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Ebasco_ECE 110 Lab 1

The laboratory report details an experiment on Amplitude Modulation (AM) using SCILAB software, focusing on analyzing AM signals with varying modulation indices. The experiment involved generating and plotting the carrier, modulating, and amplitude-modulated signals, demonstrating how the carrier amplitude varies with the modulating signal. Results confirmed the principles of AM, with a calculated modulation index indicating a 50% modulation depth.

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6 views

Ebasco_ECE 110 Lab 1

The laboratory report details an experiment on Amplitude Modulation (AM) using SCILAB software, focusing on analyzing AM signals with varying modulation indices. The experiment involved generating and plotting the carrier, modulating, and amplitude-modulated signals, demonstrating how the carrier amplitude varies with the modulating signal. Results confirmed the principles of AM, with a calculated modulation index indicating a 50% modulation depth.

Uploaded by

Joseph Joestar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ECE 110: Communications 1 – Principles of Communication Systems

Laboratory Report 1
Amplitude Modulation Using SCILAB Software
March 5, 2025

2nd Sem AY 2024-2025

Submitted by:

Allen Chreed Ebasco

Submitted to:

Engr. Lovely Mae D. Balamad


1.0 OBJECTIVES

• To analyze Amplitude Modulation (AM) signals with different modulation indices and

other types of AM signals.

2.0 EQUIPMENT / APPARATUS

• SCILAB Software

3.0 THEORY

Amplitude Modulation (AM) is a technique used in electronic communication, most

commonly for transmitting information via a radio carrier wave. AM works by varying the

amplitude of the carrier signal in proportion to the amplitude of the message signal (modulating

signal).

The equation for an AM wave is:

𝒔(𝒕) = (𝑨𝒄 + 𝑨𝒎 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒎 𝒕)) 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄 𝒕)

where:

• 𝑨𝒄 = Amplitude of the carrier signal

• 𝒇𝒄 = Carrier frequency

• 𝑨𝒎 = Amplitude of the modulating signal

• 𝒇𝒎 = Modulating frequency

The modulation index (m) is given by:

𝑨𝒎
𝒎=
𝑨𝒄

which determines how much the carrier amplitude varies. If 𝑚 > 1, the signal is over-

modulated, leading to distortion. If 𝑚 = 1, it is 100% modulated, and if 𝑚 < 1, it is under-

modulated.
4.0 LABORATORY PROCEDURE

1. Open SCILAB and create a new script.

2. Define the parameters:

• Carrier frequency = 5 kHz

• Amplitude of carrier = 9 V

• Modulating frequency = 500 Hz

• Amplitude of modulating signal = 4.5 V

• Sampling time = 100 ms

3. Use the SCILAB code provided below to generate and plot the AM signal.

4. Run the script and observe the generated graphs for the carrier signal, modulating

signal, and amplitude-modulated signal.

5.0 SCILAB CODE

// Define parameters
fc = 5000; // Carrier frequency in Hz
Ac = 9; // Amplitude of carrier signal in V
fm = 500; // Modulating frequency in Hz
Am = 4.5; // Amplitude of modulating signal in V
fs = 10*fc; // Sampling frequency (10 times carrier frequency)
t = 0:1/fs:0.1; // Time vector for 100 ms

// Generate signals
carrier = Ac * cos(2 * %pi * fc * t);
modulating = Am * cos(2 * %pi * fm * t);
modulated = (Ac + modulating) .* cos(2 * %pi * fc * t);

// Plot Carrier Signal


subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t, carrier);
title("Carrier Signal");
xlabel("Time (s)");
ylabel("Amplitude (V)");
grid();

// Plot Modulating Signal


subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t, modulating);
title("Modulating Signal");
xlabel("Time (s)");
ylabel("Amplitude (V)");
grid();

// Plot AM Signal
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t, modulated);
title("Amplitude Modulated Signal");
xlabel("Time (s)");
ylabel("Amplitude (V)");
grid();

6.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results of the experiment are presented in three graphical representations. The first

graph (Figure 1) illustrates the carrier signal, which is a high-frequency cosine wave with a

constant amplitude. The second graph (Figure 2) represents the modulating signal, which is a

lower-frequency cosine wave that dictates the variations in the carrier wave. Finally, the third

graph (Figure 3) shows the amplitude-modulated (AM) signal, where the carrier wave’s

amplitude is modulated according to the amplitude variations of the modulating signal.

From the analysis of the generated AM waveform, it can be observed that the amplitude

of the carrier varies in direct proportion to the modulating signal. The modulation index is

calculated as: which indicates a 50% modulation depth. This means that the carrier amplitude

fluctuates between 4.5V and 13.5V, following the variations in the modulating wave. The

expected AM characteristics are clearly observed, demonstrating the fundamental principles

of amplitude modulation.
Figure 1. Carrier Signal

Figure 2. Modulating Signal

Figure 3. Amplitude Modulated Signal

7.0 CONCLUSION

This experiment demonstrated the generation of an Amplitude Modulated (AM) signal

using SCILAB. The results confirm that AM varies the carrier amplitude according to the

modulating signal. The modulation index was calculated, and its effect on the waveform was

observed. Future work can include testing different modulation indices and analyzing frequency

spectra.

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