THE MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION

GBgi 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 NBoi (1 + m)

m= = P. V = Volume of initial oil in place = NBoi
NBoi 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 1 − Swi
Volume of gas cap = G Bgi = mNBoi Volume of the remaining oil = (N − Np) Bo

𝑚𝑁𝐵𝑜𝑖 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑑

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑝 𝑎𝑡 𝑝 = [ ] 𝐵𝑔 = [ 𝑁 𝑅𝑠𝑖 − 𝑁𝑝 𝑅𝑝 − (𝑁 − 𝑁𝑝)𝑅𝑠 ]𝐵𝑔
𝐵𝑔𝑖 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑔𝑎𝑠

Volume of gas initially in solution = N R si 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 = 𝑁𝑝 𝑅𝑝

𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = (𝑁 − 𝑁𝑝 )𝑅𝑠 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 = 𝑊𝑒 − 𝑊𝑝 𝐵𝑤
𝑆𝑤𝑖 𝑐𝑤 + 𝑐𝑓 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓
𝑅𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑁 𝐵𝑜𝑖 ( 1 + 𝑚) ( ) ∆𝑝 = 𝐺𝑖𝑛𝑗 𝐵𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑗 + 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑗 𝐵𝑤
1 − 𝑆𝑤𝑖 𝐼𝑛𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔𝑎𝑠
𝑁𝑝 [𝐵𝑜 + (𝑅𝑝 − 𝑅𝑠 )𝐵𝑔 ] − (𝑊𝑒 − 𝑊𝑝 𝐵𝑤 ) − 𝐺𝑖𝑛𝑗 𝐵𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑗 − 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑗 𝐵𝑤𝑖
𝑁=
𝐵 𝑆 𝑐 + 𝑐𝑓
(𝐵𝑜 − 𝐵𝑜𝑖 ) + (𝑅𝑠𝑖 − 𝑅𝑠 )𝐵𝑔 + mB𝑜𝑖 [ 𝑔 − 1] + 𝐵𝑜𝑖 (1 + 𝑚) [ 𝑤𝑖 𝑤 ] Δ𝑝
𝐵𝑔𝑖 1 − 𝑆𝑤𝑖
Np [Bt + (R p − R si )Bg ] − (We − Wp Bw )
N= 𝐺𝑝 = 𝑅𝑝 𝑁𝑝
Bg Swi cw + cf
(Bt − Bti ) + mBti [ − 1] + Bti (1 + m) [ ] Δp 𝐵𝑡 = 𝐵𝑜 + (𝑅𝑠𝑖 − 𝑅𝑠 )𝐵𝑔
Bgi 1 − Swi
𝐴 = 𝑁𝑝 [ 𝐵𝑡 + (𝑅𝑝 − 𝑅𝑠𝑖 )𝐵𝑔 ]
𝐷𝐷𝐼 + 𝑆𝐷𝐼 + 𝑊𝐷𝐼 + 𝐸𝐷𝐼 = 1
𝑁(𝐵𝑡 − 𝐵𝑡𝑖 ) 𝑁𝑚𝐵𝑡𝑖 (𝐵𝑔 − 𝐵𝑔𝑖 )/𝐵𝑔𝑖
𝐷𝐷𝐼 = 𝑆𝐷𝐼 =
𝐴 𝐴
𝑐𝑤 𝑆𝑤𝑖 + 𝑐𝑓
𝑊𝑒 − 𝑊𝑝 𝐵𝑤 𝑁𝐵𝑜𝑖 (1 + 𝑚) [ ] ∆𝑝
𝑊𝐷𝐼 = 1 − 𝑆𝑤𝑖
𝐴 𝐸𝐷𝐼 =
𝐴

The Straight-Line Solution Method to the Material Balance Equation

𝐹 = 𝑁[𝐸𝑜 + 𝑚𝐸𝑔 + 𝐸𝑓,𝑤 ] + 𝑊𝑒 𝐹 = 𝑁𝑝 [𝐵𝑜 + (𝑅𝑝 − 𝑅𝑠 )𝐵𝑔 ] + 𝑊𝑝 𝐵𝑤
𝐹 = 𝑁𝑝 [𝐵𝑡 + (𝑅𝑝 − 𝑅𝑠𝑖 )𝐵𝑔 ] + 𝑊𝑝 𝐵𝑤 𝐸𝑜 = (𝐵𝑜 − 𝐵𝑜𝑖 ) + (𝑅𝑠𝑖 − 𝑅𝑠 )𝐵𝑔 = 𝐵𝑡 − 𝐵𝑡𝑖
𝐵𝑔 𝐵𝑔 𝑐𝑤 𝑆𝑤𝑖 + 𝑐𝑓
𝐸𝑔 = 𝐵𝑜𝑖 [ − 1] = 𝐵𝑡𝑖 [ − 1] 𝐸𝑓,𝑤 = 𝐵𝑜𝑖 (1 + 𝑚) [ ] ∆𝑝
𝐵𝑔𝑖 𝐵𝑔𝑖 1 − 𝑆𝑤𝑖
Case 1:Volumetric Undersaturated-Oil
Case 2. Volumetric Saturated-Oil Reservoirs
Reservoirs
𝐹 = 𝑁 𝐸𝑜
𝐹 = 𝑁[𝐸𝑜 + 𝐸𝑓,𝑤 ] 𝐹 = 𝑁𝑝 𝐵𝑜 + 𝑊𝑝 𝐵𝑤
𝑐𝑜 𝑆𝑜 + 𝑐𝑤 𝑆𝑤 + 𝑐𝑓 𝑁𝑝 𝐵𝑜
𝑐𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝑆𝑜 = (1 − 𝑆𝑤𝑖 ) (1 − )
1 − 𝑆𝑤𝑖 𝑁 𝐵𝑜𝑖
𝐵𝑜 − 𝐵𝑜𝑖 1 𝐹 = 𝑁𝐵𝑜𝑖 𝛥𝑝𝑐eff 𝑁𝑝 𝐵
𝑐𝑜 = [ ] 𝑆𝑔 = (1 − 𝑆𝑤𝑖 ) [1 − (1 − ) 𝐵𝑜 ]
𝐵𝑜𝑖 𝛥𝑝 𝑁 𝑜𝑖

𝑐𝑤 𝑆𝑤𝑖 + 𝑐𝑓 𝐹 = 𝑁𝑝 [𝐵𝑜 + (𝑅𝑝 − 𝑅𝑠 )𝐵𝑔 ] + 𝑊𝑝 𝐵𝑤

𝐸𝑓,𝑤 = 𝐵𝑜𝑖 [ ] ∆𝑝
1 − 𝑆𝑤𝑖 𝐹 = 𝑁𝑝 [𝐵𝑡 + (𝑅𝑝 − 𝑅𝑠𝑖 )𝐵𝑔 ] + 𝑊𝑝 𝐵𝑤
𝐸𝑜 = 𝐵𝑜 − 𝐵𝑜𝑖 𝐸𝑜 = (𝐵𝑜 − 𝐵𝑜𝑖 ) + (𝑅𝑠𝑖 − 𝑅𝑠)𝐵𝑔 = 𝐵𝑡 − 𝐵𝑡𝑖
Case 3: Gas-Cap-Drive Reservoirs Case 4:Water-Drive Reservoirs
F We F ∆p
If 𝑚 known and N unknown: F = N[Eo + mEg ] =N+ = N+𝐾( )
Eo 𝐸𝑜 Eo 𝐸𝑜
F
If N known and 𝑚 unknown: (N − Eo ) = mEg We = (cw + cf )Wi f(pi − p) = 𝐾∆𝑝
( encroachment angle )∘ 𝜃
F Eg f= =
If N and 𝑚 are unknown:E = N + mN (E ) 360 ∘ 360∘
o o

Bg 𝐵𝑔 𝜋(ra2 − re2 )h𝜙

𝐸𝑔 = Boi [( ) − 1] = 𝐵𝑡𝑖 [ − 1] Wi = [ ]
Bgi 𝐵𝑔𝑖 5.615
 𝐸𝑜 = (𝐵𝑜 − 𝐵𝑜𝑖 ) + (𝑅𝑠𝑖 − 𝑅𝑠 )𝐵𝑔 = 𝐵𝑡 − 𝐵𝑡𝑖 𝐾 = (cw + cf )Wi f

WATER INFLUX
𝑒𝑤 = 𝑄𝑜 𝐵𝑜 + 𝑄𝑔 𝐵𝑔 + 𝑄𝑤 𝐵𝑤
𝑑𝑊𝑒 𝑑𝑁𝑝 𝑑𝑁𝑝 𝑑𝑊𝑝
𝑒𝑤 = = 𝐵𝑜 + (𝐺𝑂𝑅 − 𝑅𝑠 )𝐵𝑔 + 𝐵𝑤
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
WATER INFLUX MODELS
The Pot Aquifer Model Schilthuis’ Steady-State Model
𝑑𝑊𝑒
We = (cw + cf )Wi f(pi − p) 𝑒𝑤 = = 𝐶(𝑝𝑖 − 𝑝)
𝑑𝑡
𝑡
𝜋(ra2 − re2 )h𝜙 360𝑉𝑝 0.00708𝑘ℎ
Wi = [ ] 𝑟𝑒 = √ 𝐶=[ 𝑟 ] 𝑊𝑒 = 𝐶 ∑(∆𝑝)∆𝑡
5.615 𝜋ℎ𝜙𝜃 𝜇𝑤 ln (𝑟𝑎 )
𝑒 0
𝑡
𝑝𝑖 − 𝑝1 (𝑝𝑖 − 𝑝1 ) + (𝑝𝑖 − 𝑝2 )
( encroachment angle )∘ 𝜃 ∑(∆𝑝)∆𝑡 = 𝑡1 + (𝑡2 − 𝑡1 )
2 2
f= ∘
= 0
360 360∘ (𝑝𝑖 − 𝑝2 ) + (𝑝𝑖 − 𝑝3 )
+ (𝑡3 − 𝑡2 ) + 𝑒𝑡𝑐.
2
The Van Everdingen-Hurst Unsteady-State
Hurst’s Modified Steady-State Model
Model
𝑑𝑊𝑒 (𝑝𝑖 − 𝑝) 𝑟𝑎
𝑒𝑤 = =𝐶 ∶ 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: = 𝑎𝑡 𝑊𝑒 = 𝐵∆𝑝 𝑊𝑒𝐷 𝑊𝑒 = 𝐵 ∑ ∆𝑝 𝑊𝑒𝐷
𝑑𝑡 ln(𝑎𝑡) 𝑟𝑒
𝑡
∆𝑝 0.00708𝑘ℎ 𝑘𝑡 𝑟𝑎
𝑊𝑒 = 𝐶 ∑ [ ] ∆𝑡 𝐶=[ ] 𝑡𝐷 = 6.328 × 10−3 𝑟𝐷 =
ln(𝑎𝑡) 𝜇𝑤 𝜙𝜇𝑤 𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑒2 𝑟𝑒
0
𝑝𝑖 − 𝑝 1 1 𝜃
= ( ) ln(𝑎) + ( ) ln(𝑡) 𝑐𝑡 = 𝑐𝑤 + 𝑐𝑓 f=
𝑒𝑤 𝐶 𝐶 360∘
1
𝑎 = exp[ 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 × 𝐶] 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = 𝐵 = 1.119𝜙𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑒2 ℎ𝑓 𝐵 = 1.119𝜙𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑒2 ℎ
𝐶
t D 0.5
The Carter-Tracy Water Influx Model 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝐷 < 0.01: WeD = 2( )
𝜋
(𝑊𝑒 )𝑛 = (𝑊𝑒 )𝑛−1 + [(𝑡𝐷 )𝑛 − (𝑡𝐷 )𝑛−1 ]
𝐹𝑜𝑟 0.01 < 𝑡𝐷 < 200:
𝐵Δ𝑝𝑛 − (𝑊𝑒 )𝑛−1 (𝑝𝐷′ )𝑛
×[ ]
(𝑝𝐷 )𝑛 − (𝑡𝐷 )𝑛−1 (𝑝𝐷′ )𝑛 WeD =
1.2838√t D + 1.19328t D + 0.269872(t D )3/2 + 0.00855294(t D )2
370.529√t D + 137.582t D + 5.69549(t D )1.5 1 + 0.616599√t D + 0.0413008t D
pD =
328.834 + 265.488√t D + 45.2157t D + (t D )1.5
−4.2881 + 2.02566t D
E 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝐷 > 200: WeD =
p′D = ln(t D )
F
Where:
E = 716.441 + 46.7984(𝑡𝐷 )0.5 + 270.038𝑡𝐷 𝑘𝑣 h
+71.0098(𝑡𝐷 )1.5 𝐹𝑘 = zD =
𝑘ℎ re √Fk
F = 1296.86(𝑡𝐷 )0.5 + 1204.73𝑡𝐷 + 618.618(𝑡𝑑 )1.5
+538.072(𝑡𝐷 )2 + 142.41(𝑡𝐷 )2.5
Gas properties
If tD>100 :
pD = 0.5[ln(t D ) + 0.80907]
𝑧𝑇 𝑓𝑡 3 𝑧𝑇 𝑏𝑏𝑙
p′D = 1/(2t D ) 𝐵𝑔 = 0.02827 ( ) 𝐵𝑔 = 0.005035 ( )
𝑝 𝑠𝑐𝑓 𝑝 𝑠𝑐𝑓
 Type Curve Analysis
𝑞𝑖 𝑑(ln 𝑞 ) 1 𝑑𝑞
𝑞𝑡 = 1 𝐷=− =−
(1 + 𝑏𝐷𝑖 𝑡)𝑏 𝑑𝑡 𝑞 𝑑𝑡
Exponential b=0 Hyperbolic 0 < b < 1
𝑞𝑖
𝑞𝑡 = 𝑞𝑖 exp(−𝐷𝑖 𝑡) 𝑞𝑡 = 1
(1 + 𝑏𝐷𝑖 𝑡)𝑏
𝑞𝑖 − 𝑞𝑡 (𝑞𝑖 ) 𝑞𝑡 1−𝑏
𝐺𝑝(𝑡) = 𝐺𝑝(𝑡) = [ ] [1 − ( ) ]
𝐷𝑖 𝐷𝑖 (1 − 𝑏) 𝑞𝑖
ln(𝑞𝑡 ) = ln(𝑞𝑖 ) − 𝐷𝑖 𝑡 𝑞𝑡 = 𝑞𝑖 − 𝐷𝑖 𝐺𝑝(𝑡) 𝑞1 = √𝑞𝑖 𝑞2
ln(𝑞𝑖 ⁄𝑞𝑡 ) (𝑞𝑖 − 𝑞𝑡 ) 𝑞𝑖 𝑏 𝑞𝑖 𝑏
𝐷𝑖 = 𝐷𝑖 = 𝑓 = 𝑡2 ( ) − 𝑡1 ( ) − (𝑡2 − 𝑡1 )
𝑡 𝐺𝑝(𝑡) 𝑞1 𝑞2
∑𝑡[𝑡 ln(𝑞𝑖 /𝑞𝑡 )] 𝑘+1 𝑘
𝑓(𝑏 𝑘 )
𝐷𝑖 = 𝑏 =𝑏 − ′ 𝑘
∑𝑡 𝑡 2 𝑓 (𝑏 )
𝑛 ∑𝑡 (𝑞𝑡 𝐺𝑝(𝑡) ) − [(∑𝑡 𝑞𝑡 )(∑𝑡 𝐺𝑝(𝑡) )] 𝑞𝑖 𝑏
𝑘
𝑞𝑖 𝑞𝑖 𝑏
𝑘
𝑞𝑖
𝐷𝑖 = 2 2 𝑓 ′ (𝑏 𝑘 )
= 𝑡2 ( ) ln ( ) − 𝑡1 ( ) ln ( )
𝑛 ∑𝑡 (𝐺𝑝(𝑡) ) − (∑𝑡 𝐺𝑝(𝑡) ) 𝑞1 𝑞1 𝑞2 𝑞2
(𝑞𝑖 − 𝑞𝑎 ) ln(𝑞𝑖 ⁄𝑞𝑎 ) 𝑏
(𝑞𝑖 ⁄𝑞2 ) − 1
𝐺𝑝𝑎 = 𝑡𝑎 = 𝐷𝑖 =
𝐷𝑖 𝐷𝑖 𝑏𝑡2
Harmonic b = 1
𝑞𝑖 𝑞𝑖 𝑞𝑖
𝑞𝑡 = 𝐺𝑝(𝑡) = ( ) ln ( )
(1 + 𝐷𝑖 𝑡) 𝐷𝑖 𝑞𝑡
1 1 𝐷𝑖 𝐷𝑖
= + ( )𝑡 ln(𝑞𝑡 ) = ln(𝑞𝑖 ) − ( ) 𝐺𝑝(𝑡)
𝑞𝑡 𝑞𝑖 𝑞𝑖 𝑞𝑖
𝑞𝑖
∑𝑡 (𝑡 ) − ∑𝑡 𝑡 𝑞𝑖 𝑞𝑎 (𝑞𝑖 − 𝑞𝑎 )
𝑞𝑡 𝐺𝑝(𝑎) = ( ) ln ( ) 𝑡𝑎 =
𝐷𝑖 = 𝐷𝑖 𝑞𝑡 𝑞𝑎 𝐷𝑖
∑𝑡 𝑡 2

Gas Reservoirs
𝑧𝑇 𝑝
𝐵𝑔 = 0.02827 𝐸𝑔 = 35.37
𝑝 𝑧𝑇
The Material Balance Method
𝑝𝑠𝑐 𝐺𝑝 𝑝𝑖 𝑉 𝑝[𝑉 − (𝑊𝑒 − 𝐵𝑤 𝑊𝑝 )]
𝑛𝑝 = 𝑛𝑖 − 𝑛𝑓 = −
𝑅𝑇𝑠𝑐 𝑧𝑖 𝑅𝑇 𝑧𝑅𝑇
Volumetric Gas Reservoirs
𝑝 𝑝𝑖 𝐺𝑝 𝑝𝑠𝑐 𝑇
= − 𝑚𝐺𝑝 𝑅𝐹 = 𝑚 = 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = 𝑉 = 43560𝐴ℎ𝜙(1 − 𝑆𝑤𝑖 )
𝑧 𝑧𝑖 𝐺 𝑇𝑠𝑐 𝑉
𝑧𝑖 𝑝
log [1 − ] = log 𝐺𝑝 − log 𝐺
𝑝𝑖 𝑧

𝑝𝑖 1 𝑝𝑠𝑐 𝑧𝑖 𝑇 𝑝 𝑝 𝐺𝑝 𝐵𝑔
𝑚=( ) 𝑉 = 𝐵𝑔 𝐺 = ( ) = 𝑖 [1 − 𝑅𝐹] 𝐺=
𝑧𝑖 𝐺 𝑇𝑠𝑐 𝑝𝑖 𝑧 𝑧𝑖 𝐵𝑔 − 𝐵𝑔𝑖
Water-Drive Gas Reservoirs
𝐺𝑝 𝐵𝑔 − (𝑊𝑒 − 𝑊𝑝 𝐵𝑤 ) 𝑊𝑒 𝐺𝑝 𝐵𝑔 + 𝑊𝑝 𝐵𝑤
𝐺= 𝐺+ =
𝐵𝑔 − 𝐵𝑔𝑖 𝐵𝑔 − 𝐵𝑔𝑖 𝐵𝑔 − 𝐵𝑔𝑖
 𝐺𝐵𝑔𝑖 𝑊𝑒 − 𝑊𝑝 𝐵𝑤
𝑃. 𝑉 = 𝑉trapped-gas = (𝑃. 𝑉)wiz 𝑆𝑔𝑟𝑤 (𝑃. 𝑉)wiz = [ ]
1 − 𝑆𝑤𝑖 1 − 𝑆𝑤𝑖 − 𝑆𝑔𝑟𝑤
We − Wp Bw
𝑝(𝑉)trapped-gas Sgrw p[ ]S
𝑝(𝑉)trapped-gas = 𝑍𝑛𝑅𝑇 n= 1 − Swi − 𝑆grw grw
ZR T n=
ZR T

𝑊𝑒 − 𝑊𝑝 𝐵𝑤
(𝐺 − 𝐺𝑝 )𝐵𝑔 − [1 − 𝑆 − 𝑆 ] 𝑆𝑔𝑟𝑤
𝑤𝑖 𝑔𝑟𝑤
𝑆𝑔 = 𝑛𝑝 = 𝑛𝑖 − 𝑛𝑟𝑓𝑔 − 𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑑
𝐺𝐵𝑔𝑖 𝑊𝑒 − 𝑊𝑝 𝐵𝑤
( 1 − 𝑆 ) − [1 − 𝑆 − 𝑆 ]
𝑤𝑖 𝑤𝑖 𝑔𝑟𝑤
The Gas Material Balance Equation as a Straight Line
𝐹 = 𝐺(𝐸𝑔 + 𝐸𝑓,𝑤 ) + 𝑊𝑒 𝐵𝑤 𝐹 = 𝐺𝑝 𝐵𝑔 + 𝑊𝑝 𝐵𝑤
𝑐𝑤 𝑆𝑤𝑖 + 𝑐𝑓
𝐸𝑔 = 𝐵𝑔 − 𝐵𝑔𝑖 𝐸𝑓,𝑤 = 𝐵𝑔𝑖 [ ] ∆𝑝
1 − 𝑆𝑤𝑖
𝐹 𝑊𝑒 𝐵𝑤
𝐹 = 𝐺𝐸𝑔 + 𝑊𝑒 𝐵𝑤 =𝐺+
𝐸𝑔 𝐸𝑔
𝑊𝑒 = 𝐶 ∑ ∆𝑝𝑛 √𝑡 − 𝑡𝑛

Gas Properties
𝑇𝑝𝑐 = 168 + 325𝛾𝑔 − 12.5𝛾𝑔2 𝑝𝑝𝑐 = 677 + 15𝛾𝑔 − 37.5𝛾𝑔2
𝑝 𝑇 𝑧𝑇
𝑝𝑝𝑟 = 𝑇𝑝𝑟 = 𝐵𝑔 = 0.02827
𝑝𝑝𝑐 𝑇𝑝𝑐 𝑝