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Lesson-4-Types-of-Chemical-Bonds

The document explains the concept of chemical bonds, including covalent, ionic, metallic, and hydrogen bonds, and discusses the role of electronegativity in determining bond types and polarity. It provides examples of polar and nonpolar molecules based on electronegativity differences, such as water, ammonia, methane, and sodium chloride. The document emphasizes that the extent of electron sharing between atoms is influenced by their electronegativity values.

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3 views

Lesson-4-Types-of-Chemical-Bonds

The document explains the concept of chemical bonds, including covalent, ionic, metallic, and hydrogen bonds, and discusses the role of electronegativity in determining bond types and polarity. It provides examples of polar and nonpolar molecules based on electronegativity differences, such as water, ammonia, methane, and sodium chloride. The document emphasizes that the extent of electron sharing between atoms is influenced by their electronegativity values.

Uploaded by

ilyailliiia0
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Types of Chemical Bonds

What is a Chemical Bond?


A chemical bond is a lasting attraction between atoms that enables the formation of chemical compounds.
Types of Bonds
Covalent bond -(share electrons) bond that involves the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms.
Ionic Bond (transfer electrons)- bond in which one or more electrons from one atom are removed and attached to
another atom, resulting in positive and negative ions which attract each other.
Other types of Bonds
Metallic bonds is the force of attraction between valence electrons and the metal atoms.
Hydrogen bonding it is a force of attraction between a hydrogen atom in one molecule and a small atom of high
electronegativity in another molecule.
Electronegativity
• Electronegativity is the ability of each atom in a chemical bond to attract electrons toward it.
-The extent of sharing of electrons between atoms in a molecule is dependent on its electronegativity.
-This affects a substance’s polarity and interaction with other substances.
-Recall that each atom has its own electronegativity value (eV).
• The Higher the electronegativity value, the higher the tendency of the atom to attract electrons toward it.
-In the case of H2, O2, and N2, there is equal sharing of electrons in the covalent bond of each molecule because
the bonded atoms are of the same kind.
-Thus, they have the same electronegativity value.
-The Bond that exist between these kind of atom is called nonpolar covalent bond.
-These kind of bond forms non-polar molecules.
• On the other hand, let us look at hydrogen Chloride (HCl), which has different atoms involved in the covalent
bond.
-Hydrogen has an electronegativity of 2.1 while chlorine has an electronegativity of 3.0.
-Because chlorine has a higher electronegativity value, electrons tend to lean toward chlorine; thus, electrons in
two different atoms involved in the bond are unequally shared and a polar covalent bond is formed.
-This kind of bond forms a polar molecule.
-Due to unequal sharing of electrons, the electron cloud leans toward the more electronegative element.
-This forms partial positive and partial negative charges.
-Because the electrons are residing more on the chlorine atom, the electron cloud of chlorine is larger than that
of hydrogen.
-In this case, the hydrogen atom has lower electronegativity value; thus, it acquires the partial positive charge,
and the shared electrons are pulled away from it.
• -On the other hand, the chlorine atom, which has a higher electronegativity value, acquires the partial negative
charge; the electrons are residing more on its side.
Electronegativity Difference
-Electronegativity values are found in your periodic table.
• Based on Linus Pauling’s scale,fluorine is the most electronegative element, while francium is the least
electronegative.
• The difference in the electronegativity values of the atoms in a molecule or a compound determines the type
and polarity of bond that is formed.
Example 1: Water (H₂O)
Problem:
Given that the electronegativity of hydrogen (H) is 2.1 and oxygen (O) is 3.5, determine whether water (H₂O) is a
polar or nonpolar molecule.
Solution:
1. Find the difference in electronegativity between H and O: ΔEN=3.5−2.1=1.4
2. Since the difference is greater than 0.5 but less than 1.7, the O-H bonds are polar covalent.
3. Conclusion: Water is a polar molecule
Example 2: Ammonia (NH₃)
Problem:
Nitrogen (N) has an electronegativity of 3.0, and hydrogen (H) has 2.1. Is NH₃ polar or nonpolar?
Solution:
1. Calculate the electronegativity difference: ΔEN=3.0−2.1=0.9
2. Since the difference is greater than 0.5 but less than 1.7, the N-H bond is polar covalent.
3. Conclusion: NH₃ is a polar molecule
Example 3: Methane (CH₄)
Problem:
The electronegativity of carbon (C) is 2.5, and hydrogen (H) is 2.1. Is CH₄ polar or nonpolar?
Solution:
1. Find the electronegativity difference: ΔEN=2.5−2.1=0.4
2. Since the difference is less than 0.5, the bonds are only slightly polar.
3. Conclusion: CH₄ is a nonpolar molecule.
Example 4: Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Problem:
The electronegativity of Sodium (Na) is 0.9, and Chlorine (Cl) is 3.0. Is NaCl ionic, polar or nonpolar?
Solution:
1. Find the electronegativity difference: ΔEN=3.0−0.9=2.1
2. Since the difference is greater than 1.7, the bonds are ionic.
3. Conclusion: NaCl is an ionic molecule.

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