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Index: Serial Subject

The document contains an index of examination papers from May 2019 to November 2024, detailing various chemistry topics and their respective pages. It includes instructions for candidates on how to fill out their information and answer questions during the exam. Additionally, the document features questions related to atomic structure, the periodic table, and properties of alcohols and metals.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

5 views446 pages

Index: Serial Subject

Uploaded by

amra58997

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Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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Index

Serial Subject Page

1 May 2019 1
2 May 2019 CR 21
3 January 2020 41
4 January 2020 CR 57
5 May 2020 81
6 May 2020 CR 105
7 January 2021 125
8 January 2021 CR 149
9 June 2021. CR 173
10 January 2022 193
11 January 2022 CR 221
12 June 2022 241
13 June 2022 CR 261
14 January 2023 333
15 January 2023CR 353
16 June 2023 377
17 June 2023.CR 397
18 Nov 2024 421
Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number

Pearson Edexcel
International GCSE (9–1)

Wednesday 12 June 2019

Morning (Time: 1 hour 15 minutes) Paper Reference 4CH1/2C

Chemistry
Unit: 4CH1
Paper 2C

You must have: Total Marks

Calculator, ruler

Instructions
• Use black ink or ball-point pen.
• centre
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
number and candidate number.
• Answer all questions.
• – there may
Answer the questions in the spaces provided
be more space than you need.
• Some questions must be answered with a cross in a box
your mind about an answer, put a line through the box
. If you change
and then mark
your new answer with a cross .

Information
• The total mark for this paper is 70.
• – usemarks
The for each question are shown in brackets
this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Try to answer every question.
• your answers if you have time at the end.
Check

Turn over

*P58563A0120*
P58563A
©2019 Pearson Education Ltd.

1/1/1/1/

1
2
The Periodic Table of the Elements
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0
1 4
H He
hydrogen helium

Key 1 2

7 9 relative atomic mass 11 12 14 16 19 20

Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
3 4 atomic (proton) number 5 6 7 8 9 10

23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 63.5 65 70 73 75 79 80 84
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton

2
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

85 88 89 91 93 96 [98] 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

133 137 139 178 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209 [209] [210] [222]
Cs Ba La* Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
caesium barium lanthanum hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon

*P58563A0220*
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

[223] [226] [227] [261] [262] [266] [264] [277] [268] [271] [272]
Fr Ra Ac* Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Elements with atomic numbers 112-116 have been reported but not fully
francium radium actinium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium authenticated
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111

* The lanthanoids (atomic numbers 58-71) and the actinoids (atomic numbers 90-103) have been omitted.

The relative atomic masses of copper and chlorine have not been rounded to the nearest whole number.

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Answer ALL questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided.

1 The diagram shows the particles in an atom of an element.

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(a) The box gives the names of some particles.

electron ion molecule neutron proton

Use words from the box to label the diagram.

(3)
(b) Give the mass number of this atom.
(1)

(c) Complete the sentence about isotopes.

(2)
Isotopes are atoms that have the same number of ..............................................................

but have a different number of .............................................................. .

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(Total for Question 1 = 6 marks)

3
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2 The table gives some information about the halogens, chlorine, bromine and iodine.

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Physical state at room
Halogen Colour
temperature
chlorine gas pale green

bromine red-brown

iodine solid

(a) Complete the table.

(2)
(b) Chlorine has two isotopes of mass numbers 35 and 37
The relative percentage of each isotope in a sample of chlorine is
chlorine-35 77.78% chlorine-37 22.22%
Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of chlorine.

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Give your answer to one decimal place.
(3)

relative atomic mass = ..........................................................

(c) A student is given an aqueous solution of chlorine and an aqueous solution of

potassium bromide.
Explain how he can use these two solutions to compare the reactivity of chlorine
with the reactivity of bromine.
(4)

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(Total for Question 2 = 9 marks)

4
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3 Methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol are alcohols. They are all liquids that
evaporate easily when warmed.

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A student uses this apparatus to compare the time taken for the four liquids to evaporate.

alcohol

hot water

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She uses this method.
• pour some methanol into an evaporating basin
• place the evaporating basin on top of a beaker containing hot water
• measure the time taken for the methanol to evaporate completely
• repeat the experiment with each of the other alcohols, using the same apparatus
(a) State two variables the student should control to make sure her results are valid.
(2)

1 .. ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

2 .. ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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(b) State why it is not safe to heat the evaporating basin directly with a Bunsen flame.
(1)

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6
(c) The table shows the results of experiments done by four students, A, B, C and D.
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Formula Time taken for liquid to evaporate in s

Alcohol of Student Student Student Student Mean time
alcohol A B C D in s
methanol CH3OH 20 24 22 26 23

ethanol C2H5OH 32 34 35 30 33

propanol C3H7OH 45 47 50 48 48

butanol C4H9OH 64 63 90 60

(i) Calculate the mean (average) time for butanol to evaporate.

(2)
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mean time = .............................................................. s

(ii) Explain how the results show which alcohol evaporates most easily.
(2)

(iii) State the relationship between the number of carbon atoms in the molecule
and how easily the alcohol evaporates.
(2)

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(Total for Question 3 = 9 marks)

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4 This question is about metals.
(a) Which statement describes metallic bonding?

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(1)
A electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions
B electrostatic attraction between the nuclei of two atoms and a pair of
electrons shared between them
C electrostatic attraction between positively charged particles and delocalised electrons
D electrostatic attraction between atoms

(b) Aluminium is malleable and can be easily shaped to make saucepans used for
cooking food.
State two other properties of aluminium that make it suitable for saucepans used
for cooking food.
(2)

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2 .. ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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8
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8
(c) Magnalium is an alloy of aluminium and magnesium.
The diagram shows how the atoms are arranged in this alloy.
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magnesium atom

aluminium atom

(i) State what is meant by the term alloy.

(1)
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(ii) Explain why magnalium is harder than aluminium.

(3)

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(Total for Question 4 = 7 marks)

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5 During the Second World War, engineers developed a rocket-powered aircraft.

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combustion chamber
hydrogen peroxide tank

hydrazine tank

The aircraft carried these two liquids

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• hydrazine, N2H4
• hydrogen peroxide, H2O2
When these two liquids mix in the combustion chamber, they evaporate and then
react rapidly to form nitrogen gas, N2, and steam, H2O
The reaction is exothermic.
The equation for the reaction is

N2H4 + 2H2O2 → N2 + 4H2O

The displayed formulae for the reactants and products are

H H
H O H
H H H H H O H
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N N O O H O H
H H
H H O O N=N O

10
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10
(a) The tables give the bond energies for the bonds broken in the reactants and the
bonds made in the products.
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Bonds broken Bonds made

bond energy bond energy
bond bond
in kJ/mol in kJ/mol
N—N 159
N=N 945
N—H 391

O—O 143
O—H 463
O—H 463

(i) Use the data in the tables to calculate the total amount of energy required to
break all of the bonds in the reactants.
(1)
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energy required = .............................................................. kJ

(ii) Use the data in the tables to calculate the total amount of energy released
when all of the bonds in the products are made.
(1)

energy released = .............................................................. kJ

(iii) Calculate the enthalpy change, ∆H, in kJ/mol, for the reaction.
Include a sign in your answer.
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(3)

∆H = .............................................................. kJ/mol

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11 Turn over
(b) Explain, in terms of bonds broken and bonds made, why this reaction is exothermic.
(2)

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energy

(Total for Question 5 = 10 marks)

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6 Some cars in Brazil use ethanol, C2H5OH, as a fuel instead of petrol.
The ethanol is made by the fermentation of glucose which is obtained from sugar cane.

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The sugar is extracted from the sugar cane and then dissolved in water to make
a sugar solution.
(a) (i) Name the substance that is added to the sugar solution that causes glucose to ferment.
(1)

(ii) Which temperature is the most suitable for fermentation?

(1)
A 0°C
B 10°C
C 30°C
D 80°C

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(iii) Explain why fermentation is done in the absence of air.
(2)

(b) (i) State what is meant by the term fuel.

(1)

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(ii) Write a chemical equation for the complete combustion of ethanol in air.
(2)

14
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14
(c) Ethanol is also manufactured by reacting steam with ethene, C2H4
The equation for this reaction is
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C2H4(g) + H2O(g) → C2H5OH(g)

State the conditions of temperature and pressure used in this process.

(2)

pressure . . ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(d) When ethanol is heated with acidified potassium dichromate(VI), it is oxidised to

ethanoic acid.
(i) State the colour change that occurs in the potassium dichromate(VI) during
this reaction.
(1)
from ................................................................................................................ to ................................................................................................................
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(ii) The structural formula of ethanoic acid is CH3COOH

Draw the displayed formula of ethanoic acid.

(2)

(iii) Complete the equation for the reaction of ethanoic acid with sodium.
(2)
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....................... CH3COOH(aq) + ....................... Na(s) → .............................................................. (aq) + .................................... (g)

(Total for Question 6 = 14 marks)

15
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7 Dinitrogen tetraoxide, N2O4, is a colourless gas.
Nitrogen dioxide, NO2, is a brown gas.

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The two gases can exist together in dynamic equilibrium according to the equation

N2O4(g)  2NO2(g)
(a) Explain what is meant by the term dynamic equilibrium.
(2)

(b) Some N2O4 and some NO2 are put into a sealed gas syringe and allowed to form
an equilibrium mixture.

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equilibrium mixture piston

gas syringe

This equilibrium mixture is brown.

(i) The pressure of the gas in the syringe is increased by pushing in the piston.
The mixture is then allowed to reach a new equilibrium at the same
temperature as before.
Explain why the new equilibrium mixture contains less NO2 than the original
equilibrium mixture.
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(2)

16
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16
(ii) A student suggests that the new equilibrium mixture would be lighter in
colour than the original equilibrium mixture, as there is now less NO2 present.
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Suggest why the new equilibrium mixture is actually darker than the original.
(1)

(c) Carbon monoxide, CO, and oxides of nitrogen are produced in a car engine when
petrol is burned.
These oxides can be partly removed by using a catalytic converter fitted to the
car’s exhaust system.
(i) State how oxides of nitrogen are produced in the car engine.
(1)
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(ii) Give a disadvantage of allowing oxides of nitrogen to escape into the atmosphere.
(1)

(iii) Write a chemical equation for the reaction between nitrogen monoxide, NO,
and carbon monoxide to form carbon dioxide and nitrogen.
(1)

(Total for Question 7 = 8 marks)

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17
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17 Turn over
8 The concentration of NaClO(aq) in a solution of bleach is found by reacting it with
hydrochloric acid.

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The equation for the reaction is

NaClO(aq) + 2HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + Cl2(g)

An excess of dilute hydrochloric acid is added to 4.00 cm3 of bleach solution.
60.0 cm3 of chlorine gas is produced.
(a) Explain a safety precaution that should be taken when doing this experiment.
(2)

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(b) (i) Calculate the amount, in moles, of chlorine gas produced.
Assume one mole of chlorine gas occupies 24 000 cm3 .
(2)

amount of chlorine = .............................................................. mol

(ii) Determine the amount, in moles, of NaClO in 4.00 cm3 of bleach.
(1)

amount of NaClO = .............................................................. mol

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(iii) Calculate the concentration, in mol/dm3, of the bleach solution.

(2)

concentration = .............................................................. mol/dm3

(Total for Question 8 = 7 marks)

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 70 MARKS

18
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20
20
Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number

Pearson Edexcel
International GCSE (9–1)

Wednesday 12 June 2019

Morning (Time: 1 hour 15 minutes) Paper Reference 4CH1/2CR

Chemistry
Unit: 4CH1
Paper: 2CR

You must have: Total Marks

Calculator

Instructions
• Use black ink or ball-point pen.
• centrethe
Fill in boxes at the top of this page with your name,
number and candidate number.
• Answer all questions.
• – there may
Answer the questions in the spaces provided
be more space than you need.
• Some questions
Show all the steps in any calculations and state the units.
• mind about an answer,
must be answered with a cross in a box . If you change your
put a line through the box and then mark your new
answer with a cross .

Information
• The total mark for this paper is 70.
• – usemarks
The for each question are shown in brackets
this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Try toyour
Write answers neatly and in good English.
• Checkanswer every question.
• your answers if you have time at the end.

Turn over

*P60183A0120*
P60183A
©2019 Pearson Education Ltd.

1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/

21
2
The Periodic Table of the Elements
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0
1 4
H He
hydrogen helium

Key 1 2

7 9 relative atomic mass 11 12 14 16 19 20

Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
3 4 atomic (proton) number 5 6 7 8 9 10

23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

22
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

*P60183A0220*
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

* The lanthanoids (atomic numbers 58-71) and the actinoids (atomic numbers 90-103) have been omitted.

The relative atomic masses of copper and chlorine have not been rounded to the nearest whole number.

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Answer ALL questions.

1 This question is about gases in the atmosphere.

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(a) The box gives the names of some gases in the atmosphere.

argon carbon dioxide helium

nitrogen oxygen

Use gases from the box to answer the questions.

Each gas may be used once, more than once or not at all.

(i) Identify the two noble gases.

(1)

(ii) Identify the gas that is a compound.

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(1)

(iii) Identify the most abundant gas in the atmosphere.

(1)

(iv) Identify the greenhouse gas.

(1)

(b) Describe the test for oxygen.

(1)

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(Total for Question 1 = 5 marks)

3
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23 Turn over
2 The diagram represents an atom of boron.

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proton

neutron

electron

(a) Use information from the diagram to complete the table.

The first row has been done for you.

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(5)

atomic number 5

mass number

number of neutrons

group in the Periodic Table that contains boron

period in the Periodic Table that contains boron

electronic configuration of an atom of boron

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(b) Boron has two isotopes, boron‑10 and boron‑11.
A sample of boron contains 18.7% of boron‑10 and 81.3% of boron‑11.
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Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of boron.

(2)

relative atomic mass = .............................................................

(Total for Question 2 = 7 marks)

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5
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3 Crude oil is an important source of organic compounds.
(a) The diagram shows crude oil being separated into different fractions.

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B
crude oil X

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(i) Name the process used to separate crude oil into different fractions.
(1)

(ii) State what happens to the crude oil at X.

(1)

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26
(iii) Describe the differences between fraction B and fraction E.
In your answer, refer to
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● size of the molecules

● boiling point
● colour
● viscosity
(4)

(b) Crude oil often contains sulfur as an impurity.

Explain why this is a problem when using crude oil fractions as fuels.
(2)

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(Total for Question 3 = 8 marks)

7
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28
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4 This question is about the halogens and their compounds.
(a) The table gives the colour and physical state at room temperature of the halogens.
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Complete the table by predicting the colour of astatine and the physical state of
fluorine at room temperature.
(2)

Halogen Colour Physical state at room temperature

fluorine pale yellow

chlorine pale green gas

bromine red‑brown liquid

iodine dark grey solid

astatine solid
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(b) Chlorine gas is bubbled into a colourless solution of potassium bromide.

Explain why the solution turns orange.
(2)

(c) Potassium bromide is an ionic compound.

Draw diagrams to show the outer electrons in a potassium ion and in a bromide ion.
Include the charges on the ions.
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(3)

potassium ion bromide ion

9
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29 Turn over
(d) A student sets up a circuit to test the electrical conductivity of water, solid
sodium chloride and aqueous sodium chloride.

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The table shows the student’s results.

Substance Conducts electricity?

water no

solid sodium chloride no

aqueous sodium chloride yes

Explain these results, with reference to the structure and bonding of the substances.
(5)

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(e) A concentrated aqueous solution of sodium chloride is electrolysed using
graphite electrodes.
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Chlorine is formed at the positive electrode (anode).

(i) Give an ionic half‑equation for the formation of chlorine at the positive electrode.
(1)

(ii) State why this ionic half‑equation represents an oxidation reaction.

(1)

(iii) Which substance is formed at the negative electrode (cathode)?

(1)
A hydrogen
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B oxygen
C sodium
D water

(Total for Question 4 = 15 marks)

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5 This question is about the reactions of carboxylic acids.
(a) Carboxylic acids react with solutions of metal carbonates.

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(i) Complete the chemical equation for the reaction of ethanoic acid, CH3COOH,
with potassium carbonate solution.
(2)

2CH3COOH + K2CO3 → ............................................................ + .............................. + ..............................

(ii) State what you would see in this reaction.

(1)

(b) The ester, ethyl ethanoate, can be prepared by reacting ethanol with ethanoic acid.
This is the method for the preparation.
● mix equal amounts of ethanoic acid and ethanol in a boiling tube
● add a few drops of concentrated sulfuric acid

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● place the boiling tube in a hot water bath for several minutes
(i) State the role of concentrated sulfuric acid in this reaction.
(1)

(ii) Suggest why the mixture is heated in a water bath rather than directly with a
Bunsen burner flame.
(1)

(iii) State how you would know that ethyl ethanoate has formed.
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(1)

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32
(c) Another ester, methyl propanoate, can be prepared by reacting methanol with
propanoic acid.
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(i) Draw the displayed formulae of methanol, propanoic acid and the ester,
methyl propanoate.
(3)

methanol propanoic acid

methyl propanoate
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(ii) Give the name of the other product of this reaction.

(1)

(d) Give one use of esters.

(1)

(Total for Question 5 = 11 marks)

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6 When a bottle of wine is left open for several days, some of the ethanol in the wine
turns to ethanoic acid, CH3COOH
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(a) A scientist uses a titration method to investigate how much ethanoic acid is
formed if a bottle of white wine is left open for one week.
She uses this method.
● fill a burette with the white wine and record the reading
● add 25.0 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution to a conical flask
● add a few drops of phenolphthalein indicator to the flask
● swirl the flask continuously while adding wine from the burette
● add the wine drop by drop near the end point
● record the reading at the end point

(i) Name the piece of apparatus that would be most suitable for measuring the
25.0 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution.
(1)
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(ii) Suggest why red wine would not be suitable to use for this investigation.
(1)

(iii) State why she swirls the flask continuously.

(1)

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(iv) State why she adds the wine drop by drop near the end point.
(1)

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35 Turn over
(b) The diagram shows the burette readings at the start and end of one of the titrations.

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1 22

2 23

3 24

start end

Use the readings to complete the table.

Give your values to the nearest 0.05 cm3.
(3)

burette reading at end

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burette reading at start

volume of wine added in cm3

(c) The scientist repeats the titration four more times.

The table shows her results for these four titrations.

titration number 1 2 3 4

volume of wine added in cm3 20.40 20.10 20.35 20.45

concordant results

Concordant results are those within 0.20 cm3 of each other.

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(i) Add ticks () to the table to show the concordant results.
(1)
(ii) Use your ticked results to calculate the mean (average) volume of wine added.
(2)

mean volume of wine added = ............................................................. cm3

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36
(d) Another scientist repeats the titration with a different bottle of white wine that
has been left open for a week.
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The equation for the reaction that occurs in this titration is

CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COONa + H2O

The mean volume of wine added is 19.50 cm3.

(i) The concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution is 0.0500 mol/dm3 .
Calculate the amount, in moles, of NaOH in 25.0 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution.
(2)

amount of NaOH = ............................................................. mol

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(ii) Deduce the amount, in moles, of CH3COOH in 19.50 cm3 of the wine.
(1)

amount of CH3COOH = ............................................................. mol

(iii) Calculate the concentration, in mol/dm3, of CH3COOH in the wine.

(2)

concentration of CH3COOH = ............................................................. mol/dm3

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(Total for Question 6 = 15 marks)

17
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37 Turn over
7 Hydrogen gas can be produced by reacting a mixture of methane and steam in the
presence of a nickel catalyst.

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The reaction conditions are a temperature of 700 °C and a pressure of 5 atmospheres.
The equation for the reaction is

CH4(g) + H2O(g)  CO(g) + 3H2(g) ΔH = +206 kJ/mol

(a) What does the symbol  represent?
(1)

(b) (i) The mixture of methane and steam is heated to a temperature greater than
700 °C but the pressure is kept at 5 atmospheres.

Predict the effect of this change on the yield of hydrogen at equilibrium,

giving a reason for your answer.
(2)

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(ii) The mixture of methane and steam is kept at the same temperature of 700 °C
but the pressure is increased to more than 5 atmospheres.

Predict the effect of this change on the yield of hydrogen at equilibrium,

giving a reason for your answer.
(2)

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38
(c) Calculate the volume, in dm3, of hydrogen gas at rtp that is produced when
10 tonnes of methane gas completely react with steam.
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[molar volume of hydrogen at rtp is 24 dm3]

Give your answer in standard form.
(4)
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volume of hydrogen = ............................................................. dm3

(Total for Question 7 = 9 marks)

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 70 MARKS

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*P60183A01920*
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*P60183A02020*
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40
20
Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number

Pearson Edexcel
International GCSE

Monday 20 January 2020

Afternoon (Time: 1 hour 15 minutes) Paper Reference 4CH1/2C

Chemistry
Unit: 4CH1
Paper 2C

You must have: Total Marks

Calculator, ruler

Instructions
• Use black ink or ball‑point pen.
• centre
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
number and candidate number.
• Answer allthequestions.
Answer
• – there may bequestions in the spaces provided
more space than you need.
• Some questions must
Show all the steps in any calculations and state the units.
• your mind about an answer,be answered with a cross in a box . If you change
put a line through the box and then mark
your new answer with a cross .

Information
• The total mark for this paper is 70.
• The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.

*P59924A0116*
P59924A
©2020 Pearson Education Ltd. 41
1/1/1/1/1/1/1/
2
The Periodic Table of the Elements
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0
1 4
H He
hydrogen helium

Key 1 2

7 9 relative atomic mass 11 12 14 16 19 20

Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
3 4 atomic (proton) number 5 6 7 8 9 10

23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

42
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

*P59924A0216*
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

* The lanthanoids (atomic numbers 58-71) and the actinoids (atomic numbers 90-103) have been omitted.

The relative atomic masses of copper and chlorine have not been rounded to the nearest whole number.

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Answer ALL questions.

1 This question is about elements, compounds and mixtures.

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(a) Name the element that burns with a lilac flame.

(1)

(b) Name the technique used to separate the mixture of colours in black ink.
(1)

(c) The box gives the names of some substances.

air bromine magnesium neon sodium chloride sulfur
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Choose substances from the box to answer these questions.

(i) Identify the compound.

(1)

(ii) Identify the mixture.

(1)

(iii) Identify the non‑metal element that is a solid at room temperature.

(1)

(Total for Question 1 = 5 marks)

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2 Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons.
(a) Name the process used to separate crude oil into fractions.

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(1)

(b) Give one use of the kerosene fraction.

(1)

(c) One of the hydrocarbons in the refinery gas fraction is an alkane with the
structural formula CH3CH2CH2CH3
(i) Give the name of this alkane.
(1)

(ii) Calculate the relative molecular mass (Mr) of this alkane.

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(1)

Mr = ..............................................................
(d) One of the alkanes in the gasoline fraction has the displayed formula

H H H H H H H

H C C C C C C C H
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H H H H H H H DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

(i) Determine the molecular formula of this alkane.
(1)

(ii) Give the general formula for the alkanes.

(1)

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(e) Catalytic cracking is used to convert long‑chain alkanes into shorter‑chain alkanes.
(i) Name the catalyst used in catalytic cracking.
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(1)

(ii) Explain why it is necessary to convert long‑chain alkanes into shorter‑chain alkanes.
(2)

(f ) Catalytic cracking also produces alkenes.

C11H24 can undergo cracking to give pentane (C5H12) and two different alkenes.
Complete the equation for this cracking reaction.
(2)

C11H24 → C5H12 + ............................................................... + ...............................................................

(Total for Question 2 = 11 marks)

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3 This question is about copper and its compounds.
(a) Copper is a metal used for electrical wiring.

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Explain why copper is a good conductor of electricity.
(2)

(b) This apparatus is used to investigate the electrolysis of copper(II) sulfate solution with
graphite electrodes.

power supply
+ –

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lamp

positive electrode negative electrode

copper(II) sulfate solution

Copper forms at the negative electrode and oxygen forms at the positive electrode.
(i) State what would be observed at each electrode.
(2)

negative electrode .. ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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positive electrode ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(ii) The ionic half‑equation for the reaction at the negative electrode is

Cu2+ + 2e– → Cu
State why this is a reduction reaction.
(1)

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(iii) Explain why the copper(II) sulfate solution becomes paler blue during the electrolysis.
(2)
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(c) When hydrated copper(II) sulfate crystals are heated, anhydrous copper(II) sulfate forms.
A mass of 12.5 g of hydrated copper(II) sulfate crystals is heated in a crucible until
all the water of crystallisation is removed.
A mass of 8.0 g of anhydrous copper(II) sulfate forms.
Show by calculation that the formula of hydrated copper(II) sulfate is CuSO4.5H2O
[Mr of CuSO4 = 159.5 Mr of H2O = 18]
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(4)
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(Total for Question 3 = 11 marks)

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4 A student investigates the reaction between sodium hydroxide solution and dilute sulfuric acid.
He does a titration to find the concentration of the sulfuric acid.

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This is his plan for the titration. There are some mistakes and omissions in his plan.
● rinse a conical flask with the sodium hydroxide solution
● use a measuring cylinder to measure out 25 cm3 of the sodium hydroxide solution
and add it to the conical flask
● add a few drops of methyl orange indicator to the conical flask
● rinse a burette with water and then fill it with the sulfuric acid
● add the acid from the burette to the conical flask until the indicator changes
colour at the end‑point of the titration
● record the final burette reading

(a) Give the colour change of the methyl orange indicator at the end‑point.
(2)

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from ........................................................................................................... to ...........................................................................................................

(b) Describe four changes that the student could make to improve his plan.
(4)

1.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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4...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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(c) The student then does the titration correctly.
He finds that 16.70 cm3 of the dilute sulfuric acid neutralises 25.0 cm3 of
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sodium hydroxide solution of concentration 0.200 mol/dm3

The equation for the reaction is

2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O

Calculate the concentration, in mol/dm3, of the sulfuric acid.

(3)
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concentration of sulfuric acid = .............................................................. mol/dm3

(Total for Question 4 = 9 marks)

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5 Oxygen can be prepared from hydrogen peroxide using a catalyst.

(a) Which is a correct statement about oxygen?

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(1)
A it burns with a squeaky pop
B it relights a glowing splint
C it turns blue litmus red
D it turns limewater milky

(b) Explain how a catalyst increases the rate of a reaction.

(2)

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2H2O2 → 2H2O + O2

This equation can also be written using displayed formulae to show all the
covalent bonds in the molecules.

2H—O—O—H → 2H—O—H + O O

The table gives the bond energies for these bonds.

Bond H O O O O O
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Bond energy in kJ/mol 463 143 498 DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

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(i) Use the values in the table to calculate the enthalpy change, ΔH, for the reaction.
Include a sign in your answer.
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(3)
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ΔH = .............................................................. kJ

(ii) Complete the energy level diagram to show the position of the products and
the enthalpy change, ΔH, for the reaction.
(2)
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2H2O2
energy

(Total for Question 5 = 8 marks)

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6 Ethanol, C2H5OH, can be manufactured from ethene and steam using a phosphoric acid catalyst.
(a) (i) State the temperature and pressure used in this manufacturing process.

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(2)

(ii) Draw the displayed formula of ethanol.

(1)

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(b) Ethanol burns in a plentiful supply of air to form carbon dioxide and water.
(i) Give the chemical equation for this reaction.
(2)

(ii) When the air supply is limited, incomplete combustion occurs and
carbon monoxide forms.
State why carbon monoxide is poisonous to humans.
(1)
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(c) When ethanol reacts with ethanoic acid, an ester forms.

Give the name of this ester.
(1)

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(d) Butanedioic acid and ethanediol react together to form a polyester and water.
(i) Give the name of this type of polymerisation.
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(1)

(ii) Complete the equation.

Show only one repeat unit of the polyester.
(3)

O O

HO C CH2CH2 C OH ...........................................................................................................................................................................

+ +

HO CH2CH2 OH ...........................................................................................................................................................................

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(Total for Question 6 = 11 marks)

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7 This question is about some Group 2 elements and their compounds.

(a) Calcium reacts with water to produce calcium hydroxide and hydrogen gas.

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(i) Give the word equation for this reaction.
(1)

(ii) State two observations that would be made during this reaction.
(2)

(b) (i) Describe how a pure, dry sample of the insoluble salt, barium sulfate, could be
made from the two solids sodium sulfate and barium chloride.
(5)

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....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(ii) Give an ionic equation for the reaction that occurs.

Include state symbols in your equation.
(2)

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(c) When magnesium nitrate is heated, magnesium oxide, nitrogen dioxide and
oxygen form.
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The equation for the reaction is

2Mg(NO3)2(s) → 2MgO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)

(i) What is the name for this type of reaction?

(1)
A addition
B combustion
C decomposition
D neutralisation
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(ii) Calculate the total volume, in dm3, of gas produced at rtp when 7.7 g of
magnesium nitrate completely reacts.

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[Assume that the molar volume of a gas at rtp is 24 dm3]

[Mr of Mg(NO3)2 = 148]

Give your answer to two significant figures.
(4)

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total volume of gas = ................................................ dm3

(Total for Question 7 = 15 marks)

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56
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*P59924A01616*
Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number

Pearson Edexcel
International GCSE (9–1)

Monday 20 January 2020

Afternoon (Time: 1 hour 15 minutes) Paper Reference 4CH1/2CR

Chemistry
Unit: 4CH1
Paper: 2CR

You must have: Total Marks

Calculator, ruler

Instructions
• Use black ink or ball-point pen.
• centre
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
number and candidate number.
• Answer allthequestions.
Answer
• – there may bequestions in the spaces provided
more space than you need.
• Show all the steps in any calculations and state the units.
• Some questions must be answered with a cross in a box . If you change your
mind about an answer, put a line through the box and then mark your new
answer with a cross .

Information
• The total mark for this paper is 70.
• The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.

Turn over

P62061A
©2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

1/1/1/1/1/1/
*P62061A0124*
57
2
The Periodic Table of the Elements
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0
1 4
H He
hydrogen helium

Key 1 2

7 9 relative atomic mass 11 12 14 16 19 20

Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
3 4 atomic (proton) number 5 6 7 8 9 10

23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

58
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

*P62061A0224*
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

* The lanthanoids (atomic numbers 58-71) and the actinoids (atomic numbers 90-103) have been omitted.

The relative atomic masses of copper and chlorine have not been rounded to the nearest whole number.

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59
BLANK PAGE

*P62061A0324*
3
Turn over
Answer ALL questions.

1 Substances can be classified as elements, mixtures or compounds.

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(a) Each box represents an element, a mixture or a compound.

Box 1 Box 2 Box 3 Box 4 Box 5

(i) Which box represents a mixture?

(1)
A 1
B 2

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C 3
D 4

(ii) Which two boxes represent elements?

(1)
A 1 and 2
B 2 and 3
C 1 and 3
D 3 and 4

(iii) Explain why Box 5 represents a compound.

(2)

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(b) The Periodic Table contains all the known elements.
(i) How are the elements arranged in the Periodic Table?
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(1)
A increasing mass number
B increasing number of neutrons
C increasing number of protons
D increasing reactivity

(ii) Elements in the same group have the same number of

(1)
A electrons in the outer shell
B electron shells
C neutrons
D protons
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(Total for Question 1 = 6 marks)

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61
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5
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*P62061A0624*
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2 Chromatography is used to analyse mixtures.
A student does a chromatography experiment to analyse the composition of
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green food colouring in sweets.

She places four known dyes, A, B, C and D, and the green food colouring on
chromatography paper.
The diagram shows the student’s apparatus at the start of her experiment.
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water

A B C D Green start line drawn

in ink

(a) The diagram shows that the student makes two mistakes when setting up her apparatus.
State the two changes that the student should make so that her experiment works.
(2)

1 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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7
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(b) Another student does the chromatography experiment correctly.
The diagram shows her chromatogram at the end of the experiment.

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solvent front

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A B C D Green

(i) Explain what the chromatogram shows about the composition of the
green food colouring.
(3)

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(ii) The distance between the start line and the spot for dye C is 6.2 cm.
Calculate the Rf value of dye C.
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(3)

Rf value = ..............................................................
(iii) Suggest why dye A does not move.
(1)
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(Total for Question 2 = 9 marks)

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65
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9
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3 Solutions of silver nitrate and potassium chloride react together to make the insoluble salt,
silver chloride.

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A student uses this method to prepare a sample of silver chloride.
Step 1 add 25 cm3 of silver nitrate solution to a conical flask
Step 2 add potassium chloride solution to the flask
Step 3 filter off the silver chloride

(a) What term is used for this reaction?

(1)
A neutralisation
B precipitation
C redox
D thermal decomposition

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(b) Give two more steps that will produce a pure, dry sample of silver chloride.
(2)

Step 4 ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Step 5 ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(c) Acidified silver nitrate solution is used to test for chloride ions.
Give a reason why hydrochloric acid is not used to acidify silver nitrate solution.
(1)

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(d) The chemical equation for the reaction between solutions of silver nitrate and
potassium chloride is
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AgNO3(aq) + KCl(aq) o AgCl(s) + KNO3(aq)

A student adds an excess of potassium chloride solution to 25.0 cm3 of

0.100 mol/dm3 silver nitrate solution.
Calculate the maximum mass of silver chloride, in grams, that can be produced.
[Mr of AgCl = 143.5]
(2)
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mass = .............................................................. g

(Total for Question 3 = 6 marks)

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67
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4 This question is about the metal, lead.
(a) Explain why metals, such as lead, are malleable.

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(2)

(b) A teacher uses this apparatus in a fume cupboard to demonstrate the electrolysis
of lead(II) bromide.

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positive electrode negative electrode

lead(II) bromide

heat

The lead(II) bromide is heated until it melts.

When the lead(II) bromide melts, the lamp lights.
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One of the products of this electrolysis is lead.

(i) State why solid lead(II) bromide does not conduct electricity.
(1)

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(ii) Bromine is formed by the oxidation of bromide ions at the positive electrode.
Complete the ionic half-equation for the oxidation of bromide ions.
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(1)

2Br– o ............................................... + ...............................................

(iii) Explain why lead metal forms at the negative electrode.

(2)

(iv) The teacher stops heating the mixture and allows it to solidify.
Suggest why the lamp stays alight.
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(1)

(Total for Question 4 = 7 marks)

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*P62061A01324*
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5 This question is about Group 1 metals and their reactions.
(a) When lithium is added to water, bubbles of hydrogen gas are observed.

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(i) Give two other observations that could be made.
(2)

1 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(ii) Give the test for hydrogen gas.

(1)

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(b) (i) Give one observation that would be different if potassium is used instead of lithium.
(1)

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(ii) The diagram represents an atom of lithium and an atom of potassium.
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Explain why potassium is more reactive than lithium.

(3)
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(c) The equation for the reaction between lithium and water is

2Li(s) + 2H2O(l) o 2LiOH(aq) + H2(g)

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(i) A mass of 0.500 g of lithium reacts with an excess of water.
Calculate the volume, in cm3, of hydrogen gas produced at rtp.
[molar volume of a gas at rtp = 24 000 cm3]
Give your answer to three significant figures.
(3)

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volume = .............................................................. cm3
(ii) In a reaction between lithium and water, 150 cm3 of lithium hydroxide solution
is formed.
The lithium hydroxide solution is then completely neutralised by 24.85 cm3 of
0.100 mol/dm3 sulfuric acid.
The equation for the neutralisation is

2LiOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) o Li2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)

Calculate the concentration, in mol/dm3, of the lithium hydroxide solution.
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concentration = .............................................................. mol/dm3

(Total for Question 5 = 13 marks)

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*P62061A01724*
17
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6 This question is about ethane and ethene.
(a) Ethane can be obtained from crude oil.

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Describe the industrial process used to separate crude oil into fractions.
(4)

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(b) The equation for the reaction between ethene gas and hydrogen gas is
C 2 H4 + H 2 o C 2 H6

The rate of this reaction can be increased by increasing the pressure.

(i) Explain why increasing the pressure increases the rate of this reaction.
(2)
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(ii) The rate of this reaction can also be increased by using a catalyst.
Explain how using a catalyst increases the rate of a reaction.
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(2)

(iii) Give one other way that the rate of reaction between ethene gas and hydrogen gas
can be increased.
(1)

(iv) The reaction between ethene and hydrogen is exothermic.

Complete the reaction profile diagram, including labels for the activation energy
and the enthalpy change, ǻH.
(3)

C 2 H4 + H 2
Energy
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(c) The reaction between ethene and hydrogen can be represented using displayed formulae.

H H

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H H
C=C + H H –o H C C H
H H H H

Bond energy in
Bond
kJ/mol
C C 612
C H 412
H H 436
C C 348

Use the bond energies in the table to calculate the enthalpy change, ǻH,
in kJ/mol for this reaction.

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(3)

ǻH = .............................................................. kJ/mol

(Total for Question 6 = 15 marks)

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7 (a) Ethanol, C2H5OH, can be produced by the fermentation of glucose, C6H12O6
(i) Complete the equation for the fermentation of glucose.
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(1)

C6H12O6 o 2C2H5OH + 2 ........................................

(ii) State why it is necessary for fermentation to be done in the absence of air.
(1)

(iii) Explain why the temperature should not be higher than 40 °C.
(2)

(iv) When 4 mol of glucose is fermented, a mass of 55.2 g of ethanol is produced.

Show that the percentage yield of ethanol is 15%.
[Mr of C2H5OH = 46]
(2)
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(b) Ethanol can also be produced by the reaction between ethene and steam.
The equation for the reaction is

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C2H4(g) + H2O(g) U C2H5OH(g)

(i) This reaction is in dynamic equilibrium.

Give two features of a reaction in dynamic equilibrium.
(2)

1 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(ii) When the equilibrium mixture is heated, the yield of ethanol decreases.

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Explain whether the forward reaction is exothermic or endothermic.
(2)

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(c) Carboxylic acids react with alcohols to form esters.
The displayed formula of an ester is
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H H O
H C C C H H H H

H H O C C C C H

H H H H

(i) Carboxylic acid A and alcohol B react to produce this ester.

Give the displayed formula of carboxylic acid A and of alcohol B.
(2)

Carboxylic acid A Alcohol B

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(ii) Indicators can be used to test for carboxylic acids.

Describe a different chemical test for a carboxylic acid.
(2)

(Total for Question 7 = 14 marks)

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 70 MARKS

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*P62061A02424*
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Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number

Pearson Edexcel
International GCSE (9–1)

Wednesday 10 June 2020

Afternoon (Time: 1 hour 15 minutes) Paper Reference 4CH1/2C

Chemistry
Unit: 4CH1
Paper 2C

You must have: Total Marks

Calculator, ruler

Instructions
• Use black ink or ball‑point pen.
• centre
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
number and candidate number.
• Answer allthequestions.
Answer
• – there may bequestions in the spaces provided
more space than you need.
• Some questions must
Show all the steps in any calculations and state the units.
• mind about an answer,beputanswered with a cross in a box . If you change your
a line through the box and then mark your new
answer with a cross .

Information
• The total mark for this paper is 70.
• The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.

*P62047A0124*
P62047A
©2020 Pearson Education Ltd. 81
1/1/1/1/1/1/1/
2
The Periodic Table of the Elements
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0
1 4
H He
hydrogen helium

Key 1 2

7 9 relative atomic mass 11 12 14 16 19 20

Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
3 4 atomic (proton) number 5 6 7 8 9 10

23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

82
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

*P62047A0224*
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

[223] [226] [227] [261] [262] [266] [264] [277] [268] [271] [272]
Fr Ra Ac* Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Elements with atomic numbers 112–116 have been reported but not fully
francium radium actinium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium
authenticated
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111

* The lanthanoids (atomic numbers 58–71) and the actinoids (atomic numbers 90–103) have been omitted.

The relative atomic masses of copper and chlorine have not been rounded to the nearest whole number.
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Answer ALL questions.

1 A student is given a mixture of salt solution and sand.

She wants to obtain pure water from the mixture.

(a) She separates the sand from the salt solution.

Which method of separation should she use?

(1)
A crystallisation
B filtration
C fractional distillation
D simple distillation

(b) The student then uses this apparatus to obtain pure water from the salt solution.

water out

water in
flask
Z

salt solution

heat

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(i) Name the pieces of apparatus labelled X, Y and Z.
(3)

X ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Y.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Z ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(ii) State what remains in the flask when the separation is complete.
(1)

(Total for Question 1 = 5 marks)

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2 In a chromatography experiment a student uses samples of three pure food dyes,
blue (B), red (R) and yellow (Y).

He also uses samples of four unknown substances, S, T, U and V.

The student puts a small drop of each substance on the pencil line.

The diagram shows the student’s chromatogram at the end of the experiment.

solvent front
at end

pencil line

B R Y S T U V
solvent level
at start

(a) Which of the unknown substances contains only one food dye?
(1)
A substance S
B substance T
C substance U
D substance V

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(b) Explain which pure food dyes are in substance V.
(2)

(c) (i) Calculate the Rf value of the yellow food dye Y.

(3)

Rf = ..............................................................

(ii) State how the chromatogram suggests that the yellow food dye Y is less soluble
in the solvent than the red food dye R.
(1)

(Total for Question 2 = 7 marks)

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3 (a) The box gives the names of some metals.

calcium copper iron magnesium silver zinc

(i) Identify the metal from the box that burns with a bright white flame.
(1)

(ii) In the Earth, metals are found either in ores or as uncombined elements.
Explain which metal from the box is most likely to be found as an
uncombined element.
(2)

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(b) This is the order of reactivity of four metals.

most reactive aluminium

iron

lead

least reactive copper

The method used to obtain a metal from its oxide depends on the reactivity of the metal.
Two possible methods are
Method 1 heating the metal oxide with carbon
Method 2 electrolysis

Explain which method should be used to obtain lead from lead(II) oxide, PbO
Include an equation for the formation of lead in your answer.
(3)

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(c) The diagram shows the arrangement of the particles in a pure metal.

Metals are often made into alloys to make them harder.

Explain why alloys are harder than pure metals.
Draw a diagram to support your answer.
(4)

(Total for Question 3 = 10 marks)

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4 Alcohols contain the functional group —OH
(a) Give the structural formula of the alcohol that contains one carbon atom.
(1)

(b) Ethanol (C2H5OH) is an alcohol that can be obtained from glucose (C6H12O6).
(i) Name the process that converts glucose into ethanol.
(1)

(ii) Explain why this process is carried out in the absence of air and at a temperature
below 40 °C.
(4)

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(c) The table gives information about some organic compounds in the same homologous series.

Compound Molecular formula Displayed formula

ethanoic acid C2H4O2

H H O
propanoic acid H C C C

H H O H

H H H O
C4H8O2 H C C C C

H H H O H

(i) Complete the table by giving the missing information.

(3)
(ii) Name the homologous series that contains these compounds.
(1)

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(d) The compounds in the table can react with alcohols to form esters.
When preparing esters, a small amount of concentrated sulfuric acid is also used.
(i) State the purpose of the acid.
(1)

(ii) Draw the displayed formula of the ester that forms when propanoic acid reacts
with ethanol.
(2)

(iii) Esters have particular uses that depend on their properties.

Give an example of a property and use of esters.
(2)

property.. ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

use...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(Total for Question 4 = 15 marks)

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5 The organic compound butadiene is a colourless gas used in the manufacture of
synthetic rubber for tyres.
The displayed formula of butadiene is

H H
C C H
H C C
H H

(a) Explain why butadiene is described as an unsaturated hydrocarbon.

(3)

(b) (i) Butadiene reacts with bromine water.

State the colour change that occurs during this reaction.
(1)

from ............................................................................................................................... to ...............................................................................................................................

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(ii) The equation for the reaction between butadiene and bromine can be shown
using displayed formulae.

H H
C C H H H H H

H C C + 2Br Br → H C C C C H
H H Br Br Br Br

The table gives some bond energies.

Bond C—H C= C Br—Br C—C C—Br

Bond energy in kJ/mol 412 612 193 348 276

Use this information to calculate the enthalpy change, ΔH, for the reaction.
Include a sign in your answer.
(4)

ΔH = ................................ kJ/mol

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(c) A scientist does an investigation to find out if butadiene would be a good fuel.
He burns a sample of butadiene gas and observes that carbon forms as black soot.
(i) Complete the equation to explain the scientist’s observation.
(1)
2C4H6 + 7O2 → .......... C + 4CO + 2CO2 + .......... H2O

(ii) Explain how one of the products, other than carbon, may cause a problem.
(2)

(iii) The equation for the combustion of butadiene in excess oxygen is

2C4H6 + 11O2 → 8CO2 + 6H2O

The enthalpy change for this reaction, ΔH, is – 3446 kJ/mol.

Complete the energy profile diagram for the reaction.
Label the enthalpy change for this reaction, ΔH, and the activation energy.
(4)

Energy 2C4H6 + 11O2

(Total for Question 5 = 15 marks)

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6 A student is provided with a bottle containing a colourless solution X.
Solution X is thought to be dilute sulfuric acid of concentration 0.10 mol/dm3.
The student does some experiments on samples of solution X to try to show that it is
dilute sulfuric acid.
The student adds a few drops of litmus to a sample of solution X.
The litmus turns red.
(a) The student knows that the products of the electrolysis of dilute sulfuric acid are
hydrogen and oxygen.
She carries out the electrolysis using this apparatus.

oxygen
hydrogen

solution X

graphite anode graphite cathode

+ −
power supply

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(i) Suggest why the student does not use zinc electrodes in her experiment.
(1)

(ii) State what is observed at both the anode and the cathode during the electrolysis.
(1)

(iii) Which of these tests shows that the gas formed at the cathode is hydrogen?
(1)
A a glowing splint relights
B a burning splint gives a squeaky pop
C a burning splint goes out
D limewater turns cloudy

(b) Describe a test to show that solution X contains sulfate ions.

(2)

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(c) The student then does a titration to see if the concentration of the dilute sulfuric acid
is 0.10 mol/dm3.
She measures 25.0 cm3 of potassium hydroxide solution into a conical flask, and
then adds a few drops of indicator solution.
(i) Name the piece of apparatus the student should use to measure 25.0 cm3 of
the potassium hydroxide solution.
(1)

(ii) The concentration of potassium hydroxide in the solution is 0.125 mol/dm3.

Calculate the amount, in mol, of KOH in 25.0 cm3 of this solution.
(2)

amount = .............................................................. mol

(iii) The equation for the reaction in the titration is

H2SO4 + 2KOH → K2SO4 + 2H2O

Calculate the volume, in cm3, of 0.10 mol/dm3 sulfuric acid needed to neutralise
25.0 cm3 of the potassium hydroxide solution.
(3)

volume of sulfuric acid = .............................................................. cm3

(Total for Question 6 = 11 marks)

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7 This question is about reactions involving gases.
(a) Potassium carbonate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to produce carbon dioxide gas.
The equation for the reaction is

K2CO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → 2KCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

Calculate the volume, in cm3, of carbon dioxide gas produced when 6.9 g of
potassium carbonate reacts with excess dilute hydrochloric acid.
[Mr of K2CO3 = 138]
[molar volume of CO2 at rtp = 24 dm3 ]
(3)

volume = .............................................................. cm3

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(b) This reaction involving gases is in dynamic equilibrium at a temperature of 225 °C.

H2(g) + CO2(g)  CO(g) + H2O(g) ΔH = + 41 kJ/mol

(i) Predict the effect on the yield of CO(g) at equilibrium when the temperature is
increased without changing the pressure.
Give a reason for your answer.
(2)

(ii) Predict the effect on the yield of CO(g) at equilibrium when the pressure is
increased without changing the temperature.
Give a reason for your answer.
(2)

(Total for Question 7 = 7 marks)

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 70 MARKS

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*P62047A02424*
Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number

Pearson Edexcel
International GCSE (9–1)

Wednesday 10 June 2020

Afternoon (Time: 1 hour 15 minutes) Paper Reference 4CH1/2CR

Chemistry
Unit: 4CH1
Paper: 2CR

You must have: Total Marks

Calculator

Instructions
• Use black ink or ball-point pen.
• centre
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
number and candidate number.
• Answer allthequestions.
Answer
• – there may bequestions in the spaces provided
more space than you need.
•• Some questions must
Show all the steps in any calculations and state units.
be answered with a cross in a box . If you change your
mind about an answer, put a line through the box and then mark your new
answer with a cross .

Information
• The total mark for this paper is 70.
• – usemarks
The for each question are shown in brackets
this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Write your answers neatly and in good English.
• Checkanswer
Try to every question.
• your answers if you have time at the end.
Turn over

*P62048A0120*
P62048A
©2020 Pearson Education Ltd. 105
1/1/1/1/
2
The Periodic Table of the Elements
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0
1 4
H He
hydrogen helium

Key 1 2

7 9 relative atomic mass 11 12 14 16 19 20

Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
3 4 atomic (proton) number 5 6 7 8 9 10

23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

106
85 88 89 91 93 96 [98] 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

*P62048A0220*
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

* The lanthanoids (atomic numbers 58–71) and the actinoids (atomic numbers 90–103) have been omitted.

The relative atomic masses of copper and chlorine have not been rounded to the nearest whole number.
Answer ALL questions.
1 The diagram shows some pieces of apparatus.

A B C D

(a) Complete the table by giving the name of each piece of apparatus.
(4)

Letter Name
A
B
C
D

(b) Which piece of apparatus can be used to measure the volume of a liquid?
(1)
A
B
C
D

(Total for Question 1 = 5 marks)

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2 Thallium, Tl, is an element in Group 3 and Period 6 of the Periodic Table.
The atomic number of thallium is 81
(a) How many electrons are there in the outer shell of an atom of thallium?
(1)
A 3
B 6
C 13
D 81

(b) A thallium ion has a charge of 3+

How many electrons are there in this thallium ion?
(1)
A 3
B 78
C 81
D 84

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(c) A sample of thallium contains two isotopes.
The table shows the mass number and percentage abundance of each isotope in
the sample.

Isotope Mass number Percentage abundance (%)

thallium-203 203 30.80
thallium-205 205 69.20

(i) Give the number of protons and the number of neutrons in one atom of the
thallium-205 isotope.
(2)

number of protons ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

number of neutrons ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(ii) Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of thallium.
Give your answer to one decimal place.
(3)

relative atomic mass = ..............................................................

(Total for Question 2 = 7 marks)

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3 (a) The diagram shows a fractionating column used to separate crude oil into fractions.

refinery gases

gasoline

kerosene

diesel
crude oil fuel oil

bitumen

(i) Give a use for bitumen and a use for gasoline.

(2)

use for bitumen .. ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

use for gasoline ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(ii) Explain why bitumen is collected at the bottom of the fractionating column
and gasoline is collected near the top of the fractionating column.
(2)

(b) There is a low demand for some of the fractions obtained from crude oil.
Cracking can be used to convert these fractions into more useful substances.
(i) State the conditions needed for cracking.
(2)

(ii) Dodecane (C12H26) can be cracked to produce an alkane and two alkenes.
Complete the equation by giving the formulae of the two alkenes.
.(2)

C12H26 → C7H16 + .............................................................. + ..............................................................

(Total for Question 3 = 8 marks)

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4 This question is about some of the alkali metals and their compounds.
(a) When a teacher drops a small piece of sodium into a trough of cold water, she
observes bubbles of gas.
Give two other observations that would be made when sodium reacts with
cold water.
(2)

(b) Lithium reacts with fluorine to form the compound lithium fluoride.
(i) Give a chemical equation for this reaction.
(1)

(ii) Give a test to show that lithium fluoride contains lithium ions.
(2)

(iii) Draw diagrams to show the arrangement of the electrons in a lithium ion and
in a fluoride ion.
Include the charge on each ion.
(3)

lithium ion fluoride ion

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(c) The table shows the electronic configurations of sodium and potassium.

Element Electronic configuration

sodium 2.8.1
potassium 2.8.8.1

Explain, in terms of their electronic configurations, why potassium is more

reactive than sodium.
(3)

(Total for Question 4 = 11 marks)

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5 This question is about the metal aluminium.
(a) (i) Draw a labelled diagram to represent the structure and bonding in a metal.
(2)

(ii) Explain why a metal conducts electricity.

(2)

(b) Aluminium is used to make cans for drinks.

Give two properties of aluminium that make it suitable for this use.
(2)

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(c) Aluminium is extracted from aluminium oxide (Al2O3) by electrolysis.
The electrolyte is aluminium oxide dissolved in molten cryolite.
(i) State why aluminium cannot be extracted by heating aluminium oxide
with carbon.
(1)

(ii) Aluminium is produced at the negative electrode.

The ionic half-equation for the reaction is

Al3+ + 3e− → Al

State why this is a reduction reaction.

(1)

(iii) Complete the ionic half-equation for the reaction at the positive electrode.
(2)

............................... O2− → .............................................................. + ..............................................................

(Total for Question 5 = 10 marks)

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6 A student wants to prepare sodium chloride crystals from sodium hydroxide solution
and dilute hydrochloric acid.
He does a titration to find the volume of dilute hydrochloric acid needed to neutralise
the sodium hydroxide solution.
This is his method.
● add 25.0 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution to a conical flask
● add a few drops of phenolphthalein indicator to the conical flask
● titrate the solution with the hydrochloric acid
(a) Name a suitable piece of apparatus that the student should use to measure
25.0 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution.
(1)

(b) (i) Give the colour of the phenolphthalein indicator in sodium hydroxide solution
and in hydrochloric acid.
(2)

colour in sodium hydroxide solution..................................................................................................................................................................................

colour in hydrochloric acid............................................................................................................................................................................................................

(ii) Suggest why universal indicator is never used in a titration.
(1)

(c) The student finds that 21.50 cm3 of hydrochloric acid is needed to neutralise
25.0 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution.
(i) Describe what the student should do next to prepare a pure solution of
sodium chloride.
(2)

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(ii) Describe how the student could obtain dry crystals of sodium chloride from
the pure sodium chloride solution.
(4)

(d) The student needs 21.50 cm3 of hydrochloric acid to neutralise 25.0 cm3 of
sodium hydroxide solution of concentration 0.800 mol/dm3.
The equation for the reaction is

NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O

Calculate the concentration, in mol/dm3, of the hydrochloric acid.

(3)

concentration = .............................................................. mol/dm3

(Total for Question 6 = 13 marks)

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7 (a) Ethanol, C2H5OH, can be oxidised to produce ethanoic acid, CH3COOH, by
heating it with potassium dichromate(VI).
(i) Name one other reactant needed for this reaction to occur.
(1)

(ii) Which colour change occurs during this reaction?

(1)

A colourless to green
B green to orange
C orange to colourless
D orange to green

(b) When ethanol is burned in air, complete combustion can occur.

The equation for this reaction is

C2H5OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O

This equation can also be written using displayed formulae to show all the
covalent bonds in the molecules.

H H

H C C O H + 3O O → 2O C O + 3H O H

H H

The table gives the bond energies for these bonds.

Bond C C C H C O O H O O C O
Bond energy in kJ/mol 346 412 358 463 496 743

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(i) Use values from the table to calculate the energy needed to break all the
bonds in the reactants.
(2)

energy needed .............................................................. kJ

(ii) Use values from the table to calculate the energy released when all the bonds
in the products are formed.
(2)

energy released .............................................................. kJ

(iii) Calculate the molar enthalpy change (ΔH) in kJ/mol, for the complete
combustion of ethanol.
Include a sign in your answer.
(1)

ΔH = .............................................................. kJ/mol

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(c) Ethanol reacts with methanoic acid, HCOOH, in the presence of an acid catalyst to
form an ester.
The equation for the reaction is

C2H5OH + HCOOH  HCOOC2H5 + H2O

(i) Give the name of the ester that forms.

(1)

(ii) Draw the displayed formula for this ester.

(2)

(iii) When this reaction takes place in a sealed container, the reaction can reach
dynamic equilibrium.
Give two characteristics of a reaction at dynamic equilibrium.
(2)

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(d) Methanoic acid reacts with sodium carbonate to form sodium methanoate,
carbon dioxide and water.
The equation for the reaction is

2HCOOH + Na2CO3 → 2HCOONa + CO2 + H2O

Calculate the volume, in cm3, of carbon dioxide gas produced when 2.3 g of
methanoic acid reacts completely with sodium carbonate.
[Mr of HCOOH = 46]
[molar volume of carbon dioxide at rtp = 24 dm3]
(4)

volume of carbon dioxide = .............................................................. cm3

(Total for Question 7 = 16 marks)

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 70 MARKS

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*P62048A02020*
Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number

Pearson Edexcel
International GCSE (9–1)

Thursday 14 January 2021

Morning (Time: 1 hour 15 minutes) Paper Reference 4CH1/2C

Chemistry
Unit: 4CH1
Paper 2C

You must have: Total Marks

Calculator, ruler

Instructions
• Use black ink or ball‑point pen.
• centre
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
number and candidate number.
• Answer allthequestions.
Answer
• – there may bequestions in the spaces provided
more space than you need.
• mind about an answer,
Some questions must be answered with a cross in a box . If you change your
put a line through the box and then mark your new
answer with a cross .

Information
• The total mark for this paper is 70.
• – usemarks
The for each question are shown in brackets
this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Try to answer every question.
• your answers if you have time at the end.
Check

Turn over

*P67081A0124*
P67081A
©2021 Pearson Education Ltd. 125
1/1/1/1/
2
The Periodic Table of the Elements
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0
1 4
H He
hydrogen helium

Key 1 2

7 9 relative atomic mass 11 12 14 16 19 20

Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
3 4 atomic (proton) number 5 6 7 8 9 10

23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

126
85 88 89 91 93 96 [98] 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

*P67081A0224*
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

* The lanthanoids (atomic numbers 58–71) and the actinoids (atomic numbers 90–103) have been omitted.

The relative atomic masses of copper and chlorine have not been rounded to the nearest whole number.
BLANK PAGE

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Answer ALL questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided.

1 The diagram shows an atom of an element.

++
+

(a) (i) What is the name of the particle labelled Y?

(1)
A electron
B ion
C neutron
D proton

(ii) Give the mass number of this atom.

(1)

(iii) Name this element.

Use the Periodic Table on page 2 to help you.
(1)

(b) There are two isotopes of this element.

Give one way, in terms of sub-atomic particles, that these isotopes are the same
and one way that they are different.
(2)

same .. ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

different .. ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(Total for Question 1 = 5 marks)

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2 This question is about gases.
(a) The box gives the names of some gases.

argon carbon dioxide hydrogen nitrogen oxygen

Use gases from the box to answer these questions.

Each gas may be used once, more than once or not at all.
(i) Name the most abundant gas in the Earth’s atmosphere.
(1)

(ii) Name the gas that is a compound.

(1)

(iii) Name the least reactive of the gases.

(1)

(iv) Name the gas formed by the complete combustion of hydrocarbons.

(1)

(b) Describe the test for hydrogen gas.

(1)

(Total for Question 2 = 5 marks)

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3 This question is about carboxylic acids.
Solutions of carboxylic acids react with magnesium metal to form hydrogen gas.
A student uses this apparatus to investigate the time taken to produce 10 cm3 of
hydrogen gas from different carboxylic acids.

carboxylic acid solution

magnesium

This is the student’s method.

 pour some carboxylic acid solution into a conical flask
 add some magnesium powder
 quickly connect the gas syringe and start a timer
 record the time taken to collect 10 cm3 of hydrogen gas
The student repeats the method with three other carboxylic acids.
(a) (i) All the carboxylic acids are of the same concentration.
Give two other variables the student should control in his investigation.
(2)

1.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(ii) Give a reason why it is important to connect the gas syringe quickly.
(1)

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(b) The table shows the student’s results.

Time taken to produce 10 cm3 of hydrogen in s

Carboxylic Formula of
acid carboxylic acid Experiment Experiment Experiment Experiment Mean
1 2 3 4 time in s
Methanoic
HCOOH 48 50 47 49 49
acid
Ethanoic
CH3COOH 61 63 60 61 61
acid
Propanoic
CH3CH2COOH 69 93 70 71
acid
Butanoic
CH3CH2CH2COOH 83 85 82 81 83
acid

(i) Calculate the mean (average) time for propanoic acid to produce 10 cm3 of
hydrogen gas.
(2)

mean time = ............................................................................. s

(ii) Deduce the relationship between the number of carbon atoms in the
molecule and the time taken to produce 10 cm3 of hydrogen gas.
(1)

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(c) An ester is formed by adding ethanoic acid to ethanol in the presence of sulfuric acid.
Give the displayed formula of the ester produced when ethanoic acid reacts
with ethanol.
(2)

(Total for Question 3 = 8 marks)

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4 This question is about sodium and potassium.
A trough is filled with water and a few drops of phenolphthalein indicator are added.
(a) A small piece of sodium is dropped into the water. One of the products of the
reaction is an alkali.
(i) Complete the chemical equation for the reaction of sodium with water.
(2)

_Na(......................... ) + H2O(l) → ___NaOH(......................... ) + H2(g)

(ii) Identify the ion that causes the solution to become alkaline.
(1)

(iii) Give three observations that would be made when sodium reacts with water.
(3)

1.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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(b) Explain why potassium is more reactive than sodium.
Refer to the electronic configurations of the atoms in your answer.
(3)

(Total for Question 4 = 9 marks)

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5 This question is about the metal aluminium.
(a) Aluminium is malleable and conducts electricity.
The diagram shows the arrangement of the ions in aluminium metal.

+ + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
+ aluminium ion
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +

(i) Explain why aluminium is malleable.

(2)

(ii) Explain why aluminium conducts electricity.

(2)

(b) Aluminium cannot be extracted by heating a mixture of carbon and aluminium oxide.
Give a reason why heating a mixture of aluminium oxide and carbon does not
produce aluminium.
(1)

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(c) Aluminium is extracted industrially by the electrolysis of molten aluminium oxide
Al2O3 at a temperature of about 950 °C.
Aluminium metal forms at the negative electrode and oxygen gas forms at the
positive electrode. The positive and negative electrodes are made of graphite.
The diagram shows the apparatus used.

positive graphite electrode

molten aluminium oxide

molten aluminium metal

negative graphite electrode

(i) Explain how aluminium metal forms at the negative electrode.

(2)

(ii) Write an ionic half-equation for the formation of oxygen gas at the
positive electrode.
(1)

.............................................................. → ..............................................................

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(iii) Suggest why carbon dioxide gas is also produced at the positive electrode.
(2)

(d) Aluminium reacts with iron(III) oxide. The reaction is exothermic.

The equation for the reaction is

2Al + Fe2O3 → Al2O3 + 2Fe

(i) State how the equation shows that iron(III) oxide is reduced.
(1)

(ii) Draw an energy level diagram for the reaction between aluminium and iron(III) oxide.
(3)

Energy

(Total for Question 5 = 14 marks)

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6 This question is about the insoluble salt silver chloride (AgCl).
Silver chloride can be made by the reaction between copper(II) chloride and silver nitrate.
(a) Describe how a student could prepare a pure, dry sample of silver chloride starting
with copper(II) chloride solution and silver nitrate solution.
(4)

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(b) A student investigates the quantity of silver chloride produced when different
volumes of silver nitrate solution are added to copper(II) chloride solution.
This is the student’s method.
· pour 5.0 cm3 of copper(II) chloride solution into a test tube
· add 1.0 cm3 of silver nitrate solution to the test tube
· allow the silver chloride precipitate to settle
· measure the height of the precipitate
The student repeats the method using different volumes of silver nitrate solution.
The table shows the student’s results.

Volume of silver nitrate Height of precipitate

added in cm3 in cm

0.0 0.0

1.0 0.5

2.0 1.0

3.0 1.2

4.0 2.0

5.0 2.5

6.0 3.0

7.0 3.0

8.0 3.0

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(i) Plot the student’s results.
(2)
(ii) Draw two straight lines of best fit, ignoring the anomalous result.
(1)

Height of
precipitate 2
in cm

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Volume of silver nitrate added in cm3

(iii) Suggest a mistake the student made to cause the anomalous result.
(1)

(iv) Give a reason why the last three heights are the same.
(1)

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(c) The equation for the reaction between copper(II) chloride and silver nitrate is

CuCl2(aq) + 2AgNO3(aq) → 2AgCl(s) + Cu(NO3)2(aq)

A student measures 25.0 cm3 of 0.500 mol/dm3 copper(II) chloride solution and
reacts it with silver nitrate solution.
(i) Name a piece of apparatus suitable for measuring 25.0 cm3 of
copper(II) chloride solution.
(1)

(ii) Calculate the maximum mass, in grams, of silver chloride that could be produced.
[Mr of AgCl = 143.5]
(3)

maximum mass = ............................................................... g

(iii) In an experiment using different solutions, the mass of silver chloride

produced is 0.744 g.
The maximum mass of silver chloride that could be produced is 0.850 g.
Calculate the percentage yield.
(2)

percentage yield = ............................................................... %

(Total for Question 6 = 15 marks)

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7 This question is about octane (C8H18) which is produced in the gasoline fraction during
fractional distillation of crude oil.
(a) The diagram shows a fractionating column.

gasoline

crude oil

Describe how crude oil is separated into fractions in the fractionating column.
(4)

(b) Octane can also be produced by the process of cracking.

Give the conditions for cracking.
(2)

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(c) A car is driven at constant speed for 4.00 km.
The exhaust gases are collected and their volume at room temperature
and pressure (rtp) is 5.02 × 105 cm3.
The exhaust gases include carbon dioxide and oxides of nitrogen.
The carbon dioxide is removed from the exhaust gases. The volume of the
remaining gases at rtp is 2.96 × 105 cm3.
(i) Explain how oxides of nitrogen form in a car engine.
(2)

(ii) Give a reason why oxides of nitrogen should not be released into the atmosphere.
(1)

(iii) Show that the car produces less than 100 g of carbon dioxide per km.
[molar volume of carbon dioxide at rtp = 24 000 cm3]
(5)

(Total for Question 7 = 14 marks)

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 70 MARKS

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*P67081A02224*
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*P67081A02424*
Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number

Pearson Edexcel
International GCSE (9–1)

Thursday 14 January 2021

Morning (Time: 1 hour 15 minutes) Paper Reference 4CH1/2CR

Chemistry
Unit: 4CH1
Paper: 2CR

You must have: Total Marks

Calculator, ruler

Instructions
• Use black ink or ball-point pen.
• Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
centre number and candidate number.
• Answer all questions.
• Answer the questions in the spaces provided
– there may be more space than you need.
• Show all the steps in any calculations and state the units.
• mind about
Some questions must be answered with a cross in a box . If you change your
an answer, put a line through the box and then mark your new
answer with a cross .

Information
• The total mark for this paper is 70.
• The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Write your answers neatly and in good English.
• Try to answer every question.
• your answers if you have time at the end.
Check

Turn over

*P67082A0124*
P67082A
©2021 Pearson Education Ltd. 149
1/1/1/1/
2
The Periodic Table of the Elements
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0
1 4
H He
hydrogen helium

Key 1 2

7 9 relative atomic mass 11 12 14 16 19 20

Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
3 4 atomic (proton) number 5 6 7 8 9 10

23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

150
85 88 89 91 93 96 [98] 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

*P67082A0224*
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

* The lanthanoids (atomic numbers 58–71) and the actinoids (atomic numbers 90–103) have been omitted.

The relative atomic masses of copper and chlorine have not been rounded to the nearest whole number.
Answer ALL questions.

1 Substances can exist as solids, liquids or gases.

(a) (i) Give the change of state that occurs when a substance melts.
(1)

(ii) Complete the word equation for the sublimation of iodine.

iodine (s) → iodine (...........)

(1)
(b) The circle in the diagram represents a particle.
Complete the diagram to show the arrangement of particles in a gas.
(1)

(c) The table lists some statements about particles.

Place ticks ( ) in boxes to show which two statements are correct for
water particles.
(2)

Statement Tick

the particles only vibrate

the particles do not move

the particles have no gaps between them

the particles move randomly

the particles have more energy than in ice

the particles have a regular arrangement

(Total for Question 1 = 5 marks)

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2 This question is about elements in Group 7 and their compounds.
The table gives information about some of these elements.

Melting point Boiling point Colour at room

Element Symbol
in °C in °C temperature (20 °C)

fluorine F –220 –188

chlorine Cl –101 –35 pale green

bromine Br –7 59 red‑brown

iodine I 114 184 grey

(a) (i) Predict the colour of fluorine at room temperature.

(1)

(ii) How many of the elements in the table are liquids at room temperature (20 °C)?
(1)
A 0
B 1
C 2

D 3

(iii) The element astatine is below iodine in Group 7.

Predict the formula of a molecule of astatine.
(1)

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(b) Sea water contains bromide ions.
Bromine can be obtained by bubbling chlorine through a sample of sea water.
The ionic equation for the reaction is

Cl2 (g) + 2Br– (aq) → 2Cl– (aq) + Br2 (aq)

(i) Explain which species acts as an oxidising agent in this reaction.

(2)

(ii) The reaction occurs because chlorine is more reactive than bromine.
Bromine is below chlorine in Group 7.
Explain the decrease in reactivity from chlorine to bromine.
(3)

(c) Elements in Group 7 react with elements in Group 1 to form ionic compounds.
Which pair of ions both have the electronic configuration 2.8.8?
(1)
+ –
A Li and Cl
B K+ and F–
C Li+ and F–
D K+ and Cl–

(Total for Question 2 = 9 marks)

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3 (a) Explain why metals conduct electricity but covalent compounds do not conduct
electricity.
(4)

(b) Hydrogen chloride, HCl, is a covalent substance.

When hydrogen chloride is added to water, a solution of dilute hydrochloric acid
is formed.
This solution does conduct electricity.
Name the type of particle in the solution of the dilute hydrochloric acid that
allows it to conduct electricity.
(1)

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(c) The teacher uses this apparatus to investigate the electrolysis of a solution of
dilute hydrochloric acid.
The ammeter measures the current.

variable power supply

ammeter

gas syringe Y
gas syringe X

positive electrode negative electrode

solution of dilute
hydrochloric acid

The teacher wants to find out if there is a relationship between current and
volume of gas collected at each electrode.
She adjusts the power supply until the current is 0.1 amp.
After 5 minutes she records the volume of gas collected in syringe X and syringe Y.
The teacher repeats the experiment several times, using a different current
each time.

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The table gives the teacher’s results for syringe Y.

Current in amp 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

Volume of gas in cm3 8 15 22 25 37 44 52 60

(i) Plot the results for syringe Y.

(1)
(ii) Draw a circle around the anomalous result.
(1)
(iii) Draw a line of best fit.
(1)

60
Volume of gas in syringe Y in cm3

0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Current in amp
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(iv) Explain a possible cause of the anomalous result, other than misreading the
apparatus.
(2)

(v) Deduce the relationship between current and volume of gas collected in
syringe Y.
(1)

(d) The ionic half‑equation for the reaction that produces the gas in syringe X is

2Cl– → Cl2 + 2e–

The ionic half‑equation for the reaction that produces the gas in syringe Y is

2H+ + 2e– → H2

(i) Suggest how these ionic half‑equations show that the volume of
chlorine collected in syringe X should be the same as the volume of hydrogen
collected in syringe Y.
(1)

(ii) Suggest why the volume of chlorine collected in syringe X is always less than
the volume of hydrogen collected in syringe Y.
(1)

(Total for Question 3 = 13 marks)

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4 This question is about alcohols, carboxylic acids and esters.
(a) The table gives information about some alcohols.

Alcohol Structural formula Relative formula mass

methanol CH3OH 32

ethanol C2H5OH

C4H9OH 74

Complete the table by giving the missing information.

(2)
(b) Ethanol can be oxidised to ethanoic acid by heating with potassium dichromate(VI)
and another reagent.
(i) Name the other reagent.
(1)

(ii) State the colour change that occurs during this reaction.
(1)

from .............................................................................................................................. to ..............................................................................................................................

(c) Alcohols react with carboxylic acids to form esters.

(i) Name the ester that forms when ethanol reacts with ethanoic acid.
(1)

(ii) Complete the equation for the reaction between methanol and ethanoic acid.
(2)

CH3OH + ............................................................................................................ → ............................................................................................................ + H2O

(Total for Question 4 = 7 marks)

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5 Hydrogen peroxide solution decomposes slowly at room temperature to form water
and oxygen.
The equation for the reaction is

2H2O2 → 2H2O + O2

(a) A catalyst increases the rate of this reaction.

State one other property of a catalyst.
(1)

(b) A student has samples of three solids, X, Y and Z.

The student uses this apparatus to find out which solids act as catalysts in the
decomposition of hydrogen peroxide solution.

hydrogen peroxide
solution
0 20 40 60 80 100

oxygen

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Describe the method that the student should use to find out which solids act
as catalysts.
(6)

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(c) The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide solution is exothermic.
On the diagram, draw and label the reaction profiles for the reaction
 without a catalyst
 with a catalyst
(2)

2H2O2
Energy

2H2O + O2

Progress of the reaction

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(d) The equation for the reaction can be shown using displayed formulae.

2H O O H → 2H O H + O O ΔH = –204 kJ

The table gives the bond energies for two of the bonds.

Bond Bond energy in kJ/mol

H O 463

O O 146

(i) Use this information to calculate the total amount of energy needed to break
all the bonds in two moles of H2O2
(1)

energy needed = .............................................................. kJ

(ii) Use this information to calculate the total amount of energy released when all
the bonds in two moles of H2O are formed.
(1)

energy released = .............................................................. kJ

(iii) Use the value of ΔH and your answers for (i) and (ii) to calculate the
bond energy, in kJ/mol, for the O O bond.
(2)

bond energy = .............................................................. kJ/mol

(Total for Question 5 = 13 marks)

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6 A student does a titration using dilute sulfuric acid to find the concentration of a
solution of potassium hydroxide.
The student adds 25.0 cm3 of the potassium hydroxide solution to a conical flask.
He then adds a few drops of methyl orange indicator.
The student does the titration four times.
(a) (i) Name the piece of apparatus the student should use to add the
potassium hydroxide solution.
(1)

(ii) What is the colour of methyl orange in an alkaline solution?

.(1)
A blue

B orange
C red
D yellow

(b) The table shows the student’s results.

titration 1 2 3 4

volume of acid added in cm3 20.65 20.60 20.90 20.55

concordant results

Concordant results are those within 0.20 cm3 of each other.

(i) Place ticks ( ) in the table to show which results are concordant.
(1)
(ii) Use the concordant results to calculate the mean (average) volume of
acid added.
(2)

mean volume = .............................................................. cm3

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(c) This table shows the student’s results for another titration.

volume of potassium hydroxide solution used in cm3 25.0

concentration of potassium hydroxide solution in mol/dm3 0.0370

mean volume of sulfuric acid added in cm3 21.20

The equation for the reaction is

2KOH + H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2H2O

(i) Calculate the amount, in moles, of KOH in 25.0 cm3 of the potassium hydroxide
solution.
(2)

amount of KOH = .............................................................. mol

(ii) Calculate the amount, in moles, of H2SO4 in 21.20 cm3 of sulfuric acid.
(1)

amount of H2SO4 = .............................................................. mol

(iii) Calculate the concentration, in mol/dm3, of the sulfuric acid.

(2)

concentration of sulfuric acid = .............................................................. mol/dm3

(Total for Question 6 = 10 marks)

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7 A sample of a gaseous hydrocarbon, X, has a volume of 600 cm3 at room temperature
and pressure (rtp).
(a) Calculate the amount, in moles, of hydrocarbon X in the sample.
[molar volume of a gas = 24 000 cm3 at rtp]
(2)

amount of hydrocarbon X = .............................................................. mol

(b) The mass of the sample of hydrocarbon X is 1.45 g.

Show that the relative molecular mass (Mr) of X is 58
(2)

Mr = ..............................................................

(c) Hydrocarbon X is an alkane.

Show that the molecular formula of X is C4H10
(1)

(d) Give the displayed formula of the branched‑chain isomer of hydrocarbon X.

(1)

(Total for Question 7 = 6 marks)

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8 This question is about ammonia gas, NH3
(a) Ammonia can be prepared in a laboratory from the reaction between
ammonium chloride, NH4Cl, and sodium hydroxide. The other products of the
reaction are sodium chloride and water.
(i) Give a chemical equation for this reaction.
(1)

(ii) Give a test for ammonia gas.

(2)

(b) In industry, ammonia is produced from nitrogen and hydrogen.

The equation for this reaction is

N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3(g)

In a sealed container, the reaction can reach a position of dynamic equilibrium.

Explain the meaning of the term dynamic equilibrium.
(2)

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(c) The graph shows the percentage yield of ammonia at equilibrium for different
temperatures and pressures.

80 350 °C
70

60
450 °C
50
Percentage yield
of ammonia at 40
equilibrium
550 °C
30

0
0 100 200 300 400
Pressure in atmospheres

Using the graph, explain if the forward reaction is exothermic or endothermic.

(2)

(Total for Question 8 = 7 marks)

(TOTAL FOR PAPER = 70 MARKS)

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*P67082A02424*
Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number

Pearson Edexcel
International GCSE (9–1)

Time 1 hour 15 minutes

Paper
reference 4CH1/2C
Chemistry
PAPER 2C

You must have: Total Marks

Calculator, ruler

Instructions
• Use black ink or ball‑point pen.
• centrethe
Fill in boxes at the top of this page with your name,
number and candidate number.
• Answer allthequestions.
Answer
• – there may bequestions in the spaces provided
more space than you need.
• about an answer,must
Some questions be answered with a cross in a box . If you change your mind
put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with
a cross .

Information
• The total mark for this paper is 70.
• – usemarks
The for each question are shown in brackets
this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Try to answer every question.
• Check your answers if you have time at the end.
• Good luck with your examination.

Turn over

*P66057A0120*
P66057A
©2021 Pearson Education Ltd. 173
1/1/1/1/
2
The Periodic Table of the Elements
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0
1 4
H He
hydrogen helium

Key 1 2

7 9 relative atomic mass 11 12 14 16 19 20

Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
3 4 atomic (proton) number 5 6 7 8 9 10

23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

174
85 88 89 91 93 96 [98] 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

*P66057A0220*
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

* The lanthanoids (atomic numbers 58–71) and the actinoids (atomic numbers 90–103) have been omitted.

The relative atomic masses of copper and chlorine have not been rounded to the nearest whole number.
Answer ALL questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided.
1 Use the Periodic Table to help you answer this question.
(a) (i) Name the element with atomic number 14
(1)

(ii) Name the element with a relative atomic mass of 11

(1)

(iii) Name the element in Group 2 and Period 3

(1)

(b) (i) Determine the number of neutrons in a phosphorus atom with mass number 31
(1)

(ii) State the electronic configuration of an aluminium atom.

(1)

(iii) State why neon is unreactive.

(1)

(Total for Question 1 = 6 marks)

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2 A student investigates the rusting of iron.
(a) She places an iron nail in a test tube of water and leaves it for several days.

water

(i) Predict the appearance of the iron nail after several days.
(1)

(ii) Name the main compound in rust.

(1)

(b) The student then sets up two more test tubes containing iron nails.

drying
agent
oil boiled air
water

tube 1 tube 2

Explain why the iron nail in tube 1 and the iron nail in tube 2 do not rust.
(4)

tube 1...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

tube 2...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(Total for Question 2 = 6 marks)

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3 The diagram shows the industrial equipment used to separate crude oil into fractions.

gasoline

kerosene

diesel

fuel oil
crude oil vapour

(a) (i) Give the name of the industrial equipment.

(1)

(ii) Give one use of the fuel oil fraction.

(1)

(iii) Give the names of fraction A and fraction F.

(2)

fraction A..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

fraction F...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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(b) One compound in the gasoline fraction is the alkane octane (C8H18) and one
compound in the kerosene fraction is the alkane dodecane (C12H26)
These two alkanes are covalently bonded and have simple molecular structures.
(i) Give the general formula for the alkanes.
(1)

(ii) Explain, in terms of their structures, why C12H26 has a higher boiling point than C8H18
(3)

(c) Catalytic cracking can be used to convert the alkane C12H26 into more useful products.
(i) Give the name of the catalyst used for catalytic cracking.
(1)

(ii) Complete the equation for this cracking reaction.

(1)

C12H26 → C9H20 + ..................................................

(Total for Question 3 = 10 marks)

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4 A student investigates the solubility of potassium nitrate in water.
She measures the masses of potassium nitrate that dissolve in 25 cm3 of water
at different temperatures.
The table shows the student’s results. One of the results is anomalous.

Temperature in oC 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Mass of potassium nitrate in g 8.0 10.0 12.5 16.0 17.5 26.5 34.0

(a) (i) Plot the results on the grid.

(1)
(ii) Draw a circle around the anomalous result.
(1)
(iii) Ignoring the anomalous result, draw a curve of best fit.
(1)

35
Mass of potassium nitrate in g

0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Temperature in oC
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*P66057A0820*
(b) Suggest two possible mistakes that could have caused the anomalous result.
(2)

1.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(c) Use your graph to find the maximum mass of potassium nitrate that dissolves in
25 cm3 of water at 75 oC.
Show on your graph how you obtained your answer.
(2)

mass = ............................................... g
(d) Use your graph to calculate the solubility of potassium nitrate in g per 100 g of
water at 25 oC.
[1.0 cm3 of water has a mass of 1.0 g]
(2)

solubility = ............................................... g per 100 g of water

(Total for Question 4 = 9 marks)

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5 Ethanol, C2H5OH, is a member of the homologous series of alcohols.
(a) Give two characteristics of a homologous series.
(2)

1.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(b) When ethanol is heated with potassium dichromate(VI) and one other reagent,
the ethanol is oxidised to ethanoic acid, CH3COOH
(i) Give the formula of the other reagent.
(1)

(ii) State the colour change that occurs during this oxidation reaction.
(2)

from ....................................................................... to .......................................................................

(iii) Draw the displayed formulae for ethanol and ethanoic acid in the boxes.
(2)

ethanol ethanoic acid

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(c) Ethanol can be manufactured by two different methods.
The table gives some information about the two methods.

Hydration of ethene Fermentation of glucose

raw material crude oil sugar cane
rate of reaction fast slow
purity of ethanol pure impure
operating temperature 300 oC 30 oC
operating pressure 60 – 70 atmospheres 1 atmosphere
catalyst phosphoric acid enzymes in yeast

(i) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these two methods, using
information from the table.
(6)

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(ii) The word equation for the fermentation process is

glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide

Complete the chemical equation for this reaction.
(1)

C6H12O6 → ..................................................................... + .....................................................................

(Total for Question 5 = 14 marks)

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6 The diagram shows how hydrogen gas and chlorine gas can be prepared in the
laboratory by electrolysis of a concentrated solution of sodium chloride.

hydrogen chlorine

concentrated solution
of sodium chloride

negative electrode positive electrode

– +
power
supply

(a) (i) Give a test for hydrogen gas.

(1)

(ii) Give a test for chlorine gas.

(2)

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(b) The ionic half-equation for the formation of chlorine at the positive electrode is

2Cl− → Cl2 + 2e−

(i) State why this reaction is an oxidation reaction.
(1)

(ii) Give the ionic half-equation for the formation of hydrogen at the negative electrode.
(1)

(iii) State why it is safer to do this electrolysis in a fume cupboard.

(1)

(iv) Suggest why the volume of chlorine collected during this electrolysis is less
than the volume of hydrogen collected.
(1)

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(c) In the chemical industry, chlorine can be produced by the electrolysis of
molten sodium chloride.
The overall equation for this reaction is

2NaCl(l) → 2Na(l) + Cl2(g)

(i) Explain why sodium chloride needs to be molten rather than solid for
electrolysis to occur.
(2)

(ii) Calculate the maximum volume, in dm3, of chlorine gas at rtp that can be
obtained from 23.4 tonnes of molten sodium chloride.
[1 tonne = 106 g]
[Mr of NaCl = 58.5]
[molar volume of chlorine at rtp = 24 dm3]
Give your answer in standard form.
(4)

volume = .............................................................................. dm3

(Total for Question 6 = 13 marks)

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7 A student does a titration to find the concentration of a solution of phosphoric acid.
He uses these pieces of apparatus X, Y and Z in his titration.

cm3
0

25
cm3

X Y Z
Diagrams are not to scale.
(a) Give the names of X, Y and Z.
(3)

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(c) The student titrates 25.0 cm3 of phosphoric acid with a solution of
sodium hydroxide (NaOH).
Table 1 shows the student’s results.

titration number 1 2 3 4
volume of NaOH added in cm3 30.35 30.25 30.00 30.30

concordant results
Table 1
Concordant results are those within 0.20 cm3 of each other.
(i) Add ticks () to table 1 to show the concordant results.
(1)
(ii) Use your ticked results to calculate the mean (average) volume of NaOH added.
(2)

mean volume = .............................................................................. cm3

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(d) Table 2 shows the titration results of another student.

volume of phosphoric acid used in cm3 25.0

concentration of sodium hydroxide solution in mol/dm3 0.525
mean volume of sodium hydroxide added in cm3 30.40

Table 2
The equation for the reaction is

3NaOH + H3PO4 → Na3PO4 + 3H2O

(i) Calculate the amount, in moles, of NaOH in 30.40 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution.
(2)

amount = .............................................................................. mol

(ii) Calculate the amount, in moles, of H3PO4 in 25.0 cm3 of phosphoric acid.
(1)

amount = .............................................................................. mol

(iii) Calculate the concentration, in mol/dm3, of the phosphoric acid.
(2)

concentration = .............................................................................. mol/dm3

(Total for Question 7 = 12 marks)

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 70 MARKS

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*P66057A01920*
BLANK PAGE

192
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*P66057A02020*
Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number

Pearson Edexcel International GCSE (9–1)

Time 1 hour 15 minutes
Paper
reference 4CH1/2C
Chemistry
 

Unit: 4CH1
PAPER: 2C

You must have: Total Marks

Calculator, ruler

Instructions
• Use black ink or ball-point pen.
• Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
centre number and candidate number.
• Answer all questions.
• Answer the questions in the spaces provided
– there may be more space than you need.
• Show all the steps in any calculations and state the units.
Information
• The total mark for this paper is 70.
• The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.

Turn over

*P70702A0128*
P70702A
©2022 Pearson Education Ltd. 193
L:1/1/1/
2
The Periodic Table of the Elements
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0
1 4
H He
hydrogen helium

Key 1 2

7 9 relative atomic mass 11 12 14 16 19 20

Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
3 4 atomic (proton) number 5 6 7 8 9 10

23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

194
85 88 89 91 93 96 [98] 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

*P70702A0228*
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

* The lanthanoids (atomic numbers 58–71) and the actinoids (atomic numbers 90–103) have been omitted.

The relative atomic masses of copper and chlorine have not been rounded to the nearest whole number.


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Answer ALL questions.

Some questions must be answered with a cross in a box . If you change your mind about an
answer, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with a cross .

1 This question is about the unsaturated hydrocarbon, ethene.

The displayed formula of ethene is

H H
C C
H H

(a) (i) State the meaning of the term hydrocarbon.

(2)

(ii) Give the reason why ethene is described as unsaturated.

(1)

(b) Ethene is bubbled through bromine water until there is no further colour change.
Which of these is the appearance of the solution formed?
(1)
A colourless

B orange
C purple
D red

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(c) Ethanol is produced industrially by the reaction between ethene and steam.
The equation for the reaction is

CH2CH2(g) + H2O(g) → CH3CH2OH(l)

(i) State the temperature and pressure used in this reaction.

(2)
temperature

pressure

(ii) Give the molecular formula of ethanol.

(1)

(Total for Question 1 = 7 marks)

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2 This question is about gases in the air.
The pie chart represents the percentages of gases in dry, unpolluted air.
Gases with percentages of less than 1% in air are called trace gases.

trace gases

gas Z

(a) (i) Which of these is gas Z?

(1)
A hydrogen
B methane
C neon

D nitrogen

(ii) Which of these is the approximate percentage of oxygen in dry,

unpolluted air?
(1)
A 0.04%

B 0.9%
C 21%
D 35%

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(b) One of the trace gases is carbon dioxide.

(i) Identify two reactions that produce carbon dioxide by placing a tick () in
two boxes.
(2)

cracking an alkane

complete combustion of an alkane

reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid

rusting of iron

thermal decomposition of copper(II) carbonate

(ii) Name an environmental problem that is caused by the percentage of

carbon dioxide increasing in the atmosphere.
(1)

(iii) Name the trace gas with the highest percentage in dry, unpolluted air.
(1)

(c) Rainwater is acidic because carbon dioxide dissolves in water to form

carbonic acid.
Acid rain is more acidic than rainwater because acidic pollutant gases also
dissolve in water.
(i) Give the name of the acid that forms when nitrogen dioxide dissolves
in water.
(1)

(ii) Name another pollutant gas that also forms acid rain.
(1)

(Total for Question 2 = 8 marks)

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3 This question is about solubility.
(a) The graph shows the solubilities of copper(II) chloride and sodium chloride at
different temperatures.

100

90 copper(II) chloride

Solubility in 60 sodium chloride

g per 100 g
of water 50

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Temperature in °C

(i) Determine the temperature at which copper(II) chloride and sodium chloride
have the same solubility.
Show on the graph how you obtained your answer.
(2)

temperature = .............................................................. °C

(ii) A saturated solution of copper(II) chloride in 100 g of water is cooled

from 40 °C to 10 °C.
Determine the mass, in grams, of copper(II) chloride that crystallises.
(2)

mass of copper(II) chloride = .............................................................. g

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(b) A student uses this method to determine the solubility of potassium chloride in
water at room temperature.
• record the mass of an empty evaporating basin
• pour some saturated potassium chloride solution into the
evaporating basin
• record the mass of the evaporating basin and saturated
potassium chloride solution
• heat the evaporating basin to remove all the water
• record the mass of the evaporating basin and the dry potassium chloride
The table shows the student’s results.

Mass in grams

evaporating basin 58.1

evaporating basin and saturated

78.2
potassium chloride solution
evaporating basin and dry
63.2
potassium chloride

(i) Calculate the mass of dry potassium chloride obtained.

(1)

mass = .............................................................. g

(ii) Calculate the mass of water removed.

(1)

mass = .............................................................. g

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(iii) Calculate the solubility of potassium chloride in grams per 100 grams of water.
(2)

solubility = .............................................................. g per 100 g of water

(iv) Suggest why the student’s method is not suitable for determining the
solubility of hydrated copper(II) sulfate.
(1)

(Total for Question 3 = 9 marks)

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4 This question is about the reactions of Group 1 metals with water.

(a) A teacher adds a piece of sodium to some water containing universal indicator.

piece of sodium

water containing
universal indicator

The equation for this reaction is

2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)

The sodium floats on the surface of the water and the universal indicator changes
colour because an alkaline solution is formed.
(i) Give two other observations.
(2)

1.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(ii) Give the final colour of the universal indicator.

(1)

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(b) The diagram represents an atom of lithium and an atom of sodium.

lithium sodium

(i) Give a reason why lithium and sodium have similar reactions with water.
(1)

(ii) Explain why lithium is less reactive than sodium.

(3)

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(c) The teacher adds 0.150 g of lithium to an excess of water and collects the
hydrogen gas produced.
The equation for the reaction is

2Li(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2LiOH(aq) + H2(g)

The teacher collects 254 cm3 of hydrogen gas at room temperature and
pressure (rtp).
Show by calculation that 1 mol of hydrogen gas has a volume of approximately
24 000 cm3 at rtp.
(4)

(Total for Question 4 = 11 marks)

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5 Hydrogen peroxide solution decomposes to give water and oxygen gas.
The equation for this reaction is

2H2O2(aq) → 2H2O(l) + O2(g)

(a) Three different solids are catalysts for the decomposition of

hydrogen peroxide solution.
A student is given hydrogen peroxide solution and a sample of each of the
solid catalysts.
The student has a timer, a measuring cylinder, a balance and the apparatus shown
in the diagram.

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Describe a method the student could use to find which of the three solids is the
most effective catalyst for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide solution.
(5)

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(b) The diagram shows the reaction profile for the decomposition of
hydrogen peroxide without a catalyst.

hydrogen peroxide
Energy

water +
oxygen

(i) Label the diagram to show the activation energy (Ea ) and the enthalpy change
(ΔH) for this reaction.
(2)

(ii) On the diagram, draw a curve to show the reaction profile for the same
reaction when a catalyst is used.
(1)

(Total for Question 5 = 8 marks)

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6 This question is about the electrolysis of copper(II) sulfate solution.
(a) The diagram shows the apparatus used for the electrolysis.

power supply
+ −
lamp

positive electrode negative electrode

copper(II) sulfate solution

A student records the total increase in mass of the negative electrode every
minute for 8 minutes.
The table shows the results.

Total increase in mass of

Time in minutes the negative electrode
in grams

0 0.00

1 0.15

2 0.27

3 0.34

4 0.39

5 0.41

6 0.42

7 0.42

8 0.42

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(i) Plot the student’s results.
(1)

(ii) Draw a curve of best fit.

(1)

0.50

0.40

0.30
Increase in mass
in grams
0.20

0.10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Time in minutes

(iii) Explain the shape of the graph.

(2)

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(b) The product at the positive electrode is oxygen gas.
(i) The student repeats the electrolysis using different apparatus.

positive electrode negative electrode

Describe how the student should collect a sample of pure oxygen at the
positive electrode.
(2)

(ii) Give an ionic half-equation for the formation of oxygen.

(2)

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(c) The wire used to connect the power supply to the electrodes is made of
copper metal.
The diagram shows the arrangement of the ions in a metal.

+ + + + + + +

+ + + + + + +
+ metal ion
+ + + + + + +

+ + + + + + +

(i) Metals that are malleable can also be stretched to form long, thin wires.
Suggest why metals can be stretched to form wires.
(2)

(ii) Explain why metals conduct electricity.

(2)

(Total for Question 6 = 12 marks)

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7 This question is about esters.
Ester A reacts with water to form ethanoic acid and ethanol.
The displayed formulae of the reactants and products are shown in this equation

H
O H H H
H H O
H C C O
+  H C C + H C C O H
O C C H H H
H O H
H H H
H H
ester A

The molar enthalpy change (ΔH) for the reaction is 0 kJ/mol.

(a) (i) Draw a ring around the functional group in ester A.
(1)

(ii) Give the name of ester A.

(1)

(iii) Describe a chemical test, other than using an indicator, to show that the
reaction mixture contains ethanoic acid.
(2)

(b) Explain why the molar enthalpy change (ΔH) for the reaction between ester A and
water is 0 kJ/mol.
In your answer, refer to the bonds broken and the bonds formed.
(2)

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(c) A mixture of ester A and water is left in a sealed container until the reaction
mixture reaches dynamic equilibrium.
(i) Describe what is meant by dynamic equilibrium.
(2)

(ii) Explain why adding a catalyst does not change the position of equilibrium.
(2)

(d) The ethanoic acid produced in the reaction is completely neutralised by 22.75 cm3
of 0.150 mol/dm3 barium hydroxide solution.
The equation for the neutralisation reaction is

2CH3COOH + Ba(OH)2 → Ba(CH3COO)2 + 2H2O

Calculate the amount, in moles, of ethanoic acid neutralised.

Give your answer to 3 significant figures.
(3)

amount = .............................................................. mol

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(e) The structures of two organic compounds are shown.

H H H
O O
C C C H O C C O H
H O O H
H H H

These compounds react together to form a polymer.

Give the repeat unit of the polymer formed.
(2)

(Total for Question 7 = 15 marks)

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 70 MARKS

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Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number

Pearson Edexcel International GCSE (9–1)

Time 1 hour 15 minutes
Paper
reference 4CH1/2CR
Chemistry
 

Unit: 4CH1
PAPER: 2CR

You must have: Total Marks

Calculator, ruler

Instructions
• Use black ink or ball-point pen.
• Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
centre number and candidate number.
• Answer all questions.
• Answer the questions in the spaces provided
– there may be more space than you need.
• Show all the steps in any calculations and state the units.
Information
• The total mark for this paper is 70.
• The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.

Turn over

*P70704A0120*
P70704A
©2022 Pearson Education Ltd. 221
L:1/1/
2
The Periodic Table of the Elements
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0
1 4
H He
hydrogen helium

Key 1 2

7 9 relative atomic mass 11 12 14 16 19 20

Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
3 4 atomic (proton) number 5 6 7 8 9 10

23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

222
85 88 89 91 93 96 [98] 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

*P70704A0220*
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

* The lanthanoids (atomic numbers 58–71) and the actinoids (atomic numbers 90–103) have been omitted.

The relative atomic masses of copper and chlorine have not been rounded to the nearest whole number.


Answer ALL questions.
Some questions must be answered with a cross in a box . If you change your mind about an
answer, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with a cross .
1 (a) Two substances are needed to cause iron to rust.
Name these two substances.
(2)

1.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

2.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(b) The box gives the names of some substances.

calcium copper gold

iodine methane zinc

Use words from the box to answer these questions.

(i) Give the name of a non-metallic element.
(1)

(ii) Give the name of a compound.

(1)

(iii) Give the name of the metal that is lowest in the reactivity series.
(1)

(Total for Question 1 = 5 marks)

223
3
 *P70704A0320* Turn over
2 Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons.
(a) This passage is about the industrial separation of crude oil.
Complete the passage by adding the missing words.
(3)

Crude oil is ............................................................................................. to form vapour.

The vapour is passed through a ............................................................................................. column.

The refinery gases are collected at the top of the column because they have low

CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3

(i) Give the name of this alkane.

(1)

(ii) Calculate the relative molecular mass (Mr) of this alkane.

(1)

Mr = ..............................................................

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*P70704A0420* 
(d) Catalytic cracking is used to convert long-chain alkanes into shorter-chain alkanes.
Give the name of the catalyst and the temperature used in catalytic cracking.
(2)

catalyst ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

temperature .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(e) Catalytic cracking also produces alkenes.
Decane (C10H22) can undergo cracking to give C4H10 and two different alkenes.
Complete the equation for this cracking process.
(2)

C10H22 → C4H10 + .............................................................. + ..............................................................

(Total for Question 2 = 10 marks)

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3 A student does a titration to find the concentration of a solution of dilute
sulfuric acid.
The student uses these solutions and this apparatus.
• dilute sulfuric acid
• potassium hydroxide solution of concentration 0.240 mol / dm3
• methyl orange indicator

cm3
0

25
cm3

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6
*P70704A0620* 
(a) The student wants to find the volume of sulfuric acid needed to neutralise
25.0 cm3 of the potassium hydroxide solution.
Describe how the student should do this titration.
Assume that all pieces of apparatus are clean and dry.
(6)

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(b) The student needs 15.00 cm3 of sulfuric acid to neutralise 25.0 cm3 of the
potassium hydroxide solution.
This is the equation for the reaction.

2KOH + H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2H2O

(i) Calculate the amount, in moles, of KOH in 25.0 cm3 of potassium hydroxide
solution of concentration 0.240 mol / dm3.
(2)

amount of KOH = .............................................................. mol

(ii) Calculate the amount, in moles, of H2SO4 in 15.00 cm3 of the sulfuric acid.
(1)

amount of H2SO4 = .............................................................. mol

(iii) Calculate the concentration, in mol / dm3, of the sulfuric acid.
(2)

concentration of sulfuric acid = .............................................................. mol / dm3

(Total for Question 3 = 11 marks)

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*P70704A0820* 
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4 This question is about alcohols, carboxylic acids and their reactions.
(a) The boxes give some information about a carboxylic acid.
Complete the boxes by giving the missing information.
(3)

structural formula CH3COOH

name

CH2O

displayed formula

(b) Ethanol can be oxidised to produce a carboxylic acid.

(i) Give the names of the two reagents used in this oxidation reaction.
(2)

1.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

2.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Which of these colour changes occurs during the reaction?
(1)
A green to orange
B orange to green
C red to yellow
D yellow to red

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*P70704A01020* 
(c) Alcohols and carboxylic acids can be heated together to form esters.
(i) State why it is better to heat the mixture using a water bath rather than
directly with a Bunsen burner flame.
(1)

(ii) An ester has the structural formula CH3CH2COOCH3

Which of these is the name of this ester?
(1)
A ethyl methanoate
B methyl ethanoate

C methyl propanoate
D propyl methanoate

(Total for Question 4 = 8 marks)

231
11
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5 This question is about three stages in the manufacture of sulfuric acid.
(a) In stage 1, sulfur is burned in oxygen to form sulfur dioxide gas.

S(s) + O2(g) → SO2(g)

(i) State one environmental problem caused by the release of sulfur dioxide into
the atmosphere.
(1)

(ii) A mass of 6.4 tonnes of sulfur is burned to produce sulfur dioxide gas.
Calculate the maximum volume, in dm3, of sulfur dioxide gas that can be
produced at rtp.
[molar volume of sulfur dioxide gas at rtp = 24 dm3]
[1 tonne = 106 g]
Give your answer in standard form.
(3)

maximum volume = .............................................................. dm3

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12
*P70704A01220* 
(b) In stage 2, sulfur dioxide is reacted with oxygen to form sulfur trioxide gas.

2SO2(g) + O2(g)  2SO3(g)

The yield of sulfur trioxide is approximately 98%.

(i) A catalyst is used in this reaction.
Explain how a catalyst increases the rate of a reaction.
(2)

(ii) The temperature is kept constant.

Give a reason why increasing the pressure would increase the yield of
sulfur trioxide.
(1)

(iii) Suggest why it is not necessary to increase the pressure in stage 2.

(1)

(c) In stage 3, the sulfur trioxide is reacted with concentrated sulfuric acid to form a
liquid called oleum, H2S2O7
The oleum is then added to water to form concentrated sulfuric acid.
Complete the chemical equations for these two reactions.
(2)

.............................................................. + .............................................................. → H2S2O7

H2S2O7 + .............................................................. → ..............................................................

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(d) Sulfuric acid reacts with ammonia to form ammonium sulfate, (NH4)2SO4
Calculate the percentage by mass of nitrogen in ammonium sulfate.
[Mr of (NH4)2SO4 = 132]
(2)

percentage = .............................................................. %

(Total for Question 5 = 12 marks)

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6 A teacher prepares the insoluble salt lead(II) bromide (PbBr2) by mixing solutions of
lead(II) nitrate and sodium bromide.
(a) Describe what the teacher should do next to obtain a pure, dry sample of
lead(II) bromide.
(3)

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(b) The teacher then sets up a circuit in a fume cupboard using the pure, dry sample
of lead(II) bromide.

+ −

positive electrode negative electrode

lead(II) bromide crucible

Explain why the lamp does not light when the lead(II) bromide is solid.
(2)

(c) The teacher heats the lead(II) bromide.

When the lead(II) bromide is molten, the lamp lights and bromine forms at the
positive electrode.
(i) State what observation would be made at the positive electrode.
(1)

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16
*P70704A01620* 
(ii) Explain how bromide ions in the molten lead(II) bromide become bromine
molecules at the positive electrode.
(4)

(d) Write an ionic half-equation for the reaction that occurs at the negative electrode.
Include state symbols in your equation.
(2)

(Total for Question 6 = 12 marks)

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7 The reaction between hydrogen and chlorine is exothermic.
This is the equation for the reaction.

H2(g) + Cl2(g) → 2HCl(g) ΔH = −184 kJ

(a) State the meaning of the term exothermic.

(1)

(b) The table gives the bond energies for the H H and H Cl bonds.

Bond H H H Cl

Bond energy in kJ / mol 436 431

Use the equation and information from the table to calculate the bond energy of
the Cl Cl bond.
(4)

bond energy = .............................................................. kJ / mol

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*P70704A01820* 
(c) Explain why this reaction is exothermic.
Refer to bond-breaking and bond-making in your answer.
(3)

(d) Complete the reaction profile diagram to show the position of the products, the
enthalpy change (ΔH) and the activation energy (Ea) for the reaction.
(4)

Energy H2 + Cl2

(Total for Question 7 = 12 marks)

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 70 MARKS

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 *P70704A01920*
BLANK PAGE

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20
*P70704A02020* 
Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number

Pearson Edexcel International GCSE (9–1)

Time 1 hour 15 minutes
Paper
reference 4CH1/2C
Chemistry
 

UNIT: 4CH1
PAPER: 2C

You must have: Total Marks

Calculator, ruler

Instructions
• Use black ink or ball‑point pen.
• Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
centre number and candidate number.
• Answer all questions.
• Answer the questions in the spaces provided
– there may be more space than you need.
• Show all the steps in any calculations and state the units.
Information
• The total mark for this paper is 70.
• The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.

Turn over

*P70947A0120*
P70947A
©2022 Pearson Education Ltd. 241
Q:1/1/1/
2
The Periodic Table of the Elements
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0
1 4
H He
hydrogen helium

Key 1 2

7 9 relative atomic mass 11 12 14 16 19 20

Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
3 4 atomic (proton) number 5 6 7 8 9 10

23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

242
85 88 89 91 93 96 [98] 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

*P70947A0220*
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

* The lanthanoids (atomic numbers 58–71) and the actinoids (atomic numbers 90–103) have been omitted.

The relative atomic masses of copper and chlorine have not been rounded to the nearest whole number.


Answer ALL questions.

Some questions must be answered with a cross in a box . If you change your mind about an
answer, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with a cross .

1 This question is about gases in the atmosphere.

The box gives the names of some gases.

argon carbon dioxide hydrogen

nitrogen oxygen water vapour

(a) Choose gases from the box to answer these questions.

(i) Identify the least reactive gas in the atmosphere.
(1)

(ii) Identify the most abundant gas in the atmosphere.

(1)

(iii) Identify the gas that is not normally found in the atmosphere.
(1)

(b) State an environmental problem caused by increasing amounts of carbon dioxide

in the atmosphere.
(1)

(c) Describe a test for carbon dioxide.

(2)

(Total for Question 1 = 6 marks)

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2 (a) The diagram shows two pieces of apparatus, X and Y.

cm3
50

40
25
30 cm3
20

X Y

(i) Give the name of each piece of apparatus.

(2)

(ii) In a titration, a student adds 25.0 cm3 of barium hydroxide solution to a

conical flask.
Give a reason why it is better to use Y rather than X.
(1)

(b) The student uses methyl orange indicator in the titration.

(i) State the colour of methyl orange in barium hydroxide solution.
(1)

(ii) Give a reason why universal indicator is not suitable for use in a titration.
(1)

244
4
*P70947A0420* 
(c) The student adds some dilute nitric acid to a burette and does the titration.
The equation for the reaction is

Ba(OH)2 + 2HNO3 → Ba(NO3)2 + 2H2O

The student finds that 21.50 cm3 of nitric acid of concentration 0.600 mol/dm3
neutralises 25.0 cm3 of barium hydroxide solution.
Calculate the concentration, in mol/dm3, of the barium hydroxide solution.
(3)

concentration = .............................................................. mol/dm3

(d) State why sulfuric acid would not be a suitable acid to use in this titration.
(1)

(Total for Question 2 = 9 marks)

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3 This question is about Group 7, the halogens.
(a) Which halogen has the palest colour?
(1)
A astatine
B bromine

C fluorine
D iodine

(b) Which halogen is a solid at room temperature?

(1)
A astatine
B bromine

C chlorine
D fluorine

Electronic configuration

fluorine 2.7

chlorine 2.8.7

Explain the relative reactivities of fluorine and chlorine using the information in
the table.
(4)

246
6
*P70947A0620* 
(d) Lithium reacts with chlorine to form lithium chloride.
(i) Write a chemical equation for the reaction of lithium with chlorine.
(1)

(ii) Describe tests to show that the product of the reaction is lithium chloride.
(5)

(Total for Question 3 = 12 marks)

247
7
 *P70947A0720* Turn over
4 This question is about magnesium and magnesium compounds.
(a) Magnesium burns in oxygen to form magnesium oxide.
State two observations that would be seen during the reaction.
(2)

1 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(b) The diagram shows the electron configurations of a magnesium atom and an
oxygen atom.

magnesium atom oxygen atom

Describe the changes in the electronic configurations when magnesium reacts

with oxygen to form the ionic compound magnesium oxide, MgO
(2)

(c) Magnesium can be produced by the electrolysis of molten magnesium chloride.

(i) State why magnesium cannot be produced by heating magnesium oxide
with carbon.
(1)

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8
*P70947A0820* 
(ii) Explain the different ways that magnesium and magnesium chloride
conduct electricity.
(4)
magnesium

magnesium chloride

(d) During the electrolysis of molten magnesium chloride, magnesium is formed at

the negative electrode.
The ionic half‑equation for the reaction is

Mg2+ + 2e– → Mg

(i) State why this is a reduction reaction.

(1)

(ii) Write an ionic half‑equation for the formation of chlorine at the

positive electrode.
(1)

(Total for Question 4 = 11 marks)

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9
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5 (a) An organic compound has this percentage composition by mass.

C = 40 % H = 6.7 % O = 53.3 %

(i) Show that the empirical formula of the compound is CH2O

(2)

(ii) Draw the structural formula of a compound with the molecular formula C2H4O2
(1)

250
10
*P70947A01020* 
(b) Methanoic acid (HCOOH) reacts with sodium carbonate solution to give
three products.

(i) Complete the equation for this reaction.

(2)

2HCOOH + Na2CO3 → ............................................... + ............................................... + ...............................................

(ii) State what you would observe in this reaction.

(1)

(c) Methanoic acid also reacts with propanol to form an ester.

The equation for the reaction is

HCOOH + C3H7OH  HCOOC3H7 + H2O

(i) Give the name of the ester that forms.

(1)

(ii) State what is meant by the  symbol.

(1)

(iii) When this reaction occurs in a sealed container, the reaction can reach
dynamic equilibrium.
Give one characteristic of a reaction at dynamic equilibrium.
(1)

251
11
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(d) A polyester forms when butanedioic acid reacts with ethanediol.
The diagram shows the repeat unit of the polyester that forms.

O O

C CH2CH2 C O CH2CH2 O

(i) Give the name of this type of polymerisation.

(1)

(ii) Draw the structural formulae of the two monomers used to make
this polyester.
(2)

(Total for Question 5 = 12 marks)

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*P70947A01220* 
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6 Titanium is an important metal in industry.
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) can be converted into titanium metal in two stages.
Stage 1 titanium dioxide is converted into titanium(IV) chloride (TiCl 4)
Stage 2 titanium(IV) chloride is converted into titanium
(a) This is the equation for the reaction in stage 1.

TiO2 + 2Cl2 + C → TiCl4 + CO2

Calculate the volume, in dm3, of chlorine gas at rtp needed to react completely
with 20 tonnes of titanium dioxide.
Give your answer in standard form.
[1 tonne = 106 g Mr of TiO2 = 80]
[molar volume of chlorine gas at rtp = 24 dm3]
(4)

volume of chlorine gas = .............................................................. dm3

254
14
*P70947A01420* 
(b) In stage 2, titanium(IV) chloride vapour is passed through molten magnesium in a
container filled with argon.
This is the equation for the reaction in stage 2.

TiCl 4 + 2Mg → Ti + 2MgCl2

Explain why the container is filled with argon rather than air.
(2)

(c) Aeroplanes are made of an alloy containing aluminium and titanium.

Explain why the alloy is stronger than pure titanium metal.
You may include diagrams in your answer.
(3)

(Total for Question 6 = 9 marks)

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15
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256
16
*P70947A01620* 
7 A student uses this apparatus to find the heat energy supplied by a liquid fuel.

thermometer

copper container

water

liquid fuel

The student burns some fuel to heat the water in the copper container and measures
the change in temperature.
(a) The student notices that the bottom of the container turns black.
Give the name of the black substance that forms on the bottom of the container.
(1)

(b) In one experiment, the student burns 0.92 g of ethanol.

The student calculates that the heat energy absorbed by the water is 18.2 kJ.
Show that the results of this experiment give an approximate value for the
enthalpy of combustion of ethanol of ΔH = –900 kJ/mol.
[Mr of ethanol = 46]
(2)

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(c) The data book value of ΔH for the combustion of ethanol is –1367 kJ/mol.
Give two reasons why the student’s value is much lower than the data book value.
(2)

1 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(d) The equation shows the combustion of methane.

CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O ΔH = –890 kJ/mol

This is the equation showing the displayed formulae.

H
O O H O H
H C H + → O C O +
O O H O H
H

The table shows the bond energies for O O, C O and O H

Bond O O C O O H

Bond energy in kJ/mol 498 805 463

258
18
*P70947A01820* 
(i) Calculate the bond energy of the C H bond, using information from the
equation and the table.
(4)

C H bond energy = .............................................................. kJ/mol

(ii) Complete the energy level diagram to show the products and ΔH.
(2)

Energy CH4 + 2O2

(Total for Question 7 = 11 marks)

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 70 MARKS

259
19
 *P70947A01920*
BLANK PAGE

260
20
*P70947A02020* 
Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number

Pearson Edexcel International GCSE (9–1)

Time 1 hour 15 minutes
Paper
reference 4CH1/2CR
Chemistry
 

UNIT: 4CH1
PAPER: 2CR

You must have: Total Marks

Calculator, ruler

Turn over

*P70948A0120*
P70948A
©2022 Pearson Education Ltd. 261
Q:1/1/1/
2
The Periodic Table of the Elements
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0
1 4
H He
hydrogen helium

Key 1 2

7 9 relative atomic mass 11 12 14 16 19 20

Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
3 4 atomic (proton) number 5 6 7 8 9 10

23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

262
85 88 89 91 93 96 [98] 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

*P70948A0220*
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

* The lanthanoids (atomic numbers 58–71) and the actinoids (atomic numbers 90–103) have been omitted.

The relative atomic masses of copper and chlorine have not been rounded to the nearest whole number.


Answer ALL questions.

Some questions must be answered with a cross in a box . If you change your mind about an
answer, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with a cross .

1 The diagram shows the sub‑atomic particles in an atom of an element.

– + ++
– – + – –
+
R
P

(a) (i) Give the name of each of the sub‑atomic particles labelled P, Q and R.
(3)

P .. ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Q ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

R ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(ii) Give the name of the part of the atom labelled S.

(1)

(b) Give the name of this element.

(1)

(Total for Question 1 = 5 marks)

263
3
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2 A potassium permanganate crystal is placed in a beaker of water.

potassium
permanganate
crystal

After several days a coloured solution forms.

(a) Give the names of the two processes that cause the coloured solution to form.
(2)

1 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(b) The formula of potassium permanganate is KMnO4

(i) How many different types of atom are in KMnO4?
(1)
A 3

B 4
C 6
D 7

(ii) Calculate the relative formula mass (Mr) of KMnO4

(1)

Mr = ..............................................................

(c) Potassium permanganate can be used as an oxidising agent.

State what is meant by the term oxidising agent.
(1)

(Total for Question 2 = 5 marks)

264
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*P70948A0420* 
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3 This question is about alkanes.

(a) (i) Which of these is the molecular formula of an alkane?

(1)
A C2H5
B C4H10

C CH2CH2
D CH3CH2CH3

(ii) Which of these has the same empirical formula and molecular formula?
(1)
A CH2

B C2H6
C C3H8
D C4H10

(b) In the presence of ultraviolet radiation, methane reacts with bromine to form
bromomethane and hydrogen bromide.

(i) State the name of this type of reaction.

(1)

(ii) Give a chemical equation for this reaction.

(1)

266
6
*P70948A0620* 
(c) One mole of an alkane burns completely in oxygen.
The equation represents the reaction.

alkane + xO2 → yCO2 + zH2O

The numbers x, y and z are used to balance the equation.

(i) The complete combustion of one mole of the alkane produces 220 g of
carbon dioxide and 108 g of water.
Calculate the values of y and z.

[Mr of CO2 = 44 Mr of H2O = 18]

(2)

y = ..............................................................

z = ..............................................................

(ii) Determine the molecular formula of the alkane and the value of x.
(2)

molecular formula = ..............................................................

x = ..............................................................

(d) When an alkane burns in a limited supply of air, incomplete combustion occurs.
Explain why incomplete combustion of an alkane could be harmful to humans.
(2)

(Total for Question 3 = 10 marks)

267
7
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*P70948A0820* 
4 (a) The diagram represents the structure of copper metal.

+ + + + +
metal delocalised
+ + + +
cations electrons
+ + + + +

Explain three properties of copper that make it a suitable metal to use in

electrical wiring.
(5)

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9
 *P70948A0920* Turn over
(b) The diagram shows the electrolysis of copper(II) sulfate solution, using
graphite electrodes.

power supply
+ –

lamp

positive electrode negative electrode

copper(II) sulfate solution

Copper forms at the negative electrode and oxygen forms at the

positive electrode.

(i) Give the formula of the copper ion and the formula of the sulfate ion in
copper(II) sulfate.
(1)
copper ion

sulfate ion

(ii) State what would be seen at the positive electrode.

(1)

(iii) Give a test for oxygen.

(1)

270
10
*P70948A01020* 

(iv) Give an ionic half‑equation for the formation of oxygen at the
positive electrode.
.(2)

(v) Suggest why the copper(II) sulfate solution contains some OH– ions.
(1)

(Total for Question 4 = 11 marks)

271
11
 *P70948A01120* Turn over
5 This question is about alcohols, carboxylic acids and esters.
(a) Ethanol can be manufactured by the fermentation of a solution of glucose.
(i) Write a word equation for this reaction.
(1)

(ii) State the substance that needs to be added for the reaction to occur.
(1)

(iii) State two conditions needed for this reaction.

(2)

1 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(b) In the presence of an acid catalyst, ethanoic acid is heated with butanol to form
an ester.

(i) Which of these is the formula of the ester?

(1)
A CH3COOC3H7
B CH3COOC4H9

C C2H5COOC4H9
D C3H7COOC2H5

(ii) State how you would know that an ester has formed.
(1)

(iii) Give one use of an ester.

(1)

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(c) Aspirin is a compound used to reduce pain.
Aspirin contains a carboxylic acid functional group and an ester functional group.
(i) State what is meant by the term functional group.
(1)

(ii) This is the structural formula of aspirin.

O O

CH3 C O C6H4 C O H

Draw a circle around the carboxylic acid functional group.

(1)

(iii) Aspirin has this percentage composition by mass.

C = 60.00 % H = 4.44 % O = 35.56 %

Show by calculation that the empirical formula of aspirin is C9H8O4

(3)

(Total for Question 5 = 12 marks)

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6 A student uses this method to do a titration.
• use a measuring cylinder to obtain 25 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution
• transfer the solution to a conical flask
• add a few drops of universal indicator to the flask
• fill a burette with dilute sulfuric acid and record the initial burette reading
• add the acid to the flask, swirling the flask continuously
• add the acid slowly near the end‑point
• record the final burette reading at the end‑point
The student repeats the titration until at least two concordant results are obtained.

(a) State what is meant by concordant results.

(1)

(b) Explain two improvements to the student’s method so that more accurate results
are obtained.
(4)

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(c) The student makes the improvements and repeats the titration.
The sulfuric acid has a concentration of 0.600 mol/dm3.
The sodium hydroxide solution has a concentration of 1.50 mol/dm3.
This is the equation for the reaction.

2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O

Calculate the volume, in cm3, of sulfuric acid that the student needs to completely
react with 25.0 cm3 of the sodium hydroxide solution.
(3)

volume of sulfuric acid = .............................................................. cm3

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(d) The student plans to obtain pure dry crystals of hydrated sodium sulfate.
They add the calculated volume of sulfuric acid to 25.0 cm3 of the
sodium hydroxide solution to form sodium sulfate solution.
Describe what the student should do to obtain pure dry crystals of
hydrated sodium sulfate from the solution.
(4)

(Total for Question 6 = 12 marks)

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*P70948A01620* 
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7 In the presence of an iron catalyst, nitrogen reacts with hydrogen to form ammonia.
The reaction conditions used are a temperature of 450 °C and a pressure
of 200 atmospheres.
This is the equation for the reaction.

N2 + 3H2  2NH3 ΔH = –92 kJ/mol

(a) (i) State what the symbol  represents.

(1)

(ii) Give the reason for using a catalyst.

(1)

(b) (i) The reaction mixture is kept at a pressure of 200 atmospheres, but the
temperature is increased to 550 °C.
Explain the effect of this change on the yield of ammonia at equilibrium.
(2)

(ii) The reaction mixture is kept at a temperature of 450 °C, but the pressure is
increased to 300 atmospheres.
Explain the effect of this change on the yield of ammonia at equilibrium.
(2)

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(c) Draw an energy level diagram for the reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen.

Include the reactants, products and ΔH in your diagram.

(3)

energy

QUESTION 7 CONTINUES ON NEXT PAGE

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(d) At the start of the reaction, 48 dm3 of nitrogen is added to 120 dm3 of hydrogen
at rtp.
N2 + 3H2  2NH3

[molar volume of any gas at rtp = 24 dm3 ]

(i) Show by calculation that the nitrogen is in excess.

(3)

(ii) The yield of ammonia at equilibrium is 20 %.

Calculate the volume, in dm3, of ammonia formed from 120 dm3 of hydrogen.
(3)

volume of ammonia = .............................................................. dm3

(Total for Question 7 = 15 marks)

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 70 MARKS

280
20
*P70948A02020* 
Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number

Pearson Edexcel International GCSE (9–1)

Time 1 hour 15 minutes
Paper
reference 4CH1/2C
Chemistry
 

UNIT: 4CH1
PAPER: 2C

You must have: Total Marks

Calculator, ruler

Instructions
• Use black ink or ball‑point pen.
• IfFillpencil is used for diagrams/sketches/graphs it must be dark (HB or B).
• centre number
in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
and candidate number.
• Answer all questions.
• – there may questions
Answer the in the spaces provided
be more space than you need.
• Show all the steps in any calculations and state the units.

Information
• The total mark for this paper is 70.
• – usemarks
The for each question are shown in brackets
this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.

Turn over

*P71894A0128*
P71894A
©2023 Pearson Education Ltd. 281
J:1/1/1/
2
The Periodic Table of the Elements
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0
1 4
H He
hydrogen helium

Key 1 2

7 9 relative atomic mass 11 12 14 16 19 20

Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
3 4 atomic (proton) number 5 6 7 8 9 10

23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

282
85 88 89 91 93 96 [98] 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

*P71894A0228*
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

* The lanthanoids (atomic numbers 58–71) and the actinoids (atomic numbers 90–103) have been omitted.

The relative atomic masses of copper and chlorine have not been rounded to the nearest whole number.


BLANK PAGE

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Answer ALL questions.

Some questions must be answered with a cross in a box . If you change your mind about an
answer, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with a cross .

1 (a) The diagram shows the electronic configuration of an atom of an element.

Complete the table by giving the missing information.

(3)

Name of the part of this atom labelled A

Number of the group that contains this element

Number of the period that contains this element

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(b) The table gives information about four different species, W, X, Y and Z.

Species Number of protons Number of neutrons Number of electrons

W 2 2 2

X 13 14 10

Y 17 18 17

Z 17 20 17

(i) Give the mass number of W.

(1)

(ii) Give a reason why X has a 3+ charge.

(1)

(iii) Explain why Y and Z are isotopes of the same element.

(2)

(Total for Question 1 = 7 marks)

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2 The table shows properties of four substances, A, B, C and D.

Melting point Boiling point Conducts electricity Conducts electricity

Substance
in °C in °C when solid when molten

A 800 1465 no yes

B 327 1749 yes yes

C 232 573 no no

D 3550 4830 no no

(a) Use information from the table to identify these substances.

(i) Which substance could be a metal?
(1)
A
B
C

(ii) Which substance could be diamond?

(1)
A
B

C
D

(iii) Which substance is a gas at 600 °C?

(1)
A
B
C
D

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*P71894A0628* 
(b) One of the substances in the table is a compound with the formula C10H16N2O3S
(i) Give the number of different elements in C10H16N2O3S
(1)

(ii) Determine the number of atoms in a molecule of C10H16N2O3S

(1)

(Total for Question 2 = 5 marks)

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3 This question is about soluble salts and insoluble salts.

(a) Which pair of solutions produces an insoluble salt when mixed?

(1)
A sodium sulfate and potassium nitrate
B potassium carbonate and calcium nitrate

C sodium chloride and ammonium nitrate

D sodium hydroxide and potassium sulfate

(b) When solutions of lead nitrate and sodium sulfate are mixed, one product is solid
lead sulfate.
This is the equation for the reaction.

Pb(NO3)2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) → PbSO4(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)

Describe how a pure, dry sample of solid lead sulfate can be obtained from
the mixture.
(3)

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(c) The table gives the solubility of a salt in water at six different temperatures.

Temperature in °C 0 20 40 60 80 100

Solubility in g per 100 g of water 18 34 54 77 104 142

(i) Plot the points on the grid.

(1)

(ii) Draw a curve of best fit.

(1)

160

140

120

100
Solubility
in g per 100 g
of water
80

0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature in °C

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*P71894A01028* 
(iii) A saturated solution of the salt in 100 g of water is cooled from 90 °C to 30 °C.
Use your graph to determine the mass of salt that will crystallise.
Show your working on the graph.
(2)

mass of salt = .............................................................. g

(Total for Question 3 = 8 marks)

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4 Fractional distillation is used to separate crude oil into fractions.
The diagram shows a fractionating column and the fractions obtained from crude oil.

refinery gases

gasoline

kerosene

diesel

fuel oil
crude oil

bitumen

(a) (i) Describe how crude oil is separated into fractions in the fractionating column.
(4)

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12
*P71894A01228* 
(ii) Give a use for kerosene and a use for bitumen.
(2)
kerosene

bitumen

(b) Some fractions obtained from crude oil are cracked to form alkenes.
(i) Describe what is meant by cracking.
(2)

(ii) Ethene is obtained by cracking.

This is the displayed formula of ethene.

H H
C C
H H

Explain why ethene is described as an unsaturated hydrocarbon.

(3)

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(iii) Describe a test to show that ethene is unsaturated.
(2)

(Total for Question 4 = 13 marks)

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5 This question is about metals.
(a) Explain why metals are malleable.
(2)

(b) Sodium metal is extracted by the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride.

Sodium metal forms at the negative electrode and chlorine gas forms at the
positive electrode.
The diagram represents this electrolysis.

positive electrode negative electrode

molten sodium chloride

(i) Explain why molten sodium chloride conducts electricity.

(2)

(ii) Explain how sodium metal forms at the negative electrode.

(2)

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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(iii) Write an ionic half-equation for the formation of chlorine gas at the
positive electrode.
(1)

(iv) Give a reason why sodium metal does not form in the electrolysis of an
aqueous solution of sodium chloride.
(1)

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17
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(c) Copper can be produced by reacting an oxide of copper with methane.
The diagram shows the apparatus used.

excess methane
burning

methane gas

oxide of copper
in weighing boat
heat

The oxide of copper is heated until the reaction is complete.

The table shows the results.

Mass in g

empty weighing boat 17.25

weighing boat + oxide of copper 22.02

weighing boat + copper 21.06

Use the results to show that this oxide has the empirical formula CuO
[for Cu, A r = 63.5 for O, A r = 16]
(3)

(Total for Question 5 = 11 marks)

298
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6 When ethanoic acid reacts with ethanol in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid,
one of the products is ester A.
This is the equation for the reaction.

H O H H

H C C + H O C C H  ester A + O

H O H H H H H

ethanoic acid ethanol water

(a) (i) Draw a circle around the functional group in ethanoic acid.
(1)

(ii) Give the displayed formula of ester A.

(2)

(iii) Name ester A.

(1)

(b) The reaction mixture is kept in a sealed container until dynamic equilibrium
is reached.
State what is meant by the term dynamic equilibrium.
(2)

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20
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(c) During the reaction, the number of moles of ethanoic acid in the reaction
mixture decreases, but the number of moles of concentrated sulfuric acid does
not change.
(i) Give a reason why the number of moles of concentrated sulfuric acid does
not change.
(1)

(ii) A student does a titration to find the accurate volume of sodium hydroxide
solution needed for complete neutralisation.
The student starts by using a pipette to transfer 25.0 cm3 of the reaction
mixture to a conical flask.
Describe how the student should complete the titration.
(6)

(Total for Question 6 = 13 marks)

301
21
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7 This question is about hydrazine, N2H4
(a) This is the displayed formula for a molecule of hydrazine.

H H
N N
H H

Complete the dot‑and‑cross diagram for hydrazine.

(2)

H H

N N

H H

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(b) This is the equation for the decomposition of hydrazine.

3N2H4(g) → 4NH3(g) + N2(g)

The equation can be shown using displayed formulae.

H H N
N N H H H
H H
N
H H H H H
N N + N N
H H N
H H H
H H
N N N

H H H H H

The table gives the relevant bond energies.

Bond Bond energy in kJ/mol

N N 158

N H 391

N N 945

(i) Use the data in the table to calculate the total energy needed to break all the
bonds in the reactants.
(2)

energy needed = .............................................................. kJ

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(ii) Use the data in the table to calculate the total energy released when all the
bonds in the products are made.
(2)

energy released = .............................................................. kJ

(iii) Calculate the enthalpy change, ΔH, in kJ/mol, for the reaction.
(1)

ΔH = .............................................................. kJ/mol

(iv) Explain, in terms of bonds broken and bonds made, why this reaction
is exothermic.
(2)

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(c) A sample of hydrazine is completely decomposed.
This is the equation for the decomposition of hydrazine.

3N2H4(g) → 4NH3(g) + N2(g)

The products of the decomposition are bubbled through 1100 cm3 of water.
The ammonia completely dissolves in the water, but nitrogen is insoluble in water.
The nitrogen has a volume of 1570 cm3 at room temperature and pressure (rtp).
Calculate the concentration, in mol/dm3, of the ammonia solution.
Give your answer to 3 significant figures.
[for a gas at rtp, molar volume = 24 000 cm3 ]
(4)

concentration = .............................................................. mol/dm3

(Total for Question 7 = 13 marks)

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 70 MARKS

306
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*P71894A02628* 
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307
27
 *P71894A02728*
BLANK PAGE

308
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*P71894A02828* 
Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number

Pearson Edexcel International GCSE (9–1)

Time 1 hour 15 minutes
Paper
reference 4CH1/2CR
Chemistry
 

UNIT: 4CH1
PAPER: 2CR

You must have: Total Marks

Calculator, ruler

Instructions
• Use black ink or ball-point pen.
• IfFillpencil is used for diagrams/sketches/graphs it must be dark (HB or B).
• centre number
in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
and candidate number.
• Answer all questions.
• – there may questions
Answer the in the spaces provided
be more space than you need.
• Show all the steps in any calculations and state the units.

Information
• The total mark for this paper is 70.
• – usemarks
The for each question are shown in brackets
this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.

Turn over

*P71895A0124*
P71895A
©2023 Pearson Education Ltd. 309
J:1/1/1/
2
The Periodic Table of the Elements
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0
1 4
H He
hydrogen helium

Key 1 2

7 9 relative atomic mass 11 12 14 16 19 20

Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
3 4 atomic (proton) number 5 6 7 8 9 10

23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

310
85 88 89 91 93 96 [98] 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

*P71895A0224*
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

* The lanthanoids (atomic numbers 58–71) and the actinoids (atomic numbers 90–103) have been omitted.

The relative atomic masses of copper and chlorine have not been rounded to the nearest whole number.


Answer ALL questions.

Some questions must be answered with a cross in a box . If you change your mind about an
answer, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with a cross .

1 In this question the answer to each part is a number.

(a) Give the pH value of a neutral solution.
(1)

(b) Give a pH value of a weakly acidic solution.

(1)

(d) Give the number of different elements present in glucose, C6H12O6

(1)

(Total for Question 1 = 4 marks)

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 *P71895A0324* Turn over
2 The solubility of a solid depends on the solvent used.
(a) State one other factor that affects the solubility.
(1)

(b) A student wants to find the solubility of a salt in water.

The steps in the student’s method are not in the correct order.
Step A gently heat the evaporating basin and solution to remove all the water
Step B filter to obtain 50.0 cm3 of saturated solution
Step C record the mass of the evaporating basin and salt solution
Step D record the mass of an empty evaporating basin
Step E record the mass of the evaporating basin and the dry salt
Step F put 50.0 cm3 of water into a beaker
Step G add the salt to the water a little at a time and stir until no more dissolves
Step H pour the 50.0 cm3 of saturated salt solution into the evaporating basin

(i) The flowchart shows the correct order of some of the steps.
Complete the flowchart by putting the remaining steps in the correct order.
(2)

F B D E

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*P71895A0424* 
(ii) These are the student’s results.
mass of empty evaporating basin = 60.5 g
mass of evaporating basin and dry salt = 78.1 g
Calculate the solubility of the salt in grams per 100 g of water.
[1.00 cm3 of water has a mass of 1.00 g]
(2)

solubility = .............................................................. grams per 100 g of water

(Total for Question 2 = 5 marks)

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3 When 10.0 kg of a solid fuel is burned, the heat energy produced is 3.28 × 105 kJ.

(a) Calculate the heat energy, in kJ/mol, produced by the fuel.

You should assume that the fuel is pure carbon.
Give your answer to three significant figures.
[for carbon, Ar = 12]
(3)

heat energy = .............................................................. kJ/mol

(b) The fuel actually contains some impurities, including sulfur.

There is 600 g of sulfur in 20 kg of fuel.
(i) Calculate the percentage of sulfur in the fuel.
(2)

percentage of sulfur = .............................................................. %

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6
*P71895A0624* 
(ii) When the fuel burns, the 600 g of sulfur produces sulfur dioxide gas.

S + O2 → SO2

Calculate the volume, in cm3, of sulfur dioxide gas that would be produced at
room temperature and pressure (rtp) when the fuel burns.
[for a gas, molar volume = 24 dm3 at rtp]
(3)

volume of sulfur dioxide = .............................................................. cm3

(iii) State the name of the environmental problem caused by sulfur dioxide in
the atmosphere.
(1)

(Total for Question 3 = 9 marks)

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4 (a) Hand sanitiser liquids are used regularly to reduce the spread of infections.
Three compounds P, Q and R are often present in these liquids.

P Q R

H H H H H H
CH3CH2OH H C C C O H H C C C H

H H H H O H

(i) What type of formula is shown for P?

(1)
A a displayed formula
B an empirical formula
C a molecular formula
D a structural formula

(ii) Compounds P, Q and R are members of the same homologous series.

Give two properties of a homologous series.
(2)

1 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(iii) Name the homologous series that contains compounds P, Q and R.

(1)

(iv) Give the name of compound Q.

(1)

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*P71895A0824* 
(b) Diols and dicarboxylic acids react together in polymerisation reactions to
form polyesters.
(i) Explain the name given to the type of polymerisation that occurs in
these reactions.
(2)

(ii) Complete the equation for the polymerisation reaction by giving the
displayed formula of the repeat unit of the polymer.
(2)

   
   
   
H H H    
   
n H O C C C O H    
   
H H H    
   
   
    n

+ +

O O

n H O C C O H 2n H2O

(Total for Question 4 = 9 marks)

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5 This question is about the element phosphorus and some of its compounds.
(a) The atomic number of phosphorus is 15
Give the electronic configuration of an atom of phosphorus.
(1)

(b) Calcium phosphide is an ionic compound used in pest control.

The formula of a calcium ion is Ca2+
Explain why the formula of calcium phosphide is Ca3P2
(2)

(c) Calcium phosphide can be produced by heating calcium phosphate with carbon.
(i) Complete the equation for the reaction.
(1)

Ca3(PO4)2 + ....................... C → Ca3P2 + ....................... CO

(ii) Explain the role of carbon in the reaction.

(2)

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10
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(d) Calcium phosphide reacts with water to form calcium hydroxide and
phosphine, PH3
Give a chemical equation for this reaction.
(2)

(e) Explain why calcium phosphide has a high melting point.

You should refer to structure and bonding in your answer.
(3)

(Total for Question 5 = 11 marks)

319
11
 *P71895A01124* Turn over
6 Iron metal was discovered several thousand years ago. Iron is produced industrially
from iron(III) oxide by extraction using carbon.
Sodium is a metal in Group 1 of the Periodic Table. Sodium was discovered by
Sir Humphrey Davy in 1807. It is produced industrially by the electrolysis of
sodium chloride.
(a) (i) Explain, using the reactivity series, why carbon can be used to extract iron
from iron(III) oxide.
(2)

(ii) Suggest why sodium was not discovered until 1807.

(1)

(b) The diagram shows a simplified version of the Downs cell, which can be used to
produce sodium industrially. The electrolyte is molten sodium chloride.

sodium chloride added chlorine gas

electrolyte molten sodium

steel cathode
steel cathode

carbon anode

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12
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(i) Explain why the molten electrolyte conducts electricity.
(2)

(ii) What is the formula of the cation in the electrolyte?

(1)
A H+
B Cl–

C Na+
D OH–

(iii) During the production of sodium, small explosions can be heard.

Explain why using sodium chloride that is not completely dry could cause
these small explosions.
(2)

(iv) Give ionic half-equations for the reactions at the anode and cathode.
(2)

anode . . ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

cathode .. ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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(c) Explain why the reactivity of metals in Group 1 increases from lithium
to potassium.
(3)

(Total for Question 6 = 13 marks)

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7 A student is asked to find the concentration of a solution of nitric acid by doing
a titration.
The student is provided with sodium hydroxide solution with a concentration of
0.350 mol/dm3
These are the first four steps in the student’s method.
• use a pipette to add exactly 25.0 cm3 of the nitric acid solution to a conical flask
placed on a white tile
• add a few drops of indicator to the flask
• use a burette to add sodium hydroxide solution to the flask until the indicator has
changed colour
• record the volume needed for the indicator to change colour

(a) Give the reason for using the white tile.

(1)

(b) Universal indicator is not a suitable indicator to use in a titration.

Complete the table to show the name of a suitable indicator and its final colour in
this titration.
(2)

Indicator Final colour in titration

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(c) The student wants to obtain an accurate value for the volume of
sodium hydroxide solution needed to neutralise the 25.0 cm3 of nitric acid.
Describe all the further steps the student should take.
(5)

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(d) This is a summary of the student’s results.
volume of HNO3 used = 25.0 cm3
concentration of NaOH solution = 0.350 mol/dm3
volume of NaOH solution needed for neutralisation = 18.80 cm3
The equation for the reaction is

HNO3 + NaOH → NaNO3 + H2O

(i) Calculate the amount, in moles, of NaOH that reacts.

(1)

amount of NaOH = .............................................................. mol

(ii) Determine the amount, in moles, of HNO3 that reacts.

(1)

amount of HNO3 = .............................................................. mol

(iii) Calculate the concentration, in mol/dm3, of the HNO3

(1)

concentration = .............................................................. mol/dm3

(Total for Question 7 = 11 marks)

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8 This question is about reactions involving nitrogen.

(a) In a car engine, nitrogen reacts with oxygen to form nitrogen monoxide.
The equation for the reaction is

N2 + O2 → 2NO ΔH = +181 kJ

Draw a labelled reaction profile diagram showing ΔH and the activation energy
for the reaction.
(4)

Energy

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(b) In the Haber process, nitrogen reacts with hydrogen to form ammonia.
This equation represents the reaction.

N N + 3H H → 2H N H

The table gives values of some bond energies.

Bond Bond energy in kJ/mol

N N 944

H H 436

N H 391

(i) Calculate the total amount of energy, in kJ, needed to break the bonds in
the reactants.
(1)

energy needed = .............................................................. kJ

(ii) Calculate the total amount of energy, in kJ, released in forming the bonds in
the product.
(1)

energy released = .............................................................. kJ

(iii) Calculate the enthalpy change, ΔH, for the reaction.

You should include a sign in your answer.
(2)

ΔH = .............................................................. kJ
(Total for Question 8 = 8 marks)

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 70 MARKS

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Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number

Pearson Edexcel International GCSE (9−1)

Tuesday 13 June 2023
Morning (Time: 1 hour 15 minutes) Paper
reference 4CH1/2C
Chemistry  

UNIT: 4CH1
PAPER: 2C

You must have: Total Marks

Calculator

Instructions
•• Use black ink or ball-point pen.
If pencil is used for diagrams/sketches/graphs it must be dark (HB or B).
• Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
centre number and candidate number.
•• Answer all questions.
Answer the questions in the spaces provided
– there may be more space than you need.
• Show all the steps in any calculations and state the units.
Information
•• The total mark for this paper is 70.
The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
•• Write your answers neatly and in good English.
Try to answer every question.
• Check your answers if you have time at the end.
Turn over

P71952A
©2023 Pearson Education Ltd.
N:1/1/
*P71952A0120*
333
2

The Periodic Table of the Elements
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0
1 4
H He
hydrogen helium

Key 1 2

7 9 relative atomic mass 11 12 14 16 19 20

Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
3 4 atomic (proton) number 5 6 7 8 9 10

23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

334
85 88 89 91 93 96 [98] 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

*P71952A0220*
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

* The lanthanoids (atomic numbers 58–71) and the actinoids (atomic numbers 90–103) have been omitted.

The relative atomic masses of copper and chlorine have not been rounded to the nearest whole number.

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Answer ALL questions.
Some questions must be answered with a cross in a box . If you change your mind about an
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answer, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with a cross .
1 Use the Periodic Table to help you answer this question.
(a) (i) Name the element with atomic number 14.
(1)

(ii) Name the element in Group 2 and Period 3.

(1)

(iii) Name an element that is a liquid at room temperature.

(1)

(iv) Give the electronic configuration of an atom of phosphorus.

(1)

(v) Give the formula of sodium sulfide.

(1)

(b) Explain, in terms of electron configuration, why neon is unreactive.

(2)

(Total for Question 1 = 7 marks)

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2 This question is about gases in the atmosphere.
(a) Which of these gases has the lowest percentage by volume in the atmosphere?

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(1)
A argon
B carbon dioxide

C nitrogen
D oxygen

(b) When copper(II) carbonate is heated, copper(II) oxide and carbon dioxide form.
(i) What is the name of this type of reaction?
(1)

A addition
B decomposition
C oxidation
D substitution

(ii) Which colour change occurs when copper(II) carbonate is heated?

(1)

A blue to black

B blue to orange
C green to black

D green to orange

(iii) Give the chemical equation for this reaction.

(1)

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(c) A student uses this apparatus to find the percentage of oxygen in a sample of air.
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gas syringe air

conical flask
wet iron filings

The student leaves the apparatus until there is no further change in volume of gas
in the syringe.
These are the student’s results.

volume of gas in flask and connecting tube in cm3 280

volume of gas in syringe at start in cm3 100

volume of gas in syringe at end in cm3 27

Calculate the percentage of oxygen in the sample of air.

Give your answer to two significant figures.
(4)

percentage of oxygen = .............................................................. %

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(d) Explain why an increasing amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is likely to
cause a problem for the environment.
(2)

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....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(Total for Question 2 = 10 marks)

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3 This question is about alcohols.
Ethanol can be manufactured using two different methods.

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• hydration of ethene
• fermentation of glucose
This is the equation for hydration.

C2H4 + H2O → C2H5OH

(a) Complete the equation for fermentation.

(2)

C6H12O6 → .............................................................. + ..............................................................

(b) The table gives some information about the two methods.

Hydration Fermentation

Reagents ethene and steam aqueous glucose

Catalyst enzymes in yeast

Temperature in °C 300

Pressure in atmospheres 1

Rate of process fast slow

Purity of product pure impure

(i) Complete the table by giving the missing information.

(3)

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(ii) Explain one advantage and one disadvantage of using fermentation rather
than hydration to produce ethanol.
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You should use information from the table to help your answer.
(4)
advantage

disadvantage

(c) Explain why fermentation needs to occur in the absence of air.

(2)

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(d) Propanol has this percentage composition by mass.

C = 60.0% H = 13.3% O = 26.7%

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(i) Show by calculation that the empirical formula of propanol is C3H8O.
(3)

(ii) Draw the displayed formula of propanol.

(1)

(Total for Question 3 = 15 marks)

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4 A student does a titration to find the concentration of potassium hydroxide solution.
This is the student’s method.

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• add 25.0 cm3 of the potassium hydroxide solution to a conical flask
• add a few drops of methyl orange indicator to the conical flask
• fill a burette with dilute sulfuric acid and record the initial burette reading
• place the conical flask on a white tile
• add the acid from the burette to the mixture in the conical flask, swirling the
flask continuously
• when the indicator changes colour at the end point, record the final
burette reading
Repeat the titration to obtain concordant results.
(a) Give the name of the most suitable piece of apparatus to measure out 25.0 cm3 of
potassium hydroxide solution.
(1)

(b) Give the colour of methyl orange in potassium hydroxide solution and in dilute
sulfuric acid.
(2)
colour in potassium hydroxide solution

colour in dilute sulfuric acid

(d) State why the student swirls the flask continuously.

(1)

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(e) State what is meant by the term concordant results.
(1)
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(f ) The student finds that 15.00 cm3 of sulfuric acid of concentration 0.180 mol / dm3
neutralises 25.0 cm3 of potassium hydroxide solution.
This is the equation for the reaction.

2KOH + H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2H2O

Calculate the concentration of the potassium hydroxide solution.

(3)

concentration = .............................................................. mol / dm3

(g) This is the ionic equation for the reaction between an acid and an alkali.

H+(aq) + OH−(aq) → H2O(l)

Explain why the OH− ion is a proton acceptor in this reaction.

(2)

(Total for Question 4 = 11 marks)

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5 When copper(II) sulfate solution is electrolysed, copper forms at the
negative electrode.

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A student uses this apparatus to investigate the electrolysis of
copper(II) sulfate solution.

power supply
+ –

lamp

positive electrode negative electrode

copper(II) sulfate solution

(a) Describe how the student could test a sample of copper(II) sulfate solution to
show that it contains copper(II) ions.
(2)

(b) Describe how copper metal forms at the negative electrode.

(3)

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(c) State the appearance of the copper that forms on the negative electrode.
(1)
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(d) Oxygen forms at the positive electrode.

(i) Give a test for oxygen.
(1)

(ii) Complete the half-equation for the formation of oxygen at the

positive electrode.
(2)

2H2O → .............................................................. + .............................................................. + ..............................................................

(iii) State why the formation of oxygen at the positive electrode is an

oxidation reaction.
(1)

(Total for Question 5 = 10 marks)

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6 Ethanoic acid reacts with methanol to form an ester.
The equation shows the displayed formulae for the reactants and products.

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H O H H O H

H C C O H + H C O H → H C C O C H + H O H

H H H H

(a) (i) Give the name of a suitable catalyst to increase the rate of this reaction.
(1)

(ii) State how you would know that an ester has formed.
(1)

(iii) Give the name of this ester.

(1)

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(b) The table shows the number of bonds in the reactants and the number of bonds
in the products.
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Bond C H C C C O C O O H

Number of bonds in reactants 6 1 2 1 2

Number of bonds in products 6 1 2 1 2

(i) State which two bonds need to be broken in the reactants.

(1)

(ii) Explain why the enthalpy change in this reaction is approximately 0 kJ / mol.
(2)

(Total for Question 6 = 6 marks)

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7 Methane reacts with steam to form carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
This is the equation for the reaction.

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CH4(g) + H2O(g)  CO(g) + 3H2(g) ∆H = +206 kJ / mol

(a) State why carbon monoxide is poisonous to humans.

(1)

(b) Explain the effect, if any, on the yield of hydrogen at equilibrium when a nickel
catalyst is used.
(2)

(c) The reaction conditions for this reaction are a temperature of 700 °C and a
pressure of 5 atmospheres.
(i) The temperature of the reaction mixture is reduced to 600 °C, but the pressure
is kept at 5 atmospheres.
Explain the effect on the yield of hydrogen at equilibrium.
(2)

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(ii) The pressure of the reaction mixture is reduced to 4 atmospheres, but the
temperature is kept at 700 °C.
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Explain the effect on the yield of hydrogen at equilibrium.

(2)

(d) Calculate the volume, in dm3, of methane gas at rtp needed to produce 6.6 tonnes
of hydrogen gas.
[at rtp, molar volume = 24 dm3 1 tonne = 106 g]
Give your answer in standard form.
(4)

volume of methane = .............................................................. dm3

(Total for Question 7 = 11 marks)

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 70 MARKS

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*P71952A02020*
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352
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Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number

Pearson Edexcel International GCSE (9−1)

Tuesday 13 June 2023
Morning (Time: 1 hour 15 minutes) Paper
reference 4CH1/2CR
Chemistry  

UNIT: 4CH1
PAPER: 2CR

You must have: Total Marks

Calculator, ruler

Instructions
•• Use black ink or ball‑point pen.
If pencil is used for diagrams/sketches/graphs it must be dark (HB or B).
• Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
centre number and candidate number.
•• Answer all questions.
Answer the questions in the spaces provided
– there may be more space than you need.
• Show all the steps in any calculations and state the units.
Information
•• The total mark for this paper is 70.
The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.

P71953A
©2023 Pearson Education Ltd.
N:1/1/
*P71953A0124*
353
2
The Periodic Table of the Elements
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0
1 4
H He
hydrogen helium

Key 1 2

7 9 relative atomic mass 11 12 14 16 19 20

Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
3 4 atomic (proton) number 5 6 7 8 9 10

23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

354
85 88 89 91 93 96 [98] 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

*P71953A0224*
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

* The lanthanoids (atomic numbers 58–71) and the actinoids (atomic numbers 90–103) have been omitted.

The relative atomic masses of copper and chlorine have not been rounded to the nearest whole number.

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3
*P71953A0324*
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355
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Answer ALL questions.
Some questions must be answered with a cross in a box . If you change your mind about an

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answer, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with a cross .
1 (a) The table lists three subatomic particles.
Complete the table by giving the missing information.
(2)

Subatomic particle Relative mass Relative charge

proton +1

neutron

electron 0.0005

(b) The diagram shows the position of some elements in the Periodic Table.

Be F

Use the Periodic Table on page 2 to help you answer this question.
(i) How are elements arranged in the Periodic Table?
(1)
A increasing atomic number
B increasing melting point
C increasing reactivity
D increasing relative atomic mass

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(ii) Which statement is correct about the position of phosphorus, P, in the
Periodic Table?
(1)
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A Group 2 and Period 5

B Group 3 and Period 5

C Group 5 and Period 2

D Group 5 and Period 3

(iii) Explain which of the four elements in the diagram is least reactive.
(2)

(Total for Question 1 = 6 marks)

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2 The table gives some information about the halogens, fluorine, chlorine, bromine
and iodine.

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Physical state at Colour of dilute aqueous
Halogen Colour
room temperature solution of halogen

fluorine gas colourless

chlorine gas green colourless

bromine red‑brown orange

iodine solid grey brown

(a) Complete the table by giving the missing information.

(2)

(b) Describe a test to show that a colourless liquid is an alkene.

(2)

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(c) A student is given an aqueous solution of chlorine and an aqueous solution of
sodium iodide.
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The student mixes the two solutions.

Explain the colour change that occurs.
(3)

(Total for Question 2 = 7 marks)

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3 (a) The box gives the names of some metals.

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aluminium calcium gold magnesium silver zinc

Use words from the box to answer these questions.

(i) Identify the metal that burns with a bright white flame.
(1)

(ii) Explain which metal is most likely to be found in the Earth as an

uncombined element.
(2)

(b) Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon.

The diagram shows how the particles are arranged in steel.

iron atom

carbon atom

(i) State what is meant by the term alloy.

(1)

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(ii) Explain why an alloy is less malleable than a pure metal.
(2)
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(Total for Question 3 = 6 marks)

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4 (a) The diagram shows a fractionating column used to separate crude oil
into fractions.

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refinery gases

gasoline

kerosene

diesel

crude oil fuel oil

bitumen

(i) Give one use for refinery gases and one use for bitumen.
(2)
refinery gases

bitumen

(ii) Give a reason why refinery gases rise to the top of the column.
(1)

(iii) State what must happen to the crude oil before it is pumped into the column.
(1)

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(b) There is a low demand for some of the hydrocarbons obtained from crude oil.
Catalytic cracking can be used to convert low‑demand hydrocarbons into more
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useful products.
(i) Give the conditions needed for cracking.
(2)

(ii) The cracking of tetradecane is shown in the equation.

C14H30 → 2C3H6 + C8H18

Explain why there is a high demand for both of the products.

(3)

(Total for Question 4 = 9 marks)

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5 This question is about the insoluble salt, lead(II) bromide.
Lead(II) bromide can be made by a precipitation reaction.

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This is the equation for the reaction.

Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KBr(aq) → PbBr2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)

(a) Describe how solutions of lead nitrate and potassium bromide can be used to
make a pure, dry sample of lead(II) bromide.
(4)

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(b) A solution containing 0.150 mol of lead(II) nitrate is reacted with an excess of
potassium bromide solution.
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A mass of 49.6 g of pure, dry lead(II) bromide is produced.

Show, by calculation, that the percentage yield of lead(II) bromide is 90.1%.
[for PbBr2 , Mr = 367]
(2)

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(c) A student investigates the change in electrical conductivity as dilute
lead(II) nitrate solution is added to dilute potassium bromide solution.

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This is the student’s method.
Step 1 add 50 cm3 of potassium bromide solution to a beaker
Step 2 measure the electrical conductivity of the solution
Step 3 add 10 cm3 of lead(II) nitrate solution to the beaker
Step 4 stir the mixture
Step 5 measure the electrical conductivity of the mixture
Repeat steps 3, 4 and 5 until a total of 50 cm3 of lead(II) nitrate solution has

been added.
The table shows the student’s results.

Total volume of lead(II) nitrate Electrical conductivity

solution added in cm3 in arbitrary units

0 10.00

10 9.80

20 9.77

30 9.40

40 9.20

50 9.00

(i) Plot the student’s results on the grid.

(1)

(ii) Draw a line of best fit, ignoring the anomalous result.

(1)

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10.00
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9.80

9.60
Electrical
conductivity
in arbitrary units
9.40

9.20

9.00
0 10 20 30 40 50
Total volume of lead(II) nitrate in cm3

(iii) Explain the shape of the graph.

(2)

(iv) Suggest a mistake the student could have made to cause the
anomalous result.
(1)

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15
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(v) Further 10 cm3 volumes of lead(II) nitrate are added to the beaker so the
lead(II) nitrate is in excess.

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Predict what will happen to the conductivity of the mixture when the
lead(II) nitrate is in excess.
(1)

(d) The diagram shows the electrolysis of molten lead(II) bromide, PbBr2

+ –

A B

molten lead(II) bromide crucible

This is the ionic half‑equation for the formation of bromine at electrode A.

2Br − → Br 2 + 2e−

Give a reason why this half‑equation shows oxidation.

(1)

(Total for Question 5 = 13 marks)

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6 (a) Describe the forces of attraction in metallic bonding.
(2)
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(b) When a small piece of potassium is added to water, bubbles of hydrogen gas
are observed.
(i) Give the test for hydrogen gas.
(1)

(ii) Give two other observations that would be made.

(2)

1 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(c) Explain why lithium is less reactive than potassium.

Refer to atomic structure in your answer.
(3)

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17
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(d) This is the equation for the reaction between sodium and water.

2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)

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A mass of 0.750 g of sodium is reacted with an excess of water.
Calculate the volume of hydrogen gas produced, in cm3, at room temperature.
[molar volume of hydrogen at rtp = 24 000 cm3]
[for Na, Ar = 23]
Give your answer to three significant figures.
(4)

volume of hydrogen = .............................................................. cm3

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(e) This is the equation for the reaction between sodium hydroxide and sulfuric acid.

2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O

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A volume of 25.0 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution is completely neutralised by

16.3 cm3 of 0.0500 mol / dm3 sulfuric acid.
Calculate the concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution in mol / dm3.
(3)

concentration = .............................................................. mol / dm3

(Total for Question 6 = 15 marks)

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7 Methanol is made by the reaction between hydrogen and carbon monoxide.
This is the equation for the reaction.

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2H2(g) + CO(g)  CH3OH(g) ΔH = −119 kJ / mol

A mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide is left until dynamic equilibrium

is reached.
(a) (i) Give two characteristics of a reaction at dynamic equilibrium.
(2)

1 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(ii) Give a reason why adding a catalyst does not affect the yield of methanol.
(1)

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(iii) The temperature of the reaction mixture is decreased at constant pressure.
Explain the effect of this change on the yield of methanol.
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(2)

(iv) The pressure of the reaction mixture is increased at constant temperature.

Explain the effect of this change on the yield of methanol.
(2)

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(b) This equation shows the displayed formulae for the reactants and product.

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H H
+ C O  H C O H
H H
H

The table gives the bond energies for the bonds in the reactants and product.

Bond energy
Bond
in kJ / mol

H H 436

C O 1072

C H 414

C O 358

O H 463

(i) Show that the molar enthalpy change, ΔH, for the reaction is −119 kJ / mol.
(3)

(ii) Explain why this reaction is exothermic.

(2)

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(c) The diagram shows the displayed formula of an ester that is made from methanol
and a carboxylic acid.
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H H
O
H C C C H

O C H
H H C H

H H

(i) Draw a circle around the functional group of the ester.

(1)

(ii) Give the displayed formula of the carboxylic acid used to make this ester.
(1)

(Total for Question 7 = 14 marks)

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 70 MARKS

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24
Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number

Pearson Edexcel International GCSE (9–1)

Tuesday 11 June 2024
Morning (Time: 1 hour 15 minutes) Paper
reference 4CH1/2C
Chemistry  

UNIT: 4CH1
PAPER: 2C

You must have: Total Marks

Calculator, ruler

Instructions
• Use black ink or ball‑point pen.
• centrethe
Fill in boxes at the top of this page with your name,
number and candidate number.
• Answer all questions.
• – there may questions
Answer the in the spaces provided
be more space than you need.
• Show all the steps in any calculations and state the units.

Information
• The total mark for this paper is 70.
• – usemarks
The for each question are shown in brackets
this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.

P75822A
©2024 Pearson Education Ltd.
F:1/1/1/1/
*P75822A0120*
377
2
The Periodic Table of the Elements
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0
1 4
H He
hydrogen helium

Key 1 2

7 9 relative atomic mass 11 12 14 16 19 20

Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
3 4 atomic (proton) number 5 6 7 8 9 10

23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

378
85 88 89 91 93 96 [98] 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

*P75822A0220*
[223] [226] [227] [261] [262] [266] [264] [277] [268] [271] [272]
Fr Ra Ac* Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Elements with atomic numbers 112–116 have been reported but not fully
francium radium actinium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium
authenticated
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111

* The lanthanoids (atomic numbers 58–71) and the actinoids (atomic numbers 90–103) have been omitted.

The relative atomic masses of copper and chlorine have not been rounded to the nearest whole number.

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3
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379
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Answer ALL questions.

Some questions must be answered with a cross in a box . If you change your mind about an

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answer, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with a cross .

1 Use the Periodic Table to answer these questions.

(a) (i) Give the name of the element with atomic number 16
(1)

(ii) Give the name of the element with relative atomic mass 9
(1)

(iii) Give the name of the element in Group 3 and Period 2

(1)

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(iv) Give the electronic configuration of an atom of silicon.

(1)

(b) Explain, in terms of electron configuration, why sodium is more reactive

than lithium.
(3)

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(Total for Question 1 = 7 marks)

380
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2 Structures made of iron can rust.
(a) (i) Name the two substances that cause iron to rust.
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(2)

1 ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(ii) State a barrier method that prevents rusting.

(1)

(b) Explain how sacrificial protection prevents the rusting of iron.

(2)

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(Total for Question 2 = 5 marks)

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3 The diagram shows the separation of crude oil into fractions.

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gasoline

kerosene

diesel

fuel oil
crude oil

(a) Give the name of fraction A and the name of fraction F.

(2)
fraction A

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fraction F

(b) One of the fractions is kerosene.

(i) Give one use of kerosene.
(1)

(ii) Describe how kerosene can be obtained from crude oil.

(3)

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....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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(c) Catalytic cracking is a process used to break down fractions containing
long‑chain molecules.
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(i) Give the name of the catalyst and the temperature used for catalytic cracking.
(2)
catalyst

temperature

(ii) Explain why catalytic cracking is useful.

(3)

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(Total for Question 3 = 11 marks)

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4 The table shows the maximum mass of potassium nitrate (KNO3) and the
maximum mass of sodium nitrate (NaNO3) that dissolves in 25 cm3 of water at
different temperatures.

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Temperature in °C 10 25 40 60 75

Mass of potassium nitrate in g 5 10 16 28 39

Mass of sodium nitrate in g 21 23 26 31 35

(a) (i) Plot the data for potassium nitrate and for sodium nitrate on the grid.
(2)
(ii) Draw and label a curve of best fit for KNO3 and for NaNO3
(2)
45

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25
Mass of
solute in g
20

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0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Temperature in °C
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(b) The graph shows the temperature at which the maximum mass dissolved is the
same for each solute.
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Determine this temperature.

(1)

temperature = .............................................................. °C

(c) Use your graph to calculate the solubility, in g per 100 g of water, of
sodium nitrate at 30 °C.
[1.0 cm3 of water has a mass of 1.0 g]
(2)
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solubility of sodium nitrate in g per 100 g of water = ..............................................................

(d) 25 cm3 of a saturated solution of potassium nitrate is cooled from 50 °C to 20 °C.

Use your graph to determine the mass, in grams, of potassium nitrate
that crystallises.
Show your working on the graph.
(3)
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mass = .............................................................. g
(Total for Question 4 = 10 marks)

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5 Methanol, CH3OH, is the first member of the homologous series of alcohols.
(a) Give two characteristics of a homologous series.

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(2)

1 ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(b) Methanol is heated with potassium dichromate(VI) and one other reagent.
The methanol is oxidised to methanoic acid, HCOOH

(i) Give the formula of the other reagent.

(1)

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(ii) Give the colour change that occurs during the reaction.
(2)
from ............................................................................................ to ............................................................................................

(iii) Draw the displayed formula for methanol and for methanoic acid in the boxes.
(2)

methanol methanoic acid

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(c) Methanol reacts with methanoic acid to form an ester.
Complete the equation for this reaction.
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(1)

CH3OH + HCOOH → .............................................................. + ..............................................................

(d) The structural formula of an ester is CH3COOCH2CH2CH2CH3

(i) What is the name of this ester?

(1)
A butyl ethanoate
B butyl methanoate
C ethyl butanoate
D methyl butanoate

(ii) Deduce the molecular formula of this ester.

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(1)

(Total for Question 5 = 10 marks)

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11
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12
6 A scientist reacts lead(II) nitrate solution with sodium bromide solution.
This is the equation for the reaction.
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Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaBr(aq) → PbBr2(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)

(a) Describe how the scientist could obtain a pure dry sample of
lead(II) bromide (PbBr2) from the reaction mixture.
(3)

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(b) The scientist reacts an excess of lead(II) nitrate solution with 25 cm3 of
sodium bromide solution of concentration 2.0 mol/dm3.
(i) Show that the amount of sodium bromide used is 0.050 mol.
(1)

(ii) Show that the maximum theoretical mass of lead(II) bromide is

approximately 9 g.
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[for PbBr2 Mr = 367]

(2)

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(c) The scientist electrolyses molten lead(II) bromide using this apparatus.

+ –

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positive electrode
negative electrode

molten lead(II) bromide crucible

(i) Explain why lead(II) bromide needs to be molten rather than solid for
electrolysis to occur.
(3)

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(ii) The electrolyte is at a temperature of 400 °C.

Explain a suitable material for the electrodes.
(2)

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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*P75822A01420* 
(iii) Give the half‑equation that occurs at the negative electrode.
(1)
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(d) Bromine forms at the positive electrode.

This is the half‑equation for the reaction at the positive electrode.

2Br– → Br2 + 2e–

(i) State what is observed at the positive electrode.

(1)

(ii) State why the half‑equation represents an oxidation reaction.

(1)
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(Total for Question 6 = 14 marks)

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7 This question is about hydrogen chloride (HCl).

Hydrogen chloride is a covalent compound.

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(a) State, in terms of electrostatic attraction, what is meant by a covalent bond.
(2)

(b) When hydrogen chloride gas is dissolved in an organic solvent, the

hydrogen chloride remains a covalent molecule.

When hydrogen chloride gas is dissolved in water, ions are formed.

Explain what happens when dry blue litmus paper is dipped into separate

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samples of each solution.
(4)

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*P75822A01620* 
(c) In the presence of ultraviolet radiation, hydrogen reacts with chlorine to form
hydrogen chloride.
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This is the equation for the reaction.

H2(g) + Cl2(g) → 2HCl(g)

The table shows the bond energies.

Bond H H Cl Cl H Cl

Bond energy in kJ/mol 436 242 431

(i) Calculate the enthalpy change (ΔH), in kJ/mol, for the reaction.
Include a sign in your answer.
(3)
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ΔH = .............................................................. kJ/mol

(ii) Draw a reaction profile for the reaction.

Label the reactants, the products, ΔH and the activation energy (Ea ).
(4)
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energy

(Total for Question 7 = 13 marks)

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 70 MARKS

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394
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395
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396
20
Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number

Pearson Edexcel International GCSE (9–1)

Tuesday 11 June 2024
Morning (Time: 1 hour 15 minutes) Paper
reference 4CH1/2CR
Chemistry  

UNIT: 4CH1
PAPER: 2CR

You must have: Total Marks

Calculator, ruler

Information
• The total mark for this paper is 70.
• – usemarks
The for each question are shown in brackets
this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.

P73426A
©2024 Pearson Education Ltd.
F:1/1/1/1/1/1/
*P73426A0124*
397
2
The Periodic Table of the Elements
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0
1 4
H He
hydrogen helium

Key 1 2

7 9 relative atomic mass 11 12 14 16 19 20

Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
3 4 atomic (proton) number 5 6 7 8 9 10

23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

398
85 88 89 91 93 96 [98] 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

*P73426A0224*
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

* The lanthanoids (atomic numbers 58–71) and the actinoids (atomic numbers 90–103) have been omitted.

The relative atomic masses of copper and chlorine have not been rounded to the nearest whole number.

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3
*P73426A0324*
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399
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Answer ALL questions.
Some questions must be answered with a cross in a box . If you change your mind about an

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answer, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with a cross .
1 This question is about sulfur.
(a) The diagram represents the electronic configuration of an atom of sulfur.

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(i) Which period of the Periodic Table contains sulfur?
(1)
A 2
B 3
C 4
D 6

(ii) What is the charge on a sulfide ion?

(1)
A 1+
B 2+
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C 1–
D 2–

400
4
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(b) When a mixture of sulfur and zinc is heated to a high temperature a reaction
occurs, forming the compound zinc sulfide, ZnS
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(i) Give a reason why the mixture of sulfur and zinc needs heating before a
reaction occurs.
(1)

(ii) Calculate the relative formula mass (Mr) of zinc sulfide.

[for Zn, Ar = 65 for S, Ar = 32]
(1)

Mr = ..............................................................
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(Total for Question 1 = 4 marks)

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401
5
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2 (a) The diagram represents an atom of an element.

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+ +
+
W +

(i) What is the name of the particle labelled W?

(1)

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A electron
B ion

C neutron
D proton

(ii) What is the mass number of this atom?

(1)
A 4
B 5
C 9
D 13

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402
6
*P73426A0624* 
(b) These are the symbols for the two isotopes of lithium.
6 7
Li Li
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3 3

(i) In terms of sub-atomic particles, give one similarity and one difference
between the two isotopes.
(2)
similarity

difference

(ii) A sample of lithium contains 7.5% of 63Li and 92.5% of 73Li

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Calculate the relative atomic mass (Ar) of this sample of lithium.

(2)

Ar = ..............................................................
(Total for Question 2 = 6 marks)
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403
7
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3 This question is about magnesium metal and its compounds.
(a) (i) The diagram represents the structure of magnesium.

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Complete the diagram by adding the labels.
(2)

..............................................................

(ii) Explain why magnesium is malleable.

(2)

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(b) Magnesium burns in oxygen gas to form solid magnesium oxide.

(i) Complete the chemical equation for the reaction by balancing the equation
and adding the state symbols.
(2)

................ Mg(s) + O2(................ ) → ................ MgO(................ )

(ii) Give a reason why magnesium is oxidised in this reaction.

(1)

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(c) A student uses this method to make a solution of magnesium chloride.
Step 1 measure 25 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid into a beaker
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Step 2 add magnesium powder a little at a time

Step 3 keep adding magnesium powder until it is in excess
Step 4 remove the excess magnesium powder by filtration

This is the equation for the reaction.

Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)

(i) Give a reason why the student uses magnesium powder rather than
magnesium ribbon.
(1)

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(ii) Give a reason why the student adds an excess of magnesium in step 3.
(1)

(iii) Calculate the minimum mass of magnesium needed to react with

25.0 cm3 of 2.00 mol / dm3 hydrochloric acid.
[for Mg, Ar = 24]
(3)
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mass = .............................................................. g
(Total for Question 3 = 12 marks)

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4 This question is about the manufacture of ethanol by the fermentation of glucose.
(a) Fermentation needs to be done in the absence of air.

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Give two other conditions needed for fermentation.
(2)

1 ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

2 ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(b) Explain why fermentation needs to be done in the absence of air.
(2)

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C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2..............................................................

(ii) A mixture containing 500 mol of glucose is fermented.

A mass of 5750 g of ethanol is obtained.
Calculate the percentage yield.
[for ethanol, Mr = 46]
(3)

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percentage yield = .............................................................. %

(Total for Question 4 = 8 marks)

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5 Sodium sulfate can be prepared by the reaction between sodium hydroxide solution
and sodium hydrogensulfate (NaHSO4) solution.

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This is the equation for the reaction.

NaOH(aq) + NaHSO4(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + H2O(l)

Sodium hydrogensulfate solution is acidic.

A student adds 25.0 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution to a conical flask and adds
two drops of indicator.
The student does a titration.
(a) (i) Name a piece of apparatus that should be used to add
25.0 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution to the conical flask.
(1)

(ii) Describe the method the student should use to find the accurate
volume of sodium hydrogensulfate solution needed to neutralise the

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25.0 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution.
(5)

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(b) The student repeats the titration without the indicator and forms a solution of
sodium sulfate.
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Describe how the student can obtain pure, dry crystals of hydrated sodium sulfate
from the solution.
(4)

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(c) Crystals of hydrated sodium sulfate decompose when heated.
This is the equation for the decomposition.

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Na2SO4.xH2O → Na2SO4 + xH2O

A student uses this apparatus to find the value of x.

hydrated sodium sulfate

heat

ice water

The student heats the crystals until the decomposition is complete.

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The table shows the student’s results.

mass of empty test tube in g 25.12

mass of test tube and Na2SO4.xH2O in g 31.56

mass of test tube and Na2SO4 in g 27.96

Use the results to calculate the value of x.

[for Na2SO4 , Mr = 142 for H2O, Mr = 18]
(4)

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value of x = ..............................................................
(Total for Question 5 = 14 marks)

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6 This question is about electrolysis.
(a) This apparatus is used to collect the gases produced when an electric current

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passes through dilute sulfuric acid.

dilute sulfuric acid

oxygen

hydrogen

inert electrode inert electrode

+ –

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power

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supply

(i) Name a suitable material for the inert electrodes.

(1)

(ii) Give a test to show that the gas produced at the positive electrode is oxygen.
(1)

(iii) Give a test to show that the gas produced at the negative electrode
is hydrogen.
(1)
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(iv) Give an ionic half-equation for the formation of hydrogen at the
negative electrode.
(1)
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(v) The oxygen gas in the tube has a volume of 17.8 cm3 at rtp.
Calculate the mass, in grams, of oxygen gas in the tube.
Give your answer to 3 significant figures.
[for O2 at rtp, molar volume = 24 000 cm3]
(3)
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mass of oxygen = .............................................................. g

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(b) This apparatus is used to electrolyse a concentrated solution of sodium chloride.

chlorine

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hydrogen

concentrated solution
of sodium chloride

– power +
supply

(i) Give a reason why sodium chloride solution conducts electricity.

(1)

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(ii) The positive ions in the solution are H+ and Na+.

Give a reason why hydrogen forms at the negative electrode rather
than sodium.
(1)

(iii) A sample of the solution is taken from near the negative electrode.
The sample is tested with universal indicator.
Explain the final colour of the universal indicator.
(2)

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(Total for Question 6 = 11 marks)

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7 Gaseous ethanol is manufactured by reacting ethene gas with steam.
This is the equation for the reaction.
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C2H4(g) + H2O(g)  C2H5OH(g)

(a) (i) The pressure on an equilibrium mixture of the three gases is decreased. All the
other conditions are kept the same.
Predict the effect of this change on the yield of ethanol at equilibrium, giving
a reason for your answer.
(2)

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(ii) Predict the effect of adding a catalyst on the yield of ethanol at equilibrium,
giving a reason for your answer.
(2)

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(b) The equation shows the displayed formulae for the reactants and products.
H H

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H H O
C C +  H C C O H
H H H H
H H

The table gives the bond energies.

Bond Bond energy in kJ / mol

C H 414

C C 614

O H 463

C C 346

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C O 358

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(i) Using the data in the table and the equation, show that the enthalpy change,
ΔH , is approximately –40 kJ / mol.
(3)

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(ii) Explain, in terms of bonds broken and bonds made, why this reaction
is exothermic.
(2)

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(iii) Draw an energy level diagram for the reaction between ethene and steam.
Label the enthalpy change, ΔH .
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(3)

Energy
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(c) Ethanoic acid reacts with ethanol to form ester A and water.
(i) Complete the equation by adding the displayed formula of ester A.
(2)

H O
O
H C C
H H
H O H

+  +

H H

H C C O H
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H H

ester A

(ii) Give the name of ester A.

(1)

(Total for Question 7 = 15 marks)

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 70 MARKS

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Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number

Pearson Edexcel International GCSE

Monday 18 November 2024
Morning (Time: 1 hour 15 minutes) Paper
reference 4CH1/2C
Chemistry  

UNIT: 4CH1
PAPER: 2C

You must have: Total Marks

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Answer ALL questions.
Some questions must be answered with a cross in a box . If you change your mind about an

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answer, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with a cross .
1 The table shows the composition of five species that are either atoms or ions.

Species Number of protons Number of neutrons Number of electrons

A 1 0 1

B 3 3 3

C 3 4 3

D 9 10 10

E 13 14 13

(a) Use the table to answer these questions.

You may use each letter once, more than once, or not at all.
(i) Give the letter of the species that is a negative ion.
(1)

(ii) Give the letter of the species that has a full outer shell of electrons.
(1)

(iii) Give the letter of the species that has an atomic number equal to its
mass number.
(1)

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(b) Explain why species B and C are atoms of the same element with identical
chemical properties.
(2)
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(c) A proton has a mass of 1.6726 × 10–24 g.

A neutron has a mass of 1.6740 × 10–24 g.
Calculate the mass, in grams, of the nucleus of an atom of species C.
(2)

mass = .............................................................. g
(Total for Question 1 = 7 marks)

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2 This question is about metals and metal compounds.
(a) All metals are malleable and good conductors of electricity.

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The diagram shows the structure of a metal.

+ + + + +
metal ion
+ + + + electron

+ + + + +

(i) Explain why metals are malleable.

(2)

(ii) Explain why metals are good conductors of electricity.

(2)

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(b) Two methods of obtaining a metal from a compound are electrolysis and
extraction using carbon.
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Explain, without giving practical details, which method is most suitable for
extracting iron from iron(III) oxide.
(2)

(c) A student has a solution of iron(II) sulfate and a solution of iron(III) sulfate.
Describe a chemical test the student could use to identify which solution is
iron(II) sulfate.
(2)

(Total for Question 2 = 8 marks)

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3 A teacher uses this apparatus to separate a mixture of ethanol and water.

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X

water out
Y

water in

flask Z

mixture of ethanol
and water

heat

(a) Give the name of this method of separation.

(1)
A chromatography
B crystallisation
C filtration
D fractional distillation

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(b) Name the pieces of apparatus labelled X, Y and Z.
(3)
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Y ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(Total for Question 3 = 6 marks)

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4 A teacher adds a small piece of lithium to water and collects the gas produced.
(a) (i) Give two observations when lithium is added to water.

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(2)

1 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(ii) The teacher adds a few drops of universal indicator to the solution at the end
of the reaction.
Explain the final colour of the universal indicator.
(2)

(b) This is the equation for the reaction between lithium and water.

2Li(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2LiOH(aq) + H2(g)

The teacher collects 550 cm3 of hydrogen at rtp.

Calculate the mass, in grams, of lithium that the teacher added to the water.
[one mole of gas at rtp has a volume of 24 000 cm3]
[for lithium, Ar = 7]
[for carbon Ar = 12 for hydrogen, Ar = 1 for oxygen Ar = 16]
(3)

mass = .............................................................. g
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(c) The teacher then adds a small piece of potassium to water.
(i) Give one observation seen with potassium that is not seen with lithium.
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(1)

(ii) Explain why potassium is more reactive than lithium.

Refer to atomic structure in your answer.
(3)

(Total for Question 4 = 11 marks)

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5 A student does some titrations to find the volume of dilute nitric acid needed to
exactly neutralise 25.0 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution.

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This is the student’s method.
Step 1 add 25.0 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution to a conical flask
Step 2 add three drops of methyl orange indicator
Step 3 fill a burette with the acid
Step 4 add acid from the burette until the indicator changes colour
Step 5 record the volume of acid added
(a) (i) Give the name of the apparatus that the student should use to measure the
volume of sodium hydroxide solution in step 1.
(1)

(ii) Give the colour change seen in step 4.

(1)

(iii) Give a reason why the student does not use universal indicator in this titration.
(1)

(b) The student completes a rough titration and four accurate titrations.
The diagram shows the burette readings from the rough titration.

Start End

2 23

3 24

4 25

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The table shows the student’s results.
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Rough
Titration 1 Titration 2 Titration 3 Titration 4
titration
Burette reading
21.80 22.85 21.75 24.10
at end in cm3
Burette reading
0.50 0.15 0.25 0.10
at start in cm3
Volume added
21.30 22.70 21.50 24.00
in cm3

(i) Complete the table by adding the results from the rough titration.
Record the volumes to the nearest 0.05 cm3
(2)

(ii) Concordant results are results within 0.20 cm3 of each other.
Use the concordant results from the table to calculate the mean volume of
acid added.
(3)

mean volume of acid = .............................................................. cm3

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(c) This is the equation for the reaction between dilute nitric acid and
sodium hydroxide solution.

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HNO3(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaNO3(aq) + H2O(l)

After the titration, the student knows the volume of acid needed to neutralise
25.0 cm3 of the sodium hydroxide solution.
Sodium nitrate decomposes at high temperatures.
Describe how the student could obtain pure, dry crystals of sodium nitrate from
dilute nitric acid and sodium hydroxide solution.
(5)

(Total for Question 5 = 13 marks)

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6 This question is about crude oil.
(a) Describe how crude oil is separated into fractions by fractional distillation.
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(4)

(b) Some of the long-chain alkanes obtained from fractional distillation are cracked,
producing shorter-chain alkanes and ethene.
(i) Give the conditions necessary for cracking to occur.
(2)

(ii) Explain why shorter-chain alkanes are more useful than longer-chain alkanes.
(2)

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(iii) Ethene reacts with bromine.
The equation shows the displayed formulae of the reactants and product.

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H H H H

C C + Br Br → H C C H
H H Br Br

The table shows some bond energies.

Bond Bond energy in kJ/mol

C C 612

C C 348

C H 414

Br Br 193

C Br 276

Show that the molar enthalpy change, ΔH, for this reaction is about –100 kJ/mol.
(3)

ΔH = .............................................................. kJ/mol

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(iv) Explain why the reaction between ethene and bromine is exothermic.

Refer to bond energies in your answer.
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(2)

(Total for Question 6 = 13 marks)

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7 This question is about alcohols and carboxylic acids.
(a) These are the structural formulae of alcohol A and carboxylic acid B.
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Alcohol A CH3CH2CH2OH
Carboxylic acid B CH3(CH2)nCOOH

(i) Name alcohol A.

(1)

(ii) Draw the displayed formula of alcohol A.

(1)

(iii) Carboxylic acid B has a chain of carbon atoms with no branches.

The number of CH2 units is represented by the letter n.
Calculate the value of n.
[for carboxylic acid B, Mr = 242]
(3)

n = ..............................................................
(iv) Alcohol A and carboxylic acid B react together to form an ester.
Give the other product of the reaction.
(1)

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(b) These are the structural formulae of dicarboxylic acid C and diol D.

Dicarboxylic acid C
HOOCCH2CH2COOH

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Diol D
HOCH2CH2OH

(i) This is the equation for the reaction between dicarboxylic acid C and
sodium hydroxide solution.

HOOCCH2CH2COOH + 2NaOH → NaOOCH2CH2COONa + 2H2O

25.0 cm3 of 0.150 mol/dm3 sodium hydroxide solution is completely

neutralised by 17.5 cm3 of a solution of dicarboxylic acid C.
Calculate the concentration, in mol/dm3, of the solution of dicarboxylic acid C.
Give your answer to three significant figures.
(4)

concentration = .............................................................. mol/dm3

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(ii) Dicarboxylic acid C and diol D react to form a polyester.

Draw the displayed formula of the repeat unit of this polyester.
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(2)

(Total for Question 7 = 12 marks)

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 70 MARKS

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