53 Physics/9th/2016-17 SCHOLARS’ SCHOOL SRINAGAR-0194-2437181

Lesson No. 1
Motion
Q.1 An object has moved through a distance. Can it have zero displacement? If yes, support
your answer with an example?
Ans. Yes, an object has zero displacement even when it has moved through a distance. This
happens when we find position of an object coincides with its initial position, e.g. arriving
from home to school and coming back to home, some distance is traveled but displacement
is zero.
Q.2 A farmer moves along the boundary of square fields of side 10m in 40 sec. what will
be the magnitude of displacement of the farmer at the end of 2 minutes 20 seconds?
Ans) If farmer starts from A it will complete 3 rounds in two minutes and in the remaining
20 seconds starting from A. he will finish at C. Therefore, displacement = AC.
Where AC = √AB2 + BC2
= √(10)2 + (10)2 10m
= √100 + 100 B C
= √200
= √2 x 100 10m 10m
= √2 x √100
= √2 x (10)2
= 10 √2 m A B
Q.3 Which of the following is true for displacement? 10m
a. It can not be zero.
Ans. False, it can be zero.
b Its magnitude is greater than the distance travelled by an object?
Ans. Magnitude of displacement is never greater than the distance travelled. Hence the statement
is wrong.
Questions:-
Q.1 Distinguish between speed and velocity:-
Speed Velocity
1. Speed is equal to distance per unit time. 1. Velocity is equal to displacement per unit time
2. Speed has no direction 2. Velocity has a particular direction.
3. Speed is a scaler quantity 3. Velocity is vector quantity.
Q.2 Under what condition (s) is the magnitude of average velocity of an object equal to its
average speed?
Ans. When a body moves along a straight line, the magnitude of average velocity of an object is
equal to its average speed.
Q.3 What does the odometer of an automobile measure?
Ans. Odometer is a device which measures the distance traveled by an automobile.
Q.4 What does the path of an object look like when it is in uniform motion?
Ans. In uniform motion the path of an object can be a straight line, curved line, zigzag or even a
circle. It can have any shape. This is because in uniform motion speed is constant. The
direction of motion may change.
Q.5 During an experiment, a signal from a spaceship reached the ground station in 5
minutes. What was the distance of the space ships from the ground station? The signal
travels at the speed of light that is 3 x 108m S-1?
Ans. Here
Time Taken = 5 minutes = 5 x 60 = 300 sec.
Velocity of signal = 3 x 108m/s
S (distance) =?
We know that v= S/T
S=vxt
S = 3 x 108 x 3 x 102

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= 9 x 1010 m

Q.1 When will you say a body is in?

i, Uniform acceleration?
Ans. A body is said to be in uniform acceleration if it travels in a straight line and its velocity
increases by equal amounts in equal intervals of time. In other words, a body has a uniform
acceleration if its velocity increases at uniform rate. e.g. the motion of a freely falling body.
ii. Non- uniform acceleration:
Ans. A body has a non-uniform acceleration if its velocity increases by unequal amounts in equal
intervals of time. In other words, a body has a non-uniform acceleration if its velocity
changes at a non-uniform rate e.g. speed of a car running on a crowded city road changes
continuously.
Q.2 A bus decreases its speed from 80km h-1 to 60 kmh -1 in 5s. find the acceleration of the
bus?
Ans. Here
Time taken, t = 5 sec.
Initial velocity, u = 80 km /h
5
80x 1000 m 80 x 1000
= = 22.2m/s
1x60x60S 36 00
18
Final velocity, v = 60 km /h
60 x 1000m 60 x 1000
= = = 16.6m/s
1x60x60S 3600
We know that
Acceleration a = v – u
t
a = 16 .6 – 22. 2
5
a = - 1.1 m /S2
Negative sign indicates –ive acceleration or retardation.
Q.3 Train starting from a railway station and moving with uniform acceleration attains a
speed 40kmh-1 in 10 minutes. Find its acceleration.
Ans. Here
Final velocity V = 40 km 40 x 1000 m 40 x 1000
= = = 11.1 m/s
60 x 60 s 3600
Time, t = 10 min. = 10 x 60 = 600 = 6 x 102 sec.
 acceleration, a = v - u
t
= 11 . 1 – 0
6 x 102

= 11.1 x 10-2
6
= 1. 85 x 10-2 m/Sec2
Q.1 What is the nature of the distance time graphs for uniform and non-uniform motion
for an object?
Ans When the motion is uniform the distance time graph is a straight line.
When the motion is non-uniform the distance time graph is not straight line. It can be any
curve.

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Q.2 What can you say about the motion of an object whose distance time graph is a
straight line parallel to the time?
Ans. When distance time graph of an object is a straight line parallel to the time axis, distance of
the object at every instant of time is the same. There fore the object must be stationary.

Distance

Time
Q.3 What can you say about the motion of an object if its speed time graph is a straight
line parallel to the time axis?
Ans. When speed time-graph of a body is a straight line parallel to the time axis, speed of the
body at every instant of time is the same. It means there is no acceleration.

Speed

Time
Q.4 What is the quantity which is measured by the area occupied below the velocity- time
graph?
Ans. Area occupied below the velocity time-graph is a measure of distance traveled by the body
or displacement of the body.
Questions
Q.1 A bus starting from rest moves with a uniform acceleration of O.1ms-2 for 2 minutes.
Find (a) the speed acquired, b) the distance traveled.

Ans a. Here Initial velocity, u = O m/s

Acceleration , a = O . 1 m / S2
Time, t = 2 min = 2 x 60 = 120 secs.
Final velocity, v = ?
We know that
v = u + at
v = O + O.1 x 120
v = 12 ms-1 „ There fore final velocity, V = 12 m/s
Similarly,
b. S = ut + 1/ 2 at 2
S = O x 120 + ½ (0.1) (120)2
S = O + ½ (0.1) 144 x 102
= 7 . 2 X 102m
Q..2 A train is traveling at a speed of 90 kmh-1. Brakes are applied so as to produce a
uniform acceleration of -0.5 ms-2. Find how for the train will go before it is brought to
rest.
Ans. Here Initial velocity, u = 90 km/h
90 x 1000
= = 25m /s
3600
Acceleration, a = O.5 m S-2
Distances S = ?
We know that
V2 – U2 = 2aS

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S = v2 - u2 = (0) 2 – (25) 2 = 625 m .

2a 2 (-0.5)
Q.3 A trolley, while going down an inclined plane, has an acceleration of 2cms -2. What will
be its velocity 3s after the start?
Ans. Here Acceleration , a = 2cm S-2 = 2 x 10-2 m 5-2
Initial velocity , u = O m/s
Final velocity, v = ?
Time, t = 3 sec.
We know
v = u + at
v = 0 + 2 x 10-2 x 3
v = 6 x 10-2 m/sec or 6 cm/sec
Q.4 A racing car has a uniform acceleration of 4 ms-2. What distance will it cover in 10 sec.
after start.
Ans. Here
Acceleration, a = 4 ms-2
Time, t = 10 Sec.
Initial velocity, u = o
Distance, s = ?
We know that
S = ut + ½ at 2
= O + ½ x 4 x ( 10) 2 = 2 x 102 = 200m
Q.5 A stone is thrown in a vertically upward direction with a velocity of 5 ms 1. If the acceleration
of the stone during its motion is 10 ms-2 in the downward direction. What will be the height
attained by the stone and how much time will it take to reach there?
Ans. a Here, initial velocity, u = 5m/s
Acceleration, a = - 10 ms -2
Distance, s = ?
Final velocity, = O
We Know that
v 2 - u 2 = 2as
s = v2 - u2
2a
2
S = O -5 = - 25 = 1.25 metre
2 x (-10) - 20
b. v = u + at
t = v-u
a
t = 0-5 = -5 = 0.5 seconds
-10 -10
Textbook questions
Q.1 An athlete completes one round of a circular track of diameter 200m in 40s. what will
be the distance covered and the displacement at the end of 2 min 20s?
Ans. Time taken to complete 1 round = 40 sec., total time = 2 min. 20 s = 140 sec.
No of rounds completed = 140/40 = 3.5
Radius of the track is = diameter = 200 = 100m
2 2
Distance covered = Circumference of the circle x 3.5= 2  r x 3.5=2 x 22/7 x 100 x 3.5 =
2200 m.
Displacement = 200m . Because for the last half round, the displacement = diameter.
Q.2 Joseph jogs from one end A to the other end B of a straight 300m road in2 minutes
50seconds and then turns around and jogs 100m back to point C in another lynin-
what are Joseph’s average speed and velocities in Jogging.

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a. From A to B:-
Ans. Distance, S = 300m
A 200m C 100m B
Total Time taken, t = 2 min 50 sec. = 2 x 60 + 50 sec = 120 + 50 = 170 sec.
Average speed = 300 = 1.76 m/S
170
Here, Distance and displacement is same as the path is straight and velocity is equal to
overage speed.
Displacement from A to B = 300m
Average velocity = 300 = 1. 76 m /S
170
b. From A to C:-
Ans. Distance = 400 m
Total time = 170 sec + 60
= 230 Sec.
Average speed = S1 + S 2 = 400 = 1. 73 m/s
t1 + t2 230
Average velocity = Displacement
T1 + T2
= 200
230
= 0. 86 m/S
Q.4 A motorboat starting from rest on a lake accelerates in a straight line at a constant
rate of 3 . Oms-2 for 8 . 0 sec. How for does the boat travel during this time?
Ans. Here Acceleration, a = 3.0ms-2
Time, t = 8 Sec.
Initial velocity, u = Om/s
S = ? we know that
S = ut + ½ at 2
S=Ox8+½ x3x82
= 1/2 x 3 x 64 = 96m.
Distance , S = 96m.
Q.3 Abdul while driving to school computes the average speed for his trip to be 20 kmh-1 .
On his return trip along the same route, there is less traffic and the average speed is 40
kmh -1. What is the average speed for Abdul’s trip?
Ans . Let „x‟ be the distance
Initial time, t1 = Distance
av. speed.
= x
20
Final time, t2 = x
40 3
Total time = t 1 + t 2 = x + x = 40x + 20x = 60x = 3x
20 40 800 800 40
40
Total distance = x + x = 2 x
Average speed of whole trip = total distance = 2x = 2x X 40 = 80 = 26.6 km/hr
Total time 3x 3x 3
40
General conceptual questions
Q. 1 Define motion?
Ans. A body is said to be in motion if it changes its position with respect to some stationary
object in its surroundings.

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Some examples of the bodies in motion are:

a) Cars and buses running on the road.
b) Birds and aeroplanes flying in the air.
c) The running blades of a fan.
d) Motion of air is detected by movement of dust particles, leaves and branches of
trees. Similarly, the phenomenon of sunrise, sunset and changing of seasons due to
the rotation of earth.

Q. Define uniform motion? Give its graphical presentation?

Ans. A body is said to have uniform motion if it travels equal distances in equal intervals of time
no matter how small time intervals may be e.g. a body moving at the constant speed say
5 ms-1 will cover five meters in every sec. so its motion will be uniform. The distance
time-graph of a uniform motion is a straight line.
Uniform
Distance

5m 5m 5m
Motion
A 1 sec B 1 sec C 1 sec D
Time
Q. What is non-uniform motion? Give its graphical presentation?
Ans. A body is said to possess non uniform motion if it covers unequal distances in equal
internals of time, how small the intervals may be. A car covers 40 km in 1st hour, 50 km in
2nd hour and 60 km in 3rd hour and so on. The motion of the car is non- uniform as it covers
unequal distances in equal intervals of time. The motion of a freely falling body is also an
example of non-uniform motion. The distance–time graph for a body having non-uniform
motion is a curved line as shown in figure:-
Distance

Non-uniform motion

Time
Q. Concept of distance and displacement:-
Ans. Distance:- The distance traveled by a body is the actual length of the path Covered by a
moving body irrespective of the direction in which the body travels. The distance covered
by a body is denoted by S.
Suppose an object starts its journey from „O‟ along a straight line OX .A,B,C are positions

O .A
.
of the object at different instants of time as shown in fig.
B
.
C
X

Let the object go from O to C and come back to B along the same line. The total path
length covered by the object is equal to OC + CB. This is the distance traveled by body.
Thus to describe the distance we need to specify only its numerical value and the unit.
Therefore, distance is a scalar quantity having only magnitude but no direction. The value
of distance can never be zero or negative.
Displacement:- The displacement of an object in motion is the shortest distance between
the initial point and final point of object. In the example given above when an object goes
from O to C and come back to B. Its final position is B and initial point is O. therefore,
displacement of the object is OB. Displacement is a vector quantity having both magnitude
as well as direction the displacement has same units as that of distance i.e. metres.

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Q. Differentiate or contrast between distance and displacement?

Distance Displacement
1. The actual length of the path traveled by 1. The shortest distance between the intial
a moving body irrespective of direction is and final positions of the body is called as
called the distance. displacement.
2. Distance traveled is a scalar quantity. 2. Displacement is a hector quantity.
3. Distance traveled is always positive. 3. Displacement may be +ive, -ive or zero.
4. Distance traveled is always greater than 4. Displacement is always less than or equal
or equal to the displacement. to the distance traveled.

Q. Concept of speed and velocity.

Ans. The concepts of speed and velocity are used to measure the rate of motion.
Speed:- The distance traveled by a body per unit time over a short interval of time is
called its speed. Thus, the speed of a body describes the rapidity of its motion.
The speed of a moving body may be expressed by the relationship,
Speed = distance traveled
Time taken
If „S‟ is the distance traveled by the body in time „t‟ . Its speed „v‟ is given by
v = S/t

Speed has only magnitude, hence is a scalar quantity.

The S.I. Unit of speed is meter per second i.e. ms-1.
The speed can be Zero or positive but can never by negative.
Uniform Speed:- When a body travels equal distances in equal intervals of time, however
the small interval may be, the speed of the body is said to be uniform.
Non- uniform speed 0r ( variable speed):- When a body covers unequal distances in
equal intervals of time, however the small interval maybe, the speed of the body is said to
be non-uniform.
Average Speed:- In most of the cases bodies move with variable or non-uniform speed.
Therefore we describe the rate of motion of such bodies in terms of their average speed. The
average speed of a body may be defined as the ratio of total distance traveled to the total
time taken by the body.
. Average speed = Total Distance traveled
Total Time Taken .
e.g. in going from Anantnag to Srinagar total distance traveled is equal to 60 km. If total
time taken is equal to 2hrs, then average speed = 60/2 = 30 km/hr
Velocity:- The rate of change of displacement of a body is called velocity. The quantity
that specifies both the rate of motion and the direction of rate of motion is called velocity of
the body velocity may be defined as the distance traveled by the body in unit time in a given
direction. In other words velocity of a body is the speed of the body in a particular direction.
Thus,
Velocity = distance traveled in given direction
Time taken
= displacement or V = S/t
Time
Where V is velocity and „S‟ is displacement covered by the body in time „t‟.
Unit:- The unit of “ v” is the same as that of speed that is m S -1. Velocity is a vector quantity.
Uniform velocity or constant velocity:- When a body is moving along a straight line covering
equal distances in equal intervals of time, however the small intervals may be the velocity
of the body is said to be uniform or constant.
Non-uniform velocity (variable velocity):- Velocity of a body is said to be non-uniform
when it covers unequal distances in a particular direction in equal intervals of time

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Average velocity:- When a body is moving along a straight line at a variable speed. Its
velocity is variable. In that case we express the rate of motion of the body in terms of its
average velocity.
When velocity of a body is changing at a uniform rate over a period of time then the
average velocity of the body for the period is arithmetic mean of initial and final velocity of
the body. If „u‟ is the initial velocity and „v‟ is the final velocity then, average velocity=
Final velocity + initial velocity+ = v + u
2 2
Or V = v + u
2
Concept of acceleration?
Ans. Rate of change of velocity is called acceleration. When a body is moving uniformly
along a straight line its velocity is constant. Therefore, change in velocity is Zero over any
interval of time. However when a body is in non-uniform motion its velocity changes. To
express the rate of change of velocity, we introduce another physical quantity called
acceleration and is defined as “Acceleration of a body is defined as the rate of change of
velocity of the body with time. Thus acceleration of the body is a measure of change in
velocity of a body per unit time” .
Thus, acceleration = change in velocity
Time taken
as change in velocity = v-u
 a = v–u
t
in vector form,

a = v - u
t
Units of acceleration:- As acceleration is equal to = change in velocity
Time taken
Unit of a = m/sec2 = or meters sec-2 or ms-2
Graphical representation of motion:- When a quantity varies with respect to another
quantity, we study this variation by a pictorial technique called graph. A graph represents the
relation between 2 variable quantities in pictorial form. To describe motion of objects, we can draw
distance time graph and velocity time –graph. From the nature of graphs we can study the nature of
motion.
A graph is plotted between two variable quantities. The quantity that is made to alter
at will is called independent variable, the other quantity which varies as a result of this change is
called the dependent variable e.g. in distance- time graph, time is independent variable and distance
is dependent variable.
Generally two such graphs are used to describe the motion of the objects these are:-
1, Distance time graph
2, Velocity- time graph
1. Distance- time graph:- The distance-time graph represents the change in the
position of a body with time. In this graph, we take time along x - axis and the distance along y –
axis. Three cases arise.
CASE I:- When the body is at rest at some distance from the origin, the position of the
body doesn‟t change with time. its distance from the origin continues to be same at all instants of
time, therefore when we plot distance at different instants of time and join these points, we obtain a
straight line parallel to time-axis as shown in figure:-

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20 -
15 -

Distance
10- ... . .. ... .
5-
0 1
2 3 4
Time
Case II:- When the body is in uniform motion, when a body moves with a uniform speed it
covers equal distances in equal intervals of time. therefore, distance traveled by the body is
directly proportional to the time- taken. Thus for uniform speed, a graph of distance traveled
against time will be straight line as shown in figure:-
1 2 3 4
Distance
in (m)

1 2 3 4
O
time (s)
We can use the distance-time graph to determine the speed of the body. To find the speed
from the distance –time graph of a body we take any point A on the straight line graph and
drop perpendicular AB on the time axis and AC on the distance axis. It is clear that AB
represents the distance and the time interval is represented by OB, we know that
Speed = distance v = A B = tan 
time OB
(From ∆ AOB)
Where θ is angle which the distance-time graph makes with the x –axis.
Tan θ is the slope of the distance time-graph. Hence we conclude that slope of distance-time
graph represents speed of the body.

Distance C A

θ
O Time B

Case III:- When body is in non-uniform motion:- As we have seen in uniform motion the
distance –time graph is a straight line, if however the speed of a body is non-uniform, then
the graph between distance traveled and time is a curved line called a parabola as shown in
figure (a) and figure(b)

Distance
Distance

Time Time

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Figure (a) Figure (b)

Basic equations of motion derivation by graphical methods
1, Equation for velocity time relation:- v = u + at Suppose a body is moving along a
straight line with a uniform acceleration „a‟. let „u‟ be the initial velocity (at t=o) . The
velocity Time graph of such a body is represented in figure. - (1)
Al t = 0 velocity = OA = In going from A to B, the velocity goes on
increasing at a constant rate „a‟ and final velocity v
Since, AD = OC = t and final velocity = CB = v
Draw AD ┴ BC and BE ┴ OE
Let BAD = θ

We know that „a‟ of the body= slope of the velocity –time graph i.e. a = tan θ = BD __(1)
AD
But from fig -(1)
BD = BC - CD
= BC - OA
= v – u = change in velocity & AD = OC = t (time)
 from e.g. (1)
a = v - u
t
or v- u = at
or v = u + at
which is the required velocity time relation.

E B

V A θ D
u ____ t _____
velocity

O time C
- fig (1)
2. Equation for position-time relation:- S = ut + ½ at2
Suppose a body is moving along a straight line with a uniform acceleration “a”. Let “u” be the initial
velocity and „S‟ be the distance traveled by the body in time t. The distance can be calculated by
the area of the space enclosed between the v – t graph and the time axis.
S = area of figure OABC
or S = area of rectangle OADC + area of ∆ ABD = (OA x OC) + ½ BD x AD
or S = ( OA x OC ) + ½ (BC - CD) x AD (from figure) – (1)
or S = u x t + 1/2 (v-u) x t
or S= ut + 1/2 (v-u) t – (I)
As, v – u = a; v – u = at.
t
Using this value in = or (I) we get
S = ut + 1/2 (at) t

or S = ut + 1/2 at2

Which is required position –time relation.

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3. Equation for position – velocity relation:- v2 – u2 = 2as. As per second equation of motion, the
distance traveled by a uniformly accelerated body in time „t‟ is given by the area of the space
enclosed between v – t graph and time – axis. Therefore from figure. – (I)
S = area of trapezium OABCS = Sum of II sides x height
2
S = (OA + CB ) x OC
2
S = ( u + v ) t __________ (1)
2
From 1st equation of motion
Put this value of “t” in = n (I), we get.
S= ( u+ v) x(v–u)
2 a
a=v–u
t
t=v–u
a
or S = v2 - u2
2a
Or v2 – u2 = 2as

Q. What is meant by uniform circular motion?

Ans. When a body moves in a circular path with uniform speed (constant speed), its motion is
called uniform circular motion. It is possible for a body to move in a circular path with uniform
speed as long as it is traveling equal distances in equal intervals of time. But the velocity of the
body moving in a circle with uniform speed is not uniform because the direction of motion is
constantly changing. A force is needed to produce circular motion. The force which is needed to
make on object to follow the circular path is called centripetal force.
Examples of uniform circular motion: :-
1, Artificial satellites move under uniform circular motion around the earth.
2, The moon moves in uniform circular motion around the earth
3, The earth moves around the sun in uniform circular motion.
4, The tip of a second‟s hand of a watch exhibits uniform circular motion on the circular dial
of the watch.
5, An athletic moving on a circular track with constant speed exhibits uniform circular motion.
=> To calculate the speed of a body in uniform circular motion:-
When a body takes one round over a circular path, then it travels a distance equal to
its circumference‟ which is given by 2r, where „r‟ is the radius of the circular path (Fig A).
the speed of a body moving along a circular path is given by the formula:
V = 2r
t r
. Where v = speed
 = 22 (constant)
7
r = radius of circular path
t = time taken for one round of circular path.
Sample problem:- A cyclist goes around a circular track once every 2 minutes. If the radius of
circular track is 105 metres.
Find his speed. ( given  = 22/7)
Here v = ?
We know that
V = 2  r ,  = 22/7 , r = 105m, t = 2 min or 120 sec.
T
T = 2 minutes = 120 s.

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Now putting these valves of , r and t in the above formula, we get.

v = 2 x 22 x 105 = 5.5 ms-1
7 x 120
Lesson No. 2
Force and Laws of Motion
Additional Questions
Q.1 Describe Newton’s first law of motion.
Ans. Newton‟s first law of motion states that a body continues to be in a state of rest or uniform
motion along a straight line unless and until an external force is applied on the body to
change the state.
The law consists of three parts:-
i. A body at rest continues to remain at rest until an external force is applied on the body to
move it . e.g., A book lying on a table continues to lie there till someone removes it.
ii. A body in uniform motion continues to move uniformly unless an external force is applied
to change its speed e.g. when the engine of a car is switched off, it stops after traveling
some distance. If the external forces in the form of air resistance and friction are removed,
the car will continue to remain in uniform motion and never stop on its own.
iii. A body moving along a straight line will continue to move along the same straight line
unless an external force is applied on the body to change its direction of motion e.g. to turn
a car moving over a straight road, we have to apply force on the steering wheel of the car.
Q.2 Describe Newton’s second law of motion. Derive its mathematical formulation.
Ans. Newton‟s second law of motion states that, the rate of change of momentum of a body is
directly proportional to the external force applied on the body and this change takes place
always in the direction of the applied force.
The rate of change of momentum of body can be obtained by dividing change in
momentum of the body by the time taken for this change. Thus according to Newton‟s
second law of motion.
Change in momentum ά force applied
Time taken
Mathematical formulation of Newton’s second law of motion
Suppose
m = mass of a body
U = initial velocity of the body along a straight line
F = an external force applied on the body which is constant in magnitude.
t = time for which the force is applied
V = final velocity of the body moving along the same straight line after „t‟ seconds.
Initial momentum of the body, P1 = mu
Final momentum of the body , P2 = mv
Change in the linear momentum of the body = P2 – P1
= mv – mu
= m (v – u)
(v – u) is the change in velocity
Rate of change of momentum = change in momentum
Time taken

= m (v - u ) -- (I)
t

But v – u = Change in velocity = Rate of change of velocity = acceleration of the body = a

t time taken

, from equation (I,) rate of change of momentum = ma (Where m is the mass of a body and

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a is its acceleration)
According to Newton‟s second law of motion,
Rate of change of momentum ά Force applied
 ma α f
or f α ma
or f = K ma --- (II)
Where K is a constant of proportionality.
The value of K depends on the units adopted for measuring the force.
If F = 1, m = 1 and a = 1
i.e. a unit force we have produces a unit acceleration in a body of unit mass. Then from
equation- (II), we know
1=Kx1x1=K
Or K = 1
Using this value of K in equation (II), we get

F = ma
This is the mathematical form of Newton‟s second law of Motion. It states that, “force
acting on a body is the product of mass of the body and the acceleration of the body.
Q.3 State Newton’s third law of motion. Give examples.
Ans. Newton‟s third law of motion states that to every action there is always an equal and
opposite reaction i.e, the forces of action and reaction are always equal and opposite. These
forces act on two different objects and never cancel each other. Each force produces its own
effect. Some of our day to day observations can be explained in terms of Newton‟s third law
of motion as follows:-
1, Walking:- To walk on a ground, we push the ground backward with our foot. As a
reaction, the ground pushes our foot forward with the same force. It is this forward reaction
force of the ground that enables us to walk forward.
2, Swimming:- While trying to swim, a swimmer pushes the water backward with his hands
and feet. This is the force of action. the water pushes the swimmer forward with the same
force of reaction.
3, Man and boat:- Suppose a sailor is in a boat at rest nearest river bank. As the sailor jumps
from the boat to the river bank, the boat is pushed away from the bank. This happens due to
equal forces of action and reaction.
Q.4 State and deduce the law of conservation of momentum.
Ans. This law states that, when two or more bodies interact with one another, the sum of their
momentum remains constant (conserved) and is not affected due to their mutual action and
reaction.” The only condition is that no external unbalanced forces should be acting on the
system of the bodies.

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We can deduce this law by considering a collision experiment between two bodies.
Suppose two balls A and B are moving in the same direction along a straight line with
different velocities. mA mB mA mB
Let
mA = mass of ball A
  Collision  
mB = mass of ball B uA uB for time „t‟ VA VB
uA = Initial velocity of ball A  
{ mA 
uA + mB uB } { mAVA+ mB VB }
uB = Initial velocity of ball B Net moment before collision Net moment after
Collision
If uA > uB, The two balls collide with each other.
Let this collision lasts for a short time „t‟ during collision, Suppose
FAB = Force exerted by ball „A‟ on ball „B‟
FBA = Force exerted by ball „B‟ on ball „A‟
After collision for „t‟ seconds, the balls move separately. Let
VA = velocity of ball „A‟ after collision.
VB = velocity of ball „B‟ after collision.
Change in momentum of ball „A‟ = mA VA - mAuA

Rate of change of momentum of ball A = Change in momentum = mA VA - mAuA

time taken t

Similarly, Rate of change of momentum of ball B = Change in momentum = mBVB – mBuB

Time taken t

Now, Rate of change of momentum of A is equal to the force exerted

by B on A i.e FBA

So, FBA = mA VA - mAuA [ As per 2nd law]

t

Also, Rate of change of momentum of B = ( mB VB – mBuB ) is

t
equal to the force exerted by A on B i.e  FAB

So, FAB = ( mB VB – mBuB )

t
But according to Newton‟s third law of motion:

FAB = – FBA

or ( mB VB – mBuB ) = - (mA - mAuA) [ Cancelling t on b/s]

t t
or mB vB - mBuB = - mAvA + mA uA
or mA vA + mBvB = mAuA + mB uB

=> Final momentum = initial momentum

Section A (P.No. 25)

Q.1) Which of the following has more inertia: (a) a rubber ball and a stone of the same size?
(b) a bicycle and a train (c) a five-rupee coin and a one-rupee coin?

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Ans) (a) A stone of the same size as rubber ball has more mass. As mass is a measure of inertia,
therefore stone has more inertia than a rubber ball.
(b) A train has greater inertia than a bicycle because train is much heavier than a bicycle.
(c) A five-rupee coin is heavier than a one-rupee coin. Therefore, inertia of five-rupee coin is more
than the inertia of one-rupee coin.
Q.2) In the following example, try to identify the number of times the velocity of the ball
changes:
“A football player kicks a football to another player of his team who kicks the football
towards the goal. The goalkeeper of the opposite team collects the football and kicks it
towards a player of his own team”.
Also identify the agent supplying the force in each case.
Ans) The velocity of the ball changes as detailed below:
i. When a football player kicks a football to another player of his team, the agent supplying
the force is the kick applied by the player.
ii. When the second player of the same team kicks the football towards the goal, the force is
supplied by the kick of the second player.
iii. When the goalkeeper of the opposite team collects the ball, force is supplied by the
goalkeeper.
iv. When the goalkeeper kicks it towards a player of his own team, the force is supplied by the
kick of the goalkeeper.
Q.3) Explain why some of the leaves may get detached from a tree if we vigorously shake its
branch?
Ans) When we shake vigorously a branch of a tree, some of the leaves may get detached on
account of inertia of rest of the leaves. The branch comes in motion and the leaves try to be in the
position of rest. Therefore, they get detached.
Q.4) Why do you fall in the forward direction when a moving bus brakes to a stop and fall
backwards when it accelerates from rest?
Ans) When a moving bus brakes to a stop, our feet come to rest with the bus. But upper part of our
body continues to move forward on account of inertia of motion. That is why we tend to fall in the
forward direction.
However, when the bus accelerates from rest, lower part of our body moves with the bus.
The upper part of the body tries to maintain itself at rest on account of inertia of rest. Therefore, we
tend to fall backwards.

Section B (P.No. 35)

Q.1) If action is always equal to the reaction, explain how a horse can pull a cart.
Ans) The cart is pulled by the horse when the horse pushes the ground backwards with its feet, the
ground offers an equal reaction forward on the feet of the horse. This is responsible for forward
motion of the cart. The actual motion occurs when forward reaction exceeds the opposing force of
reaction between the cart and ground.
Q.2) Explain, why is it difficult for a fireman to hold a hose, which ejects large amount of
water at a high velocity?
Ans) The ejection of large amounts of water at a high velocity from a hosepipe results in the
development of an equal force of reaction on the hosepipe in the backward direction. That is why it
becomes difficult for the fireman to hold the hosepipe.
Q.3) From a rifle of mass 4kg. a bullet of mass 50g is fired with an initial velocity of 35m/s.
Calculate the initial recoil velocity of the rifle.
Ans) Here, mass of rifle m1 = 50g = 50 = 1 kg = 0.05 kg
1000 20
Mass of rifle m2 = 4kg
Velocity of bullet v1 = 35ms-1

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Recoil velocity of rifle v2 = ?

Applying the law conservation of momentum, we get,
m1v1 + m2v2 = 0
m2v2 = – m1v1
v2 = – m1v1
m2
v2 = – 0.05 x 35
4
v2 = – 1.75
4
v2 = – 0.44 m/s

Negative sign indicates that rifle moves in a direction opposite to the direction of bullet.
Q.4) Two bodies of masses 100g and 200g are moving along the same line and direction with
velocity of 2 m/s and 1 m/s, respectively. They collide and after the collision, the first object
moves with a velocity of 1.67m/s. Determine the velocity of the second object,
Ans) Here, mass of one object, m1 = 100g = 100 kg = 1 kg = 0.1kg
1000 10
Mass of second object, m2 = 200g = 200 kg = 1 kg = 0.2kg
1000 5
Initial velocity of 1st object, u1 = 2m/s
Initial velocity of 2nd object, u2 = 1m/s
Final velocity of 1st object, v1 = 1.67m/s
Final velocity of 2nd object, v2 = ?
According to principle of conservation of linear momentum;
m1 v1 + m2 v2 = m1 u1 + m2 u2
0.1 x 1.67 + 0.2 x v2 = 0.1x2 + 0.2x1
0.167 + 0.2v2 = 0.2 + 0.2
0.2v2 = 0.4 – 0.167
0.2v2 = 0.233
v2 = 0.233
0.2
v2 = 1.17m/s

Exercise (P.No. 36)

Q.1) An object experiences a net zero external unbalanced force. Is it possible for the object
to be traveling with a non-zero velocity? If yes, state the conditions that must be placed on the
magnitude and direction of the velocity. If no, provide a reason.
Ans) yes, when external unbalanced force on an object is zero, the object can be traveling with a
non-zero velocity. The necessary conditions are:
i. The object should already be moving with a uniform speed along a straight line.
ii. There should be no change in magnitude of velocity and also no change in the direction of
motion.
iii. The resistance of motion due to air must be zero.
iv. The resistance to motion due to friction between the object and the ground must be zero.
If any of the four conditions stated above is not met, then the answer will be „No‟. This is because
external unbalanced force is needed for initiating the motion and also for any subsequent change
(decrease/increase) in its velocity.
Q.2) When a carpet is beaten with a stick, dust comes out of it. Explain.
Ans) When a carpet is beaten with a stick, it comes in motion. The dust particles in the carpet tend
to remain at rest due to inertia of rest. That is why these particles fall down.
Q.3) Why is it advised to tie any luggage kept on the roof of a bus with a rope?

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Ans) Any luggage kept on the roof of a bus should be tied with a rope. This is because when the
bus starts suddenly, the luggage pieces may fall down due to inertia of rest. Similarly, when
moving bus stops suddenly, the luggage pieces may fall down due to inertia of motion.
Q.4) A batsman hits a cricket ball which then rolls on a level ground. After covering a short
distance, the ball comes to rest. The ball slows to a stop because: (a) The batsman did not hit
the ball hard enough. (b) velocity is proportional to the force exerted on the ball (c) there is a
force on the ball opposing the motion and (d) there is no unbalanced force on the ball, so the
ball would want to come to rest.
Ans) The cricket ball comes to rest after covering a short distance, because there is a force on the
ball, opposing the motion. This force is due to resistance of air and also due to friction between the
ball and the ground.
Q.5) A truck starts from rest and rolls down a hill with a constant acceleration. It travels a
distance of 400m in 20s. Find its acceleration. Find the force acting on it if its mass is 7 metric
tones (Hint. 1 metric tonnes = 1000kg.)
Ans) Here, initial velocity (u) = 0, distance (s) = 400m
Time (t) = 20s
Mass (m) = 7 metric tonne = 7 x 1000kg = 7000kg
Acceleration (a) = ? Force (F) = ?
2
From s = ut + 1 at
2 200
400 = 0 + 1 a(20)2 = 400 = 1/2a x 400
2
400 = 200a = a = 400 = 2 ms2
200
From F = ma,
F = 7000 x 2 = 14000 N

Q.6) A stone of 1kg is thrown with a velocity of 20ms-1 across the frozen surface of a lake and
comes to rest after traveling a distance of 50m. What is the force of friction between the stone
and the ice?
Ans) Here, mass (m) = 1kg, initial velocity (u) = 20m/s
Final velocity (v) = 0, Distance (s) = 50m, Force (F) = ?
From v2 – u2 = 2 as,
0 – (20)2 = 2 a x 50 as – 400 = 100a
or a = – 400 = – 4 m/s2
100
From F = ma
F = 1 ( – 4) = – 4 N
Negative sign indicates that force of friction is opposing the motion of the ball.

Q.7) A 8000kg engine pulls a train of 5 wagons, each of 2000kg, along a horizontal track. If
the engine exerts a force of 40000 N and the track offers a frictional force of 50000 N, then
calculate: (a) the net accelerating force, (b) the acceleration of the train and (c) the force of
wagon 1 on wagon 2.
Ans) Here, mass of engine m1 = 8000 kg
Mass of 5 wagons, m2 = 5 x 2000 kg = 10000 kg

Force exerted by the engine, F = 40000 N

Frictional force, f = 5000 N
(a) Net accelerating force = F – f = 40000 - 5000
= 35000 N
(b) The acceleration of the train = a = net force =F–f
Total mass of wagons m2

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= 35000 = 3.5 m/s2

10000
(c) Force of wagon 1 on wagon 2 = mass of 4 wagons (behind wagon) x acceleration
= 4 x 2000 x 3.5
= 28000 N
Q.8) An automobile vehicle has a mass of 1500kg. What must be the force between the vehicle
and road if the vehicle is to be stopped with a negative acceleration of 1.7 m/s-2?
Ans) Here, mass (m) = 1500 kg, acceleration (a) = –17 ms-2, Force (F) = ?
From F = ma
F = 1500 (–1x7) N = – 2250 N
Negative sign indicates that force is opposing the motion of the vehicle.

Q.9) What is momentum of an object of mass m, moving with a velocity v?

(a) (mv)2 (b) mv2 (c) mv
Ans) Momentum = mass x velocity
= m x v = mv
Q.10) Using a horizontal force of 200 N, we intend to move a wooden cabinet across a floor at
a constant velocity. What is the friction force that will be exerted on the cabinet?
Ans) Force applied P = 200 N
Force of friction, F=?
As the wooden cabinet is to move across the floor with a constant velocity, no force (f) is spent in
accelerating the cabinet, i.e.
F=P–F=0 or F = P = 200 N

Q.11) Two objects, each of mass 1.5kg, are moving in the same straight line but in opposite
directions. The velocity of each object is 2.5ms -1 before the collision during which they stick
together. What will be the velocity of the combined object after collision?
Ans) m1 = 1.5kg m2 = 1.5kg
V1 = 2.5ms-1 V2 = -2.5ms-1
Total momentum before collision;
P1 = (1.5 x 2.5) + (1.5 x -2.5)
P1 = 3.75 – 375 = 0
Let the velocity after collision be 0V, then
P2 = (m1 + m2)V
= P2 = (1.5 + 1.5)V
P2 = 3V
As per law of conservation of momentum;
P1 = P2
= O = 3V
= V=O
therefore, the two bodies will stick together and come to rest.
Q.12) According to the third law of motion, when we push on an object, the object pushes
back on us with an equal and opposite force. If the object is a massive truck parked along the
roadside, it will probably not move. A student justifies this by answering that the two
opposite and equal forces cancel each other. Comment on this logic and explain why the truck
does not move.
Ans) When we push a massive truck parked along the roadside, it does not move. The justification
given by the student that the two opposite and equal forces cancel each other is totally wrong. This
is because forces of action and reaction never act on one body. There is no question of their
cancellation. The truck does not move because the push applied is far less than the force of friction
between the truck and the road. We also do not move because the force of reaction acting on us
(due to our pushing the truck) is less than force of friction between us and the road.

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Q.13) A hockey ball of mass 200g traveling at 10 ms-1 is struck by a hockey stick so as to
return it along its original path with a velocity of 5 ms-1. Calculate the change in momentum
of the hockey ball by the force applied by the hockey stick.
Ans)
Case I : Before Collision
Mass = 200g = 0.2 kg
Initial velocity = 10m/s
 Total initial momentum = 0.2 x 10 = 2 kg. m/sec

Case II: After collision

Mass = 0.2 kg.
Final velocity = -5m/sec
Final momentum = (-5) (0.2) = (-1.0) kg m/sec.
 change in momentum = Final momentum-initial momentum
= (-1) –(2) = -3 kg m/sec
Q.14) A bullet of mass 10g travelling horizontal by with a velocity of 150ms-1 strikes a
stationary wooden block and comes to rest in 0.03s. Calculate the distance of penetration of
the bullet into the block. Also calculate the magnitude of the force exerted by the wooden
block on the bullet?
Ans) m = 10g V = 150ms-1
= 0.01kg t = 0.03s
The distance travelled is given by
S = Ut
= 150 x 0.03 = 4.5 mtrs
Now, the kinetic energy of the body gets converted into work done as per work-energy theorm.
 K.E = W
=½ mv2 = F.S
=½ x 0.01 x (150)2 = F x 4.5
=0.005 x 22500 = F x 4.5
=112.5 = 4.5 F
or F = 112.5
4.5
= F = 25 N

Q.15) An object of mass 1 kg traveling in a straight line with a velocity of 10 m/s collides with,
and sticks to, a stationary wooden block of mass 5 kg. Then, they both move off together in
the same straight line. Calculate the total momentum just before the impact and just after the
impact. Also, calculate the velocity of the combined object.
Ans) Here, mass of 1st object m1 = 1 kg, initial velocity of 1st object = 10 m/s
nd
Mass of 2 object m2 = 5 kg final velocity of 2nd object = 0
Before impact, total momentum = P1 = m1u1 = m2u2
or p1 = 1 x 10 + 5 x 0
= 10 kg m/s
Just after the impact, total momentum remains the same, as per principle of conservation of
momentum,
p2 = p1 = 10 kg m/s
If v is the velocity of the combined object, then momentum after impact P2 = (m1 + m2) V

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or v = p2 = 10 . = 1.67m/s
m1 + m2 (1 + 5)

Q.16) An object of mass 100 kg is accelerated uniformly from a velocity of 5 ms-1 to 8 ms-1 in 6
s. Calculate the initial and final momentum of the object. Also, find the magnitude of the
force exerted on the object.

Ans) Here, mass of the object, m = 100 kg

Initial velocity, u = 5 m/s
Final velocity, v = 8 ms-1, t = 6 s
Initial momentum of object, p1 = mu = 100 x 5 kg m/s
Final momentum of object, p2 = mv = 100 x 8 = 800 kg m/s
Change in momentum = P2 – P1
Force exerted, F = change in momentum [as per 2nd law]
time taken
F = p2 – p1 = 800 – 500 = 50 N
t 6
Q.17) Akhtar, Kiran and Rahul were riding in a motorcar that was moving with a high
velocity on an expressway when an insect hit the windshield and got stuck on the windscreen.
Akhtar and Kiran started pondering over the situation. Kiran suggested that the insect
suffered a greater change in momentum as compared to the change in momentum of the
motorcar (because the change in the velocity of the insect was much more than that of the
motorcar). Akhtar said that since the motorcar was moving with a larger velocity, it exerted a
larger force on the insect. And as a result, the insect died. Rahul while putting on entirely new
explanation said that both the motorcar and the insect experienced the same force and a
change in their momentum. Comment on these suggestions.
Ans) The suggestion made by the Kiran that insect suffered a greater change in momentum as
compared to the change in momentum of the motorcar is wrong. The suggestion made by Akhter
that motorcar exerted a larger force on the insect because of larger velocity of motorcar is also
wrong. The explanation put forward by Rahul is correct. On collision of insect with motorcar, both
experience the same force as action and reaction are always equal and opposite. Further, changes in
their momenta are also the same. Only the signs of changes in momenta are opposite, i.e. change in
momenta of the two occur in opposite directions, though magnitude of change in momentum of
each is the same.

Q.18) How much momentum will a dumb-bell of mass 10 kg transfer to the floor if it falls
from a height of 80 cm? Take its downward acceleration to be 10 ms-2.
Ans) Here, mass of the object, m = 10 kg,
Distance, s = 80 cm = 80/100 m = 0.8ms
Acceleration, a = 10ms-2
Initial velocity, u=0
Final velocity, v=?
Using the equation, v2 – u2 = 2 as,
v2 – (0)2 = 2 x 10ms-2 x 0.8m
v2 = 16m2s-2
v = 16m2s-2 = (4ms-1)2 = 4 ms-1
Momentum transferred, P = mv
P= 10kg x 4ms-1 = 40 kgm/s

Additional Exercise (P.No. 38)

A.1) The following is the distance-time table of an object in motion:

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Time in seconds Distance in meters

0 0
1 1
2 8
3 27
4 64
5 125
6 216
7 343
(a) What conclusion can you draw about the acceleration? Is it constant, increasing,
decreasing or zero?
(b) What do you infer about the forces acting on the object?
Ans) (a) Since the distance travelled by the body in equal interval of time is increasing, therefore,
the body is in acceleration. Also, the change in distance travelled in a given time interval increases,
therefore, the value of acceleration will also increase.
(b) The forces acting on the body are increasing, otherwise the body would have remained in
uniform motion.
A.2) Two persons manage to push a motor car of mass 1200kg at a uniform velocity along
level road. The same motor car can be pushed by three persons to produce an acceleration of
0.2ms-2. With what force does each person push the motor car?
Ans) m = 1200kg a1 = 0(zero)
Let the force applied by each person is „F‟, then the equation for first case when only two
persons are applying force will be
F + F = ma
2F = 1200 x 0
= 2F = 0
= F=0
When three persons are applying the force, then
F + F + F = 1200 x 0.2
= 3F = 240.0
= F = 240/3 = 80 Newtons
AQ.3) A hammer of mass 500g, moving at 50ms-1, strikes a nail. The nail stops the hammer in
a very short time of 0.001s. What is the force of the nail on the hammer?
Ans) The nail will stop the hammer if the work done by the nail on the hammer is equal to the
kinetic energy of the hammer
W = K.E
= F.S = ½ mv2
= F.U.t = ½ mv2 (because S = Ut)
= F x 50 x 0.01 = ½ x 0.5 x (50)2 (500g = 0.5kg)
= F x 0.5 = ½ x 0.5 x 2500
= F = 1250 N
A.4) A motor car of mass 1200kg is moving along a straight line with a uniform velocity of
90km/h. Its velocity is slowed down to 18km/h in 4s by an unbalanced external force.
Calculate the acceleration and change in momentum. Also calculate the magnitude of the
force required?
Ans) m = 1200kg
V1 = 90km = 90 x 5 = 25m
hour 18 S
V2 = 18km/hour = 18 x 5/18 = 5 m/sec
t = 4 sec
now, a = V – u = 5 – 25
t 4
2
= a = -20 = -5m/Sec
4

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-ve value signifies retardation

Now, change in momentum = P2 – P1
= mv2 – mv1
= m(v2 – v1)
= 1200(5 – 25)
= 1200 x – 20
= – 24000 kgms-1
Now, F = ma
= F = 1200 x –5
F = – 6000 Newton

******************************************************************

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Lesson No. 3
Work, Power and Energy
 Key terms:
1) Work: Work is said to be done by a force when acting on a body produces displacement in the
direction of force. It is equal to the product of force and displacement, it is denoted by W. If F
is the force and S is the displacement W = F x S
2) Joule : It is the amount of work done on an object when a force of IN displaces it by 1m along
the line of action of the force.
1T = 1Nm (where 1N = Newton)
3) Kinetic Energy: It is the amount of work done on a body to make it move with a certain
velocity. It is the energy possessed by a body by virtue of its motion. K.E = ½ mv2 (Where m is
the mass of body moving with a velocity of V.
4) Gravitational Potential energy: It is defined as the work done in raising it from the ground to a
particular point against gravity. It is the energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position or
configuration.
5) Law of conservation of energy: According to this law, the total energy before and after
transformation remains the same i.e. total energy of the system remains unchanged. Total
energy = K.E + P.E. Total energy is equal to the sum of Kinetic energy and Potential energy.
6) Power: It is defined as the rate of doing work or the rate of transfer of energy.
7) Watt: Power of a body is said to be 1watt (w), when 1Joule (J) of energy is consumed or
transferred in 1seconds (S).
8) Kilowatt hour (KWh): It is the amount of electric energy consumed in one hour at the rate of
1000 Js-1(1kw).
9) Acceleration due to gravity(g): It is the acceleration produced in a body under the action of
gravity.
Formula and units

1) Work done = Force x displacement

W = FxS
2) Kinetic Energy (Ek) = ½ m (v2 – u2) = ?
3) Gravitational Potential energy (Ep) = mgh
4) Power = Work done
time
 P = W
t
5) 1 kwh = 3 . 6 x 106 J (1KW = 1000Js-1)
1KWh = 1000Js-1 x 60 minutes
1KWh = 1000Js-1 x 60 x 60s
= 1000J x 3600
= 36 x 105J
= 3.6 x 106J

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6) Acceleration due to gravity (g) = 9.8 m/s2  S.I units of Physical quantities :
Physical quantity S.I unit
a) Work Joule (J)
b) Energy Joule (J)
c) Power Watt (W)
d) Force Newton (N)
e) Displacement Metre (m)
f) Time Second (s)
g) Velocity metres per second (ms-1)
Textual Questions
Section A (P.No.43)
Q.1) A force of 7N acts on an object. The displacement is, say 8m, in the direction of the force.
Let us take it that the force acts on the object through the displacement. What is the work done in
this case?
Ans) Here force = 7N
Displacement = 8m
Work = force x displacement
= W = 7N x 8m
= 56 Nm
Section B (P.No. 44)
Q.1) When do we say that work is done?
Ans) Work is said to be done by a force when acting on a body produces displacement in the
direction of force. It is equal to the product of force and displacement, it is denoted by W. If F
is the force and S is the displacement W = F x S
Q.2) Write an expression for the work done when a force is acting on an object in the direction
of its displacement?
Ans) W = F x S
Q.3) Define 1 J of work?
Ans) W=FxS
If F = 1 N, S = 1 m
 W = 1 N x 1 m = 1 Nm or 1 Joule
Thus 1 joule is the amount of workdone on an object when a force of 1 N displaces it by 1 m along
the line of action of force.
Q.4) A pair of bullocks exerts a force of 140 N on a plough. The field being ploughed is 15 m
long. How much work done is ploughing the length of the field?
Ans) Here force (F) = 140 N
Displacement (S) = 15 m
 Workdone = F x S
= 140 N x 15 m
= 2100 Joules

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Section C (P.No. 48)

Q.1) What is the kinetic energy of an object?
Ans) The energy possessed by virtue of its motion is called its kinetic energy.
Q.2) Write an expression for the kinetic energy of an object?
Ans) K.E = ½ mv2 where m = mass of object & V = velocity of object
Q.3) The kinetic energy of an object of mass m moving with a velocity of 5 ms-1 is 25 J. What will
be its kinetic energy when its velocity is doubled? What will be its kinetic energy when its
velocity is increased three times?
Ans) Here K.E = 25 J
V = 5ms-1
M=?
We know
K.E = ½ mv2
= 25 = ½ m x (5)2
= 25 = ½ m x 25
25
= /25 = ½ m
or ½ m = 1
= m = 2 kg
If velocity is doubled
= v = 2 x 5 m/s = 10 m/s
 K.E = ½ mv2 = ½ x 2 x (10)2
= 10 x 10
= 100 Joules
If velocity is tripled
 v = 5 x 3 m/s = 15 m/s
 K.E = ½ mv2
= ½ x 2 x (15)2 = 15 x 15
= 225 Joules
Section D (P.No. 55)
Q.1) What is power?
Ans) Power is defined as the rate of doing work or the rate of transfer of energy.
Q.2) Define 1 watt of power?
Ans) Power = workdone
Time
= P=W
T
If W = 1 joule & T = 1 S
= P = 1 Joule = 1 J/S = 1 watt

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1 second
Hence 1 watt is the power of the agent which does work at the rate of 1 joule per second.
Q.3) A lamp consumes 1000 J of electrical energy in 10 s. What is its power?
Ans) W = 100 J
T = 10 S
= P = 100 J = 10 watt
10 S
Q.4) Define average power?
Ans) Since the power of an agent may vary with time. Therefore we use the concept of average
power. We obtain average power by dividing total energy consumed by the total time taken.

Section E (P.No. 57)

Q.1) Look at the activities listed below. Reason out whether or not work is done in the light of
your understanding of the term ‘work’
(i) Suma is swimming in a pond.
(ii) A donkey is carrying a load on its back.
(iii)A wind-mill is lifting water from a well.
(iv) A green plant is carrying out photosynthesis.
(v) An engine is pulling a train.
(vi) Food grains are getting dried in the sun.
(vii) A sailboat is moving due to wind energy.
Ans. Work is done (a) when a force acts (b) the force creates a displacement of the body and (c) the
angle between force (F) and displacement (S) is not 900.
(i) Yes, Because Suma does action on water by moving the water back and in turn water
pushes Suma forward by the reaction force.
(ii) No, this is because donkey is applying a force on the load in the vertically upward direction.
There is not displacement (s). Therefore, work is zero.
(iii)Yes, Work is done in lifting water up against the gravitational pull.
(iv) No, In a chemical reaction, no work is done.
(v) Yes, Force is exerted by the engine on the train in order to pull the train.
(vi) No, No force is being exerted.
(vii) Yes, Wind exerts a force on the sailboat which moves the boat.
Q.2) An object thrown at a certain angle to the ground moves in a curved path and falls back to
the ground. The initial and the final points of the path of the object lie on the same horizontal
line. What is the work done by the force of gravity on the object?

mg h mg

Ans. Work done by the force of gravity on the object is zero. This is because in the upper journey
work done by the gravity is negative (–mgh) whereas in the downward journey an equal positive
work (+mgh) is done by the force of gravity. Therefore, the total work is zero.
Q.3) A battery lights a bulb. Describe the energy changes involved in the process.
Ans. The chemical energy of the battery converts into electric energy which converts into light and
heat energy in the bulb.

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Q.4) Certain force acting on a 20 kg mass changes its velocity from 5 ms-1 to 2 ms-1. Calculate
the work done by the force.

Ans. Mass (m) = 20kg initial velocity (u) = 5m/s

Final velocity (v) = 2m/s
Using 2aS = u2 – v2 ------- (1) (where a is acceleration and S is displacement)
We know F = ma or ma = F or a = F/m
Substituting a by F/m in equation (1) we get
2 F/m S = (5m/s)2 – (2m/s)2 = 25m2/s2 – 4m2/s2 = 21m2/s2
or 2 FS/m = 21 (m2/s2)
or FS = 21(m2/s2) x m/2 = 21(m2/s2) x 20kg = 210kg m2/s2
2
2 2
FS = 210J -------- (2) (Kg m /s = j)
We know W = FS ------------(3)
From equation (2) and (3) we have
W = 210 J

Q.5) A mass of 10 kg is at a point A on a table. It is moved to a point B. If the line joining A and
B is horizontal, what is the work done on the object by the gravitational force? Explain your
answer.

900
mg

Ans. Work done on the object by the gravitational force mg is

W = (mg) x s x cos 900 = 0

Q.6) The potential energy of a freely falling object decreases progressively. Does this violate the
law of conservation of energy? Why?
Ans. No. Because the potential energy is converted into kinetic energy during free fall. Therefore,
total energy remains conserved and law of conservation of energy is not violated.
Q.7) What are the various energy transformations that occur when you are riding a bicycle?
Ans. The muscular energy of the cyclist is converted into kinetic energy of the bicycle. A small
amount of heat is also produced between the tyres and the road due to force of friction.
Q.8) Does the transfer of energy take place when you push a huge rock with all your might and
fail to move it/ where is the energy, you spend, going?
Ans. There is no transfer of energy between you and the rock. But you do work to expand and
contract your muscles and to circulate blood faster than the normal rate. This means that your
energy is spent on yourself.
Q.9) A certain household has consumed 250 units of energy during a month. How much energy
is this in joules?
Ans. 1 unit = 1 kWh = 3.6 x 106 J
The energy consumed = 250 units 1 unit = 3.6 x 106J
Energy consumed = 250 units = 3.6 x 106J x 250
Energy consumed = 900 x 106j = 9 x 108j
Q.10) An object of mass 40 kg is raised to a height of 5m above the ground. What is its potential
energy? If the object is allowed to fall, find its kinetic energy when it is half-way down.
Ans. The potential energy of the object = mgh
= 40 x 10 x 5 = 2000 J
m = 40kg, h = 5m g = 9.8m/s2
The potential energy = mgh

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= 40kg x 9.9m/s2 x 5m
When the object is half way the P.E = mgh
2
X is the initial P.E and y is the P.E at half way
Initial P.E – P.E at half way = change in P.E
Decrease in P.E at half way has been conserved in K.E.
Thus K.E = decrease in P.E.
Q.11) What is the work done by the force of gravity on a satellite moving round the earth?
Justify your answer.
Satellite
S

Earth

Ans. Zero. Since the angle between the force of gravity on the satellite and the displacement of the
satellite is 900, therefore, work done is zero.
Q.12) Can there be displacement of an object in the absence of any force acting on it? Think.
Discuss this question with your friends and teacher.
Ans. Yes, if an object is moving initially then without the action of the force, the object will remain
in motion and carry out its displacement.
Q.13) A person holds a bundle of hay over his head for 30 minutes and gets tired. Has he done
some work or not? Justify your answer.
Ans. Work done by the person on the bundle of hay is zero. This is because there is not
displacement of the bundle.
Q.14) An electric heater is rated 1500 W. How much energy does it use in 10 hours?
Ans. Power = Energy
Time
 Energy = Power x Time = 1500 W x 10h = 15000 Wh = 15 kWh (units)
Q.15) Illustration the law of conservation of energy by discussing the energy changes which
occur when we draw a pendulum bob to one side and allow it to oscillate. Why does the bob
eventually come to rest? What happens to its energy eventually? Is it a violation of the law of
conservation of energy?

P.E P.E

K.E

Ans. When the pendulum oscillates, the energy of the bob at an extreme end is potential energy.
When it moves towards the mean position the potential energy decreases and converts into kinetic
energy. At the mean position, the total energy is kinetic energy. The total energy at all points
remains the same if resistance forces (like air resistance) are absent. In the presence of air resistance
some energy of the bob is used up in displacing air and therefore its energy goes on decreasing and
ultimately it will stop. The energy of bob is transferred to air as the kinetic energy of air molecules.

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Q.16) An object of mass m is moving with a constant velocity v. How much work should be done
on the object in order to bring the object to rest?
Ans. The kinetic energy of the object is ½ mv2. When the object comes to rest, the kinetic energy
becomes zero. The work required to bring the object to rest is equal to its K.E, as K.E = ½ mv 2
therefore ½ mv2 is the work required to bring the object to rest.
Q.17) Calculate the work required to be done to stop a car of 1500 kg moving at a velocity of 60
km/h?
Ans. Mass (m) = 1500 kg velocity (v) = 60 km/hour
V = 60 x 1000 m = 100 m/s
60 x 60 s 6
K.E = ½ mv2 = ½ x 1500 kg x 100 m/s2
6
= ½ x 1500 kg x 10000 m2/s2
36
Q.18) In each of the following force, F is acting on an object of mass m. The direction of
displacement is from west to east shown by the longer arrow. Observe the diagrams carefully and
state whether the work done by the force is negative, positive or zero.
F

S F S

1800

F S

Ans. Angle between force and displacement is 900. Therefore, W = 0

Angle between force and displacement is 00.
Therefore, work done is positive.
Angle between force and displacement is 1800
Therefore, work done is negative.

Q.19) Soni says that the acceleration in an object could be zero even when forces are acting on it.
Do you agree with her? Why?
Ans. Yes, this can happen when the several acting on an object produces a zero resultant force.

Q.20) Find the energy in kW h consumed in 10 hours by four devices of power 500 W each.
Ans. Power = Energy
Time
Energy used by one device is
Energy = Power x Time
= (500 W) x (10 h)
= 5000 Wh
= 5 kWh
Energy used by four devices = 5 x 4 = 20 kWh
Q.21) A freely falling object eventually stops on reaching the ground. What happens to its kinetic
energy?
Ans. The kinetic energy is converted into heat and sound energy.

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Lesson No. 4
Gravitation
Q1: State & explain the universal law of gravitation.
Ans:- The universal law of gravitation was given by Newton. The law states that, every
object in the universe attracts every other object with a force which is:
a. Directly proportional to the product of their masses, and
b. Inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centres. The
direction of the force is along the line joining the centres of two objects.
Consider two objects A and B of masses m1 & m2 respectively. Let „r‟ be the distance
between their centres. If „F‟ is the gravitational force of attraction between these objects,
then according to the Newton‟s law of gravitation the force between the two objects is
directly proportional to the product of their masses i.e.,
F  m1m2 ------------------ (I)
And the force between the two objects is inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between their centres i.e.
F  1/r2 ----------------- (II)
Combining eqns. (I) & (II,) we get
F  m1 m2
r2
Or F = G m1 m2 ------------- (III)
r2
Where G is a constact of proportionality & is called universal gravitational constant having
the S.I units Nm2 kg-2. The value of G has been calculated by Henery Cavendish and it is
equal to 6.67 x 10-11 Nm2 kg-2.
Q2: What do you mean by free fall?
Ans:- Objects falling towards earth under the action of gravitational force of earth alone
are said be
in free fall.
Q.3: What do you mean by acceleration due to gravity?
Ans:- The rate of change of velocity is known as acceleration. The rate of change in
velocity which occurs due to the gravitational force of earth is called as acceleration
due to gravity. Acceleration due to gravity is represented by “g”. The value of g is
9.8m/s2
Q4: What are the differences between the mass of an object and its weight?
Ans:- The differences between mass and weight of an object are tabulated below:
Mass Weight
1. Mass of an object is the quantity of 1Weight of an object is the force with which it is
attracted
matter contained in it. towards the centre of earth.
2. Mass is a scalar quantity 2. Weight is vector quantity
3. The S.I. unit of mass is kilogram. 3. The S.I. unit of weight is Newton.
4. Mass of an object is always constant 4. Weight of an object varies from place to place
5. Mass of an object is never zero. 5. Weight of an object is zero at the centre of earth

Q5: Why is the weight of an object on the moon (1/6th) its weight on the earth?
Ans:- The weight of an object on moon is 1/6th of its weight on earth due to following two
reasons:
1. Mass of earth is greater than mass of moon.

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2. Radius of earth is also greater than that of moon.

It is known that weight,
W = mg --------(1)
Where w = weight of an object.
m = mass of an object.
g = acceleration due to gravity.
Also g = GM -------------(2) from mg = GMm
2
R R2

Where G = Gravitational constant

M is the mas of heavier object and R is its radius.
using the value of g in equation (1) we get
W = m GM -------------(3)
R2e
If “We” is the weight of an object on earth, “Me” is the mass of the earth “Re” is the radius
of the earth, then = n (3) becomes. As:
We = m x G Me --------- (4)
R2 e
Similarly,
If „Wm‟ is the weight of an object on the moon, “Mm” is the mass of the moon and
“Rm” is the radius of the moon .
Then =n (3) becomes
Wm = m x GMm ---------(5)
R2 m
Dividing = n(5) by =n (4) we get.
Wm = m  GMm
We R2 m
m  G Me
R2e
or Wm = m GMm  Re2
We R2m mGMe
Wm = Mm  Re 2
We Me Rm2 ------ (6)
We know that,
Me = Mass of the earth = 6  1024Kg
Re = Radius of the earth = 6.37  106m
Mm = Mss of the moon = 7.4  1022 Kg
Rm = Radius of the moon = 1.74  106 m.
Using these values in = n (6) we get.
W m = 7.4  1022  6.37  106 2
We 6  1024 1.74  106
= 7.6  1022-24  6.37 2
6 1.74
= 1.23  10  ( 3. 76 ) 2
-2

= 1.23 x 10 -2  13. 39
= 16.49 x 10-2 = 16 . 49  1
100 6
Wm = 1
We 6

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Or Wm  6 = We
Or 6Wm = We -------------(7)
From the above = n, it is clear that the weight of an object on earth is six
times greater than the weight of the object on the moon.
 Q.6 How does the force of gravitation between two bodies/objects change
when the distance between them is reduced to half?
Ans: Force of gravitation is given by:
F  m1 m2 ---------- (1)
2
r
Where F is force of gravitation, m1 and m2 are masses of the objects 1 and 2
respectively.
And r is distance between the two objects
Keeping the values of m1 and m2 same but changing the value of r by reducing it to
half
i.e Replacing r by r/2. Then
Equation (2) takes the form.
Fn  m1m2 …….. (2)
1 2
( /2r)
[ where Fn is the new force]
Fn  4 m1m2
r2
or Fn ∞ 4F
Then Fn is four times the value of F i.e when the distance between the two bodies is
halved, the gravitational force becomes four times the original force existing.
 Q.7 What is the magnitude of the gravitational force between the earth and a
1Kg object on its surface? (Mass of the earth is 6x 1024 kg and radius of the
earth is 6.4 x 106m
Ans:-
1. Gravitational force F = ? ,
2. Mass of the object, m = 1 kg
3. Mass of the earth. M = 6  1024 kg
4. Radius of the earth R = 6.4  106 m
5. Gravitational constant. G = 6.67  10-11 Nm2 kg-2
We know that, F = GMm --------- (1)
R2
Using the above given values in equation (1) we get
F = (6.67 x 10-11)  6  1024 x 1 = 6.67  6  10-11 + 24- 12
(6.4  106)2 (6.4)2
= 0.98  10 N
F = 9.8 N
Q.8 The moon and the earth are attracted to each other by gravitational force. Does
the earth attract the moon with a force that is greater or smaller or same as the
force with which the moon attracts the earth? Why?
Ans:- The earth attracts the moon with a force which is same as the force with which the
moon
attracts the earth. This is because as per Newton‟s third law of motion, which states
that force of action and reaction are always equal and opposite. If earth exerts action
force on the moon, the moon at the same instant exerts the reaction force of same

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magnitude on the earth. Thus the moon and the earth attract each other by same
magnitude of force.
Q9 If the moon attracts the earth, why does the earth not move towards the moon.
Ans:- The force exerted by the earth on moon is used in changing the path of moon from
straight line to circular path. The moon attracts the earth with the same force. But the earth
is too heavy to move towards the moon. Rather, we can say that distance moved by the
earth towards moon is so small that it can not be detected.
This can be better under stood by following calculations as per of Newton‟s
universal law of Gravitation.
F = force of gravitation.
F = G Me Mm ---------- (1)
r2
Where F = force of gravitation.
G= Gravitational constant
having value 6.67x10-11 Nm2 Kg-2
Me= Mass of the earth = 6 x 1024 Kg.
Mm = Mass of the moon = 7.4x 1022kg
r = Distance between the moon and the earth = 3.84 x 108 m.
using these values in = n (1) , we get.
F= 6.67 x 10-11 x 6x 1024 x 7.4x 1022 = 6.67  67.4  10-11+24+24-16 = 296  10-11 +
24+22 - 16

( 3.84 x 108 )2 (3.8)2 14.75

F = 2.0 x 1020N = 20  1019
= 2.0  1020 N
Now acceleration produced in the moon due to earth is calculated by-
i.e Newton‟s 2nd law of motion i.e. F = mg
or g = F/m
Acceleration = Gravitational force
Mass of the moon
Or Acceleration = 2 x 1022
7. 4 x 1022
Acceleration = 0.27x 10-2 m/s2
Similarly,
Acceleration produced in the earth due to moon is as follows:-
Acceleration = Force of Gravitation
Mass of the earth
Acceleration = 2 x 1020
6x 1024
or Acceleration = 0.33  10-4 m/s2
Thus, from the above calculated value, we conclude that the acceleration produce in the
earth is very small as compared to the acceleration produced in the moon. There fore, we
do not observe the movement of the earth.
Q.10 What happens to the force between two objects, if
a) The mass of one object is doubled
b. The distance between the objects is doubled and tripled?
c) The mass of the both objects is doubled?
Ans. The gravitational force between any two objects is given by:-
F  m1 m2 --------- (1)
r2

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Where F = Gravitational force.

m 1 = mass of object “1”
m2 = mass of object “2”
and r = distance between the two objects.
If m1 = m2 = 1 Kg and
R = 1 m, then = n (1) fields.
F∞ 11
1
F∞1N
Then the force between two bodies of mass one kg each separated by a distance of one
meter is said to be one Newton.
a. If the mass of one object is doubled, i.e.
m1 = 2 Kg, m = 1 Kg and r = 1 m
F 21
12
F 2 N
Force gets increased by two times.
b. If the distance between the two objects is double i.e.
r=2m
then F 1  1
(2)2
1
F  /4 i.e the force gets reduced by the factor 4.
=> If the distance between the two objects is tripled i.e.
R = 3m
Then, F= 1  1
33
1
F  /9
The force becomes 1/9 of its previous value.
c. If the masses of both the objects are double i.e.
m 1 = m2 = 2 Kg.
Then, F  2  2
(1)2
F  4, the force becomes the four times the original value.
 Q.11 What is the importance of universal law of Gravitation?
Ans:- Universal law of gravitation is important as it accounts for :-
(1) Motion of planets around the sun.
(2) Motion of moon and other artificial satellites around the earth.
(3) Snow and rain fall on earth.
(4) Flow of water in rivers.
(5) Holding the atmosphere around the earth.
(6) Formation of tides by the rising and falling of water etc.
Q.12 What is the acceleration of free fall?
Ans:- All objects moving towards earth on account of gravitational force of the earth on
them are
said to be in free fall. This gravitational force of the earth produces a uniform
acceleration in the objects. This acceleration produced is acceleration of free fall
which is known as acceleration due to gravity and denoted as “g”
Q.13 What do we call the gravitational force between the earth and an object?
Ans:- The gravitational force between the earth and an object is called the earth‟s gravity.

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Q.14. Amit buys few grams of gold at the poles as per the instruction of one of his
friends. He hands over the same when he meets him at the equator. Will the
friend agree with the weight of gold bought? If not why?
Ans:- we know that the value of “g” called as acceleration due to gravity is greater at the
poles than at the equator.
If “gp” represents acceleration due to gravity at poles and “ge” represents acceleration due to
gravity at equator
Then
g p > ge
weight of gold at poles,
Wp = mg
Where m = mass of the gold and weight of gold at equator, we = mge since the mass
of gold is same both at the equator and poles, therefore the weight will totally
depend up on the value of gp and ge.
Since gp > ge, thus
There fore Wp > We or We < Wp.
Q.15 Why will a sheet of paper fall slower than one that crumpled into a ball?
Ans. During falling of both the objects, air offers resistance to their fall due to friction.
More the area of contact more is the effect of friction since the sheet of paper has
greater / larger area than the crumpled one, thus, suffers from greater friction.
There fore it will fall slower than the crumpled one.
 Q.16 Gravitational force on the surface of the moon is only 1/6 as strong as
gravitational force on the earth. What is the weight in Newton’s of a 10 Kg
object on the moon and on the earth?
Ans. Mass of the object, m = 10 Kg this mass of the object is same on the moon and on
the earth.
Weight of the object on earth.
We = m ge ------ (1)
Where ge = acceleration due to gravity by earth, having the values of „m‟ and „ge‟ in
= n (1) , we get
We = 10  9.8
We = 98 N.
Weight of the object on moon,
Wm = mgm -------(2)
Where gm is acceleration due to gravity by moon, having
Value = 9.8 N
6
Using the values of „m‟ and “gm” in = n (2), we get.
Wm = 10  9. 8
6
Wm = 16.33 N
Thus We > Wm
That is weight of the object is greater on the earth than on the moon.
Q.17 A ball is thrown vertically up wards with a velocity of 49m/s. calculate.
 1.
2.
The max. Height to which it rises.
The total time it takes to return to the surface of the earth.
Ans. Here,
Initial velocity, u = 49 m/s

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Height, h = ?
Total time, T =
Time of ascent, t + Time of descent, t
i.e. T = t + t = 2 t
At max. height, final velocity,
V = O
Acceleration = -g = -9.8 m/s 2
-ive sign indicates that body moves away from the earth.
We know that,
v2- u2 = 2 gh .---------- (1) (using V2 – U2 = 2as)
using the above given values in = n ( 1), we get
( O)2 – (49)2 = 2  – 9.8  h
or - (49  49) = - ( 2  9.8) h
or 2  9.8  h = 49  49
or h = 49  49
2  9.8
or h = 122.5 m
Also we know that V = u + gt ------ (2)
Using again the above given
Values in = n (2) , we get.
O = 49+ (-9.8) t
or O = 49 – 9.8 t
or 9.8 t = 49
t = 49
9.8
T= 5s
 Q.18 A stone is released from the top of a tower of 19.6m calculate its final
velocity just before touching the ground.
Ans. Here
Initial velocity U=0
Height, h=19.6m
Final velocity V=?,
Acceleration due to gravity, g=9.8m/S2
We know that, V2 – U2 = 2gh -------- (1)
Using the above given values
In = n (1) , we get
(V)2 - 02 = 2  9.8  19.6
V2 = 1 9.6  19.6
V=√(19.6)2
V = 19.6m/s
Hence final velocity, v = 19.6 m/s
Q.19 A stone is thrown vertically upward with an initial velocity of 40 m/s. taking g =
10m/s2 find the max. height reached by the stone. What is the net displacement
and total distance covered by the stone.
Ans:- Here,
Intial velocity, U=40m/s,
Acceleration due to
Gravity, g=-10m/s-2
(-ve sign because object moves away from the earth)
Height, h=?,
Final velocity V=0 ֶ
( coming to rest)

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We know that,
V2 – U2 = 2gh
(O)2 – (40)2 = 2  (-10) x h
- (40  40) = - (2  10) h
20 h = 1600
h = 1600
20
h = 80m
Since the final position coincides with initial position, therefore, net displacement =
O
Total distance covered by the stone = h + h = 2 h
= 2  80
Total Distance = 160 m
Q.20 Calculate the force of gravitation between the earth and the sun, given that the
mass of the earth = 6x 1030 Kg. the average distance between the two is 1.5 x
1011m.
Ans. Here,
Force of Gravitation, F=?,
Mass of the earth, me = 6  1024 kg.
 Mass of the Sun, Ms = 21030 kg Remember
11
Distance between the sun and the earth, r = 1.5 x 10 m
We know that
F = G MeMs ----------(1)
r2
Where G = Gravitational constant having
Value = 6.67  10-11 Nm2 Kg-2
Using the above
Values in = n (1), we get
F = (6.67) 10-11 )  (6x1024)  (21030) = 6.67  6  2  10-11 + 24 + 30 – 22
(1.5  1011)2 2.25
F = 3.57  1022 N = 35.71021 N = 3.57  1022 N
 Q.21 A ball thrown up vertically returns to the tower after 6S. find
a. The velocity with which it was through up.
b. The max. height it reaches.
c. Its position after 3s.
Ans. We know that time of ascent = time of
descent, t = 6/2 = 3 see.
a) Here,
Initial velocity, u = ?
Final velocity, v = O
Acceleration due to gravity g = 9.8m/s2
(-ve sign shows that the ball moves in opposite direction)
We known that
V = u + gt ------------ (1)
O = u + ( - 9.8) x 3
O = u – 29.4
O + 29.4 = u
Or U = 29.4m/s
 velocity with which it is thrown up = 29.4 m/s
b) We also know that
Where there is height v2 – u2 = 2 gh ------- (2)

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Again using the above given values in = n (2), we get

(O)2 – (29.4)2 = 2  (-9.8) x h
O – 864.36 = - (19.6) h
h = - 864.36 = 44m
- 19.6
Thus, the max. height it reaches is 44.m,
c. At time, t = 3s, the ball is at maximum height.
We know that
h = ut +1/2 gt2 -----------(3)
Using the above given values in = n (3) , we get
h = O  3 + ½ ( 9.8) (3)2
h = O + 9.8  9
2
h = 4.9  9
h = 44.1 m
Q.22 What is “gravity and force of gravity”? What is force of gravity equal to?
Ans . Gravity is one particular case of gravitation.
It may be defined as the phenomenon of attraction between Earth and any other body. The
force of attraction executed by earth on the body is called force of gravity.
The force of gravity is calculated by using universal law of Gravitation given by Newton.
Let m = mass of the body.
M = mass of the earth.
r = distance of the body from the centre of the earth
F = force of gravity exerted by earth on the body.
The force of gravity,
F is calculated by the following equation =,
F = GMm
r2
Where G = Gravitational constant.
Q.23 Derive the relation between “g” and “G”
Ans. “g” represents acceleration due to gravity and “G” represents universal gravitation
constant.
To derive the relation between “g” and “G”,
We suppose earth is a perfect sphere of radius “R” and mass “M”.
Consider a body of mass “m” held at a distance “r” from the centre of earth as shown in fig.
Object of mass,
m
line representing gravitational force, F

Distance between
The object and
Centre of the
Earth, r

Mass of
Earth, M. Radius of the earth, R
Fig. (1)

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According to Newton‟s law of Gravitation,

F = GMm --------- (1)
r2
Where F = force of gravitation
During free fall of a body under the gravitational pull of earth only, an acceleration
is produced in the body. This acceleration produced is called as acceleration due to gravity
and is represented by “g”
According to Newton‟s IInd law of motion, force is the product of mass and
acceleration. Therefore, the magnitude of the gravitational force “F” will be equal to the
product of mass and acceleration due to gravity i.e.
F = mg ----------------- (2)
From = n (1) and = n (2) , we get
m g = GMm
r2
g = GM ------------ (3)
r2
Equation (3)
Represents the relation between “g” and “G”.

 Q.24 Calculate the value of acceleration due to gravity, “g”

Ans. The value of acceleration due to gravity, “g” can obtained be from the relation between “g”
and “G”
On or near the surface of earth, we have
g= GM ---------- (1)
R2
Where G = universal gravitational constant.
M =mass of the earth
R = radius of the earth
We known that.
G = 6.67  10-11N m2 Kg-2
M = 6  1024 Kg
R = 6.4  106m
Using these values of G, M and R in = n (1), We get
g = 6.67  10-11 6 x 1024 = 6.67  6  10-11 + 24 – 12 = 0.98  102m/S2
(6.4  106)2 (6.4)2
=> g = 9.8 m/s2
The direction of „g‟ is along the line joining the body to the centre of earth.

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Lesson No. 5
Floatation
Q1: What is Thrust? How is it related to pressure? Give the units of Thrust and pressure?
Ans:- A body always exerts a force equal to its weight on any surface supporting it. The effect of
this force on the surface depends on the area on which it is spread. This, force acting
normally on a surface is called thrust. Thrust is a vector quantity and is measured in the unit
force i.e., Newton (N).
The pressure is defined as the force exerted by a body per unit area and is represented as
P = F/A -----(1) where P is pressure
F is force or thrust A is area.
S. I Units of thrust is Newton (N) and S. I units of area is m2
There fore P = 1N = 1 pascal
1m2
Thus S.I units of pressure is pascal (pa)
One Pascal is defined as the pressure exerted on a surface area of 1m2 by a thrust of 1N.
If A = 1m2
Equation (1) become P=F .
Thus the thrust exerted by a body on a surface having area equal to 1m2 is called pressure.
Or
Pressure is the thrust exerted by a body on unit area of he surface.

Q2 What do you understand by the Buoyancy?

Ans:- When a body is partially or wholly immersed in a liquid, an upward force acts on it which
is called upthrust or buoyant force. The property of the liquids responsible for this force is
called buoyancy. Like liquids, gases also exhibit the property of buoyancy. Thus, if a body
is immersed in a gas, it also experiences an upthrust.

Q3 What is Bouyant Force? Give factors upon which Buoyant force depends?
Ans:- When a object is immersed in a liquid, it experiences an upward force. This upward
force is called buoyant force.. It is due to the upward buoyant force exerted by a liquid that
the weight of an object appears to be less in the liquid than its actual weight in air.
The magnitude of buoyant force acting on an object immersed in a liquid depends on two
factors
I. Volume of an object immersed in the liquid.
II. Density of the liquid.
Q4 State Archimedes principle. What is the relation between actual weight, apparent weight
and the buoyant force?
Ans:- Archimedes was a Greek mathematician, who lived in the third century B. C. Archimedes
had formulated a law known as Archimedes principle. This principle states that when a
body is immersed in a liquid, partially or wholly, it experiences a loss of weight. This loss
of weight is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by the immersed part of the body.
According to Archimedes principle apparent weight of a body in the liquid = Actual weight
of the body in air – weight of the liquid displaced by the body.
Q 5 Define the terms “Density” and “Relative Density”. How are these terms related to
each other?
Ans:- Density :- Density of a substance may be defined as its mass per unit volume.
Thus, density „D‟ = Mass (M)/ Volume (V)
or D = M/V
Since the mass „M‟ is measured in kilogram (kg) and the volume „V‟ is measured in
meter3 (m3),
Therefore D = M/V = Kg/m3
Thus the unit of density is Kg/m3

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Relative Density:- In many cases, instead of dealing with density of a substance, it is

preferable to consider the number of times the substance is as dense as water. This is called
relative density. Relative density of a substance is defined as the ratio of its density to that
of water at 40 C.
Thus, Relative density = Density of substance/ Density of water at 40 C
Knowing the relative density of a substance of a substance, its density can be determined
e.g,
relative density of silver is 10.8 and the density of water is 103 kg m-3.
Thus, the density of silver is,
Density of Silver = Relative density of Silver x density of water
= 10.8 x 103 kg m3

Textual Questions
Q1: Why is it difficult to hold a school bag having strap made of thin and strong string?
Ans:- We know that
Force
Pressure = / Area
CaseI When the Strap of the school bag is thin, that means its area is small. Thus the pressure
exerted by the bag on the shoulders is large and the weight of the bag is concentrated on a
small area of the shoulder.
Case II When the strap of the school bag is broad that means its area is more than 1st
case. So the pressure exerted by the bag on the shoulders is small and the weight of the bag
is disturbed over a large area of the shoulder
There fore it is ea.
0sy to hold the bag having broad strap rather than small strap

Q2: What do you mean by buoyancy?

Ans:- Whenever an object is immersed in a liquid either partially or fully, an upward force is
exerted on the object by the liquid. This upward force is called upthrust or buoyant force or
force of buoyancy and the property of the fluid due to which this upthrust is exerted on the
object is called buoyancy.

Q3: Why does an object float or sink when placed on the surface of water?
Ans: Whenever the upthrust due to a liquid in which an object is immersed is less than the
weight, of the object it sinks in the liquid. In case, the upthrust due to a liquid in which an
object is immersed of a body is more than the weight of the object, it floats.

Q4: You find your mass to be 42 kg on a weighing machine. Is your mass more or less than
42 kg?
Ans:- In fact, a weighing machine is a sort of spring balance which measures the weight and
not the mass. When we stand on the weighing machine, our weight, which is due to the
gravitational attraction of the earth acts vertically downwards. But the buoyancy due to air
on our body acts vertically upwards. As a result of this, our apparent weight (true weight –
buoyant force) is less than the true weight. Since the weighing machine measures the
apparent weight, our true weight is more than 42 kg..

Q5 You have a bag of cotton and an iron bag, each containing a mass of 100kg when
measured on a weighting machine. In reality, one is heavier than the other. Can you say
which one is heavier and why?
Ans. Apparent weight is the weight measured in a weighing machine. True weight is the always
more than the apparent weight because there is always weight loss due to up word thrust of
air.
Apparent Weight = true weight - up word thrust
Or true weight = apparent weight + upward thrust

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Thus weight loss depends upon the up ward thrust of air which in turn depends up on the
volume of air displaced by the body. As the volume of air displaced by cotton bag will be
more than the volume of air displaced by iron bag, there fore the up ward thrust of air will
be more in case of cotton than in case iron.
We know that true weight is equal to apparent weight, plus up ward thrust as apparent
weight is equal in both the cases i.e 100 kg and upward thrust is more in case of cotton so
cotton bag will be heavier than iron bag.

Q6 In which direction does the buoyant force on an object immersed in a liquid act?
Ans:- The buoyant force on an object immersed in a liquid always acts vertically
upwards. i.e,in a direction opposite to the weight of the object.

Q7 The volume of 50g of a substance is 20cm3, if the density of water is 1g/cm3. Will the
substance float or sink?
Ans: Here mass of the substance= 50 g
Volume of the substance=20cm3
Therefore, density of the substance = 50/20 = 2.5g/cm3
Since the density of the substance (2.5g/cm3) is more than that of water (1g/cm3), the
substance will sink.

Q8: Why does a block of plastic released under water come up to the surface of water?
Ans. As the density of plastic is less than the density of water therefore when a block of plastic is
immersed in water the weight of water displaced by it will be greater than the weight of
plastic block. Thus the upward thrust of water will be more than the weight of the plastic
block. As we know that when upward thrust due to a liquid in which an object is immersed
is more than the weight of the object, it floats. As in this case the upward thrust of water is
more than the weight of the plastic block, it (the plastic block) comes up to the surface of
water when released under water.

Q9. The volume of 500g sealed packet is 350cm3. Will the packet float or sink if the density
of water is 1g/cm3. What will be the mass of water displaced by it?
Ans:- Here, Mass of bucket M = 500 g
Volume of the bucket, V=350cm3
Therefore, density of bucket d = M/V = 500/350 = 1.42g/cm3
Since the density of bucket is more than density of water, it will sink. The bucket is
fully submerged in water,
Mass of water displaced by the packet = volume of the packet x density of water
= 350 x 1 = 350 g

*************
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**************************************

Scholars’ Boarding School

Badshahnagar, Natipora, Srinagar-15

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53 Physics/9th/2016-17 SCHOLARS’ SCHOOL SRINAGAR-0194-2437181

Lesson No.6
Sound
Textual Questions
Q1: How does the sound produced by a vibrating object in a medium reach your ear?
Ans:- Sound is always produced by a vibrating object. The vibrating object produces a
series of compressions and rarefactions in the medium. These pulses travel one behind the
other as the sound wave. The sound wave on reaching our ear forces the tympanic
membrane to vibrate and thus causing the sensation of hearing.
Q2: Explain how sound is produced by your school bell?
Ans:- When a school bell is hit by a hammer, it begins to vibrate and hence sound is produced.
Q3: Why are sound waves called mechanical waves?
Ans:- Sound waves are called mechanical waves because they need a material medium (like solid,
liquid or gas) for their propagation.
Q4: Suppose you & your friend are on the moon. Will you be able to hear any sound
produced by your friend?
Ans:- No, sound can‟t be heard directly on the surface of moon because there is no air on the
moon to carry the sound wave.
Q5: Which wave property determines
a) Loudness
b) Pitch
Ans:- Loudness is basically determined by Amplitude. Whereas pitch is determined by the
frequency wave.
Q6: Guess which sound has higher pitch:
Guitar or Car horn?
Ans:- The sound of guitar is shriller (very high and loud) than that of a car horn. So, the sound of
a guitar has a higher pitch.
Q7: What are wavelength, frequency, time period and amplitude of a sound wave?
Ans:-
a) Wave length:- The distance between two consecutive compressions (C)or two
consecutive rarefactions (R) in a longitudinal wave (sound wave) is called the wave
length. It is usually represented by greek letter lambda (). Its S.I unit is metre (m).


C R C R

Region of Rarefaction
Compression

b) Frequency:- The number of oscillations per unit time is known as frequency of the
sound wave. It is denoted by the Greek letter, nu (υ). Its SI unit is hertz (Hz)
c) Time period:- The time taken to complete one oscillation is known as time period. It is
denoted by „T‟. Its SI unit is second (S).
d) Amplitude (A):- The maximum displacement of the particles of the medium from their
original undisturbed positions, when a wave passes through the medium, is called the
amplitude of the wave. Its SI unit is metre (m).

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Q8: How are wavelength and frequency of a sound wave related to its speed?
Ans:-
Speed v = distance
Time
= = 1/T x 
T
 is wave length of sound. It is the distance travelled by the sound wave in one Time Period
(T)
of the wave
V=υ ֶ
1/T = 
i.e speed = wave length x Frequency
Q: Calculate the wavelength of a sound wave whose frequency is 220Hz and speed is
440m/s in a given medium?
Ans:- We know that, V=  υ
Here V = 440m/s
=220Hz
 440=  220
or   220 = 440
or  = 440
220
or  = 44
22
Or  = 2m therefore wavelength  is 2 m
Q10: A person is listening to a tone of 500 Hz sitting at a distance of 450m from the source
of the sound. What is the time interval between successive compressions from the
source?
Ans:- Time interval between two successive compressions,
T = 1/υ = 1/500 = 0.0025
Q11: In which of three media, air, water or iron, does sound travel the fastest at a particular
temperature?
Ans:- Sound travels fastest through iron with a speed of 5950m/s
Q12: Distinguish between loudness and intensity of sound?
Ans:- The amount of sound energy passing each second through unit area is called intensity of
sound while as loudness is the measure of the response of the ear to the sound.
Q13: An Echo is returned in 3S. What is the distance of the reflecting surface from the source,
given that the speed of sound is 342 ms-1
Ans:- Speed of sound is 342 ms-1.
Time taken from hearing the echo = 3S
Distance traveled by the sound = VT= 342  3 = 1026 m.
In 3S, sound has to travel twice the distance between the reflecting surface as the source.
Therefore, distance of the reflecting surface from the source = 1026/2 = 513 m
Q14: Why are the ceilings of the concert halls curved?
Ans:- The ceilings of the concert halls are curved so that sound after reflection reaches all corners
of the hall.

Q15: What is the audible ranges of the average human ear?

Ans:- The audible range of the average human ear is 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz.
Q16: What is the range of frequencies associated with?
a) Infrasound

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b) Ultrasound
Ans:- a) Range of frequency of Infrasound is less than 20 Hz.
b) Range of frequency of ultrasound is higher than 20Kz.
Q17: A submarine emits a sonar pulse, which returns from an underwater cliff 1.02S. If the
speed of sound in salt water is 1531ms-1, how far away is the cliff?
Ans:- Time between transmission and detection of sonar pulse, t = 1.02 S
Speed of sound in salt water, V=153ms-1
Distance of the cliff = d (say)
Then, distance traveled by sound = 2d
So, 2d = speed x time = VT
= 1531  1.02
or d = 153  1.02/2
or d = 780.81 m
Additional questions:
Q1: What is sound and how is it produced?
Ans:- Sound is a form of energy and it is produced due to vibrations of different types of object,
e.g, a vibrating tuning fork, a bell, wires of a sitar and a violin etc.
Q2: Describe with the help of a diagram, how compressions and rarefactions are produced in
air near a source of sound?
Ans:- When a longitudinal wave travels in a medium, then the particles of the medium vibrate
back and forth in the same direction in which the wave travels. When the vibrating particles
come closer to one another than they normally are, then there is a momentary reduction in
volume, increase in the density & pressure of the medium and a compression is formed. On
the other hand, when the vibrating particles move further apart form one another than they
normally are, then there is a momentary increase in volume, decrease in the density &
pressure & a rarefaction is formed.
Figure (consult sub. Teacher)
Q3: Demonstrate an experiment to show that sound needs a material medium for its
propagation?
Ans:- A material medium is necessary for transmitting sound. This can be shown by the following
experiment.
An electric bell is suspended by rubber bands RR1 in air-tight glass vessel V called bell jar.
The bell jar is connected to a vacuum pump to remove the air. Initially, the bell jar is full of
air. On pressing the switch, the bell starts ringing & its sound can be heard clearly. Thus,
when air is present as the medium in the bell jar, sound can travel through it.
We now pump out the air from the bell jar gradually by switching on the vacuum pump
attached to it. the sound of the ringing bell becomes fainter and fainter & ultimately
diminishes. It is clear from this experiment that sound needs a material medium to travel.
Figure (consult subject teacher)
Q4: Why is sound wave called a longitudinal wave?
Ans:- A sound wave is called longitudinal wave as it travels in a medium in the form of
compressions and rarefactions where the particles of the medium vibrate in a direction
which is parallel to the direction of propagation of the sound wave.
Q5: Which characteristic of the sound helps you to identify your friend by his voice while
sitting with others in a dark room?
Ans;- The quality (or timbre) of sound is that characteristic which enables us to distinguish one
sound from the other even when these are of the same pitch & loudness. Each person has its own

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quality of sound & it is this characteristic which enables us to identify a person from others even
without looking at him.
Q6: Flash and thunder are produced simultaneously, but the thunder is heard a few seconds
after the flash is seen, why?
Ans:- The speed of light (c) is greater than the speed of sound (V) by a factor of the 106. As C/V =
3108m/s / 340m/s = 106 thus, the flash of light is seen earlier than the thunder of sound
even though both are produced simultaneously.
Q7: A person has a hearing range from 20Hz to 20 KHz. What are the typical wavelength of
sound waves in air corresponding to these two frequencing? Take the speed of sound in
air as 34.4ms-1?
Ans:- Here 1=20Hz and 2=20KHz = 20  103 Hz.
Speed of sound, V = 340ms-1
Therefore 1 = v/1 = 340/20 = 17.2m
& 2 = v/2 = 340/ 20103 = 0.0172m
Q8: Two children are at opposite ends of an aluminum rod. One strikes the end of the rod
with a stone. Find the ratio of time taken by the sound wave in air and in aluminum to
reach the send child.
Ans:- Speed of sound is air = 340ms-1
Speed of sound in Aluminum = 6420ms-1
Since time taken by sound to travel a given distance in a medium is inversely proportional
to its speed in that medium.
Now, Let „x‟ be the length of the aluminum rod and let „t1‟ and „t2‟ are time intervals taken by
sound to reach opposite ends via aluminum rod and air respectively.
Then t1 = x/6420
And t2 = x/340
 Ratio of time intervals t2 = x / 340 see
t1 x/6420
= 18.55 see.
Q9: Does sound follow the same laws of reflection as light does? Explain?
Ans:- Like light waves, sound waves also get reflected when these fall on the surface of an
obstacle. The following simple experiment establishes that reflection of sound follows the
same laws as those for reflection of light.
i) Place a large plane board, AB (of a metal, cardboard or wood) in the vertical position.
ii) Take two hollow metallic tubes P & Q (each about 1m long and about 8 – 10 cm in
diameter)
and place them in the plane of the paper and in positions inclined to the board as shown in
Figure(consult sub. Teacher)
iii) Hold a small watch „w‟ at the free end of the tube P & try to hear the ticking sound of the
watch by positioning the ear at E.
iv) Put a card board screen S in between the two tubes so that the sound produced by the watch
does not reach the ear directly.
v) Turn the tube Q till the ticking sound of the clock is the loudest. In this position, it is
found that the tubes are inclined to S at the same angle, i.e, i=r.
vi) The normal OS ot the surface lies in the same plane as that in which the incident & reflected
sound wave lie.

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From this experiment, we obtain the following two laws for the reflection of sound waves.
These laws are as follows
a. The angle of reflection (r) is always equal to the angle of incidence (i) i.e,
<r=<i.
b. The incident wave, the reflected wave and the normal (at the point of
incidence), all lie in the same plane.
Q11: When a sound is reflected from a distant object, an echo is produced. Let the distance
between the reflecting surface and the source of sound production remain the same. Do
you hear echo on a hotter day?
Ans:- The minimum distance (d) for the distinct echo to be heard (say at 270C) is 17.2m
(therefore, 2d= vt=344 x 0.1 = 34.4m). On a hotter day, the temperature increases & the
speed of sound in air also increases e.g, at 400C, speed of sound, i.e, v=356 m/s & as such
2d=356x0.1 =35.6m or d=17.8m. thus, if distance of the reflecting surface and the source of
sound remains the same (i.e, 172m), no echo is heard on the hotter day as the minimum
distance now required is 17.8m.
Q12: Give two practical application of reflection of sound waves.
1. Megaphone:- Sometimes we want a given sound to travel a large distance before it
becomes inaudible. This can be done if we avoid the wastage of sound energy by its
transmission in all directions. We, therefore, confine the sound waves with the help of a
speaking tube or a megaphone so that they travel in a particular direction. Sound waves
which are now confined in a particular region by their multiple reflections from the
walls of the tube, travel larger distance than without the help of the tube.
Figure (consult sub. Teacher)
Ear Trumpet:- It is a sort of machine used by persons who are hard of hearing. The sound energy
received by the wide end of the trumpet is concentrated into a much smaller area at the narrow end
by multiple reflections, which makes the inaudible sound audible to the user.
Q13: A stone is dropped from the top of a tower 500m high into a pond of water at the base of
tower. When is the splash heard at the top? Given, g=10ms-2 & speed =340ms-1.
Soln: Here , height through which the stone falls, h =500m
Speed of sound, v=340m/s, g=10m/s2
If t is the time taken by the stone to fall through h, then
h = ½ gt2 => t = √2h/g
therefore t=√2500/10 = 10S.
further, if t/ is the time taken by sound to travel to the top of the tower,
t/ = h/v = 500/340 = 1.47s
therefore time after which the splash is heard at the top of the tower =t +
t/=10S+1.47s=11.47s
Q14: A sound wave travels at a speed of 339ms-1. If its wavelength is 1.5cm, what is the
frequency of the wave? Will it be audible?
Ans:- Here, speed of sound wave, V=339m/s
Wavelength of sound wave, =1.5cm = 1.5x10-2m
Therefore frequency of the sound wave, =v/ = 339/1.510-2 =22600 Hz.
The sound is not audible as its frequency lies beyond the audible range (20Hz – 20,00Hz)
Q15: What is reverberation? How can it be reduced?
Ans:- The phenomenon of persistence or prolongation of audible sound after the source has
stooped emitting sound is called reverberation.

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53 Physics/9th/2016-17 SCHOLARS’ SCHOOL SRINAGAR-0194-2437181

Since reverberation is due to repeated reflections of sound waves from the ceiling, floor,
walls, etc. of a hall or an auditorium; we can reduce reverlation by increasing the absorption
of sound energy as:
i) The walls are covered with some sound absorbing material like felt, fibreboard, etc. or by
heavy curtains with folds.
ii) The floor is carpeted.
iii) The furniture is upholstered.
iv) False ceiling of a suitable sound absorbing material is used.
Q16: What is loudness of sound? What factors does it depend on?
Ans:- The sensation produced in the ear which enables us to distinguish between a loud and a faint
sound is called loudness. The loudness depends upon:
i) The amplitude of the wave.
ii) The surface area of the vibrating body.
iii) The density of the medium, etc.
Q17: Explain how bats use ultrasound to catch a prey?
Ans:- The ultrasonic waves emitted by the bat are reflected from the prey (e.g, an
insect) & are detected by its ear. The nature of reflected waves tells the bat:
i) the location and ii) the nature of its prey.

Q18: How is ultrasound used for cleaning?

Ans:- The object to be cleaned is placed in a cleaning solution. When ultrasonic waves are passed
through the solution, due to their high frequency, particles of dirt, dust and grease get
detached even from the unreachable portions of the object & drop out in the solution.
Q19: Explain the working and application of a SONAR?
Ans;- A sonar is a device which measures the distance, direction and speed of objects lying under
water using ultrasonic waves.
A sonar which is installed in a ship or a boat, consists of i) a transmitter & ii) a detector.
The ultrasonic waves produced by the transmitter travel through water. After getting
reflected by the object on the seabed, these waves are picked up by the detector. The
detector converts the reflected ultrasonic waves into electrical signals which are properly
recorded.
The sonar technique is used to:
i) Determine depth of the sea, called echo depth ranging.
ii) Locate under water hills, valleys, icebergs, sunken-ships.
iii) To locate the position of other ships or submarines, ship-to-ship communication also
uses ultrasonic waves.
Q20: A sonar device on a submarine sends out a signal & receives an echo 5s later. Calculate
the speed of sound in water if the distance of the object form the submarine is 3625m.
Soln:
Here, time interval between the transmission of the signal and its reception, t =5s.
Distance of the object from the submarine, d=3625m
If v is the speed of sound in water, then
2d=vt or v=2d/t = 23625/5 =1450m/s
Q21: Explain how objects in a metal block can be detected using ultrasound?
Ans:- Metal blocks used in the construction of buildings, bridges, machines and scientific
equipment cracks & holes within the blocks, which are invisible from outside, reduce the
strength of a structure. To detect these flaws, ultrasonic waves are passed through the metal

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53 Physics/9th/2016-17 SCHOLARS’ SCHOOL SRINAGAR-0194-2437181

block. Transmitted waves are detected by detectors. Where as ultrasonic waves pass through
the flawless portions of the block, these are reflected back by even a minor defect & do not
reach the detector.
Figure (consult sub. Teacher)
Q22: Explain how the human ear works?
Ans:- The human ear works by the following five step sequential procedure:
i) The outer ear collects sound waves which are conducted through the auditory canal.
ii) These waves fall on the ear drum & set it into vibrations.
iii) The middle ear consists of three ear ossicles; hammer, anvil & stirrup, amplifies these
oscillations about 60 times.
iv) The inner ear which contains cochlea & is filled with a fluid converts these pressure
variations into electrical signals.
v) These electrical signals are conveyed to the brain via auditory nerve for interpretation.
Additional Questions:-
Q1: What is a Sonic Boom?
Ans:- It is an explosive noise caused by the shock waves from an aircraft or any other object
which is traveling faster than the speed of sound.
Q2: What is the difference between an echo & a reverberation?
Ans:- An echo is formed when sound reflected due to strong reflection comes back after an
interval of 0.1S or more. In an echo, the original & reflected sounds are heard separately.
Reverberation, on the other hand, consists of successive reflections which follow each other
so quickly that these cannot produce separate echoes.
 Relation between time-period and frequency of Wave?
The time required to produce one complete wave is called time-period of the wave. Suppose
the time period of a wave is T-seconds.
Now, in T seconds, no. of waves produced=1 so, in 1 second, no. of waves produced will be
=1/T but the no. of waves produced in 1 second is called its frequency. So, the frequency of
a wave is the reciprocal of its time-period i.e.,
Frequency = 1/Time period
or n = 1/T
Where n = frequency of the wave
and T = Time – period of the wave.
Problem 1 What is the frequency of a sound wave whose time period is 0.05 Sec?
Solution:- The relationship between the frequency and time – period of a wave is:
 = 1/T
Here,  =? (to be calculated), T=0.05 Sec.
Putting this value in above relation, we get;
=1/0.5 => =100/5 =-> =20 Hz.
Thus, the frequency of the sound wave is 20 Hz.
Problem  The wavelength of sound emitted by a source is 1.7 x 10-2m. Calculate the
frequency of the sound, if its velocity is 343.4ms-1?
Solution:- We know that, V =   
Here, V = 342.4ms-1
=? (to be calculated)
=1.7x10-2m
So, putting these values in above relation, we get:

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53 Physics/9th/2016-17 SCHOLARS’ SCHOOL SRINAGAR-0194-2437181

343.4=f  1.7x10-2
= 343.4/1.710-2
=3434102/17
=202102Hz
Problem:- A sound wave has a frequency 1000 Hz and wavelength 34cm. How long will it take to
move through 1km?
Solution:- Here, frequency of wave, =1000 Hz.
Wavelength of the wave, =34cm =0.34m
Speed of sound wave, V = 
V=10000.34 = 340m/s
Therefore time taken by the wave to move through 1 km (i.e, 1000m), i.e
T=D/S = 1000m/340m/s = 2.94s.
Problem:- A boy hears an echo of his own voice from a distant hill after 1s. the speed of
sound is 340m/s. what is the distance of the hill from the boy?
Soln:- Here, speed of sound, V=340m/s
Time taken for haring the echo, t=1s
 if „d‟ is the distance between the hill and the boy.
Then, total distance travelled by the sound in going & coming back =2d
As distance travelled by sound = speed x time, 2d=vt
or d=vt/2 = 3401/2
= d = 170m.
Problem:- It takes 2.45 to record the echo of a sonar. If the velocity of sound in water is
1450m/s, find the depth of the ocean floor?
Soln:- Here, t=2.45, v=1450 m/s
Therefore depth of the ocean floor, d=vt/2 d=14502.4 = 1740m
2
Problem:- The audible range of a human ear is 20Hz to 20KHz. Convert this into
corresponding
wavelength range. The speed of sound at ordinary temperature is 340m/s

Soln:- Here, speed of sound in air, V=340m/s

Lowest frequency, 1=20Hz
Highest frequency, 2 =20KHz = 20103 Hz
Clearly, upper limit of wavelength, i.e.
1 = V/ 1 = 340/20= 17m
and lower limit of wavelength, i.e.,
2 =V/ 2 = 340/20103 = 0.017m.
Thus, the audible wavelength range is 0.017 to 17m.

Sir Ishfaq/ssnp