total number of students in the class = 35 + 30 = 65

(i) Ratio of number of boys to total number of students

(ii) Ratio of total number of students to number of girls

(iii) Ratio of number of boys to number of girls

Example 2:

The length of a table is 1.5 m and its breadth is 75 cm. Find the ratio of the length of
the table to its breadth.

Solution:

Length of the table = 1.5 m = (1.5 × 100) cm = 150 cm

Breadth of the table = 75 cm

Thus, ratio of the length of the table to its breadth

Example 3:

Naina has 15 chocolates. She wants to divide these chocolates between Prabha and
Priyanka in the ratio 3:2. How many chocolates will each get?

Solution:

There are two parts. One is 3 and another is 2.

Therefore, there are a total of 3 + 2 = 5 parts.

This means that Naina has to divide 15 chocolates into 5 parts. Out of these 5 parts, Prabha
will get 3 parts and Priyanka will get 2 parts.

Therefore, number of chocolates that Prabha got

Similarly, number of chocolates that Priyanka got

Example 4:

The ratio of Nayan’s height to Tarun’s height is 12:13. Who is taller?

Solution:
The ratio of their heights is 12:13. Now, 12 < 13.

Since the “13” part of the ratio corresponds to Tarun’s height, Tarun is taller than Nayan.

Example 5:

Sanju and Rupam started a business. Sanju invested Rs.15000 and Rupam invested
Rs.30000 in the business. If the profit of the business was Rs 60000, then divide the
profit between them in the ratio of their investment.

Solution:

Amount invested by Sanju = Rs 15000

Amount invested by Rupam = Rs 30000

Thus, ratio of Sanju’s investment to Rupam’s investment

Therefore, there are a total of 1 + 2 = 3 parts, out of which, Sanju will get part and Rupam

will get parts of the total profit.

Thus, Sanju’s share of the profit

Similarly, Rupam’s share of the profit

Example 6:

The ratio of milk and water in a 21 L solution is 5:2. Now, 3 L milk and 3 L water is
added to the solution. What is the new ratio of milk and water in the solution?

Solution:

The two parts of the ratio are 5 and 2.

Therefore, sum of the parts = 5 + 2 = 7

This means that if there is a 7 L solution, then the amount of milk = 5 L and the amount of
water = 2 L.

Out of 1 L solution, the amount of milk is L and the amount of water is L.

Out of 21 L solution, the amount of milk is and the amount of water is

When 3 L of both milk and water is added to the solution, then the amount of milk = (15 +
3) L = 18 L and the amount of water = (6 + 3) L = 9 L.

Therefore, ratio of milk and water in new solution =

Example 7:

The population of two countries A and B are 800 lakhs and 1350 lakhs respectively.
The respective areas of these countries are 4 lakh sq. km and 5 lakh sq. km. Which of
these countries is less populated?

Solution:

The country will be less populated if its population per sq. km (population density) is less.

From the above calculation, we can see that the population density of state A is less than
that of state B. Therefore, state A is less populated.
 Concept of Proportion

Ravi has 15 pens and Sumit has 10 pens. What is the ratio of the number of pens with
Ravi to the number of pens with Sumit?

Ratio = = 3:2

This ratio is equivalent to a ratio 6:4 i.e., the ratio 3:2 is same as the ratio 6:4.

The numbers 3, 2, 6, and 4 are said to be in proportion.

“If two ratios are equal, then the numbers or values in the ratios are said to be in proportion”.

In general, if a, b, c, and d are any four numbers and , then a, b, c, and d are said to be
in proportion.

Proportion is denoted by the symbol ‘=’ or ‘::’ and is placed between two ratios.

For example, if 2, 4, 5, and 10 are in proportion, then we can denote this by writing

2:4 = 5:10

Or, 2:4 :: 5:10

Now, consider one more example. Suppose there are 6 males and 2 females in a car. And
there are 27 males and 9 females in a bus. Now, ratio of the number of males to the number

of females in the car

Ratio of the number of males to the number of females in the bus

Therefore, we can write,

 Thus, 6, 2, 27, and 9 are in proportion.

Here, the numbers 6, 2, 27, and 9 are called respective terms.

The four numbers or values involved in a statement of proportion when taken in

order are called respective terms. If the numbers are not taken in order, then the
numbers are not called respective terms.

The first and the fourth terms of the respective terms are called extreme terms or
extremes. The second and the third terms are called middle terms or means.

For example, in the above example of proportion , the numbers 6, 2, 27, and 9 are
respective terms; however, 6, 27, 2, and 9 or 6, 2, 9, and 27 are not respective terms.

The numbers 6 and 9 are called extreme terms, while 2 and 27 are called middle terms.

Remember

 If p, q, r, and s are four numbers and p:q ≠ r:s, then p, q, r, and s are not in proportion.

For example, 2:4 ≠ 3:8, therefore, 2, 4, 3, and 8 are not in proportion.

 If x:y :: a:b, then it is read as x is to y as a is to b.

Let us look at some more examples to understand this concept better.

Example 1:

Determine which of the following numbers are in proportion when taken in the
given order.

1. 16, 32, 25, 50

2. – 22, 55, –35, 48
3. 72, 24, 12, 36
4. – 84, – 60, – 56, – 40

Solution:

1. 16, 32, 25, 50

 Therefore,

Hence, 16, 32, 25, and 50 are in proportion.

2. – 22, 55, –35, 48

Therefore,

Hence, 22, 55, 35, and 48 are not in proportion.

3. 72, 24, 12, 36

Therefore,

Hence, 72, 24, 12, and 36 are not in proportion.

4. – 84, – 60, – 56, – 40

Therefore,

Hence, – 84, – 60, – 56, and – 40 are in proportion.

 Example 2:

Find the extreme terms and the middle terms of the following proportions.

1. a:b = c:d
2. 7:9 :: 28:36

3.

Solution:

1. a:b = c:d

Extreme terms = a, d

Middle terms = b, c

2. 7:9 :: 28:36

Extreme terms = 7, 36

Middle terms = 9, 28

3.

Extreme terms = 18, 60

Middle terms = 30, 36

Example 3:

The numbers 42, 54, x, and 108 are in proportion. Find the value of x.

Solution:

42, 54, x, and 108 are in proportion.

Therefore,

Multiplication of 54 by 2 gives 108.

To find the value of x, we have to multiply 42 by 2.

∴ x = 42 × 2 = 84

Example 4:

Are the ratios 6 kg to 4800 g and Rs 75 to Rs 60 in proportion?

Solution:

6 kg to 4800 g

Rs 75 to Rs 60

Therefore, the ratios 6 kg to 4800 g and Rs 75 to Rs 60 are in proportion.

Example 5:

Rita was asked that if a bus travelled 225 km in 5 hours, then what distance will it
travel in 15 hours. She replied that the bus will travel 675 km in 15 hours. Was she
correct?

Solution:

Rita will be correct, if the ratios 5 hours to 15 hours and 225 km to 675 km are in
proportion.

5 hours to 15 hours

225 km to 675 km

Therefore, 5 hours to 15 hours and 225 km to 675 km are in proportion.

Thus, Rita’s answer was correct.

Example 6:

If the cost of 6 umbrellas is Rs 144, then what is the cost of 8 umbrellas?

Solution:

Let the cost of 8 umbrellas be Rs x.

Now, the ratios of 8 umbrellas to 6 umbrellas and Rs x to Rs 144 must be in proportion,

i.e., 8 umbrellas to 6 umbrellas = Rs x to Rs 144

Multiplication of 6 with 24 gives 144, therefore, we have to multiply 8 with 24 to find the
value of x. On multiplying 8 with 24, we obtain

8 × 24 = 192

∴ x = 192

Thus, the cost of 8 umbrellas is Rs 192.

Example 7:

On a sunny day, Preetam observed that a 1 m long stick standing vertically on the
ground makes a shadow of length 30 cm. What will be the height of a tree if the
length of its shadow is 3 m 60 cm at that time?

Solution:

Let x be the height of the tree.

We know 1 m = 100 cm

∴ 3 m 60 cm = (3 × 100 + 60) cm = 360 cm

Ratio of height of stick and length of its shadow = 100 cm : 30 cm

Similarly, ratio of height of tree and length of its shadow = x : 360 cm

At the same time, the ratio of the height of the stick and the length of its shadow and the
ratio of the height of the tree and the length of its shadow are equal. Thus, the two ratios
are in proportion.

∴ 100 cm: 30 cm = x : 360 cm

Therefore, the height of the tree is 12 m.

Conversion of Fractions, Ratios, Decimals and Whole Numbers to Equivalent

Percentages and Vice-versa

The following table shows the numbers of matches played and won in a season by two
cricket clubs − Balmain Star and New Star.

BALMAIN STAR NEW STAR

Number of matches played 75 90
Number of matches won 48 54

Now, how can we tell which one is the better team? Though New Star had won more
matches than Balmain Star, but New Star had also played more matches than Balmain Star.
Therefore, we cannot compare the better performing team just by looking at the number of
matches won by the two teams. We could have easily compared this data if the two teams
had played the same number of matches. To solve such type of problems, we have to know
the concept of percentages.

First of all, let us know what a percentage is and after that we will solve this problem.

Per cent is derived from Latin word ‘per centum’ meaning ‘per hundred’ and it is defined as

Percentages are numerators of fractions with denominator 100.

Now that we know how to convert whole numbers, fractions, decimals into percentages
and vice-versa, let us use these concepts to find the better team between Balmain Star and
New Star.

Before finding the percentage of match won by each team, we have to find the fraction of
matches won by them out of the total number of matches played by the team.
Now, the fractions of matches won by Balmain Star and New Star are

respectively.

Therefore, percentage of matches won by Balmain Star

Similarly, percentage of matches won by New Star

Here, we can see that though New Star had won more matches than Balmain Star, the
percentage of matches won by Balmain Star is more than that of New Star. Therefore,
Balmain Star is a better team than New Star.

We know that a fraction represents a part of a whole and 1 represents the whole. Since 1 =
100%, 100% represents the whole of an object and the percentages below 100% represent
parts of a whole.

Percentages can be added and subtracted, but the total percentage of a whole will be 100%.

For example, Sonu has a pizza and he ate 45% of it.

Now, percentage of remaining pizza = 100% − 45% = (100 − 45)% = 55%

Let us discuss some more examples based on the conversion of fractions, ratios, decimals,
and whole numbers to equivalent percentage, and vice-versa.

Example 1:

Convert the percentages 325%, 9.5%, and 800% into fraction, whole number, and
decimal.

Solution:
Example 2:

Convert the numbers into percentage form.

Solution:

Example 3:
In a hostel, 30% students like to watch BCB, 25% students like to watch NDVT, 27%
students like to watch VT18 channel, and the remaining students like to watch NCN.
If a student likes to watch only one channel, then what percentage of students like to
watch NCN?

Solution:

Percentage of students who like to watch BCB = 30

Percentage of students who like to watch NDVT = 25

Percentage of students who like to watch VT18 = 27

Now, the percentage of students who like to watch these three channels = 30 + 25 + 27 = 82

We know that all the parts that form the whole when added together give the whole or
100%.

Therefore, percentage of students who like to watch NCN = 100 − 82 = 18

Thus, 18% students like to watch NCN.

Example 4:

A certain amount of money is divided among Pallavi, Manjri, and Payal in the ratio
3:9:8. What percentage of the amount distributed does each girl get?

Solution:

Ratio in which the amount is divided = 3:9:8

Sum of the parts of the ratio = 3 + 9 + 8 = 20

Therefore, Pallavi, Manjri, and Payal respectively got of the total amount
that was distributed among them.
Example 5:

A child won 12 games out of a number of games. If the win percentage was 30, how many
games were there in total?

Solution:

It is given that win percentage is 30. So,

30 games were won out of 100 games.

∴ 12 games were won out of games.

Hence, there were 40 games in total.

Example 6:

The salary of Rohan is increased by 20%. If his new salary is Rs 18,000, then what was his
salary before increment?
Solution:
Let the salary before increment be Rs 100. Since his increment is 20%, so his salary after
increment is Rs 100 + Rs 20 = Rs 120.
If the new salary is Rs 120, then the salary before increment is Rs 100.
So, if the new salary is Rs 18,000, then the salary before increment is

Rs
Thus, the salary of Rohan before the increment was Rs 15, 000.

Example 7:
Shyam’s income is 40% more than that of Ram. What percent is Ram’s income less than
that of Shyam?
Solution:
Let Ram’s income be Rs 100. Then Shyam’s income will be Rs 140.
So, if Shyam’s income is Rs 140, then Ram’s income will be Rs 100.

If Shyam’s income is Rs 1, then Ram’s income will be Rs .

If Shyam’s income is Rs 100, then Ram’s income will be Rs

Hence, Ram’s income is less than that of Shyam’s income.

Word Problems on Percentages

The following tables list the marks obtained by Bhaskar in his first unit test and the final
term examinations.

1st Unit Test Mark Sheet

Subject Marks Obtained Total Marks

English 16 20
Mathematics 19.5 20
Science 16 20
French 18.5 20
Social Studies 16 20

Final Term Mark Sheet

Subject Marks Obtained Total Marks

English 75 100
Mathematics 95 100
Science 83 100
French 81 100
Social Studies 66 100

Now, how can we determine whether Bhaskar’s overall performance was better in
the 1st unit test or in the final term examination?

Total marks in the 1st unit test = 20 × 5 = 100

Total marks obtained by Bhaskar in the 1st unit test = 16 + 19.5 + 16 + 18.5 + 16

= 86

Total marks in the final term examination = 100 × 5 = 500

Total marks obtained by Bhaskar in the final term examination = 75 + 95 + 83 + 81 + 66 =

400

Here, the total marks in the unit test and the final term examination are not equal.
Therefore, we cannot compare Bhaskar’s performance just by looking at the marks
obtained by him in the test and in the examination. We can solve this problem by
calculating his percentage score in the unit test and in the final term examination.

‘Percent’ means ‘per hundred’ or ‘out of hundred’. To express x as a percentage of y, we use

the following formula:
 To express x as a percentage of y, percentage =

Thus, Bhaskar’s percentage score in the 1st unit test

Bhaskar’s percentage score in the final term examination

Thus, Bhaskar scored 80% in the final term examination and 86% in the 1st unit test.
Looking at this information, we can safely say that his performance was better in
the 1st unit test as compared to that in the final term examination.

Let us consider another situation where Ramesh, Deepika, and Devyani are cousins. One
day, their uncle gave them Rs 800 and told Deepika and Devyani to take 35% and 40% of
this amount respectively and Ramesh to take the remaining amount. However, the three
cousins were confused about how they would share this money. Let us try to help them out.

For this, first of all we have to know the method to find certain percentage of a quantity.
For this, we use the following formula:

Deepika’s share = 35%

Devyani’s share = 40%

∴ Ramesh’s share = [100 − (35 + 40)]% = (100 − 75)% = 25%

Thus, Deepika’s share out of Rs 800

Similarly, Devyani’s share out of Rs 800

Similarly, Ramesh’s share out of Rs 800

Therefore, the shares of Ramesh, Deepika, and Devyani are Rs 200, Rs 280, and Rs 320
respectively.

Now, let us consider another situation where Rohit scored 68% mark in an exam. If he
scored 340 marks, then can we find the total marks for which the exam was held?

For this, we have to know the formula to calculate the total quantity, when its certain
quantities are given in terms of percentage.

If x % of a given quantity is y, then quantity =

Hence, the total marks for which the exam was held = marks

In this way, we can find the whole quantity or a part of the given quantity when the
percentage is given. This concept is known as the “How Many” concept.

Let us discuss some more examples based on the discussed concepts.

Example 1:

Find the following values.

(i) 16% of 100

(ii) 25% of 325

(iii) 65% of 1.2 kg

Solution:

(i) 16% of 100

(ii) 25% of 325

(iii) 65% of 1.2 kg = 65% of 1200g = g = 780 g = 0.78 kg

Example 2:

There were 25 chocolates in a bag, out of which Rohit ate 7 chocolates. What
percentage of chocolates was eaten by Rohit?

Solution:

Number of chocolates eaten by Rohit = 7

Total number of chocolates in the bag = 25

∴ Fraction of chocolates eaten by Rohit =

Therefore, percentage of chocolates eaten by Rohit =

Thus, Rohit ate 28% chocolates in the bag.

Example 3:

A shopkeeper has a stock of 200 cricket bats of three brands − A, B, and C. Out of
these, 65 bats are of brand A, 90 bats are of brand B, and the remaining bats are of
brand C. Find the percentage of bats of each brand with the shopkeeper.

Solution:

Total number of cricket bats = 200

Number of bats of brand A = 65

Number of bats of brand B = 90

∴ Number of bats of brand C = 200 − (65 + 90) = 200 − 155 = 45

Thus, fraction of bats of brand A

Similarly, fraction of bats of brand B

Similarly, fraction of bats of brand C

∴ Percentage of bats of brand A

∴ Percentage of bats of brand B

∴ Percentage of bats of brand C

Example 4:

There are 500 students in a school. Out of these, 325 students are day scholars while
the remaining students are hostlers. Find the percentage of the students who are
hostlers?

Solution:

Number of day scholars in the school = 325

Total number of students in the school = 500

Thus, number of hostlers in the school = 500 − 325 = 175

Thus, percentage of students who are hostlers

This question can also be solved by another method.

Number of day scholars in the school = 325

Total number of students in the school = 500

Percentage of students who are day scholars

Thus, percentage of students who are hostlers = 100% − 65% = 35%

Example 5:

Vicky spends Rs 4000 and saves Rs 1000 every month. What percentage of his
monthly income constitutes his monthly savings?

Solution:

Vicky’s monthly expenditure = Rs 4000

Vicky’s monthly savings = Rs 1000

∴ Vicky’s monthly income = Rs (4000 + 1000) = Rs 5000

∴ Percentage of money saved by Vicky every month

Thus, 20% of Vicky’s monthly salary constitutes his monthly savings.

Example 6:

In badminton, Sonia played 25 matches and lost 5 matches whereas Sunita played 32
matches and lost 6 matches. Who is a better player among them?

Solution:

Number of matches played by Sonia = 25

Number of matches lost by Sonia = 5

Therefore, number of matches won by Sonia = 25 − 5 = 20

∴ Percentage of matches won by Sonia

Number of matches played by Sunita = 32

Number of matches lost by Sunita = 6

Therefore, number of matches won by Sunita = 32 − 6 = 26

∴ Percentage of matches won by Sunita

Since the winning percentage of Sunita is more than that of Sonia, we can say that Sunita is
the better player among the two.

Example 7:

What percentage of 1 minute is 21 seconds?

Solution:

1 minute = 60 seconds

Let x% of 60 seconds be 21 seconds.

∴ x% of 60 = 21

We know that, x%

Thus, 35% of 1 minute is 21 seconds.

Example 8:
In a class, 60% of all the students are boys. It was observed that 90 girls were
present in the class on a specific day. If these girls were 75% of the entire girls, then
how many boy students are there in the class?

Solution:

Let the total number of students in the class be x.

It is given that 60% of all the students are boys.

Therefore, number of boy students in the class =

And, number of girl students in the class =

It is also given that 75% of all the girls were present on the day.

Therefore, number of girls present in the class =

It is also given that 90 girls were present in the class.

Therefore, number of boy students in the class

Example 9:

Sujit saved 33% of his salary last month. If he saved Rs 4950 that month, then what is
his monthly salary?

Solution:

Let Rs n be his monthly salary.

Now, 33% of n = 4950

⇒ 33% × n = 4950

Multiplying both sides by 100, we obtain

33n = 495000

Now, dividing both sides by 33, we obtain

⇒ n = 15000

Therefore, his monthly salary is Rs 15000.

Example 10:

In a carton of 250 bulbs, 4.8% bulbs are found to be defective. How many bulbs in
that carton are in working condition?

Solution:

Total number of bulbs in the carton = 250

Percentage of defective bulbs = 4.8%

Therefore, number of bulbs that are in working condition = 250 − 12 = 238

Percentage Increase and Decrease

In many cases, it is better if we represent increase or decrease in quantities in percentage

terms rather than describing them numerically.

Let us take the case where Manoj got a raise of Rs 5000 in his monthly salary. Now, we also
have to consider his original salary in order to ascertain whether the raise was high or low.
For example, if his original salary was Rs 10000, then this means that he got a raise of 50%
in his monthly salary, which is quite high. However, let us suppose that his original monthly
salary was Rs 50000. Now this would mean that Manoj got a raise of only 10%, which is
quite low.

Thus, if we talk only about the increase or decrease in a quantity without referring to its
original value, then it will cause confusion in some cases. However, this problem does not
arise if we use percentages.

In the same way, we can find the percentage decrease, using the following formula.

Let us consider an example to understand percentage decrease.

In an athletic event, 60 students of a school participated last year. This year, the number of
students of that school taking part is decreased by 5%. Find the number of students taking
part in the athletic event this year.

Here, we have percentage decrease = 5%

Original number of students = 60

⇒ Decrease in number of students = 3

Thus, number of students taking part this year = 60 – 3 = 57

Thus, 57 students participated this year.

Let us solve some examples to understand the concept better.

Example 1:

The price of a toy was decreased by 20%. If this meant a decrease of Rs 125 in its
price, then what were the original and the reduced prices of that toy?

Solution:

Let the original price of the toy to be x.

Percentage decrease in the price of the toy = 20

Decrease in the price of the toy = Rs 125

In this case,

Thus, original price of the toy = Rs 625

And, reduced price of the toy = Rs 625 − Rs 125 = Rs 500

Example 2:

The population of a city in 2002 was 2.5 crores. If it increased by 15% in a year, then
what was the population in 2003?

Solution:

Original population of the city = 2.5 crores

Percentage increase in population = 15 %

Let x be the increase in population of the city.

In this case,

Thus, the population increased by 0.375 crores over the year.

Thus, population of the town in 2003 = (2.5 + 0.375) crores = 2.875 crores
Example 3:

The enrolment at a school increased from 1400 to 1500 in one year. What is the
percentage increase in the enrolment?

Solution:

Increase in the enrolment = 1500 - 1400 = 100

Percentage increase in the enrolment

Thus, the enrolment is increased by 7.14%.

Example 4:

The selling price of a DVD player was dropped by 20% in one year. If the selling price
of the DVD player is Rs 8000 now, then find the selling price of the DVD player one
year before.

Solution:

Let x be the selling price of the DVD player before one year. The selling price of the DVD
player was dropped by 20%. Therefore, now the selling price of the DVD is (100 - 20)%
of x = 80% of x

∴ 80% of x = Rs 8000

Thus, the selling price of the DVD player before one year was Rs 10000.

Concept of Profit and Loss

What is every shopkeeper’s motto? “To buy an item cheap and to sell it at a higher price”.
The extra money that he makes in the process is known as profit. However, a shopkeeper is
not always lucky and sometimes has to sell an item at a lesser price than the one he bought
it at. This is a case of loss for the shopkeeper. Let us try and understand the concept of
profit and loss with the help of some examples.

Generally when an item is purchased, some additional expenses such a labour charges,
transportation charges, maintenance charges etc are made before the selling of the item.
These expenses are known as overhead charges. These expenses have to be added in the
cost price of the item.

∴ Real cost price = Price for purchasing the goods + Overhead charges

Let us discuss some examples based on the above concept.

Example 1:

Find out the profit or loss in the following transactions.

(i) Rahul bought a bicycle for Rs 1200 and sold it for Rs 1150.

(ii) Tanmay bought a pair of trousers for Rs 700 and sold them for Rs 725.

Solution:

(i) Here, C.P. = Rs 1200

S.P. = Rs 1150

∴ Loss incurred = C.P. − S.P. = Rs 1200 − Rs 1150 = Rs 50

Hence, a loss of Rs 50 was incurred in this transaction.

(ii) Here, C.P. = Rs 700

S.P. = Rs 725

∴ Profit made = S.P. − C.P. = Rs 725 − Rs 700 = Rs 25

Hence, a profit of Rs 25 was made in this transaction.

Example 2:
Javed bought 10 pens for Rs 120 and sold them for Rs 80. Find out the loss incurred
on five pens.

Solution:

Cost price (C.P.) of 1 pen = = Rs 12

Selling price (S.P.) of 1 pen =

∴ Loss incurred on 1 pen = Rs 12 − Rs 8 = Rs 4

Hence, loss incurred on 5 pens = 5 × Rs 4 = Rs 20

Example 3:

Kanika sold three bottles for Rs 135 and incurred a loss of Rs 15. What is the cost
price of one bottle?

Solution:

SP of 3 bottles = Rs 135

∴ SP of 1 bottle =

Loss incurred on 3 bottles = Rs 15

∴ Loss incurred on 1 bottle =

CP = Loss + SP

= Rs 5 + Rs 45

= Rs 50

Thus, the cost price of one bottle is Rs 50.

Concept of Profit Percent and Loss Percent

In buying and selling articles, sometimes there is loss and sometimes profit. We can also
write profit and loss as a percentage. Profit percent or loss percent is always calculated on
the cost price of the article.

In the same way, we can find loss percent.

Remember the following formulae.

Profit %

Loss %

Now, let us solve some examples.

Example 1:

Apurva sold his bike for Rs 30000 at a loss of 40%. At what price did Apurva buy the
bike?

Solution:

Let the price at which Apurva bought the bike be x.

C.P. = x

S.P. = Rs 30000

Loss = C.P. − S.P. = Rs (x − 30000)

We know that, Loss %

40x = 100x − 3000000

100x − 40x = 3000000

60x = 3000000

x = Rs 50000

Thus, Apurva bought the bike for Rs 50000.

Example 2:

Javed sold a refrigerator and a washing machine for Rs 15000 and Rs 10000
respectively. He made a gain of 25% on the refrigerator and a loss of 20% on the
washing machine. Find his overall gain or loss.

Solution:

Let the cost price of refrigerator be x and that of washing machine be y.

S.P. of refrigerator = Rs 15000

Gain on refrigerator = S.P. − C.P. = Rs (15000 − x)

We know that, gain %

25x = (1500000 − 100x)

125x = 1500000
x = Rs 12000

C.P. of refrigerator = Rs 12000

Now, selling price of washing machine = Rs 10000

Loss on washing machine = Rs (y − 10000)

We know that, Loss%

20y = 100y − 1000000

100y − 20y = 1000000

80y = 1000000

y = Rs 12500

C.P. of washing machine = Rs 12500

Now, total cost price of refrigerator and washing machine is, (Rs 12000 + Rs 12500)

= Rs 24500

Total S.P. = Rs 15000 + Rs 10000 = Rs 25000

Overall gain = Rs 25000 − Rs 24500 = Rs 500

Thus, there is an overall gain of Rs 500 on the selling of the refrigerator and the washing
machine.

Example 3:

Rahul purchased a television for Rs 20000 and its transportation cost was Rs 100.
For how much should the television be sold so that he makes a profit of 7%?
Solution:

C.P. of the television = Rs 20000

Overhead charges = Rs 100

∴ Total cost of TV = Rs 20000 + Rs 100 = Rs 20100

Profit % = 7%

We know that, Profit %

7 × 201 = Profit

∴ Profit = Rs 1407

Now,

S.P. = C.P. + Profit = Rs 20100 + Rs 1407 = Rs 21507

Thus, the television should be sold for Rs 21507.

Example 4:

Arun bought an umbrella for Rs 125 and sold it for a profit of Rs 20. What was the
selling price of the umbrella and the profit percent of the transaction?

Solution:

Cost price (C.P.) of the umbrella = Rs 125

Profit made in the transaction = Rs 20

∴ Selling price (S.P.) of the umbrella = C.P. + Profit = Rs 125 + Rs 20 = Rs 145

Hence, profit percent of the transaction %

Example 5:
Julie bought a washing machine for Rs 20000. She then sold it at 10% profit. At what
price did she sell the washing machine?

Solution:

Profit per cent = 10%

Cost price (C.P.) of the washing machine = Rs 20000

Profit per cent of the transaction

Hence, Julie sold the washing machine for Rs 22000.

Example 6:

If the cost price of 16 chocolates is equal to selling price of 12 chocolates, then find
the profit percent.
Solution:
Let the C.P. of each chocolate be Re 1. Then the C.P. of 16 chocolates will be Rs 16.
By the given data, S.P. of 12 chocolates = C.P. of 16 chocolates = Rs 16

∴ S.P. of 1 chocolate = Rs

Profit = S.P. – C.P. =

Thus, there is a profit of Rs on each chocolate.

Profit % =

Thus, the profit percent is

Example 7:
On selling a bicycle for Rs 5,600, a dealer loses 20%. For how much should he sell it
to gain 15%?
Solution:
Selling price of the bicycle is Rs 5,600 and the loss is 20%. Therefore,

Expected profit = 15%

Thus, the selling price of the bicycle to gain 15% is Rs 8,050.

Example 8:

The cost price of a laptop is Rs 24,000. An additional Rs 1000 was spent on installing
a software. If it is sold at 15% profit, then find the selling price of the laptop.
Solution:
Cost price of the laptop = Rs 24,000 + Rs 1,000 (overhead charges) = Rs 25,000
The laptop is sold at a profit of 15%. Therefore,

Thus, the selling price of the laptop is Rs 28, 750.

Concept of Simple Interest

Sometimes, we need a large amount of money for bigger purposes such as buying a house,
buying a car, paying fee for higher education etc. If we do not readily have that much of
money then we have to borrow it from money lenders, banks or co-operative credit
societies for a particular period of time along with a condition of paying some extra money
at a particular rate. This borrowed money is called loan.

For example, Jatin borrowed Rs 10000 from Shashank. He promised to give him back Rs
11000 after one year.

Here, Rs 10000 is loan taken by Jatin from Shashank.

Now, the question is that why did Jatin promise to pay more money than he
borrowed?

Have you heard about interest? Let us suppose that someone borrows some money for a
specific time period. Then, the borrower has to pay some extra money along with the
original amount after the passage of that fixed time period. This extra money that is paid by
the borrower is called interest.

In the given example, extra money paid = Rs (11000 − 10000) = Rs 1000

Thus, here, he paid Rs 1000 as the interest for one year.

The original amount of money borrowed is called principal. In this case, Rs 10000 is the
principal.

The total amount that has to be paid back after the specific time period is called amount. In
the above example, Rs 11000 is the amount.

Thus, we can conclude that

Amount = Principal + Interest

Interest = Amount − Principal

Principal = Amount − Interest

 The interest is always calculated on the principal and is given in the form of percentage for
a certain period of time. This percentage is known as the rate of interest.

Let us now calculate the rate of interest for the above example.

Principal = Money borrowed by Jatin for one year = Rs 10000

Amount = Money returned by Jatin after one year = Rs 11000

Interest = Extra money given by Jatin = Rs (11000 − 10000) = Rs 1000

Now, to express the rate of interest, we need to calculate the interest per Rs 100 as
principal.

Interest on Rs 10000 in one year = Rs 1000

Interest on Re 1 in one year =

Therefore, interest per Rs 100 in one year = = Rs 10

Thus, the rate of interest is 10% per year, which can also be expressed as 10% p.a. (per
annum).

Now, how will you calculate the interest applicable on Rs 7000, at the rate of 12%
p.a., at the end of one year?

Rate of interest = 12% p.a.

This means, if Rs 100 is borrowed, then interest after one year = Rs 12

Thus, if Re 1 is borrowed, then interest after 1 year = =

And, if Rs 7000 is borrowed, then interest after 1 year = (Rs 7000) = Rs 840

Thus, the interest on Rs 7000 at the end of one year = Rs 840

Now, what is the amount?

Amount = Principal + Interest = Rs 7000 + Rs 840 = Rs 7840

Therefore, from the above example, it is clear that

Interest = Rate of interest × Principal

If we express interest as I, principal as P, and rate of interest as R%, then the above
statement can be expressed as follows:

Now, if the amount is expressed as A, then A = P + I

Remember:

1. Interest = I

2. Amount = A

Note that the above formulae are applicable only in cases where the money has to be
returned after 1 year, i.e., the time period is 1 year.

These formulae are not applicable if the time period is, say, 1 month, 2 months, 3
months, etc, or it is 2 years, 3 years, etc.

Let us apply the above formulae in an example.

What amount is to be paid at the end of one year for Rs 10000 at the rate of 10% p.a.?

Principal = P = Rs 10000

Rate of interest = R = 10%

Thus, amount payable at the end of one year =

Therefore, amount payable at the end of one year = Rs 11000

Now, how should we proceed if we have to find the interest when the time period is
more than one year?

Let us go through some examples to understand the concepts of simple interest better.

Example 1:

Rahul borrowed some money from Parul. In return, Rahul had to pay Rs 350 as
interest, along with the actual sum. If he paid a total of Rs 4850 to Parul, then find the
amount that he borrowed.

Solution:

Interest = Rs 350

Amount = Rs 4850

∴ Principal = Amount − Interest = Rs 4850 − Rs 350 = Rs 4500

Thus, Rahul borrowed Rs 4500 from Parul.

Example 2:

What will be the interest on Rs 8700 at the end of one year at the rate of 20% per
year? Also find the amount payable at the end of the year.

Solution:

Principal (P) = Rs 8700

Rate of interest (R) = 20%

Time period (T) = 1 year

Therefore, interest (I) payable at the end of the year = Rs 1740

Now, amount (A) payable at the end of the year = P + I

= Rs 8700 + Rs 1740

= Rs 10440

Example 3:

To buy a car, Jitendra borrowed a sum of Rs 200000 for 12 years at the rate of 4%
p.a. What is the total amount that he has to pay to repay the loan?

Solution:

Principal (P) = Rs 200000

Rate of interest (R) = 4%

Time period (T) = 12 years

Now, amount (A) payable at the end of the time period

Therefore, Jitendra has to pay Rs 296000 in order to repay his loan.

Example 4:
Kiran invested a sum of Rs 15000 for 4 years and received a total amount of Rs
18000 at the end of this time period. Find the applicable rate of interest.

Solution:

Principal (P) = Rs 15000

Time period (T) = 4 years

Amount (A) = Rs 18000

∴ Interest = A − P = Rs 18000 − Rs 15000 = Rs 3000

Let the rate of interest be R% p.a.

We know that

Therefore, the applicable rate of interest is 5% p.a.

Example 5:

Mr. Sharma borrowed some money from Mr. Gupta for years at the rate of 11% per
annum. Also, he borrowed the same amount of money from Mr. Verma for same time
period at the rate of 12% per annum. If Mr. Sharma had to pay Rs 6210 as total
interest to repay the whole debt then what was the total money that he borrowed?

Solution:

Case I: Money borrowed from Mr. Gupta

Time period (T) = years

Rate (R) = 11% per annum

Let principal be P and interest be I1.

Case II: Money borrowed from Mr. Verma

Time period (T) = years

Rate (R) = 12% per annum

Principal = P

Let interest be I2.

Total interest = Rs 6210

∴ I1 + I2 = Rs 6210

Thus, Mr. Sharma borrowed Rs 18000 from Mr. Gupta and the same amount from Mr.
Verma.

Therefore, the total money borrowed by Mr. Sharma = Rs 18000 + Rs 18000 = Rs 36000

Example 6:
Surya deposited Rs 25000 in the bank at the rate of 8% per annum. After how much
time the money will get doubled?

Solution:

Principal (P) = Rs 25000

Amount (A) = 2P = Rs (2 × 25000) = Rs 50000

Interest = A – P = Rs 50000 – Rs 25000 = Rs 25000

Rate (R) = 8%

Thus, after 12 years and 6 months, the money will get doubled.