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Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 465
Radek Silhavy
Roman Senkerik
Zuzana Kominkova Oplatkova
Petr Silhavy
Zdenka Prokopova Editors

Software
Engineering
Perspectives and
Application in
Intelligent Systems
Proceedings of the 5th Computer
Science On-line Conference 2016
(CSOC2016), Vol 2
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing

Volume 465

Series editor
Janusz Kacprzyk, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
e-mail: [email protected]
About this Series
The series “Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing” contains publications on theory,
applications, and design methods of Intelligent Systems and Intelligent Computing. Virtually
all disciplines such as engineering, natural sciences, computer and information science, ICT,
economics, business, e-commerce, environment, healthcare, life science are covered. The list
of topics spans all the areas of modern intelligent systems and computing.
The publications within “Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing” are primarily
textbooks and proceedings of important conferences, symposia and congresses. They cover
significant recent developments in the field, both of a foundational and applicable character.
An important characteristic feature of the series is the short publication time and world-wide
distribution. This permits a rapid and broad dissemination of research results.

Advisory Board
Chairman
Nikhil R. Pal, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
e-mail: [email protected]
Members
Rafael Bello, Universidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas, Santa Clara, Cuba
e-mail: [email protected]
Emilio S. Corchado, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
e-mail: [email protected]
Hani Hagras, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
e-mail: [email protected]
László T. Kóczy, Széchenyi István University, Győr, Hungary
e-mail: [email protected]
Vladik Kreinovich, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, USA
e-mail: [email protected]
Chin-Teng Lin, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
e-mail: [email protected]
Jie Lu, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
e-mail: [email protected]
Patricia Melin, Tijuana Institute of Technology, Tijuana, Mexico
e-mail: [email protected]
Nadia Nedjah, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
e-mail: [email protected]
Ngoc Thanh Nguyen, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
e-mail: [email protected]
Jun Wang, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
e-mail: [email protected]

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11156

Radek Silhavy ⋅ Roman Senkerik
Zuzana Kominkova Oplatkova
Petr Silhavy ⋅ Zdenka Prokopova
Editors

Software Engineering
Perspectives and Application
in Intelligent Systems
Proceedings of the 5th Computer Science
On-line Conference 2016 (CSOC2016), Vol 2

123
Editors
Radek Silhavy Petr Silhavy
Faculty of Applied Informatics Faculty of Applied Informatics
Tomas Bata University in Zlín Tomas Bata University in Zlín
Zlín Zlín
Czech Republic Czech Republic

Roman Senkerik Zdenka Prokopova

Faculty of Applied Informatics Faculty of Applied Informatics
Tomas Bata University in Zlín Tomas Bata University in Zlín
Zlín Zlín
Czech Republic Czech Republic

Zuzana Kominkova Oplatkova

Faculty of Applied Informatics
Tomas Bata University in Zlín
Zlín
Czech Republic

ISSN 2194-5357 ISSN 2194-5365 (electronic)

Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing
ISBN 978-3-319-33620-6 ISBN 978-3-319-33622-0 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-33622-0

Library of Congress Control Number: 2016937380

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
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or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar
methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from
the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
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authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or
for any errors or omissions that may have been made.

Printed on acid-free paper

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The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland
Preface

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the Software Engineering

Perspectives and Application in Intelligent Systems Section of the 5th Computer
Science On-line Conference 2016 (CSOC 2016), held in April 2015.
The volume Software Engineering Perspectives and Application in Intelligent
Systems brings 42 of the accepted papers. Each of them presents new approaches
and methods to real-world problems and exploratory research that describes novel
approaches in the field of cybernetics and automation control theory.
Particular emphasis is laid on modern trends in the selected fields of interest.
New algorithms or methods in a variety of fields are also presented.
CSOC 2016 has received (all sections) 254 submissions, 136 of them were
accepted for publication. More than 60 % of all accepted submissions were received
from Europe, 20 % from Asia, 16 % from America and 4 % from Africa.
Researchers from 32 countries participated in CSOC 2016.
CSOC 2016 intends to provide an international forum for the discussion of the
latest high-quality research results in all areas related to computer science. The
addressed topics are theoretical aspects and applications of computer science,
artificial intelligence, cybernetics, automation control theory and software
engineering.
Computer Science On-line Conference is held online and broad usage of modern
communication technology improves the traditional concept of scientific confer-
ences. It brings equal opportunity to participate to all researchers around the world.
The editors believe that readers will find the proceedings interesting and useful
for their own research work.

March 2016 Radek Silhavy

Roman Senkerik
Zuzana Kominkova Oplatkova
Petr Silhavy
Zdenka Prokopova

v
Program Committee

Program Committee Chairs

Zdenka Prokopova, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Tomas Bata University in Zlín,
Faculty of Applied Informatics, email: [email protected]
Zuzana Kominkova Oplatkova, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Tomas Bata University
in Zlín, Faculty of Applied Informatics, email: [email protected]
Roman Senkerik, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Tomas Bata University in Zlín,
Faculty of Applied Informatics, email: [email protected]
Petr Silhavy, Ph.D., Senior Lecturer, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Faculty of
Applied Informatics, email: [email protected]
Radek Silhavy, Ph.D., Senior Lecturer, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Faculty of
Applied Informatics, email: [email protected]
Roman Prokop, Ph.D., Professor, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Faculty of
Applied Informatics, email: [email protected]

Program Committee Chairs for Special Sections

Intelligent Information Technology, System Monitoring and Proactive
Management of Complex Objects
Prof. Viacheslav Zelentsov, Doctor of Engineering Sciences, Chief Researcher of
St. Petersburg Institute for Informatics and Automation of Russian Academy of
Sciences (SPIIRAS)

vii
viii Program Committee

Program Committee Members

Boguslaw Cyganek, Ph.D., D.Sc., Department of Computer Science, University of
Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Krzysztof Okarma, Ph.D., D.Sc., Faculty of Electrical Engineering, West
Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland
Monika Bakosova, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Institute of Information
Engineering, Automation and Mathematics, Slovak University of Technology,
Bratislava, Slovak Republic
Pavel Vaclavek, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and
Communication, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
Miroslaw Ochodek, Ph.D., Faculty of Computing, Poznań University of
Technology, Poznań, Poland
Olga Brovkina, Ph.D., Global Change Research Centre Academy of Science of the
Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
Elarbi Badidi, Ph.D., College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates
University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Luis Alberto Morales Rosales, Head of the Master Program in Computer Science,
Superior Technological Institute of Misantla, Mexico
Mariana Lobato Baes, M.Sc., Research-Professor, Superior Technological of
Libres, Mexico
Abdessattar Chaâri, Professor, Laboratory of Sciences and Techniques of Automatic
Control and Computer engineering, University of Sfax, Tunisian Republic
Gopal Sakarkar, Shri. Ramdeobaba College of Engineering and Management,
Republic of India
V.V. Krishna Maddinala, Assistant Professor, GD Rungta College of Engineering
and Technology, Republic of India
Anand N. Khobragade, Scientist, Maharashtra Remote Sensing Applications
Centre, Republic of India
Abdallah Handoura, Assistant Professor, Computer and Communication Labora-
tory, Telecom Bretagne, France

Technical Program Committee Members

Ivo Bukovsky
Miroslaw Ochodek
Bronislav Chramcov
Eric Afful Dazie
Program Committee ix

Michal Bliznak
Donald Davendra
Radim Farana
Zuzana Kominkova Oplatkova
Martin Kotyrba
Erik Kral
David Malanik
Michal Pluhacek
Zdenka Prokopova
Martin Sysel
Roman Senkerik
Petr Silhavy
Radek Silhavy
Jiri Vojtesek
Eva Volna
Janez Brest
Ales Zamuda
Roman Prokop
Boguslaw Cyganek
Krzysztof Okarma
Monika Bakosova
Pavel Vaclavek
Olga Brovkina
Elarbi Badidi

Organizing Committee Chair

Radek Silhavy, Ph.D., Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Faculty of Applied
Informatics, e-mail: [email protected]

Conference Organizer (Production)

OpenPublish.eu s.r.o.
Web: http://www.openpublish.eu
e-mail: [email protected]

Conference Website, Call for Papers

http://www.openpublish.eu
Contents

The Effect of Nutrition Education System for Elementary School

Students in Nutrition Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Yi-Horng Lai
MATP: A Multi-agent Model for the University
Timetabling Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Houssem Eddine Nouri and Olfa Belkahla Driss
Optimized Clustering with Statistical-Based Local Model
for Replica Management in DDM over Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
M. Shahina Parveen and G. Narsimha
The MOBIKEY Keystroke Dynamics Password Database:
Benchmark Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Margit Antal and Lehel Nemes
Joint Algorithm for Traffic Normalization and Energy-Efficiency
in Cellular Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
P.T. Sowmya Naik and K.N. Narasimha Murthy
Architecture and Software Implementation of a Quantum
Computer Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Victor Potapov, Sergei Gushansky, Vyacheslav Guzik
and Maxim Polenov
MEEM: A Novel Middleware for Energy Efficiency
in Mobile Adhoc Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
P.G. Sunitha Hiremath and C.V. Guru Rao
A 3D Visualization Design and Realization of Otrokovice
in the Nineteen-thirties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Pavel Pokorný and Markéta Mazáčová

xi
xii Contents

Cost Effective Framework for Complex and Heterogeneous Data

Integration in Warehouse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
P. Amuthabala and M. Mohanapriya
Uplink Channel Performance and Implementation of Software
for Image Communication in 4G Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
N.R. Deepak and S. Balaji
A Brief Analysis of Reported Problems in the Use of Function
Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Andreia Silva, Plácido Pinheiro and Adriano Albuquerque
Task Allocation in Distributed Software Development Aided
by Verbal Decision Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Marum Simão Filho, Plácido Rogério Pinheiro
and Adriano Bessa Albuquerque
Application of Evolutionary Algorithm in Supply Chain
Management for Internet Marketing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Sayed Sayeed Ahmad, Manuj Darbari and Harsh Purohit
Intelligent Mechanism for Cloud Federation and Requirements
Changes Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Nassima Bouchareb, Nacer Eddine Zarour and Samir Aknine
Comparison of the Intrusion Detection System Rules in Relation
with the SCADA Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Jan Vávra and Martin Hromada
An Optimization Scheduler in the Intranet Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Petr Lukasik and Martin Sysel
A Hybrid Clustering Metric-Based Algorithm for Wireless
Sensor Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Bo Dong and Xue Wang
On Robust Computation of Tensor Classifiers
Based on the Higher-Order Singular Value Decomposition . . . . . . . . . 193
Bogusław Cyganek and Michał Woźniak
Model Checking Mutual Exclusion Algorithms Using UPPAAL . . . . . . . 203
Franco Cicirelli, Libero Nigro and Paolo F. Sciammarella
Software Usability Evaluation Based on the User Pinpoint Activity
Heat Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Nikita Danilov, Tatiana Shulga, Natalya Frolova, Nina Melnikova,
Nataliia Vagarina and Elena Pchelintseva
Contents xiii

Inflated Power Iteration Clustering Algorithm to Optimize

Convergence Using Lagrangian Constraint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Jayalatchumy Dhanapal and Thambidurai Perumal
Virtualization of Operating System Using Type-2 Hypervisor . . . . . . . 239
Jiri Vojtesek and Martin Pipis
A New Game-Theoretical Approach in Network Routing:
Algorithms and Their Performance Analysis in OMNeT++ . . . . . . . . 249
Serap Ergün and Tuncay Aydoğan
Using Analytical Programming for Software Effort Estimation . . . . . . 261
Tomas Urbanek, Zdenka Prokopova, Radek Silhavy and Ales Kuncar
Intra-frame Prediction Mode Decision for Efficient Compression
and Signal Quality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
N.S. Pradeep Kumar and H.N. Suresh
Multidimensional Design of OLAP System for Context-Aware
Analysis in the Ambient Intelligence Environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Jan Tyrychtr, Martin Pelikán, Hana Štiková and Ivan Vrana
A Process for Creating the Elicitation Guide of Non-functional
Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Andreia Silva, Plácido Pinheiro, Adriano Albuquerque
and Jônatas Barroso
A Data-Centric Algorithm for Identifying Use Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Erki Eessaar
Algorithm to Balance Compression and Signal Quality
Using Novel Compressive Sensing in Medical Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
M. Lakshminarayana and Mrinal Sarvagya
Application of Virtualization Technology for Implementing
Smart House Control Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Maxim Polenov, Andrey Kostyuk, Evgenia Muntyan,
Vyacheslav Guzik and Vladislav Lukyanov
Utilization of Motion Animation for Analysis of Basic Self-defense
Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Dora Lapkova, Lukas Kralik, Zuzana Oplatkova Kominkova
and Milan Adamek
EMG Analysis for Basic Self-defense Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Dora Lapkova, Lukas Kralik and Milan Adamek
Proposal of the Web Application for Selection of Suitable
Job Applicants Using Expert System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Bogdan Walek, Ondrej Pektor and Radim Farana
xiv Contents

Technique of Selecting Multiversion Software System Structure

with Minimum Simultaneous Module Version Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
Denis V. Gruzenkin, Roman Yu. Tsarev and Alexander N. Pupkov
Expressing Pre-, Post-conditions, Attributes and Business
Constraints in Artifact-Centric Business Processes Using Object
Role Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
Quân Nguyen-Le and Lam-Son Lê
SPAM Detection: Naïve Bayesian Classification
and RPN Expression-Based LGP Approaches Compared . . . . . . . . . . 399
Clyde Meli and Zuzana Kominkova Oplatkova
An Agile Approach to Improve Process-Oriented Software
Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
Adriana Herden, Pedro Porfirio Muniz Farias
and Adriano Bessa Albuquerque
Ad-Hoc Routing Protocols Comparison Using Open-Source
Simulation Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
Tomas Sochor and Tomas Gatek
Discrete Event Simulation of Loading Unloading Operations
in a Specific Intermodal Transportation Context. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
Ezzeddine Fatnassi and Jouhaina Chaouachi
Parallelization of Fuzzy Logic Analysis for Pattern Recognition . . . . . . 445
M. Hires, H. Habiballa and V. Novak
Performance Management Using Autonomous Control-Based
Distributed Coordination Approach in a Volunteer Grid
Computing Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
Saddaf Rubab, Mohd Fadzil Hassan, Ahmad Kamil Mahmood
and Syed Nasir Mehmood Shah
Intelligent Speech Interaction of Devices and Human Operators . . . . . 471
Maciej Majewski and Wojciech Kacalak
Erratum to: Expressing Pre-, Post-conditions, Attributes
and Business Constraints in Artifact-Centric Business Processes
Using Object Role Modeling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E1
Quân Nguyen-Le and Lam-Son Lê

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483

The Effect of Nutrition Education System
for Elementary School Students
in Nutrition Knowledge

Yi-Horng Lai

Abstract The purpose of this study is to introduce the graphic presentation food
safety and sanitation learning system with parent participation in element school’s
health and physical education curriculum. The students were divided into four
groups: control group, control group with parent participation, learning system
group, and learning system group with parent participation. There were three extra
variables in this study: learning system, parent participation, and gender. The
research data (three exams scores) was obtained before the course, in the middle of
the course, and at the end of the course. The results indicate that, first, the estimate
of slope of learning system is significantly correlated with parent participation;
second, male elementary school students and female elementary school students
were similar in the growth rate between each time points; third, the relationship
between the initial exam score and the following two exam scores were not sig-
nificant. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the use of learning system
and parent participation were helpful for elementary school students to acquire food
safety and sanitation knowledge in the health and physical education curriculum.

Keywords Computer-assisted instruction (CAI) ⋅ Parent participation ⋅ Nutrition

⋅
knowledge Latent growth model

1 Introduction

Schools play an important role in students’ health promotion and disease preven-
tion. Since elementary school students tend to form their health knowledge, atti-
tudes and behavior through school education, it is important for schools to deliver
effective health program. [1].

Y.-H. Lai (✉)

Department of Health Care Administration, Oriental Institute of Technology,
New Taipei City, Taiwan
e-mail: [email protected]

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 1

R. Silhavy et al. (eds.), Software Engineering Perspectives and Application
in Intelligent Systems, Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 465,
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-33622-0_1
2 Y.-H. Lai

In 2000, Taiwan’s Ministry of Education implemented the Nine-Year Integrated

Course, and “Health and Sports” is one of the main fields of study. The integration
of information technology is a new learning tool for food safety and sanitation,
which is an important part of health education.
Computer tailored food safety and sanitation education may be more effective
than traditional food safety and sanitation education because messages are tailored
to individual behavior, needs and beliefs. Therefore, the messages are more capable
of targeting at individuals and may have stronger motivational effects. Computer
tailored food safety and sanitation education has been studied for different dietary
behaviours, in different target populations, and in different settings. In recent years,
studies [2−4] that assessed the effects of interactive technology in food safety and
sanitation education were based on the behavior change theory. Computer tailored
food safety and sanitation education is more likely to be read, remembered, and
experienced as it is more personally relevant compared to standard materials.
Furthermore, the computer tailored food safety and sanitation education also
appears to have a greater effect in motivating people to change their diet, their fat
intake in particular, although at present no definite conclusions can be drawn.
The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of the graphic presentation
food safety and sanitation education informatics network (Computer Assist
Instruction; CAI) with parent participation in elementary school’s health and
physical education curriculum.

1.1 The Information Technology and Nutrition Education

Computer tailored food safety and sanitation education is an innovative and

promising tool to motivate people to make healthy dietary changes. It provides
respondents with individualized feedback about their dietary behaviors, motiva-
tions, attitudes, norms, and skills and mimics the process of person-to-person
dietary counselling. The available evidence indicates that computer tailored food
safety and sanitation education is more effective in motivating people to make
dietary changes than the traditional food safety and sanitation information, espe-
cially for reduction of dietary fat. The effectiveness of computer tailoring has been
attributed to the fact that individualized feedback commands greater attention, is
processed more intensively, contains less redundant information, and is appreciated
better than more general intervention materials. Interactive technology offers good
opportunities for the application of computer tailored food safety and sanitation
education, and some studies of web-based computer tailoring have shown
promising results. [5].
The results of Oenema, Brug, and Lechner’s study [6] indicated that interactive,
web-based computer-tailored food safety and sanitation education can lead to
changes in determinants of behaviour. Food safety and sanitation educators are
encouraged to explore the opportunities and challenges of these new technologies to
The Effect of Nutrition Education System for Elementary School … 3

enhance their work [7]. Brug, Steenhuis, Assema, and Vries’s study [2] pointed out
that computer-tailored food safety and sanitation information is a promising means
of stimulating people to change their diet toward dietary recommendations.
Bensley, Anderson, Brusk, Mercer, and Rivas’s study [8] claimed that Internet
food safety and sanitation education was a viable alternative to traditional food
safety and sanitation education for increasing fruit and vegetable consumption in
some women, infants, and children clients. Besides, food safety and sanitation
education through the telehealth service resulted in positive effects on the risk
factors for metabolic syndrome, nutrient intake, and dietary habits [3]. In Tyro-
volasa, Tountasb, Polychronopoulosa, and Panagiotakos’s study [4], active food
safety and sanitation policy and enhancement of food safety and sanitation services
within the public health care system can contribute to improved health and quality
of life among older populations. The food guidance system provides the basis for
the food guidance presented in the American Red Cross food safety and sanitation
course, “Better Eating for Better Health”, and in “Dietary Guidelines and Your
Diet”, which is a series of bulletins developed by USDA to help consumers use the
Dietary Guidelines [9].

1.2 The Parent Participation and Nutrition Education

Niemeiera, Hektnerb, and Enger’s study [10] mentioned that weigh-related health
interventions with parent participation could more effectively reduce body mass
indexes of child and adolescent participants. In addition, longer interventions that
include parent participation appear to have greater success. Suggestions for future
research and related interventions are provided. Parents who participated in the
intervention increased the scores on the nutrition knowledge test, and there also was
a significant association between degree of family involvement, higher grain
servings, and lower cholesterol intake [11].

2 Methods

The sample of this study was students of an elementary school in Taiwan. The
participants came from four classes, and they were assigned in four groups
respectively. The four groups were: control group, control group with parent par-
ticipation, learning system group, and learning system group with parent partici-
pation. The research framework is shown in Fig. 1.
The Latent Growth Model of this study is illustrated in Fig. 2. Learning system
group was the group (class) that applied the graphic presentation food safety and
sanitation education system in the four-week food safety and sanitation education.
4 Y.-H. Lai

Learning System

Parent Participation Nutrition Knowledge

Gender

Fig. 1 Research framework of this study

year 1 year 2 year 3

1
1 1 1 2
0

ICEPT SLOPE

Learning System Parent Participation Gender

(CAI) (PP)

Fig. 2 The latent growth model of the effect of nutrition education system for elementary school
students in nutrition knowledge

Learning system group with parent participation was the group (class) that
applied the graphic presentation food safety and sanitation education system in the
four-week food safety and sanitation education. Each parent was given a guide
book and had the access to the feedback system for this graphic presentation food
safety and sanitation education program. Students were required to do homework
with the graphic presentation food safety and sanitation education system with their
parents.
Control group was the group (class) that did the four-week food safety and
sanitation education by traditional teaching method. This group did not involve the
graphic presentation food safety and sanitation education system. Control group
The Effect of Nutrition Education System for Elementary School … 5

with parent participation was the group (class) that did the four-week food safety
and sanitation education by the traditional teaching method. Each parent was given
a guide book and the access to the feedback system. Students were required to do
food safety and sanitation education homework by the traditional method with their
parents.
The 3 exam scores (year1, year2, and year3) were obtained before the course, in
the middle of the course, and at the end of the course. The questions on the three
exams were based on the learning materials of the four-week food safety and
sanitation education of health and physical education curriculum [12].

2.1 Research Data

124 students of an elementary school participated in this study. The data of this
study was collected by Y.Y. Chu for the research: The Food Safety and Sanitation
Education Information System (Research Project ID is NSC93-2516-S-034-001).
This research was completed on July, 31, 2005. Data in this present study was
obtained from Survey Research Data Archive (SRDA) [12] (Table 1).
There were four groups in this study: control group (learning system = 0, parent
participation = 0), control group with parent participation (learning system = 0,
parent participation = 1), learning system group (learning system = 1, parent
participation = 0), and learning system group with parent participation (learning
system = 1, parent participation = 1). The 3 exam scores on nutrition knowledge
(year1, year2, and year3) were obtained at 3 time points before and after the
learning system was used.
There were three extra variables in this study: learning system, parent partici-
pation, and gender, and they were all binary variables. Learning System = 1 means
using the learning system; Learning System = 0 means not using the learning
system. Parent Participation = 1 means learning with parent participation, and
Parent Participation = 0 means learning without parent participation. Gender = 1
means male students, and Gender = 0 means female students.
There were a total of 59 female students (47.58 %) and 65 male students
(52.42 %). There were 17 male students and 14 female students in the control

Table 1 Data summarize of the research

Geographic Frequency %
Gender Female 59 47.58
Male 65 52.42
Group Control group 31 25.00
Control group with parent participation 31 25.00
Learning system group 31 25.00
Learning system group with parent participation 31 25.00
Total 124 100.00
6 Y.-H. Lai

group; there were 16 male students and 15 female students in the control group with
parent participation; there were 17 male students and 14 female students in the
learning system group; and there were 16 male students and 15 female students in
the learning system group with parent participation. Each group all had 31 students
(Table 1).

2.2 Data Analysis

The data was analysed with latent growth modelling by using the Mplus 7 software
and R 3.2.3. Latent growth modelling is a statistical technique used in the structural
equation modelling framework to estimate growth trajectory. It is a longitudinal
analysis technique to estimate growth over a period of time.
Latent Growth Model represents repeated measures of dependent variables as a
function of time and other measures. The relative standing of an individual at a
specific time point is modelled as a function of an underlying process, the parameter
values of which vary randomly across individuals. Latent Growth Curve Method-
ology can be used to investigate systematic change, or growth, and inter individual
variability in this change. A special topic of interest is the correlation among the
growth parameters, the so-called initial status and growth rate, as well as their
relation with time varying and time invariant covariates [13].

3 Results

The relationship between time points and the average of exam scores are shown in
Table 2.
As for the model fit information of this study, Chi-Square Test of model fit was
57.296 (df = 4), RMSEA was 0.328, and CFI was 0.626. The estimate of the effect
of learning system, parent participation, and gender were found in Table 3 and
Table 4. The intercepts of the estimate of use of learning system, parent partici-
pation, and gender were not different. The 4 groups (control group, control group
with parent participation, learning system group, and learning system group with
parent participation) in this study were similar at the initial time point.

Table 2 Data summarize of N Mean S.D. Low High

the scores in three time points
Time 1 124 11.63 1.07 9.00 14.00
Time 2 124 13.87 1.86 9.00 17.00
Time 3 124 13.80 1.91 10.00 17.00
The Effect of Nutrition Education System for Elementary School … 7

Table 3 Fixed and random Estimate S.E. P-value

parameter estimates for latent
growth curve of this study Intercept Mean 3.060 0.166 <0.001
Variance 0.134 0.208 0.519
Slope Mean 0.177 0.098 0.007
Variance 0.029 0.090 0.750

Table 4 The effect of Estimate S.E. P-value

learning system, parent
participation, and gender Intercept Learning system 0.183 0.169 0.279
Parent participation 0.136 0.168 0.419
Gender 0.010 0.162 0.953
Slope Learning system 0.429 0.100 <0.001
Parent participation 0.385 0.100 <0.001
Gender −0.060 0.096 0.534

The estimates of fixed and random parameter for latent growth curve of this
study were displayed in Table 3. It can be found that the estimate of intercept mean
and slope mean were 3.060 (p-value < 0.001) and 1.777 (p-value < 0.001). But the
estimate of relationship between intercept and slope was −0.004, P-Value was
0.972. The relationship between intercept and slope was not significant. It means
that the scores were higher than the previous time. Besides, no matter what the
initial score is, students could all perform better in the following exams.
Table 4 and Fig. 3 shows that the relationship between the estimate of slope of
learning system and parent participation was significant (P-value < 0.05). The
relationship between gender and slope was not significant. The estimate of slope of

Fig. 3 The result of latent growth model of the effect of nutrition education system for elementary
school students in nutrition knowledge
8 Y.-H. Lai

factor of learning system was 0.385, and the estimate of slope of factor of parent
participation was 0.429. The growth rate of each exam time was positively corre-
lated with the use of learning system and parent participation. The score of ele-
mentary school students that used food safety and sanitation education information
system was higher than those who did not use food safety and sanitation education
information system by 0.429 points in each growth time. The score of elementary
school students with participating parents was higher than those without partici-
pating parents by 0.385 points in each growth time. Male elementary school stu-
dents and female elementary school students were similar in slope (the growth rate
between each time).

4 Conclusions

In recent years, computer applications have emerged as a viable means of gathering

and disseminating food safety and sanitation information. Both stand-alone and
on-line applications are being used to provide information on in the food safety and
sanitation education for the public, paraprofessionals, and professionals. While the
use of on-line communication applications such as multimedia and electronic dis-
cussion groups are just emerging as important tools among food safety and sani-
tation educators, the exponential growth of the Internet and the World Wide Web
(WWW) are making these technologies more and more accessible. Food safety and
sanitation educators are encouraged to explore the opportunities and cope with
challenges of these new technologies to enhance their work.
The use of learning system was helpful for elementary school students to gain
more nutrition knowledge, and this result was consistent with Brug et al. [5],
Oenema et al. [6], Brug et al. [2], Park et al. [3], Tyrovolasa et al. [4]. Parent
participation was helpful for elementary school students to learn more nutrition
knowledge, and this result was the same as Niemeiera et al. [10] and Hopper et al.
[11]. Gender made no difference in the result of nutrition knowledge acquisition.
Besides, the initial score did not affect students’ subsequent performances.
Finally, the learning of nutrition knowledge will be cultivated by both of the
using of CAI (such as graphic presentation food safety and sanitation education
system) and parent participation. Teachers could enhance the result of health
education with computer learning system and parent support. CAI could be used as
assistant teaching materials of food safety and sanitation education. Students could
study with CAI on internet by themselves. CAI could reduce the time and expense
of resource actual-food practicing. Furthermore CAI can also improve learning
efficiency of school-children to achieve balance dietary behaviour.
It can be concluded that the acquisition of nutrition knowledge can be cultivated
by both CAI (such as graphic presentation food safety and sanitation education
system) and parent participation. Teachers can enhance the effectiveness of health
education with computer learning system and parent support. CAI can supplement
teaching materials of food safety, while parents’ involvement can help students to
The Effect of Nutrition Education System for Elementary School … 9

achieve better in the learning system. To sum up, this paper has found that the use
of CAI with parent participation can effectively improve the food safety and san-
itation education in elementary school.

Acknowledgments This study is based in part on data from the Survey Research Data Archive
(SRDA) provided by the Academia Sinica. The interpretation and conclusions contained herein do
not represent those of Survey Research Data Archive (SRDA) or Academia Sinica.

References

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Health. 69(1), 17–21 (1999)
2. Brug, J., Steenhuis, I., Assema, P.V., Vries, H.D.: The impact of a computer-tailored nutrition
intervention. Prev. Med. 25, 236–242 (1996)
3. Park, S.Y., Yang, Y.J., Kim, Y.: Effects of Nutrition education using a ubiquitous healthcare
(u-health) service on metabolic syndrome in male workers. Korean J. Nutr. 44(3), 231–242
(2011)
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July 2012
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MATP: A Multi-agent Model
for the University Timetabling Problem

Houssem Eddine Nouri and Olfa Belkahla Driss

Abstract This paper proposes a multi-agent model for solving the university
course timetabling problem. It is composed of cooperating agents enabling highly
distributed processing of the problem and incorporating constraints that have not
been considered by previous works. The aim of our model is to provide a best
solution satisfying hard and soft constraints while reducing temporal complexity.
To analyze the efficiency of our model, we give experimental results based on real
instances of the Higher Business School of Tunis by analyzing the variation effect
of the lecture and teacher numbers on the messages number and the CPU execution
time, and the variation effect of the assignment priority score on the percentage of
teacher’s preferences satisfaction.

Keywords University course timetabling problem ⋅ Multi-agent system ⋅

Negotiation ⋅
Messaging exchange system

1 Introduction

The timetabling problem is an instance of the personal scheduling problems which

has become more diffused in our real life. It is well known as an NP-complete
problem. This problem is pervasive in all practical aspects of modern society. It
plays a very important role in many types of organizations such as hospitals,
transport companies, protection services and emergency and universities. In our
case, we focus more precisely on the problem of the university timetabling problem.

H.E. Nouri (✉) ⋅ O.B. Driss

Stratégies d’Optimisation et Informatique intelligentE,
Institut Supérieur de Gestion de Tunis, Université de Tunis,
41, Avenue de La Liberté, Cité Bouchoucha, Bardo, Tunis, Tunisia
e-mail: [email protected]
O.B. Driss
e-mail: [email protected]

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 11

R. Silhavy et al. (eds.), Software Engineering Perspectives and Application
in Intelligent Systems, Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 465,
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-33622-0_2
12 H.E. Nouri and O.B. Driss

Burke and his colleagues [5] note in this regard that this problem can be divided
into two main categories: courses and exams. Different aspects separate these two
categories. For example, we try to group the courses, but we prefer to move away
exams from each other as possible. Or again, a course may take place at a given
time in one classroom, while many exams may take place at the same time in the
same classroom, or the same exam can be dispatched in many classrooms.
In this paper, we are interested to solve the university course timetabling
problem. It can be defined as a set of university courses which take place
throughout specific periods for five or six days in a week, directed by a limited
number of teachers and classrooms requiring a better management in order to
contain the large number of the registered students. Our aim is to get a best solution
for this problem satisfying several hard and soft constraints while minimizing the
temporal complexity.
This paper is organized as follows. In Sect. 2, we present how the university
course timetabling problem is solved by previous works as well as its hard and soft
constraints. We detail then in Sect. 3 our contribution based on multi-agent sys-
tems. Section 4 is devoted to the presentation of a real case study (instances of the
Higher Business School of Tunis) in order to test our model as well as a set of
scenarios evaluating its efficiency.

2 University Course Timetabling Problem

Many researchers are facing this problem from several points of view and with
different approaches using different paradigms of resolution. The first attempts of
resolution methods were based on the theory of graphs [6, 12], the integer linear
programming [8] and the techniques of constraint satisfaction problem [1, 13, 15].
However, these methods have not given a solution dealing with all instances and
constraints of this problem. That’s why, they have given a way to other types of
methods adapted to this type of problem, namely meta-heuristics such as the tabu
search [16], the simulated annealing [7] and the genetic algorithms [2]. This family
of approximate search has mechanisms that allow a good general investigation of
the search space. But generally, it is nondeterministic and gives no guarantee of
optimality. This has allowed the appearance of new approaches based on the
multi-agent systems [3, 10−11, 14], but they did not succeed to well adapt this
formalism to generate a solution satisfying all the problem constraints. That’s why,
and in this area we have proposed a new multi-agent model allowing to minimize
the time complexity, to introduce new details that have not been taken into account
by previous work and to attend a good satisfaction of the teachers preferences.
In order to get a best solution for this problem, we must take into account all the
constraints of the problem that should be satisfied. These constraints are often
classified into two categories, the first includes hard constraints and the second
category includes constraints often called soft constraints:
MATP: A Multi-agent Model for the University Timetabling Problem 13

Hard constraints: must be satisfied in any environment, because the violation of

these constraints may cause the generation of an unsatisfiable solution:
• Two lectures cannot be programmed in the same classroom and at the same
period of time,
• The lectures given by the same teacher cannot be programmed at the same
period of time,
• A classroom can be assigned only to one lecture at the same period of time,
• A group lecture cannot takes place at the same period with another that is not a
group lecture belonging to the same level of study,
• The number of students must be less than or equal to the capacity of the
assigned classroom.
Soft constraints: the violation of these constraints has no effect on the generation
of a satisfiable solution:
• The assignment of classrooms and periods of time must allow to satisfy at best
the preferences of teachers,
• The assignment of classrooms to the different lectures must allow to satisfy at
best some preferences.
In this work, we propose a multi-agent model based on cooperative agents, that
we have named MATP a Multi-Agent model for university Timetabling Problem,
enabling highly parallel and distributed processing of the problem. Our model
incorporates several constraints that have not been taken into account by previous
works.
Multi-Agent systems (M.A.S) are chosen because of their advantages in many
different domains by means of the cooperation between a society of agents. In fact,
each agent, concurrently and asynchronously, acquires information from its envi-
ronment and from other agents to reason on and to act consequently, see the studies
of [9].

3 Multi-agent Model for University Timetabling Problem

3.1 Agent Identification

We have equipped our multi-agent model MATP, see Fig. 1, with three classes of
agents. The first class is composed of agents that we have named TA, “Teacher
Agents”, divided into three categories of teachers: C1: Professor,
Associate-professor; C2: Assistant-professor, Assistant; C3: Contractual. The second
class is composed of agents that we called CA, “Classroom Agents”, divided into
three types of class-rooms (“Course”, “Tutorial Class”, ‘Practical Class”,) related to
the type of the lecture session. The third class contains three agents: two “Interface
Agents” that we called IA1 and IA2 and one “History Agent” that we named HA.
14 H.E. Nouri and O.B. Driss

Fig. 1 Multi-agent model for university timetabling problem

3.2 Global Steps of MATP

The steps of our model MATP proceed in three phases detailed below: initializa-
tion, negotiation and transmission of final results.
Initialization phase. In this phase, we present the role of the agent IA1 which
initializes the execution of the system agents. In fact, it allows the implementation
of all agents based on the initial parameters fixed at the start by the user.
Negotiation phase. This phase is the kernel of our model. It is based on a
messaging exchange system between the two agent’s classes TA and CA in order to
have in each case an agreement between them, respecting all the hard constraints of
this problem. The first class of agents TA starts the negotiation process by sending
all their allocation propositions (which were recovered from their preferences base)
to the CA agents in order to get a better reservation of the most suitable classrooms
and the most favorite time periods of the day.
The second class of agents CA will receive and analyze the TA agent’s pref-
erences. In fact, this class will ask the HA agent to verify the existence of dupli-
cation of time periods for a same TA agent in each reception of propositions. Thus,
it allows either to validate, or to give a new proposition in the case of conflict.
The CA may have 1 or n TA propositions asking the same period in the same day,
and generating conflicts between them, see Fig. 2. That’s why, we have added a
MATP: A Multi-agent Model for the University Timetabling Problem 15

Fig. 2 Interaction protocol diagram

new hypothesis in which a classroom can be replaced by another one having the
same characteristics, that we called the equivalence of classrooms (or vertical
search) for the three categories of teacher agents. So we used a Vertical assignment
priority Score VSi affected to each i category of teacher, where i ∈ {1, 2, 3}. This
score VSi is incremental from zero to a maximum value VSimax, where VSi ∈ [0,
VSimax].
VSimax is the maximum value given by the user for this score that may have a
TA agent with a category i where:
• Priority 1, VS1max (Rank of teacher): This score is given for each agent
belonging to the first category of teacher agents TA having a rank of “Professor”
or “Associate-professor”.
• Priority 2, VS2max (“Course”): This score is given for each agent belonging to
the second category of teacher agents TA and asking a lecture session with type
“course”.
16 H.E. Nouri and O.B. Driss

• Priority 3, VS3max (“TC” or “PC”): This score is given for each agent
belonging to the third category of teacher agents TA and asking a lecture session
with type “TC” (Tutorial Class) or “PC” (Practical Class).
Also, by integrating many types of criteria for acceptance of a reservation (ca-
pacity of students for each lecture session, the teacher’s category, type of classroom
to be reserved and type of lecture session), we will have a decrease in the per-
centage of appearance of conflicts between TA agents.
Transmission of final results. Whenever a TA agent receives all solutions in
response to its messages, it finishes its negotiation phase and transmits its final
results to IA1 agent generating the form of teacher’s timetable. Then the agent IA2
ends the process by generating the final timetable of the different classrooms.

3.3 Agent Behaviour

Interface agent behaviour. The behaviour of the IA1 is to initialize all the other
agents of our model. Then, it moves to an inactive state pending the reception of the
final TA agent messages to generate them in the form of a solution for the teacher
timetabling problem. For the IA2 behaviour, this latter has to generate a solution for
the classroom timetabling problem after the end of the negotiation process.
Teacher agent behaviour. A TA agent possesses a group of lectures (which can
be a course, TD or TP) that it seeks to assign them to classrooms in the most
favourite periods of the day. In fact, each TA begins its negotiation phase by
sending its proposals to CA agents requesting the most preferred classrooms and
teaching periods. Then, he receives a response message from CA:
• Verification of reservation request:

Classroom agents behaviour. A CA agent contains an array of periods to

search solutions for the requested periods. Thus, this type of agent is composed of a
set of rules for the negotiation management:
MATP: A Multi-agent Model for the University Timetabling Problem 17

Fig. 3 Vertical assignment search

• Verification of duplication part:

• Validation of proposition part (Figs 3 and 4):

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