th

Class-12
With effect from

2023-24
For

UTs of J&Kand Ladakh

The Jammu and Kashmir Board of School Education

Rehari Colony, Jammu / Bemina, Srinagar

1
 CONTENTS
S.NO DESCRIPTION PAGE NO
1 General English 3-6
2 History 7-10
3 Economics 11-17
4 Geography 18-20
5 Political Science 21-24
6 Psychology 25-27
7 Sociology 28-30
8 Mathematics 31-35
9 Physics 36-43
10 Chemistry 44-48
11 Biology 49-53
12 Business Studies 54-66
13 Accountancy 67-71
14. List of deleted Topics of Sociology 72-76

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 GENERAL ENGLISH
CLASS–XII TIME:3 HOURS
MAX MARKS: 100 80 (THEORY) +20 (INTERNAL ASSESSMENT)

PRESCRIBED BOOKS
1. Flamingo: Textbook in English for Class XII (Core Course) published by
NCERT, New Delhi
1. The Last Lesson
2. Lost Spring
3. Deep Water
4. The Rat trap
5. Indigo
6. Poets and Pancakes
7. The Interview (Part I & II)
8. Going Places
9. My Mother at Sixty-six
10. Keeping Quiet
11. A Thing of Beauty
12. A Roadside Stand
13. Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers

2. Vistas: Supplementary Reader in English for Class XII (Core Course)

published by NCERT, New Delhi
1. The Third Level
2. The Tiger King
3. Journey to The End of the Earth
4. The Enemy
5. On the Face of It
6. Memories of Childhood (The Cutting of My Long Hair & We Too Are
Human Beings)

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 SCHEME OF ASSESSMENT

Q No DESCRIPTION Weightage
SECTION A: READING COMPREHENSION 20 marks
1 One unseen passage (400-500 words) for note-making (5 10 marks
marks), summarizing (4 marks) and providing the summary a
title (1mark).
2 One unseen prose passage (400-500 words) followed by ten 1x10=10
objective type questions including MCQ’s, fill-ups, true/false, Marks
yes/no to assess comprehension, interpretation, inference and
vocabulary.
SECTION B: WRITING SKILLS AND GRAMMAR 30 marks
3 One out of two questions on advertisements/ writing 4 marks
formal/informal invitations and replies (40-50 words).
4 One out of two questions on letter writing (business or official 6 marks
letters for making enquiries, registering complaints, asking for
and giving information, placing orders and sending replies,
letters to the editor giving suggestions/opinions on an issue;
letter to the school or college authorities, regarding admissions,
school issues, requirements/suitability of courses, etc.) (120-150
words)
Address:1mark
Salutation:1mark
Body: 3 marks
Closing:1mark
5 One question on writing a resume along with cover letter. 6 marks
Resume: 4 marks
Cover letter (120-150) words: 2 marks
6 One out of two compositions on article/ debate/ speech/ 6 marks
personality profile/ personal narrative/humorous writing (200-
250words).
7 One passage100-150 words in length for editing to test the 8 marks
following items: reflexive pronouns, tenses, punctuation,
narration, conjunctions, prepositions and change of voice (8
items).
SECTION C: Literature 30 marks
8 a) One poetic passage from the prescribed textbooks followed 10 marks
by four objective type questions on context,
comprehension, poetic devices, theme, etc. (4×1=4marks)
b) Two out of three short answer type questions on prescribed
poems other than included at a) above based on poetic

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 devices, theme, global comprehension to be answered in
40-50 words. (2x3=6 marks)

9 Three out of five short answer type questions from Flamingo 3 x 3 =9

based on prose lessons to assess inference and critical thinking Marks
(40-50 words each).
10 One out of two long answer type questions from Vistas based 6 marks
on prose lessons to assess inference, critical thinking and
appreciation, global comprehension, theme, style and
extrapolation beyond the texts. Questions to elicit creative
responses and ability to form opinions. (150-200 words)
11 One out of two long answer type questions from the play based 5 marks
on inference, theme, characterization, setting, plot, literary
devices and critical thinking. (120-150 words)

INTERNAL ASSESSMENT

Assessment of Listening and Speaking Skills

Assessment of Listening and Speaking Skills will be for 20 marks. Practice and
assessment is to be based on the activities included in the prescribed textbooks
and by taking recourse to various resources and techniques available in the
school.

INTERNAL ASSESSMENT

Assessment of Listening Skills - 05 marks.

Assessment of Speaking Skills – 05 Marks

Project Work - 10 Marks

Suggested Reading
For grammar, teachers and students can refer to any standard grammar textbook for
further reading and clarification of concepts. Some of the books include:
 English Grammar in Use by Raymond Murphy published (Cambridge
University Press)
 Oxford Practice Grammar by John Eastwood published (Oxford University Press)
 Grammar Practice Activities by Penny Ur (Cambridge University Press)
 A Practical English Grammar by Thomson and Martinet (Oxford University Press)
 High School English Grammar by Wren and Martin (S Chand Publishing)

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 Question Paper Design
General English XII Marks: 80+20=100

Section Competencies Total

marks
Comprehension Conceptual understanding, decoding, 20 Marks
Analyzing, inferring, interpreting,
appreciation, literary, conventions and
vocabulary, summarizing and using
appropriate format/s
Writing Skills Reasoning, appropriacy of style and tone, 30 Marks
using appropriate format and fluency,
inference, analysis, evaluation and
creativity
Literature Textbook Recalling, reasoning, appreciating literary 30 Marks
and Supplementary convention, inference, analysis, creativity
Reader with fluency

TOTAL 80 Marks
Assessment of 20 Marks
Listening and
Speaking Skills
GRAND TOTAL 100 Marks

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 HISTORY
Maximum marks: 100 Theory: 80 Marks
Time: 3 hrs Project Work: 20 Marks

Themes In Indian History (Part–I) 25 Marks

1. The Story of the First Cities: Harappan Archaeology Broad overview: Early
urban centers
Story of discovery: Harappan Civilization Excerpt: Archaeological report on
a major site
Discussion: How it has been utilized by Archaeologist/Historians.

2. Political and Economic History: How inscriptions tell a story

Broad overview: Political and economic history from the Mauryan to the
Gupta period. Story of discovery: Inscriptions and the decipherment of the
script. Shifts in the understanding of political and economic history.
Excerpt: Asokan inscription and Gupta period land grant. Discussion:
Interpretation of inscription by Historians.

3. Social Histories: Using the Mahabharata

Broad overview: Issues in social history, including caste, class, kinship and
gender. Story of discovery: Transmission and publications of the
Mahabharata.
Excerpt: From the Mahabharata, illustrating how it has been used by
historians. Discussion: Other sources for reconstructing social history.

4. A History of Buddhism: Sanchi Stupa Broad overview:

(a) A brief review of religious histories of Vedic religion, Jainism,
Vaisnavism, Saivism.
(b) Focus on Buddhism
Story of discovery: Sanchi Stupa
Excerpt: Reproduction of sculptures from Sanchi
Discussion: Ways in which sculpture has been interpreted by historians,
other sources for reconstructing the history of Buddhism

Themes In Indian History (Part II) 25 Marks

1. Agrarian Relations: The Ain–I–Akbari Broad overview:
(a) Structure of agrarian in the16th and 17 centuries
th

(b) Patterns of change over the period.

Story of Discovery: Account of the compilation and translation of Ain–i–

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 Akbari Excerpt: From the Ain–i–Akbari
Discussion: Ways in which historians have used the text to reconstruct
history.

2. New Architecture: Hampi Broad overview:

(a) Outline of new buildings during Vijaynagar period-temples, forts,
irrigation facilities.
(b) Relationship between architecture and the political system.
Story of Discovery: Account of how Hampi was found. Excerpts: Visuals of
buildings at Hampi.
Discussion: Ways in which historians have analyzed and interpreted these
structures.

3. Religious Histories: The Bhakti–Sufi Tradition. Broad overview:

(a) Outline of religious developments during this period.
(b) Ideas and practices of the Bhakti–Sufi saints.
Story of Transmission: How Bhakti–Sufi compositions have been
preserved. Excerpts: Extracts from selected Bhakti – Sufi works.
Discussion: Ways in which these have been interpreted by historians.

4. Medieval Society through Travellers Account.

Broad overview: Outline of social and cultural life as they appear in
travellers accounts. Story of their writings: A discussion of where they
travelled, why they travelled, what they wrote, and for whom they wrote.
Excerpts: From Alberuni, Ibn Batuta, Bernie.
Discussion: What these travel accounts can tell us and how they have
been interpreted by historians.

Themes in Indian History (Part–III) 25 Marks

1. Colonialism and Rural Society: Evidence
from Official Reports. Broad overview:
(a) Life of zamindars, peasants and artisans in the late18th century.
(b) East India Company, revenue
settlements and surveys.
(c)Change over the nineteenth century.
Story of official records: An account of why official investigations into rural
societies were undertaken and the types of records and reports produced.
Excerpts: From Firminger’s Fifth Report. Accounts of Francis
Buchanan-Hamilton and Deccan Riots Report.
Discussion: What the official records tell and do not tell, and how

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 they have been used by historians.

2. Representations of 1857. Broad overview:

(a) The events of 1857–58
(b) How these events were recorded and narrated. Focus: Lucknow
Excerpts: Pictures of 1857. Extracts from contemporary accounts.
Discussion: How the pictures of 1857 shaped British opinion of what had
happened.

3. Mahatma Gandhi through Contemporary Eyes. Broad overview:

(a) TheNationalistMovement1918– 48
(b) The nature of Gandhian politics and leadership. Focus: Mahatma
Gandhi in 1931
Excerpts: Report from English and Indian language newspapers and other
contemporary writings.
Discussion: How newspapers can be source of history.

5. The Making of the Constitution. Broad overview:

(a) Independence and the new nation state.
(b) The making of the Constitution.
Focus: The Constitutional Assembly Debates Excerpts: From the debates
Discussion: What such debates reveal and how they can be analyzed.

Map work on Unit1-15: 5 marks

5 marks have been allotted for map work for which questions would be
asked from chapter 1 to 15 of three books namely (Part -I, Part- II & Part-III)

Weightage to content:
Themes in Indian History (Part–I) 25 marks
Themes in Indian History (Part–II) 25 marks
Themes in Indian History (Part– III) 25 marks
Map Work 5 marks
Project Work 20 marks
Total 100 marks

Scheme of Assessment (Theory)

Question paper contains six sections namely

1. Section –A contains 10 (Objective Type Questions/MCQs) of 1 markeach.

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 1x10= 10 marks
2. Section- B contains 6 Very Short Answer Type Questions of 2 marks each to be
answered in20 to 30 words. 2 x 6 = 12 marks
3. Section – C contains 6 Short Answer type questions of 4 marks each to be
answered in 100to 150 words. 4x 6 = 24 marks
4. Section - D contains 3 Long Answer type questions of 8 marks each to be
answered in 150to 200 words. 8 x 3 = 24 marks
5. Section – E contains 1 Passage, having one question of 1 mark and two
questions of 2 mark each to be answered in 20 to 30 = 5 marks
6. Section – F contains Map work of 5 marks.
Note: The paper setter shall incorporate Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)
questions apart from knowledge, memory and application based questions.

Project Work: (Internal) 20 marks

For the purpose of project work, the following topics are suggested:
(i) Sources of History of J&K.
(ii) Food and clothing in J&K.
(iii) Foundation of modern J&K with special reference to the Treaties of
Lahore and Amritsar (1846).
(iv) The cultural development in J&K State under Maharaja Ranbir Singh
with special reference to Development of Education and Literature.
(v) Development of means of Communications in J&K.

Scheme of Evaluation for Project work as per following:

The marks will be allocated under the following heads:
1. Project Synopsis 02 marks
2. Data/Statistical Analysis/Map Work 03 Marks
3. Visual/Overall Presentation 05 Marks
4. Analysis/Explanation and Interpretation 05 Marks
5. Bibliography 01 Mark
6. Viva-Voce 04 Marks

BOOKS PRESCRIBED:
1. Themes in Indian History, Part–I, Class XII, Published by NCERT
2. Themes in Indian History, Part–II, Class XII, Published by NCERT
3. Themes in Indian History, Part–III, Class XII, Published by NCERT.

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 ECONOMICS
Maximum Marks: 100 Time: 3 Hours
Theory: 80 Marks Project: 20 Marks

Units Marks
Introductory Microeconomics
Introduction 04
Consumer's Equilibrium and Demand 14
Part A Producer Behaviour and Supply 14
Forms of Market and Price Determination 08
under Perfect competition with simple
applications
40
Introductory Macroeconomics
National Income and Related Aggregates 10
Part B Money and Banking 06
Aggregate Demand & Aggregate Supply 12
Government Budget and the Economy 06
Balance of Payments & International 06
Institutions
Theory Paper(40+40=80Marks) 40
Part C Project Work 20

Part A: Introductory Microeconomics

Unit 01: Introduction

 Meaning of micro-economics and macro-economic; positive and normative
economics.
 What is an economy? Central problems of an economy: what, how and for
whom to produce; concepts of Production Possibility Frontier and
Opportunity Cost.
Unit 02: Consumer Equilibrium and Demand.
 Consumer’s Equilibrium: Meaning and attainment of equilibrium through
Utility Approach. One and two commodity cases.
 Demand: market demand, determinants of demand, demand schedule,
demand curve, movement along and shifts in demand curve, price elasticity
of demand, measurement of price elasticity of demand – percentage, total
expenditure and geometric methods.

Unit 03: Producer Behaviour & Supply Meaning of Production Function–Short-

Run and Long-Run
 Total product, Average Product and Marginal Product

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 Returns to a factor.
 Cost – Short run costs - Total Cost, Total Fixed Cost, Total Variable Cost;
Average Cost; Average Fixed Cost, Average Variable Cost and Marginal
Cost - meaning and their relationships
 Revenue–Total Revenue, Average Revenue and Marginal Revenue-
meaning and their relationship.
 Producer's Equilibrium - meaning and its conditions in terms of Marginal
Revenue-Marginal Cost approach
 Supply market supply, determinants of supply, supply schedule, supply
curve and its slope, movements along and shifts in supply curve, price
elasticity of supply; measurement of price elasticity of supply - percentage-
change method.

Unit 04: Forms of Market and Price Determination.

 Perfect competition - Features; Determination of market equilibrium
and effects of shifts in demand and supply. (Short Run Only)
 Simple Applications of Demand and Supply: Price ceiling, Price floor.

Part B: Introductory Macroeconomics

Unit5: National Income and Related Aggregates.
 What is macro-economics?
 Basic concepts in macroeconomics: consumption goods,
capital goods, final goods, intermediate goods; stocks and
flows; gross investment and depreciation.
 Circular flow of income (two sector model); Methods of
calculating National Income –Value Added method,
Expenditure and income methods
 Aggregates related to National Income:
 Gross National Product (GNP), Net National Product (NNP),
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Net Domestic Product
(NDP) - at market price, at factor cost; Real and Nominal GDP
 GDP Deflator, GDP and Welfare

Unit 6: Money and Banking.
 Money – meaning and functions, supply of money - Currency
held by the public and net demand deposits held by
commercial banks.
 Money creation by the commercial banking system.
 Central bank and its functions (example of Reserve Bank of
India): Bank of issue, Govt. Bank, Bankers Bank, Control of
Credit through Bank Rate, Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR), Statutory

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 Liquidity Ratio (SLR), Repo Rate and Reverse Repo Rate, Open
Market Operations, Margin requirement.

Unit 7: Determination of Income and Employment.

 Aggregate demand and its components.
 Consumption Function- Meaning
 Propensity to consume and propensity to save (average and
marginal)
 Short-run equilibrium output; investment multiplier and its
mechanism.
 Meaning of full employment and involuntary
unemployment.
 Problems of excess demand and deficient
demand; measures to correct them - changes in
government spending, taxes and money
supply.

Unit 8: Government Budget and the Economy.

Government budget-meaning, objectives and components.
 Classification of receipts - revenue receipts and
capital receipts; Classification of expenditure–
revenue expenditure and capital expenditure

 Classification of expenditure–revenue expenditure and

capital expenditure.
 Balanced, Surplus and Deficit Budget–
measures of government deficit.

Unit9: Balance of Payments.

 Balance of payments account-meaning and components;
 Balance of payments–Surplus and Deficit
 Foreign exchange rate-meaning of fixed and flexible rates
and managed floating
 Determination of exchange rate in a free market, Merits and

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 demerits of flexible and fixed exchange rate.
 Managed Floating exchange rate system

Scheme of assessment
Question paper contains four sections namely
1. Section –A contains 10 (Objective Type Question/ Multiple Choice
Questions) of 1 mark each. 1x10= 10 marks
2. Section- B contains 10 Very Short Answer Type Questions of 2 marks each to be
answered in20 to 30 words. 2 x 10 = 20 marks
3. Section – C contains 8 Short Answer type questions of 4 marks each to be
answered in 100 to 150 words. 4x 8 = 32 marks
4. Section - D contains 3 Long Answer type questions of 6 marks each to be
answered in 150to 200 words. 6 x 3 = 18 marks

Note: The paper setter shall incorporate Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)
questions apart from knowledge, memory and application based questions.

Part-C Project Work (Internal: 20 Marks)

The students will do the project on the themes, which have primary data,
secondary data or both. Case studies of a few organization/ outlets may also be
encouraged. Some of the examples of the projects are as follows (they are not
mandatory but suggestive);
1. Industrial sector in Jammu and Kashmir economy (handicrafts, handlooms, and
other micro small and medium enterprises)
2. Health sector of Jammu and Kashmir
3. Education sector of Jammu and Kashmir
4. Structure and analysis of Jammu and Kashmir Budget
5. Cashless Economy
6. Sustainable Development Goals.
Guidelines for Project Work
The objectives of the project work are to enable learners to

 Probe deeper into theoretical concepts learnt in classes XI and XII

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  Analyse and evaluate real world economic scenarios using
theoretical constructs and arguments
 Demonstrate the learning of economic theory
 Follow up aspects of economics in which learners have interest
 Develop the communication skills to argue logically
 The project work will be a mini study in to sensitize the students to
inculcate research aptitude among students.
It is advisable to conduct the project work within the district. The students may do
field visits/ industrial tours/ market visits, etc.

The expectations of the project work are that:

 The teacher will divide the students in groups. Each group will
comprise five students or less depending on the number of students
in the classroom. Separate topics shall be assigned to each group.
 Learners will complete only ONE project in each academic session.
 Project should be of 2500-5000 words (excluding diagrams &
graphs) neatly typed on A4 format

The learners will maintain a proper reference and bibliography

Role of the teacher:

The teacher plays a critical role in developing thinking skills based on
objectives, research methodology, collection of data etc. of the learners.
Besides a teacher should:
 Help each learner select the topic based on recently published
extracts from the news media, government policies, RBI bulletin,
NITI Aayog reports, IMF/World Bank reports etc., after detailed
discussions and deliberations of the topic
 Play the role of a facilitator and supervisor to monitor the project
work of the Learner through regular discussions and presentations.
 Guide the research work in terms of sources for the relevant data
 Educate learner about plagiarism and the importance of quoting
the source of the information to ensure authenticity of research

15
 work
 Prepare the learner for the presentation of the project work
 Arrange a presentation of the project file
 The teacher will narrow down the scope and the practicability of
the project work in accordance with the research objectives and
questions of the study.
 The teacher will sensitise the learners regarding MLA and APA
referencing style

Format of the project:

Learners may work up on the following steps as a suggested below:
1. Choose a title/topic
2. Research design
3. Research objectives/ questions
4. Methodology
5. Sampling

6. Data collection technique

7. Analysis of data
8. Presentation and interpretation of data
9. Draw the relevant conclusion
10. Future scope of the study.

Expected Checklist:
 Introduction of topic/title
 Identifying the causes, consequences and/or remedies
 Various stakeholders and effect on each of them
 Advantages and disadvantages of situations or issues identified
 Short-term and long-term implications of economic strategies
suggested in the course of research
 Validity, reliability, appropriateness and relevance of data used for
research work and for presentation in the project file

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  Presentation and writing that is succinct and coherent in project file
 Citation of the materials referred to, in the file in footnotes,
resources section, bibliography etc.
Mode of presentation/submission of the Project:
At the beginning, middle and end of the project work, learners/ groups
will present their research topic, introduction, objectives, methodology,
etc. in the form of power point presentations and incorporate all relevant
suggestions in the final Project File to be submitted to the teacher/internal
examiner. The objective of presenting the work is to learn from feedback,
suggestions, etc. and engage in thorough and meaningful discussions to
develop critical thinking and better insight. The Internal Examiner should
ensure that the study submitted by the learner is his/her own original
work. In case of any doubt, authenticity should be checked and verified.

Distribution of Marks:
1.Project work 15 marks
(i) Statement of problem 03 marks
(ii) Methodology 04 marks
(iii) Data analysis 04 marks
(iv) Conclusion 02 marks
(v) References 02 marks
2.Viva-Voce based on the Project work 03 marks
3. Attendance 02 marks

BOOKS PRESCRIBED:
1. Introductory Microeconomics by NCERT, New Delhi.

2. Introductory Macroeconomics by NCERT, New Delhi

17
 GEOGRAPHY
Maximum Marks: 100 Theory: 70 Marks
Practicals: 30 Marks Time: 3 Hours

Unit I: Human Geography: Nature and Scope Marks03

Unit II: People. Marks06

 Population of the world–distribution, density and growth.
 Population change–spatial patterns and structure, determinants of population
change.
 Human development–concept, selected indicator, international comparisons.

Unit III: Human Activities. Marks12

 Primary activities – concept and changing trends, gathering, pastoral,
mining, subsistence agriculture, modern agriculture; people engaged in
agriculture and allied activities – some examples from selected countries.
 Secondary activities – concept, manufacturing: agro – processing,
household, small scale, large scale: people engaged in secondary activities
– some examples from selected countries.
 Tertiary activities – concept: trade, transport and communication: services;
people engaged in tertiary activities – some examples from selected
countries.
 Quaternary activities – concept: knowledge-based industries: people
engaged in quaternary activities – some examples from selected countries.

Unit IV: Transport, Communication and Trade. Marks12

 Land transport–roads, railways–rail network, trans–continental railways,
 Water transport–inland waterways: major ocean routes.
 Air transport–Intercontinental air routes,
 Oil and gas pipelines.
 Satellite communication and cyberspace,
 International trade–Basis and changing patterns; ports as gateways of
international trade, role of WTO in International trade.

Unit V: Map work on identification of features based on above units on the

Outline political map of world. Marks 02

18
 India- People and Economy
Unit VI: People. Marks 05
 Population–distribution, density and growth: composition of population:
Linguistic, sex and religious; rural – urban population change through
time – regional variations: occupations.
 Population, environment and development.

Unit VII: Human Settlements. Marks 04

 Rural settlements–types and distribution.
 Urban settlements–types, distribution and functional classification.

Unit VIII: Resources and Development. Marks10

 Land resources–general land use; agricultural land use–major crops;
agricultural development and problems, common property resources.
 Water resources–availability and utilization–irrigation, domestic, industrial
and other uses; scarcity of water and conservation methods –rain water
harvesting and watershed management (one case study related with
participatory watershed management to be introduced)
 Mineral and energy resources–metallic and non–metallic minerals and their
distribution; Conventional and non–conventional energy sources.
 Planning in India–target area planning (case study); idea of sustainable
development (case study).

Unit IX: Transport, Communication and International Trade. Marks 08

 Transport and communication–roads, railways, waterways and airways; oil
and gas pipelines; national electric grids; communication networking –
radio, television, satellite and internet.
 International trade – changing pattern of India’s foreign trade; seaports and
their hinterland and airports.

Unit X: Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems. Marks 05

(One case study to be introduced for each topic)
 Environmental pollution: urban–waste disposal.
 Urbanization–rural–urban migration; problem of slums;
 Land Degradation.

Unit XI: Map work on locating and labeling of features based on above units on the
outline political map of world. Marks 03

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Scheme of assessment
Question paper contains four sections namely
1. Section –A contains 10 (Objective Type Question/ Multiple Choice Questions)
of 1 mark each. 1x10= 10 marks
2. Section- B contains 9 Very Short Answer Type Questions of 2 marks each to be
answered in 20 to 30 words. 2 x 9 = 18 marks
3. Section – C contains 9 Short Answer type questions of 3 marks each to be
answered in 100 to 150 words. 3 x 9 = 27 marks

4. Section - D contains 3 Long Answer type questions of 5 marks each to be

answered in 150 to 200 words. 5 x 3 = 15 marks

Note: The paper setter shall incorporate Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)
questions apart from knowledge, memory and application based questions.

C. Practical Work. Marks 30

Internal assessment: 10 marks
External assessment: 20 marks

Unit I: Processing of Data and Thematic Mapping. Marks15

 Sources of data.
 Tabulating and processing of data; calculation of averages, measures of
central tendency, deviation and rank correlation.
 Representation of data–construction of diagrams: bars, circles and flow
chart; thematic maps; construction of dot; choropleth and isopleth maps.

Practical Record Book and Viva–voce. Marks 05

BOOKS PRESCRIBED:
1. Fundamentals of Human Geography, Textbook of Class XII, Published by NCERT,
New Delhi.
2. Practical work in Geography Part II, Textbook of Class XII, Published by NCERT, New
Delhi.
3. India People and Economy, Textbook in Geography for Class XII, Published by
NCERT, New Delhi.

20
 POLITICAL SCIENCE
M. Marks: 100 Marks Time: 3 Hours
Theory: 80 Marks Project: 20 Marks

Part A: Contemporary World Politics.

1. Disintegration of the ‘’Second World ‘’ and the Collapse of Bipolarity. Marks 06

New entities in world politic: Russia, Balkan states and Central Asian states. Introduction
of democratic politics and capitalism in post – communist regimes. India’s relation with
Russia and other post – communist countries.

2. Alternative Centres of Economic and Political Power. Marks 06

Rise of China as an economic power in post – Mao era, creation and expansion of
European Union, ASEAN. India’s changing relations with China.

3. South Asia in the Post – Cold War Era. Marks06

Democratisation and its reversals in Pakistan and Nepal. Ethnic conflict in Sri
Lanka, Impact of economic globalization on the region. Conflicts and efforts for
peace in South Asia. India’s relations with its neighbours.

4. International Organizations in a Unipolar World. Marks 06

Restructuring and the future of the UN. India’s position in the restructured UN.
Rise of new international actors; New international economic organizations,
NGO’s. How democratic and accountable are the new institutions of global
governance?

5. Security in Contemporary World. Marks 06

Traditional concerns of security and politics of disarmament. Non-traditional or

human security: global poverty, health and education. Issues of human rights and
migration.

6. Globalization and its Critics. Marks 04

Economic, cultural and political manifestations. Debates on the nature of

consequences of globalization. Anti – globalization movements. India as an arena
of globalization and struggle against it.

21
 7. Environmental and Natural Resources in Global Politics. Marks 06

Environment movement and evolution of global environmental norms. Conflicts

over traditional and common property resources. Rights of indigenous people.
India’s stand in global environmental debates.

Part B: Politics in India since Independence.

8. Nation–Building and Its Problems. Marks 06

Nehru’s approach to nation–building: Legacy of partition: challenge of ‘refugee’
resettlement, the Kashmir problem. Organization and reorganization of states; Political
conflicts over language.

9. Era of One – Party Dominance. Marks 04

First three general elections, nature of Congress dominance at the national level,
uneven dominance at the state level, coalitional nature of Congress. Major opposition
parties.

10. Politics of Planned Development. Marks 02

Five-year plans, expansion of state sector and the rise of new economic interests.
Famine and suspension of five-year plans. Green revolution and its political
fallouts.

11. India’s External Relations. Marks 06

Nehru’s foreign policy. Sino–Indian war of1962, Indo–Pak war of 1965 and 1971.
India’s nuclear programme and shifting alliances in world politics.

12. Challenge to and Restoration of Congress System. Marks 05

Political succession after Nehru. Non – Congressism and electoral upset of 1967,
Congress split and reconstitution. Congress’ victory in 1971 elections, politics of
‘’garibi hatao’’

13. Crisis of the Constitutional Order. Marks 04

Search for ‘committed’ bureaucracy and judiciary. Navnirman movement in
Gujarat and the Bihar movement. Emergency context constitutional and extra –
constitutional dimensions, resistance to emergency.1977 elections and the
formation of Janata Party. Rise of civil liberties organizations.

22
 14. Regional Aspirations and Conflicts. Marks 06
Rise of regional parties. Punjab crisis. The Kashmir situation. Challenges and responses in
the North East.
15. Recent Developments in Indian Politics. Marks 07
Participatory upsurge in 1990s.Rise of the JD and the BJP. Increasing role of
regional parties and coalition politics. UF and NDA governments. Elections 2004
and UPA governments.

Scheme of assessment
Question paper contains five sections namely
1. Section –A contains 10 (Objective Type Question/ Multiple Choice
Questions) of 1 mark each. 1x10= 10 marks
2. Section- B contains 9 Very Short Answer Type Questions of 2 marks each to be
answered in20 to 30 words. 2 x 9 = 18 marks
3. Section – C contains 7 Short Answer type questions of 4 marks each to be
answered in 100 to 150 words. 4 x 7 = 28 marks
4. Section - D contains 1 Passage having three questions of 2 marks each to be
answered in 20 to 30 words. 2 x 3 = 6 marks
5. Section - E contains 3 Long Answer type questions of 6 marks each to be
answered in 150to 200 words. 6 x 3 = 18 marks
Note: The paper setter shall incorporate Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)
questions apart from knowledge, memory and application based questions.

Project work (Internal): 20 marks

List of Suggested Topics
1. Division of Germany with special focus on the construction and dismantling of the
Berlin Wall.
2. CIS-Central Asian Republics
3. Disintegration of USSR with special focus on Gorbachev.
4. Arab Spring
5. Cover the negative as well as positive aspects of relationship between India and the
following countries.
Focus on any one of the following (current updates should be highlighted):
a) Relationship between India and Russia
b) Relationship between India and China
c) Relationship between India and Pakistan
d) Relationship between India and Bangladesh

23
7. ASEAN
8. European Union and BREXIT
9. BRICS
10. SAARC
11. India’s Nuclear Policy
12. United Nations with focus on India’s candidature in Security Council.
13. UN Agencies – UNICEF, UNESCO, WHO
14. Pandemics: Covid 19- Its global impact (focus on worldwide cooperation and
preparedness along with controversies (please collect newspaper clippings for the same)
15. Partition of India-Theory behind it and its legacy
16. Comparison between NITI AAYOG and Planning Commission and their contribution in
India’s Development.
17. Election 2019- Rise of BJP and Downfall of Congress (1989-2019).
18. Emergency – A blot on Indian Democracy
19. NDA III and NDA IV – Social and Economic welfare programmes.

Distribution of Marks
 Internal Project File 10 Marks
 Viva-Voce 10 Marks

BOOKS PRESCRIBED:
1. Contemporary World Politics-A Published by NCERT New Delhi
2. Politics in India Since Independence, Published by NCERT New Delhi

24
 PSYCHOLOGY
Maximum Marks: 100 Time: 3 Hours
Theory: 70 Marks Practicals: 30 Marks

UNIT I: INTELLIGENCE AND APTITUDE

The unit aims at studying how people differ with respect to Intelligence and Aptitude.
 Concept of Intelligence.
 Theories of Intelligence: Theory of multiple intelligence, Triarchic theory
of intelligence, PASS model of intelligence.
 Culture and Intelligence, Tests of Intelligence.
 Aptitude: Nature and Types.
 Giftedness (nature and identification).
 Individual differences (heredity–environmental interaction). 10 marks

UNIT II: SELF AND PERSONALITY

The unit focuses on the study of self and personality in the context of different
approaches in an effort to appraise the person.
 Concept of self, self-efficiency, self-regulation and techniques.
 Concept of Personality, theories of Personality (Trait and types, Psychoanalytic,
Humanistic).
 Assessment of Personality: Self report measures, Projective techniques.09 marks

UNIT III: MEETING LIFE CHALLENGES

The aim of this unit is to study adjustment, stress and coping strategies. Health
and well– being is also discussed.
 Concept of adjustment.
 Stress: Meaning, Sources and Types, Coping strategies.
 Concept of health and well– being. 08 marks

UNITIV: PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

The unit discusses the concepts of normality and abnormality and some Psychological
Disorders.
 Concept of normality and abnormality, Causal factors associated with
psychological disorders.
 Classification of psychological disorders.
 Major psychological disorders: Anxiety, Schizophrenia (meaning and symptoms).
 Mood disorders, behavioral, substance related. 09 marks

25
UNIT V: THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES
The unit discusses the goals, techniques and effectiveness of different approaches used
to treat psychological disorders.
 Goals and objectives of therapeutic processes, stages of therapeutic relationships.
 Types of therapies: Humanistic, Cognitive, Behavior, Yoga &
Meditation.
 Rehabilitation of mentally ill patients. 09 marks

UNIT VI: ATTITUDE AND SOCIAL COGNITION

The unit focuses on the formation and change of attitudes, cultural influences on
attributional tendencies and conditions influencing pro – social behavior.
 Nature and components of attitude, attitude–formation and change.
 Attribution
 Prejudice and discrimination, Strategies for handling prejudice. 09 marks

UNIT VII: GROUP PROCESSES AND SOCIAL INFLUENCE

The unit deals with the concept of group, its functions and the dynamics of social
influence. Different conflict resolution strategies will also be discussed.
 Meaning of group, group behavior, factors influencing group
formation, types of groups.
 Social influence processes. 07 marks

UNIT VIII: STATISTICS

The aim of this unit is to introduce the importance of different statistical measures used
in Psychology.
 Meaning of Statistics, types of Statistics, preparation of frequency distribution.
 Measures of central tendency: Mean Median and Mode.
 Measures of variability: Range, S.D, Q.D, Average Deviation. 09 marks

Scheme of assessment
Question paper contains four sections namely
1. Section –A contains 10 (Objective Type Question/ Multiple Choice Questions)
of 1 mark each. 1x10= 10 marks
2. Section- B contains 9 Very Short Answer Type Questions of 2 marks each to be
answered in 20 to 30 words. 2 x 9 = 18 marks
3. Section – C contains 9 Short Answer type questions of 3 marks each to be

26
 answered in 100 to 150 words. 3 x 9 = 27 marks
4. Section - D contains 3 Long Answer type questions of 5 marks each to be
answered in 150 to 200 words. 5 x 3 = 15 marks
Note: The paper setter shall incorporate Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)
questions apart from knowledge, memory and application based questions.

PRACTICALS
External= 20 Internal=10 Total=30
 One case profile (Developmental history of the subject, using
qualitative and quantitative approaches)
 Practicals (intelligence, personality, aptitude, adjustment, attitude, self-concept,
Stress and anxiety)
 Distribution of Marks (External):
(i) Case Profile: 03 marks
(ii) Practical File: 03 marks
(iii) Viva-Voce: 04 marks
(iv) Two Practicals 10 marks

BOOK PRESCRIBED:
1. A textbook of Psychology for Class XII published by NCERT, New Delhi.

27
 S0CIOLOGY
Maximum Marks: 100 Time: 3 Hours
Theory: 80 Marks Practicals: 20 Marks
Internal: 05
External: 15

INDIAN SOCIETY
Unit1: Introducing Indian Society Non-Evaluative
 Unity in Diversity in India.
 Geographical, Cultural, Religious and Linguistic.
 Ethnic Composition of J&K.

Unit 2: Demography and Society 08 Marks

 Demography: Concept, Variables (Indicators) and Trends.
 Theories of Population: Malthusian Theory; Demographic Transition Theory.
 National Population Policy of India (2011).
 Population Composition of J&K.

Unit3: Social Institutions 08 Marks

 Family: Concept and Functions.
 Marriage: Concept and Types.
 Caste System: Concept, Characteristics, Change and Continuity.

Unit4: Social Inequality 08 Marks

 Meaning and Definition of Social Inequality.
 Tribals: Definition and Characteristics; Distribution; Marginalization of Tribal
Communities.
 Religious Minorities.
 The Differently Abled.
 Struggle for Equality of Women.

Unit5: Challenges to National Integration 08 Marks

 Communalism.
 Regionalism.
 Casteism.
 Role of State: Constitutional and Legal Measures.

Unit6: Methodology 08 Marks

 Research: Concept and Features.
 Importance of Social Research.
 Steps/Stages of Social Research.
 Sampling: Stratified and Non– Stratified.
 Techniques of Data Collection: Observation, Interview, Schedule, Questionnaire.

28
SOCIAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT IN INDIAN SOCIETY

Unit7: Processes of Social Change in India 08 Marks

 Modernization.
Industrialization and Urbanization.
Sanskritisation.
Westernization.

Unit 8: Change and Development in Rural Society 08 Marks

Rural Society: Meaning and Features.
Land Reforms with Special Reference to J&K.
Green Revolution: Significance and Adverse
rd
Effects. 73 Amendment Act: Panchayati
Raj Institution.
Unit 9: Globalization and Social Change 08 Marks
Globalization: Meaning and
Concept. Economic Globalization.
Cultural
Globalization.
Political Globalization.
Unit 10: Mass Media and Society 08 Marks
Mass Media: Concept and Classification.
Role of Mass Media in Modern India (Environmental protection, Gender Health
Sensitisation, Education)
Social Media: Emergence, Merits and Demerits.

Unit 11: Social Movements 08 Marks

Class Movement: Peasant Movement (Meaning, Impact and
Trends). Caste Movement: Dalit movement (Meaning, Impact
and Trends).
Environmental Movement: Meaning, Impact and Trends (Chipkoo
Movement).

Scheme of assessment
Question paper contains four sections namely
1. Section –A contains 10 (Objective Type Question/ Multiple Choice
Questions) of 1 mark each. 1x10= 10 marks
2. Section- B contains 10 Very Short Answer Type Questions of 2 marks each to be
answered in20 to 30 words. 2 x 10 = 20 marks
3. Section – C contains 8 Short Answer type questions of 4 marks each to be
answered in 100 to 150 words. 4x 8 = 32 marks
4. Section - D contains 3 Long Answer type questions of 6 marks each to be

29
 answered in 150 to 200 words. 6 x 3 = 18 marks
Note: The paper setter shall incorporate Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)
questions apart from knowledge, memory and application based questions.

Practical Examination Max. Marks: 20

Time Allotted: 3 Hours External: 15 Marks Internal: 5 Marks
INTERNAL:
A. Project (undertaken during the academic year at school level) 5 marks
I. Statement of the Problem 1½marks
II. Methodology/Technique 1½marks
III. Conclusion 2 marks

EXTERNAL:
B. Viva–based on the project work 5 marks
C. Research Design 10 marks
a. Overall format 2 marks
b. Research Questions 2 marks
c. Choice of Technique 2 marks
d. Detailed Procedure 2 marks
e. Limitations of the above technique 2 marks

B and C to be administered on the day of the external examination.

BOOKS PRESCRIBED:
 A Textbook of Indian Society for Class XII Published by NCERT, New Delhi.
 Social Change and Development in India for Class XII Published by NCERT, New Delhi.

NOTE: LIST OF DELETED TOPICS FROM THE PRESCRIBED BOOKS FROM PAGE NO. 72 TO
76.

30
 MATHEMATICS
Theory: Marks 80 Time Allowed: 3 hrs.
Project Work: 20 Marks

I. RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS Marks 08

II. ALGEBRA Marks10
III. CALCULUS Marks 35
IV. VECTORS AND THREE–DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY Marks14
V. LINEAR PROGRAMMING Marks 05
VI. PROBABILITY Marks 08

UNIT I. RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS.

1. Relations and Functions:
Types of Relations: Reflexive, symmetric, transitive and equivalence relations. One
to one and onto Functions.

2. Inverse Trigonometric Functions:

Definition, range, domain, principal value branch. Graphs of inverse trigonometric
functions.

UNIT II. ALGEBRA

1. Matrices.
Concept, notation, order, equality, types of matrices, zero matrix, transpose of a
matrix, symmetric and skew symmetric matrices. Addition, multiplication and
scalar multiplication of matrices, simple properties of addition, multiplication
and scalar multiplication. Non–commutativity of multiplication of matrices and
existence of non - zero matrices whose product is the zero matrix (restrict to
square matrices of order2). Concept of elementary row and column operations.
Invertible matrices and proof of the uniqueness of inverse, if it exists; (Here all
matrices will have real entries).

2. Determinants.
Determinant of a square matrix (upto3x3matrices), minors, cofactors and
applications of determinants in finding the area of a triangle, Adjoint and
inverse of a square matrix. Consistency, inconsistency and number of solutions
of system of linear equations by examples, solving system of linear equations in
two or three variables (having unique solution) using inverse of a matrix.

UNIT III: CALCULUS

1. Continuity and Differentiability.
Continuity and differentiability, chain rule, derivatives of inverse trigonometric
functions 𝑙𝑖𝑘𝑒 sin−1𝑥, cos−1𝑥 and tan−1𝑥, derivate of implicit functions. Concept
of exponential and logarithmic functions and their derivatives. Logarithmic
differentiation. Derivative of functions expressed in parametric forms. Second

31
 order derivatives.

2. Applications of Derivatives.
Applications of derivatives: rate of change of quantities,
increasing/decreasing functions, maxima and minima (first derivative test
motivated geometrically and second derivative test given as a provable tool).
Simple problems (that illustrate basic principles and understanding of the subject
as well as real-life situations).
3. Integrals.
Integration as inverse process of differentiation. Integration of a variety of
functions by substitution, by partial fractions and by parts. Evaluation of simple
integrals of the following types and problem based on them to be evaluated.

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (without proof), Basic properties of

definite integrals and evaluation of definite integrals.

4. Applications of the Integrals.

Applications in finding the area under simple curves, especially lines, circles/parabolas
/ ellipses (in standard form only)

5. Differentia l Equations.
Definition, order and degree, general and particular solutions of a
differential equation. Solution of differential equations by method of separation of
variables, Solutions of homogeneous differential equations of first order and first
degree. Solutions of linear differential equation of the type:

dy/dx +py=q, where p and q are functions of x or constants.

d𝑥/d𝑦+px=q, where p and q are functions of y or constants

UNIT IV: VECTORS AND THREE–DIMENSIONAL GEOMERTY

1. Vectors.
Vectors and scalars, magnitude and direction of a vector. Direction
cosines/ratios of a vector. Types of vectors (equal, unit, zero, parallel and
collinear vectors), position vector of a point, negative of a vector, components
of a vector, addition of vectors, multiplication of a vector by a scalar, position
vector of a point dividing a line segment in a given ratio. Definition, Geometrical

32
 Interpretation, properties and application of Scalar (dot) product of vectors.
Vector (cross) product of vectors.

2. Three–dimensional Geometry.
Direction cosines and direction ratios of a line joining two points. Cartesian and
vector equation of a line, skew lines, shortest distance between two lines.
Angle between the two lines.

UNIT V: LINEAR PROGRAMMING

1. Linear Programming.
Introduction, related terminology such as constraints, objective function,
optimization, graphical method of solution for problems in two variables,
feasible and infeasible regions (bound and unbounded), feasible and infeasible
solutions, optimal feasible solutions (up to three non-trivial constraints).

UNITVI: PROBABILITY
1. Probability.
Multiplication theorem on probability. Conditional probability, independent
events, total probability. Baye’s Theorem, Random variable and its probability
distribution, mean of random variable.

Scheme of assessment
Question paper contains four sections namely
1. Section –A contains 10 (Objective Type Question/ Multiple Choice
Questions) of 1 mark each. 1x10= 10 marks
2. Section- B contains 10 Very Short Answer Type Questions of 2 marks each to be
answered in20 to 30 words. 2 x 10 = 20 marks
3. Section – C contains 8 Short Answer type questions of 4 marks each to be
answered in 100 to 150 words. 4x 8 = 32 marks
4. Section - D contains 3 Long Answer type questions of 6 marks each to be
answered in 150to 200 words. 6 x 3 = 18 marks

Note: The paper setter shall incorporate Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)
questions apart from knowledge, memory and application based questions.

33
 INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 20 MARKS
Periodic Tests (Best 2 out of 3 tests conducted) 10 Marks
Mathematics Activities 10 Marks

Note: For activities NCERT Lab Manual may be referred.

Conduct of Periodic Tests:

Periodic Test is a Pen and Paper assessment which is to be conducted by the

respective subject teacher. The format of periodic test must have questions items with
a balance mix, such as, very short answer (VSA), short answer (SA) and long answer
(LA) to effectively assess the knowledge, understanding, application, skills, analysis,
evaluation and synthesis. Depending on the nature of subject, the subject teacher
will have the liberty of incorporating any other types of questions too. The modalities
of the PT are as follows:

a) Mode: The periodic testis to be taken in the form of pen-paper test.

b) Schedule: In the entire Academic Year, three Periodic Tests in Mathematics

subject may be conducted as follows:

Test Pre-Mid-term (PT-I) Mid-Term (PT-II) Post Mid-Term (PT-III)

Tentative Month July-August November December-January

This is only a suggestive schedule and schools may conduct periodic tests
as per their convenience. The winter bound schools would develop their
own schedule with similar time gaps between two consecutive tests.
c) Average of Marks: Once schools complete the conduct of all the three
periodic tests, they will convert the Weightage of each of the three tests
into ten marks each for identifying best two tests. The best two will be
taken into consideration and the average of the two shall be taken as
the final marks for PT.

d) The school will ensure simple documentation to keep a record of performance.

e) Sharing of Feedback/Performance: The students’ achievement in each test

must be shared with the students and their parents to give them an overview

34
 of the level of learning that has taken place during different periods. Feedback
will help parents formulate interventions (conducive ambience, support
materials, motivation and morale-boosting) to further enhance learning. A
teacher, while sharing the feedback with student or parent, should be
empathetic, non- judgmental and motivating

a) Assessment of Activity Work: Throughout the year activities shall be

performed by the students from the activities given in the NCERT
Laboratory Manual for the respective class (XI or XII). A record of the
same may be kept by the student. A year end test on the activity may be
conducted.

The Weightage are as under:

 The activities performed by the student throughout the year and
record keeping: 5 marks
 Assessment of the activity performed during the year end test:3
marks
 Viva-voce: 2 marks
BOOKS PRESCRIBED:

1) Mathematics Part-I Textbook for Class XII, NCERT Publication

2) Mathematics Part-II Textbook for Class XII, NCERT Publication
3) Mathematics Lab Manual Class XII, published by NCERT

35
 PHYSICS
Max.Marks:100 Time Allowed: 3hrs
Theory: 70 Marks Practicals: 30 Marks

Unit I: Electrostatics 09 marks

Electric Charges and Fields
Electric charges, Conservation of charge, Coulomb's law-force between two- point
charges, forces between multiple charges; superposition principle and continuous charge
distribution. Electric field, electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines, electric
dipole, electric field due to a dipole, torque on a dipole in uniform electric field. Electric
flux, statement of Gauss's theorem and its applications to find field due to infinitely long
straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical
shell (field inside and outside).

Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance

Electric potential, potential difference, electric potential due to a point charge, a dipole
and system of charges; equipotential surfaces, electrical potential energy of a system of
two-point charges and of electric dipole in an electrostatic field. Conductors and
insulators, free charges and bound charges inside a conductor. Dielectrics and electric
polarization, capacitors and capacitance, combination of capacitors in series and in
parallel, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium
between the plates, energy stored in a capacitor (no derivation, formulae only).

Unit II: Current Electricity 07 marks

Current Electricity
Electric current, flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor, drift velocity, mobility and
their relation with electric current; Ohm's law, V-I characteristics (linear and non-linear),
electrical energy and power, electrical resistivity and conductivity, temperature
dependence of resistance, Internal resistance of a cell, potential difference and emf of a
cell, Kirchhoff's rules, Wheatstone bridge.

Unit III: Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism 09 marks

Moving Charges and Magnetism
Concept of magnetic field, Oersted's experiment. Biot - Savart law and its application to
current carrying circular loop. Ampere's law and its applications to infinitely long straight

36
wire. Straight solenoid (only qualitative treatment), force on a moving charge in uniform
magnetic and electric fields. Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic
field, force between two parallel current-carrying conductors-definition of ampere, torque
experienced by a current loop in uniform magnetic field; Current loop as a magnetic
dipole and its magnetic dipole moment, moving coil galvanometer- its current sensitivity
and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter.
Magnetism and Matter
Bar magnet, bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid (qualitative treatment only), magnetic
field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to
its axis (qualitative treatment only), torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform
magnetic field (qualitative treatment only), magnetic field lines. Magnetic properties of
materials- Para-, dia- and ferro - magnetic substances with examples, Magnetization of
materials, effect of temperature on magnetic properties.

Unit IV: Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents 09 marks

Electromagnetic Induction
Electromagnetic induction; Faraday's laws, induced EMF and current; Lenz's Law, Self and
mutual induction.
Alternating Current
Alternating currents, peak and RMS value of alternating current/voltage; reactance and
impedance; LCR series circuit (phasors only), resonance, power in AC circuits, power
factor, wattles current. AC generator, Transformer.
Unit V: Electromagnetic waves 03 marks
Electromagnetic Waves
Basic idea of displacement current, Electromagnetic waves, their characteristics, their
transverse nature (qualitative idea only). Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves,
microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays) including elementary facts
about their uses.
Unit VI: Optics 14 marks
Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
Ray Optics: Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula, refraction of light, total
internal reflection and optical fibers, refraction at spherical surfaces, lenses, thin lens
formula, lens maker’s formula, magnification, power of a lens, combination of thin lenses

37
in contact, refraction of light through a prism. Optical instruments: Microscopes and
astronomical telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers.
Wave Optics
Wave optics: Wave front and Huygen’s principle, reflection and refraction of plane wave
at a plane surface using wave fronts. Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using
Huygen’s principle. Interference, Young's double slit experiment and expression for fringe
width (No derivation final expression only), coherent sources and sustained interference
of light, diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maxima (qualitative treatment
only).

Unit VII: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter 04 marks

Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
Dual nature of radiation, Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard's observations; Einstein's
photoelectric equation-particle nature of light. Experimental study of photoelectric effect
Matter waves-wave nature of particles, de-Broglie relation.

Unit VIII: Atoms and Nuclei 08 marks

Atoms
Alpha-particle scattering experiment; Rutherford's model of atom; Bohr model of
hydrogen atom, Expression for radius of nth possible orbit, velocity and energy of electron
in nth orbit, hydrogen line spectra (qualitative treatment only).
Nuclei
Composition and size of nucleus, nuclear force Mass-energy relation, mass defect; binding
energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number; nuclear fission, nuclear fusion.

Unit IX: Electronic Devices 07 marks

Semiconductor Electronics
Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits Energy bands in conductors, semiconductors and
insulators (qualitative ideas only) Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors- p and n type, p-n
junction Semiconductor diode - I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias, application
of junction diode -diode as a rectifier.

38
Scheme of assessment
Question paper contains four sections namely
1. Section –A contains 10 (Objective Type Question/ Multiple Choice Questions)
of 1 mark each. 1x10= 10 marks
2. Section- B contains 9 Very Short Answer Type Questions of 2 marks each to be
answered in 20 to 30 words. 2 x 9 = 18 marks
3. Section – C contains 9 Short Answer type questions of 3 marks each to be
answered in 100 to 150 words. 3 x 9 = 27 marks
4. Section - D contains 3 Long Answer type questions of 5 marks each to be
answered in 150 to 200 words. 5 x 3 = 15 marks
Note: The paper setter shall incorporate Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)
questions apart from knowledge, memory and application based questions.

PRACTICALS Maximum Marks: 30

Time: 03 Hours External: 20 Marks/ Internal: 10 Marks

The record, to be submitted by the students, at the time of their annual examination, has
to include:
• Record of at least 8 Experiments [with 4 from each section], to be performed by
the students.
• Record of at least 6 Activities [with 3 each from section A and section B], to be
performed by the students.
• Report of the project carried out by the students.

Experiments
SECTION–A
1. To determine resistivity of two / three wires by plotting a graph for potential difference
versus current.
2. To find resistance of a given wire / standard resistor using metre bridge.
3. To verify the laws of combination (series) of resistances using a metre bridge.
OR
To verify the laws of combination (parallel) of resistances using a metre bridge.
4. To determine resistance of a galvanometer by half-deflection method and to find its
figure of merit.

39
5. To convert the given galvanometer (of known resistance and figure of merit) into a
voltmeter of desired range and to verify the same.
OR
To convert the given galvanometer (of known resistance and figure of merit) into an
ammeter of desired range and to verify the same.
6. To find the frequency of AC mains with a sonometer.

Activities
1. To measure the resistance and impedance of an inductor with or without iron core.
2. To measure resistance, voltage (AC/DC), current (AC) and check continuity of a given
circuit using multimeter.
3. To assemble a household circuit comprising three bulbs, three (on/off) switches, a fuse
and a power source.
4. To assemble the components of a given electrical circuit.
5. To study the variation in potential drop with length of a wire for a steady current.
6. To draw the diagram of a given open circuit comprising at least a battery,
resistor/rheostat, key, ammeter and voltmeter. Mark the components that are not
connected in proper order and correct the circuit and also the circuit diagram.

SECTION-B
Experiments
1. To find the value of v for different values of u in case of a concave mirror and to find the
focal length.
2. To find the focal length of a convex mirror, using a convex lens.
3. To find the focal length of a convex lens by plotting graphs between u and v or
between 1/u and 1/v.
4. To find the focal length of a concave lens, using a convex lens.
5. To determine angle of minimum deviation for a given prism by plotting a graph
between angle of incidence and angle of deviation.
6. To determine refractive index of a glass slab using a travelling microscope.
7. To find the refractive index of a liquid using convex lens and plane mirror.
8. To find the refractive index of a liquid using a concave mirror and a plane mirror.
9. To draw the I-V characteristic curve for a p-n junction diode in forward and reverse bias.

40
 Activities
1. To identify a diode, an LED, a resistor and a capacitor from a mixed collection of such
items.
2. Use of multimeter to see the unidirectional flow of current in case of a diode and an
LED and check whether a given electronic component (e.g., diode) is in working order.
3. To study effect of intensity of light (by varying distance of the source) on an LDR.
4. To observe refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of light incident obliquely on a
glass slab.
5. To observe diffraction of light due to a thin slit.
6. To study the nature and size of the image formed by a
(i) Convex lens, or
(ii) Concave mirror, on a screen by using a candle and a screen (for different distances of
the candle from the lens/mirror).
7. To obtain a lens combination with the specified focal length by using two lenses from
the given set of Lenses.
Suggested Investigatory Projects
1. To study various factors on which the internal resistance/EMF of a cell depends.
2. To study the variations in current flowing in a circuit containing an LDR because of a
variation in
(a) the power of the incandescent lamp, used to 'illuminate' the LDR (keeping all the lamps
at a fixed distance).
(b) the distance of a incandescent lamp (of fixed power) used to 'illuminate' the LDR.
3. To find the refractive indices of
(a) Water
(b) Oil (transparent) using a plane mirror, an equiconvex lens (made from a glass of
known refractive index) and an adjustable object needle.
4. To investigate the relation between the ratio of
(i) Output and input voltage and
(ii) Number of turns in the secondary coil and primary coil of a self-designed transformer.
5. To investigate the dependence of the angle of deviation on the angle of incidence
using a hollow prism filled one by one, with different transparent fluids.
6. To estimate the charge induced on each one of the two identical Styrofoam (or pith)

41
 balls suspended in a Vertical plane by making use of Coulomb's law.
7. To study the factor on which the self-inductance of a coil depends by observing the
effect of this coil, when put in series with a resistor/ (bulb) in a circuit fed up by an A.C.
source of adjustable frequency.
8. To study the earth's magnetic field using a compass needle -bar magnet by plotting
magnetic field lines and tangent galvanometer.

Practical Examination for Visually Impaired Students

Evaluation Scheme Time 2 hours
Max. Marks: 30
General Guidelines
 The practical examination will be of two-hour duration.
 A separate list of ten experiments is included here.
 The written examination in practical for these students will be conducted at the time of
practical examination of all other students.
 The written test will be of 30 minutes duration.
 The question paper given to the students should be legibly typed. It should contain a total
of 15 practical skill based very short answer type questions. A student would be required to
answer any 10 questions.
 A writer may be allowed to such students as per CBSE examination rules.
 All questions included in the question papers should be related to the listed practicals.
Every question
should require about two minutes to be answered. These students are also required to
maintain a practical file.
 A student is expected to record at least five of the listed experiments as per the specific
instructions for each subject.
 These practical should be duly checked and signed by the internal examiner.
 The format of writing any experiment in the practical file should include aim, apparatus
required, simple theory, procedure, related practical skills, precautions etc.
 Questions may be generated jointly by the external/internal examiners and used for
assessment. The Viva Questions may include questions based on basic
theory/principle/concept, apparatus/ Materials/chemicals required procedure, precautions,
sources of error etc.

42
BOOK PRESCRIBED:
1. A Textbook of Physics for class XII published by NCERT, New Delhi

43
 CHEMISTRY
Max.Marks:100 Time Allowed: 3 hrs
Theory: 70 Marks Practicals: 30 Marks

Unit-I: SOLUTIONS 07 Marks

Types of solutions, expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids, solubility of
gases in liquids, solid solutions, colligative properties: relative lowering of vapor pressure
of a solution, Raoult's law, elevation of boiling point, depression in freezing point
temperature and osmotic pressure), determination of molecular masses using colligative
properties. Abnormal molecular mass, Van't Hoff factor and calculations involving it.

Unit-II: ELECTROCHEMISTRY 09 Marks

Redox reactions, conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific conductivity, molar
conductivity, variation of conductivity with concentration, Kohlrausch's law and its
applications Electrolysis and laws of electrolysis (elementary idea), dry cell-electrolytic cells
and galvanic cells; Lead accumulator, emf of a cell, standard electrode potential, Nernst
equation and its application to Chemical cells, relation between Gibb's energy change
and emf of a cell, fuel cells, corrosion

Unit-III: CHEMICAL KINETICS 07 Marks

Rate of reaction (average and instantaneous rate of a reaction), factors affecting rate of
reactions: (concentration, temperature, catalyst), rate law, specific rate constant and order,
molecularity of a reaction, integrated rate expression of zero and first order reactions and
their derivations, half-life period. Concept of collision theory (elementary idea, no
mathematical derivation). Activation energy, Arrhenius equation.

Unit-IV: d and f-BLOCK ELEMENTS 07 Marks

General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics of the
transition meals, general trends in properties of first row transition metals (metallic
character, IE, electrode potential, oxidation state, ionic radii, catalytic properties, colored
ions, complex formation, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy formation).
Preparation and properties of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4 Lanthanides: electronic configuration,
oxidation state, chemical reactivity and lanthanide contraction and its consequences.
Actinides- electronic configuration, oxidation states and comparison with lanthanoids.

44
Unit- V: CO-ORDINATION COMPOUNDS 07 Marks
Co-ordination compounds: Introduction, ligands, co-ordination number, color, magnetic
properties and shapes, IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear co-ordination compounds.
Bonding (Werner's theory, VBT and CFT), structural and stereoisomerisms, importance of
coordination compounds in qualitative inclusion of analysis, extraction of metals and
biological systems.

Unit-VI: HALOALKANES AND HALOARENES 06 Marks

Haloalkanes: Nomenclature, nature of C-X bond, physical & chemical properties,
mechanism of substitution reactions. Stability of carbocations, R-S and d-1 configurations
Haloarenes: Nature of C-X bond, substitution reactions (directive influence of halogens for
mono substituted compounds only), Stability of carbocations, R-S and D-L configurations
Uses and environmental effects of-dichloromethane, trichloromethane,
tetrachloromethane, iodoform, freon, and DDT

Unit- VII: ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS AND ETHERS 06 Marks

Alcohols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical & chemical properties (of
primary alcohols only), identification of primary, secondary & tertiary alcohols; mechanism
of dehydration of alcohols. Uses, some important compounds - methanol and ethanol.
Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical & chemical properties, acidic
nature of phenol, electrophillic substitution reactions, uses of phenols.
Ethers: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical & chemical properties and uses.

UNIT-VIII: ALDEHYDES, KETONES AND CARBOXYLIC ACIDS 08 Marks

Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of
preparation, physical & chemical properties & mechanism of nucleophilic addition
reaction to C=O group, reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes, uses
Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical &
chemical properties and uses

UNIT-IX: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING NITROGEN 06 Marks

Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical &
chemical properties, uses, identification of primary, secondary & tertiary amines.

45
Cyanides and Isocyanides: Structures of cyanide and isocyanide groups, nomenclature,
preparation, physical properties and chemical reactions
Diazonium Salts: Preparation and chemical reactions (mechanism of diazotization), and
importance aesthetic organic chemistry

UNIT-X: BIOMOLECULES 07 Marks

Carbohydrates: Classification (aldoses and ketoses), mono saccharides: Glucose, fructose:
structure, preparation and chemical reactions, oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose &
maltose) Polysaccharides: (starch cellulose and glycogen); importance.
Proteins: Elementary idea of amino acids: peptide bond, polypeptides and primary,
secondary, etary and qualemary structure of proteins (Qualitative idea only), denaturation
of proteins; enzymes, lips &harmones, their classification & functions.
Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA (purines and pyrimidines, nucleosides, nucleotides and
fragments up to four nucleotides).
Vitamins: Classification and functions, sources and deficiency diseases.

Scheme of assessment
Question paper contains four sections namely
1. Section –A contains 10 (Objective Type Question/ Multiple Choice Questions)
of 1 mark each. 1x10= 10 marks
2. Section- B contains 9 Very Short Answer Type Questions of 2 marks each to be
answered in 20 to 30 words. 2 x 9 = 18 marks
3. Section – C contains 9 Short Answer type questions of 3 marks each to be
answered in 100 to 150 words. 3 x 9 = 27 marks
4. Section - D contains 3 Long Answer type questions of 5 marks each to be
answered in 150 to 200 words. 5 x 3 = 15 marks
Note: The paper setter shall incorporate Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)
questions apart from knowledge, memory and application based questions.

PRACTICALS
Internal: 10 External: 20
Evaluation Scheme for Practical Examination: (External)
Volumetric analysis 06 marks

46
Salt Analysis 06 marks
Content based experiment 04 marks
Class record, Project work and viva 04 marks
Total =20 marks
A. CHEMICAL KINETICS
i) Effect of concentration and temperature on the rate of reaction between sodium
thiosulphate and Hydrochloric acid.
ii) Study of reaction rates of any one of the following:
a) Reaction of iodide ions with hydrogen peroxide at room temperature using different
concentration of iodide ions.
b) Reaction between potassium iodate (KIO3) and sodium sulphite (Na2SO3) using starch
solution as Indicator (clok reaction).
B. THERMODYNAMICS
Any one of the following experiments:
i)Enthalpy of dissolution of CuSO4 or KNO3
ii) Enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid (HCI) and strong base (NaOH).
iii) Determination of enthalpy change during interaction (Hydrogen bond formation)
between acetone &chloroform.
C. ELECTRO CHEMISTRY
i) Variation of cell potential in Zn/Zn2+ // Cu2+ /Cu with change in concentration of
electrolytes (CuSO4 or ZnSO4) at room temperature.

D. PREPARATION OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS

i) Preparation of double salt of ferrous ammonium sulphate or potash alum.
ii) Preparation of potassium ferric oxalate.

E. TEST FOR THE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS PRESENT IN ORANIC COMPOUNDS

Unsaturation, alcoholic, phenolic, aldehydic, ketonic, carboxylic and amino (primary)
groups.

F. Study of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in pure form and detection of their presence
in given Foodstuffs.
G. Determination of concentration/ molarity of KMnO4 solution by titrating it against a

47
standard solution of:
i) Oxalic acid
ii) Ferrous ammonium sulphate.
H. Qualitative Analysis
Determination, of one cation and one anion in a given salt (insoluble salts to be excluded).
Cations: Pb2+ Cu2+, As3+, Al3+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Zn2+,Ni2+, Co2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Mg2+, NH4 +
Anions: CO32- , S2- , SO32-, SO42-, NO2-, NO3-, Cl-, Br- , I- , PO43-, C2O4 2-, CH3 COO-

PROJECT WORK
Wherever feasible may include:
1) Model Preparation
2) Investigatory Project
• Determine the oxalate content of Guava fruit at different stages of ripening.
• To determine the amount of casein present in different samples of milk from different
sources.
• Preparation of soybean milk and its comparison with the natural milk.
• Study of the effect of Potassium Bisulphate as food preservative under various
conditions (temperature, Concentration, time, etc.)
• Comparative study of the rate of fermentation of following materials: wheat flour, gram
flour, potato juice, Carrot juice, etc.
• Study of insecticides and pesticides in various fruits and vegetables.
• To determine the presence of adulterants in common foods such as oil, butter, sugar,
turmeric powder, chilli powder, rice, pepper.
• Prevetion of rusting of iron by using cathode protection method.
3) Science Exhibits.
4) Participation in Science Fairs

BOOK PRESCRIBED:
1. Textbook of Chemistry for class XII published by NCERT, New Delhi

48
 BIOLOGY
Maximum Marks: 100 Theory Marks: 70
Practical Marks: 30 Time: 3 Hours

SECTION A (Botany) Marks: 35

Unit-I Reproduction in Flowering Plants Marks: 07

Sexual Reproduction: Flower structure; Development of male and female gametophytes;
Pollination - types, agencies and examples; Out breeding devices; Pollen-Pistil interactions;
Double fertilization; Post fertilization events - Development of Endosperm, embryo;
Development of seed and formation of fruit; special modes - apomixis, parthenocarpy,
polyembryony; Significance of seed and fruit formation.

Unit-II Genetics Marks: 09

Heredity and variation Mendelian inheritance; deviations from Mendelism: Incomplete
Dominance; Co-dominance; Multiple alleles and inheritance of blood groups; Pleiotropy;
Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; Chromosomal theory of Inheritance;
Chromosomes and genes.

Molecular Basis of Inheritance: Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material;
Structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; Central Dogma; Protein
Biosynthesis: Transcription, genetic code, translation; Gene expression and regulation - lac
Operon.

Unit-III Biology and Human Welfare Marks: 07

Tissue Culture: Cellular totipotency, technique and application of tissue culture.
Microbes in Human welfare: Microbes in food processing, industrial production, sewage
treatment, energy generation (Biogas) and microbes as bio-control agents, Biopesticides
and Bio-fertilizers. Antibiotics; production and judicious use.
Application of Biotechnology in Agriculture: Genetically Modified organisms - BT crops;
Biopiracy and patents.

Unit-X Ecology and Environment Marks: 12

Populations: Population attributes and Population growth; Population interactions -

49
mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism; population attributes - growth, birth rate
and death rate, age distribution.
Ecosystems: Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; energy flow;
Ecological pyramids: Pyramids of number, biomass and energy.
Biodiversity and its Conservation: Biodiversity-Concept, patterns, importance; loss of
biodiversity; biodiversity conservation; hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red
Data Book; Biosphere reserves, National parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries and Ramsar sites.

SECTION B (Zoology) Marks: 35

Unit I: Reproduction in Animals Marks: 11

Human Reproduction: Male and Female reproductive systems; Microscopic anatomy of

testis and ovary; Gametogenesis (spermatogenesis and oogenesis; menstrual cycle).
Fertilisation, embryo development upto blastocyst formation, implantation; Pregnancy
and placenta formation. Elementary idea of Parturition and Lactation.
Reproductive Health: Need for reproductive health and prevention of Sexually
Transmitted Diseases (STDs); Birth control – need and methods, Contraception and
Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP); Amniocentesis; Infertility and assisted
reproductive technologies - IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (elementary idea for general awareness)
.
Unit II: Genetics and Evolution Marks: 12
Sex determination – in humans, birds and honey bee; Linkage and Crossing over.
Sex linked inheritance: Haemophilia and colour blindness.
Mendelian disorders in humans – Thalassemia; Chromosomal disorders in humans:
Down's syndrome, Turner's syndrome and Klinefelter's syndrome
Genome and Human genome project; DNA fingerprinting.
Evolution: Origin of life; Biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution;
Darwin's contribution, Modern synthetic theory of Evolution; Mechanism of evolution -
Variation (Mutation and Recombination) and Natural Selection with examples, types of
natural selection; Gene flow and genetic drift; Hardy - Weinberg's principle; adaptive
radiation; Human evolution.

UNIT: III Biology in Human Welfare Marks: 07

50
Health and Disease: Basic concepts of immunology - vaccines; Pathogens; parasites
causing human diseases (Hepatitis, Malaria, Dengue, Filariasis, Ascariasis, Typhoid,
Pneumonia, Common cold, Amoebiasis, Ring worm) and their control; Cancer, HIV and
AIDS; Adolescence: drug and alcohol abuse.

UNIT: IV Biotechnology and its Applications Marks: 05

Biotechnology: Principles and processes; Genetic Engineering (Recombinant DNA
Technology).
Application of biotechnology in health: Human insulin and vaccine production stem cell
technology, gene therapy. Transgenic Animals.
Bio-safety issues.

Scheme of assessment
BOTANY
Question paper contains four sections namely
1. Section –A contains 5 (Objective Type Question/ Multiple Choice Questions)
of 1 mark each. 1x 5= 5 marks
2. Section- B contains 5 Very Short Answer Type Questions of 2 marks each to be
answered in20 to 30 words. 2 x 5 = 10 marks
3. Section – C contains 5 Short Answer type questions of 3 marks each to be
answered in 100 to 150 words. 3 x 5 = 15 marks

4. Section - D contains 1 Long Answer type question of 5 marks each to be

answered in 150to 200 words. 5 x 1 = 5 marks

Note: The paper setter shall incorporate Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)
questions apart from knowledge, memory and application based questions.

ZOOLOGY
Question paper contains four sections namely
1. Section –A contains 5 (Objective Type Question/ Multiple Choice Questions)
of 1 mark each. 1x 5= 5 marks
2. Section- B contains 5 Very Short Answer Type Questions of 2 marks each to be
answered in20 to 30 words. 2 x 5 = 10 marks
3. Section – C contains 5 Short Answer type questions of 3 marks each to be

51
 answered in 100 to 150 words. 3 x 5 = 15 marks

4. Section - D contains 1 Long Answer type question of 5 marks each to be

answered in 150 to 200 words. 5 x 1 = 5 marks

Note: The paper setter shall incorporate Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)
questions apart from knowledge, memory and application based questions.

PRACTICALS Maximum Marks: 30

Time: 03 Hours External: 20 Marks/ Internal: 10 Marks
SECTION A: BOTANY
Max. Marks: 15
A. List of Experiments
1. Study pollen germination on a slide.
2. Collect soil samples from at least two different sites and study them for texture, moisture
content, pH and water holding capacity. Correlate with the kinds of plants found in
them.
3. Study the presence of suspended particulate matter in air at two widely different sites.
4. Study of plant population density by Quadrant method.
5. Study of plant population frequency by Quadrant method

B. Observation/ Spotting
1. Study of flowers adapted to pollination by the agencies of wind and insects.
2. Study pollen germination on stigma through a permanent slide.
3. Study Mendelian inheritance using seeds of different colours/ size of any plant.
4. Exercise on controlled pollination – Emasculation, tagging and bagging.
5. Study two plants found in xerophytic conditions. Comment upon their morphological
adaptations.
6. Study plants found in aquatic conditions. Comment upon their morphological
adaptations.
SECTION B: ZOOLOGY
Max. Marks: 15
A. List of Experiments
1. Collect water samples from two different water bodies around you and study them for
pH, clarity and presence of any living organisms.
2. Prepare a temporary mount of onion root tip to study mitosis.
3. To study the effect of different temperatures and three different pHs on the activity of
salivary amylase on starch.

52
B. Observation/ Spotting
1. Identification of stages of gamete development i.e. T.S. testis and T.S. ovary through
permanent slides (from any mammal).
2. Study the T.S. of blastula through permanent slides.
3. Study prepared pedigree charts of genetic traits such as rolling of tongue, blood
groups, widow’s peak, colour blindness.
4. Identification of common disease-causing organisms like Ascaris, Entamoeba,
Plasmodium, ringworm through permanent slides or specimens. Comment on
symptoms of diseases that they cause.
5. Study two different animals found in xerophytic conditions. Comment upon their
morphological adaptations.
6. Study animals found in aquatic conditions. Comment upon their morphological
adaptations.

BOOK PRESCRIBED:
1. A textbook of Biology for class XII published by NCERT, New Delhi.

53
 BUSINESS STUDIES
Maximum marks:100 Marks Time: 3 hrs
Theory: 80 Marks Project Work: 20 Marks

Part A: Principles and Functions of Management

Unit I: Nature and Significance of Management Marks: 07
• Management–concept, objectives, importance.
• Nature of management; Management as Science, Art, Profession.
• Levels of management–top, middle supervisory (First level).
• Management functions–planning, organising, staffing, directing and controlling.
• Coordination–nature and importance.

Unit II: Principles of Management Marks: 06

• Principles of Management–meaning, nature and significance.
• Fayol’s principles of management.
• Taylor’s Scientific Management–Principles and Techniques.

Unit III: Business Environment Marks: 03

• Business Environment–meaning and importance.
• Dimensions of Business Environment–Economic, Social, Technological, Political and
Legal.
• Economic Environment in India.

Unit IV: Planning Marks: 07

• Meaning, features, importance, limitations.
• Planning process.
• Types of Plans–Objectives, Strategy, Policy, Procedure, Method, Rule, Budget,
Programme.

Unit V: Organising Marks: 07

• Meaning and importance.
• Steps in the process of organising.
• Structure of organization–functional and divisional.
• Formal and informal organisation.
• Delegation: meaning elements and importance.
• Decentralization: meaning and importance.

54
 • Difference between delegation and decentralization.

Unit VI: Staffing Marks: 08

• Meaning, need and importance of staffing.
• Staffing as a part of Human Resources Management.
• Steps in staffing process.
• Recruitment–meaning and sources.
• Selection–meaning and process.
• Training and Development–meaning, need, methods– on the job and off the job
methods of training.
Unit VII: Directing Marks: 08
• Meaning, importance and principles.
• Elements of Direction:
– Supervision–meaning and importance
– Motivation–meaning and importance, Maslow’s hierarchy of
needs; Financial and non-financial incentives.
– Leadership–meaning, importance;
– Communication meaning and importance, formal and informal communication;
barriers to effective communication.
Unit VIII: Controlling Marks: 04
• Meaning and importance.
• Relationship between planning and controlling.
• Steps in the process of control.

Part B: Business Finance & Marketing

Unit IX: Business Finance Marks: 10

• Business finance–meaning, role, objectives of financial management.
• Financial Decisions; factors affecting
• Financial planning–meaning and importance.
• Capital Structure–meaning and factors.
• Fixed and Working Capital–meaning and factors affecting their requirements.

Unit X: Marketing Management Marks: 14

• Marketing–meaning, functions, role.
• Distinction between marketing and selling.
• Marketing mix–concept and elements:

55
 – Product–nature, classification, branding, labeling and packaging
– Price: factors influencing pricing
– Physical distribution: meaning, role; Channels of distribution–meaning,
types, factors, determining choice of channels.
– Promotion–meaning and role, promotion mix, Role of Advertising and
personal selling; objections to Advertising.
• Personal Selling-Concept, Importance,
• Sales Promotion-Merits, limitation, methods.
• Publicity-Concept &Role.

Unit XI: Consumer Protection Marks: 06

• Importance of consumer protection.
• Consumer rights.
• Consumer responsibilities.
• Ways and means of consumer protection–Consumer awareness and legal
redressal with special reference to Consumer protection Act.
• Role of consumer organizations and NGOs.

Scheme of assessment
Question paper contains five sections namely
1. Section –A contains 8 (Objective Type Question/ Multiple Choice Questions)
of 1 mark each. 1x 8 = 8 marks
2. Section- B contains 4 Short Answer Type Questions of 3 marks each to be
answered in 20 to 30 words. 3 x 4 = 12 marks
3. Section – C contains 5 Short Answer type questions of 4 marks each to be
answered in 100 to 150 words. 4 x 5 = 20 marks
4. Section - D contains 4 Long Answer type questions of 6 marks each to be
answered in 150 to 200 words. 6 x 4 = 24 marks
5. Section – E contains 2 Long Answer type questions of 8 marks each to be
answered in 150 to 200 words. 8 x 2 = 16 marks

Note: The paper setter shall incorporate Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)
questions apart from knowledge, memory and application based questions.

56
PROJECT WORK IN BUSINESS STUDIES

Introduction

The course in Business Studies is introduced at Senior School level to provide students
with a sound understanding of the principles and practices bearing in business (trade
and industry) as well as their relationship with the society. Business is a dynamic
process that brings together technology, natural resources and human initiative in a
constantly changing global environment. With the purpose to help them understand
the framework within which a business operates, and its interaction with the social,
economic, technological and legal environment, the CBSE has introduced Project
Work in the Business Studies Syllabus for Classes XII. The projects have been designed
to allow students to appreciate that business is an integral component of society and
help them develop an understanding of the social and ethical issues concerning
them.
The project work also aims to empower the teacher to relate all the concepts with
what is happening around the world and the student’s surroundings, making them
appear more clear and contextual. This will enable the student to enjoy studies and
use his free time effectively in observing what’s happening around.
By means of Project Work the students are exposed to life beyond textbooks giving
them opportunities to refer materials, gather information, analyze it further to obtain
relevant information and decide what matter to keep.

Objectives

After doing the Project Work in Business Studies, the students will be able to do the
following:
 Develop a practical approach by using modern technologies in the field of
business and management;
 get an opportunity for exposure to the operational environment in the field of
business management and related services;
 inculcate important skills of teamwork, problem solving, time management,
information collection, processing, analysing and synthesizing relevant
information to derive meaningful conclusions
 get involved in the process of research work; demonstrate his or her
capabilities while working independently and
 Make studies an enjoyable experience to cherish.

GUIDELINES FOR TEACHERS

Students are supposed to select one unit out of four and are required to make only
ONE project from the selected unit. (Consist of one project of 20marks)

1. Help students to select any ONE Topic for the entire year.
2. The topic should be assigned after discussion with the student in the class and

57
 should then be discussed at every stage of the submission of the project.
The teacher should play the role of a facilitator and should closely supervise
the process of project completion. The teachers must ensure that the project
workassignedtothestudentswhetherindividuallyoringrouparediscussedatdiffer
ent stages right from assignment to drafts review and finalization. Students
should be facilitated in terms of providing relevant materials or suggesting
websites, or obtaining required permissions from business houses, malls etc
for their project. The periods assigned to the Project Work should be suitably
spaced throughout the academic session. The teachers MUST ensure that the
student actually go through the rigors and enjoy the process of doing the
project rather than depending on any readymade material available outside.

3. The students must make a presentation of the project before the class.
4. The teachers must ensure that the student’s self-esteem and creativity is
enhanced and both the teacher and the student enjoy this process.
5. The teachers should feel pride in the fact that they have explored the different
dimensions of the project in an innovative way and their students have put in
genuine work

I. Project One: Elements of Business Environment

The teachers should help the students in selecting any one element of the following:
1. Changes witnessed over the last few years on mode of packaging and its
economic impact. The teacher may guide the students to identify the following
changes:
a) The changes in transportation of fruits and vegetables such as cardboard
crates being used in place of wooden crates, etc. Reasons for above changes.
b) Milk being supplied in glass bottles, later in plastic bags and now in tetra-pack
and through vending machines.
c) Plastic furniture doors and stools gaining preference over wooden furniture.
d) The origin of cardboard and the various stages of changes and growth.
e) Brown paper bags packing to recycled paper bags to plastic bags and cloth bags.
f) Reuse of packaging [bottles, jars and tins] to attract customers for their products.
g) The concept of pyramid packaging for milk.
h) Cost being borne by the consumer/manufacturer.
i) Packaging used as means of advertisements.

2. The reasons behind changes in the following:

Coca–Cola and Fanta in the seventies to Thumbs up and Campa Cola in the eighties
to Pepsi and Coke in nineties.
The teacher may guide the students to the times when India sold Coca Cola and
Fanta which were being manufactured in India by the foreign companies.

The students may be asked to enquire about

a) Reasons of stopping the manufacturing of the above-mentioned drinks in India

58
 THEN.
b) The introduction of Thumps up and Campa cola range.
c) Re-entry of Coke and introduction of Pepsi in the Indian market.
d) Factors responsible for the change.
e) Other linkages with the above.
f) Leading brands and the company having the highest market share.
g) Different local brands venturing in the Indian market.
h) The rating of the above brands in the market.
i) The survival and reasons of failure in competition with the international brands.
j) Other observations made by the students

The teacher may develop the following on the above lines

2. Changing role of the women in the past 25 years relating to joint families, nuclear
families, women as a bread earner of the family, changes in the requirement trend of
mixers, washing machines, microwave and standard of living.
3. The changes in the pattern of import and export of different Products.
4. The trend in the changing interest rates and their effect on savings.
5. A study on child labour laws, its implementation and consequences.
6. The state of ‘anti plastic campaign, ’the law, its effects and implementation.
7. The laws of mining/setting up of industries, rules and regulations, licenses
required for running that business.
8. Social factors affecting acceptance and rejection of an identified
product. (Dishwasher, Atta maker, etc.)
9. What has the effect of change in environment on the types of goods and
services? The students can take examples like:
a) Washing machines, micro waves, mixers and grinder.
b) Need for crèche, daycare centre for young and old.
c) Ready to eat food, eating food outside, and Tiffin centres.
10. Change in the man-machine ratio with technological advances resulting in
change of Cost Structure.
11. Effect of changes in technological environment on the behaviour of employee.

II.Project Two: Principles of Management

The students are required to visit any one of the following:
1. A departmental store.
2. An Industrial unit.
3. A fast-food outlet.
4. Any other organisation approved by the teacher.
They are required to observe the application of the general Principles of management
advocated by Fayol.

59
 Fayol’s principles
1. Division of work.
2. Unity of command.
3. Unity of direction.
4. Scalar chain
5. Espirit de corps
6. Fair remuneration to all.
7. Order.
8. Equity.
9. Discipline
10. Subordination of individual interest to general interest.
11. Initiative.
12. Centralisation and decentralisation.
13. Stability of tenure.
14. Authority and Responsibility OR
They may enquire into the application of scientific management techniques by
F.W. Taylor in the unit visited.

Scientific techniques of management.

1. Functional foremanship.
2. Standardisation and simplification of work.
3. Method study.
4. Motion Study.
5. Time Study.
6. Fatigue Study
7. Differential piece rate plan.

Tips to teacher
(i) The teacher may organize this visit.
(ii) The teacher should facilitate the students to identify any unit of their choice
and guide them to identify the principles that are being followed.
(iii) Similarly, they should guide the students to identify the techniques of scientific
management implemented in the organisation.
(iv) It may be done as a group activity.
(v) The observations could be on the basis of
□ The different stages of division of work resulting to specialization.
□ Following instructions and accountability of subordinates to higher
authorities.
□ Visibility of order and equity in the unit.
□ Balance of authority and responsibility.
□ Communication levels and pattern in the organisation.
□ Methods and techniques followed by the organisation for unity of
direction and

60
 Coordination amongst all.
□ Methods of wage payments followed. The arrangements of fatigue study.
□ Derivation of time study.
□ Derivation and advantages of method study.
□ Organizational chart of functional foremanship.
□ Any other identified in the organisation

vi. It is advised that students should be motivated to pick up different areas of

visit. As presentations of different areas in the class would help in better
understanding to the other students.
vii. The students may be encouraged to develop worksheets. Teachers should
help students to prepare observation tools to be used for undertaking the
project.
Examples; worksheets, questionnaire, interviews and organizational chart etc.

III. Project Three: Stock Exchange

The purpose of this project is to teach school students the values of investing and
utilizing the stock market. This project also teaches important lessons about the
economy, mathematics and financial responsibility.

The basis of this project is to learn about the stock market while investing a specified
amount of fake money in certain stocks. Students then study the results and buy and
sell as they see fit.
This project will also guide the students and provide them with the supplies
necessary to successfully monitor stock market trends and will teach students
how to calculate profit and loss on stock.

The project work will enable the students to:

□ Understand the topics like sources of business finance and capital market
□ Understand the concepts used in stock exchange
□ Inculcate the habit of watching business channels, reading
business journals/ newspapers and seeking information from
their elders.

The students are expected to:

a) Develop a brief report on History of Stock Exchanges in India. (your country)
b) Prepare a list of atleast 25 companies listed on a Stock Exchange.
c) To make an imaginary portfolio totaling a sum of Rs.50, 000 equally in any
of the 5 companies of their choice listed above over a period of twenty
working days

The students may be required to report the prices of the stocks on daily basis and
present it diagrammatically on the graph paper.

61
 □ They will understand the weekly holidays and the holidays under the
Negotiable Instruments Act.
They will also come across with terms like closing prices, opening prices, etc.
□ During this period of recording students are supposed to distinctively record
the daily and starting and closing prices of the week other days under the
negotiable instrument act so that they acquire knowledge about closing and
opening prices.
□ The students may conclude by identifying the causes in the fluctuations of
prices. Normally it would be related to the front-page news of a business
journal, for example,
□ Change of seasons.
□ Festivals.
□ Spread of epidemic.
□ Strikes and accidents
□ Natural and human disasters.
□ Political environment.
□ Lack of faith in the government policies.
□ Impact of changes in government policies for specific industry.
□ International events.
□ Contract and treaties at the international scene.
□ Relations with the neighbouring countries.
□ Crisis in developed countries, etc.
The students are expected to find the value of their investments and accordingly
rearrange their portfolio. The project work should cover the following aspects;
1. Graphical presentation of the share prices of different companies on different
dates.
2. Change in market value of shares due to change of seasons, festivals,
natural and human disasters.
3. Change in market value of shares due to change in political environment /
policies of various countries/ crisis in developed countries or any other reasons
4. Identify the top ten companies out of the 25 selected on the basis of their
market value of shares.
It does not matter if they have made profits or losses.

IV. Project Four: Marketing

Adhesives Hair Dye Salt

Air conditioners Hair Oil Sarees
Baby diapers Infant dress Sauces/Ketchup
Bathing Soap Inverter Shampoo
Bathroom cleaner Jams Shaving cream
Bike Jeans Shoe polish
Blanket Jewellery Shoes
Body Spray Kurti Squashes

62
 Bread Ladies bag Suitcase/airbag
Breakfast cereal Ladies footwear Sunglasses
Butter Learning Toys Tea
Camera Lipstick Tiffin Wallah
Car Microwave oven Toothpaste
Cheese spreads Mixers Wallet
Chocolate Mobile Washing detergent
Coffee Moisturizer Washing machine
Cosmetology product Music player Washing powder
Crayons Nail polish Water bottle
Crockery Newspaper Water storage tank
Cutlery Noodles Wipes
Cycle Pen
DTH Pen drive
Eraser Pencil
e-wash Pickles
Fairness cream Razor
Fans Ready Soups
Fruit candy Refrigerator
Furniture RO system

Any more as suggested by the teacher.

The teacher must ensure that the identified product should not be items whose
consumption/use is discouraged by the society and government like alcohol
products/pan masala and tobacco products, etc.

Identify one product/service from the above which the students may like to
manufacture/provide [pre-assumption].

Now the students are required to make a project on the identified

product/service keeping in mind the following:
1. Why have they selected this product/service?
2. Find out ‘5 ’competitive brands that exist in the market.
3. What permission and licenses would be required to make the product?
4. What are your competitors Unique Selling Proposition? [U.S.P.]?
5. Does your product have any range give details?
6. What is the name of your product?
7. Enlist its features.
8. Draw the ‘Label’ of your product.
9. Draw a logo for your product.
10. Draft a tagline.
11. What is the selling price of your competitor’s product?
(i) Selling price to consumer
(ii) Selling price to retailer

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(iii) Selling price to wholesaler

12. What is the profit margin in percentage to the

□ Manufacturer.
□ Wholesaler.
□ Retailer
13. How will your product be packaged?
14. Which channel of distribution are you going to use? Give reasons for selection?
15. Decisions related to warehousing, state reasons.
16. What is going to be your selling price?
(i) To consumer
(ii) To retailer
(iii) To wholesaler
17. List 5 ways of promoting your product.
18. Any schemes for
(i) The wholesaler
(ii) The retailer
(iii) The consumer
19. What is going to be your ‘U.S.P?
20. What means of transport you will use and why?
21. Draft a social message for your label.
22. What cost effective techniques will you follow for your product.
23. What cost effective techniques will you follow for your promotion plan.
At this stage the students will realise the importance of the concept of marketing
mix and the necessary decision regarding the four P’s of marketing.
□ Product
□ Place
□ Price
□ Promotion

On the basis of the work done by the students the project report should include
the following:
1. Type of product/ service identified and the (consumer /industries) process
involve there in.
2. Brand name and the product.
3. Range of the product.
4. Identification mark or logo.
5. Tagline.
6. Labeling and packaging.
7. Price of the product and basis of price fixation.
8. Selected channels of distribution and reasons thereof.
9. Decisions related to transportation and warehousing. State reasons.

64
 10. Promotional techniques used and starting reasons for deciding the particular
technique.
11. Grading and standardization.

Presentation and Submission of Project Report

At the end of the stipulated term, each student will prepare and submit his/her
project report.

Following essentials are required to be fulfilled for its preparation and submission.
1. The total length of the project will be of 25 to 30 pages.
2. The project should be hand written.
3. The project should be presented in a neat folder.
4. The project report should be developed in the following sequence-
□ Cover page should include the title of the Project, student information,
school and year.
□ List of contents.
□ Acknowledgements and preface (acknowledging the institution, the
places visited and the persons who have helped).
□ Introduction.
□ Topic with suitable heading.
□ Planning and activities done during the project, if any.
□ Observations and findings of the visit.
□ Conclusions (summarized suggestions or findings, future scope of study).
□ Photographs (if any).
□ Appendix
□ Teacher’s observation.
□ Signatures of the teachers.
□ At the completion of the evaluation of the project, it should be punched
in the centres o that the report may not be reused but is available for
reference only.
□ The project will be returned after evaluation. The school may keep the
best projects

ASSESSMENT
Allocation of Marks= 20 Marks
The marks will be allocated under the following heads:

1 Initiative, cooperativeness and participation 2 Marks

2 Creativity in presentation 2 Marks
3 Content, observation and research work 4 Marks
4 Analysis of situations 4 Marks
5 Viva 8 Marks
Total 20 Marks

65
BOOKS PRESCRIBED:
1. Business Studies I by NCERT, New Delhi.
2. Business Studies II by NCERT, New Delhi

66
 ACCOUNTANCY
Maximum marks:100 Marks Time: 3 hrs
Theory: 80 Marks Project Work: 20 Marks

Part A: Accounting for partnership firms and companies 60 Marks

Unit-1: Accounting for partnership firms 35 Marks
A. Fundamentals and Admission of a partner Marks 15

1. Partnership features, partnership deed.

2. Provision of the Indian partnership Act 1932 in the absence of partnership
deed.
3. Fixed vs. Fluctuating capital accounts, preparation of profit and loss
appropriation account, division of profit among partners.
4. Past adjustments (relating to interest on capitals interest as drawings, salary
and profit-sharing ratio)
5. Goodwill: Nature, factors affecting and methods of valuation, Average profit,
super profit, weighted average profit and capitalization of average and
super profit.
6. Calculation of sacrificing ratio and new profit-sharing ratio. Treatment for
revaluation of assets and reassessment profits, adjustments of capital
accounts and preparation of balance sheet.

B. Retirement and death of a partner Marks 10

1. Calculation of Gaining ratio and new profit-sharing ratio, treatment of

goodwill as per AS-26, treatment for re-evaluation of assets and re-
assessment of liabilities, adjustment of accumulated profits and balance
sheet, preparation of loan account of the retiring partner
2. Calculation of deceased partner’s share of profit till the date of death,
preparation of deceased partners capital account-executors account.

67
 C. Dissolution of Partnership firm Marks 10

1. Types of dissolution of a firm, settlement of accounts, preparation of realization

account and other related accounts: Capital Accounts of partners, cash/bank
account.

Unit-2 Accounting for Companies 25 Marks

A. Accounting for share capital 15 Marks
1. Share and share capital nature and types.
2. Disclosure of share capital in company's balance sheet.
3. Accounting for share capital Issue and allotment of equity and preference
shares. Public
subscription of shares, oversubscription and under subscription of shares, Issue
of shares at par, at premium and at discount, calls in advance and arrears, issue
of shares in consideration Other than cash. Meaning of private placement of
shares, employees stock option, sweat equity shares and right issue.
4. Accounting treatment for forfeiture and reissue of shares.

B. Accounting for Debentures 10 Marks

1. Issue of debentures at par, at premium and at a discount, issue of debenture

for consideration other than cash writing off discount and loss on issue of
debentures, issue of debentures with terms of redemption.
2. Issue of debentures as collateral security journal entries for interest an
debenture.
3. Sources of redemption of debentures-out of profit, out of capital and
creation debenture redemption reserve.
4. Methods of redemption Lump sum method, draw of lots, purchase in open
market and conversion into equity shares and new debentures.
Part B:
Unit-3 Financial Statement Analysis 12 Marks

68
 1. Financial Statement of company-preparation of simple Balance sheet of a
company in prescribed from as per schedule III to the Companies Act 2013,
with major headings only.
2. Financials statement analysis-meaning, significance, limitations.
3. Accounting ratios-meaning and objectives.
Types of ratios-
Liquidity ratios-Current ratio, liquid ratio.
Solvency ratios-Debt to equity, proprietary ratio.
Total asset to debt ratio,

Activity ratios-Inventory turnover ratio, debtors turnover ratio, working capital

turnover.
Profitably ratio-Gross profit ratio, net profit ratio, operating ratio, operating net profit
ratio, return on investment.

Unit 4: Cash Flow statement Marks 8

1. Meaning, objective and preparations of cash flow statement (as per AS3 (revised)
(Indirect method only)
2. Adjustment relating to deprecation, profit or loss on sale of assets, dividend and
tax.

Note:
1. Written test of 9 marks should be from Part-B only (analysis of financial
statement)
2. Project work should include one comprehensive problem and one specific
problem.
3. Comprehensive problem should include full accounting process i.e., journal,
posting trial balance, final accounts and its analysis (expressed in ratios)
4. Representation of data in the form of bad graphics, pie-diagram, tables and tally
marks.
Or
Part B: Computerized accounting 20 Marks

69
 Unit-3: Overview of computerized accounting system 10 Marks
1. Concept of computer accounting system.
2. Features and types of computer accounting systems (Generic, specific, tailor-
made).
3. Structure of a computerized accounting system.
4. Accounting software packages tally, busy (latest version)

Unit 4: Accounting Applications of Electronics Spread 10 Marks

1. Concept and features of electronic spreadsheet.
2. Applications of electronic in generating accounting information, preparing
depreciation schedule, loan repayment schedule, payroll accounting and other
such applications.

Scheme of assessment
Question paper contains five sections namely
1. Section –A contains 8 (Objective Type Question/ Multiple Choice
Questions) of 1 mark each. 1x 8 = 8 marks
2. Section- B contains 4 Short Answer Type Questions of 3 marks each to be
answered in 20 to 30 words. 3 x 4 = 12 marks
3. Section – C contains 5 Short Answer type questions of 4 marks each to be
answered in 100 to 150 words. 4 x 5 = 20 marks
4. Section - D contains 4 Long Answer type questions of 6 marks each to be
answered in 150 to 200 words. 6 x 4 = 24 marks
5. Section – E contains 2 Long Answer type questions of 8 marks each to be
answered in 150 to 200 words. 8 x 2 = 16 marks

Note: The paper setter shall incorporate Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)
questions apart from knowledge, memory and application based questions.

Part C: Project Work 20 Marks

 Internal Assessment: - 05 Marks
 External Assessment: - 15 Marks

70
 Project File 03 Marks
Written Test 09 Marks
Viva-Voce 03 Marks

BOOKS PRESCRIBED:
1. Accountancy Part I Textbook for Class 12th by NCERT, New Delhi.
2. Accountancy Part II Textbook for Class 12th by NCERT, New Delhi.

71
 LIST OF DELETED TOPICS OF SOCIOLOGY
BOOK 1: INDIAN SOCIETY

Chapter Page No. Dropped Topics

Chapter-1 2 Third Paragraph
Introducing Indian Society 3 Ist and last paragraph
4 Full page content and visuals
5 First, third, fourth and fifth paragraph
6-7 All visuals
Chapter-2 14 Last four lines in the 3rd paragraph “Infact......
The Demographic cities”
Structure of the Indian 14-15 Last paragraph, last 3 lines “On the other...
Society previous page”
15 Ninth to the last line of the second paragraph
“The total fertility .... visaria 2003”
In first paragraph last line “misused” word is
added in phase of ‘used’.
31 Last seven lines in the second paragraph “for
example ..... regions’
The last paragraph, first two lines “It is also ......
prosperous families”
32 Last four lines in the first paragraph “Enormous
effort... in this chapter”
34 Full Page/ Visual
38 Visual deleted
39 Reference ‘Visaria, Pravin and Visaria.....’
Chapter-3 45 Second paragraph “Not surprisingly ... social
Social Institutions: institutions”
Continuity and Charge 46 First 12 lines in the second paragraph “other
interventions ... end of the colonial period”
47 Last eight lines in second paragraph “In other
words .... educational terms”
48 Last four lines in second paragraph “For example
.... food sharing”
48-49 Last paragraph, last nine lines and first four lines.
“Although this .... ‘lower’ caste”
50 The terms ‘so called’ in the first line of the second
paragraph
Third paragraph “The juxtaposition... in the
present”
In section 3.2, last four lines of first paragraph
“and most ... convenience”
53-54 Section “Mainstream attitudes towards tribes”
55 Line six till the last line of the second paragraph
“thus citizen ... are powerless”
56 Last paragraph of page 56 continued in page 57
is deleted “The family .... in society”
57 Box 3.2
58 Last three lines above the visual
59 Box 3.3
Chapter-4 62-63 Last paragraph and beginning of the same on
The Market as a Social page 63 “Each person .... let it be”

72
 Institution 65 Second paragraph “According to .... social
equality”
66 Exercise for Box 4.1
67 Second paragraph “The Nattu Kottai.... Rudner
1994”
First two lines of Box 4.2 “This is not .... systems”
68 Exercise for Box 4.2
72 Full page Visual
73 Third paragraph, last five lines “Consumption ...
modern life”
75 Box 4.3 and Exercise for Box 4.3
Chapter 5 84 Some lines from fourth paragraph “A Dalit is
Patterns of Social Inequality likely... professional work”
and Exclusion 86-87 Third and fourth paragraph “It is important ...
wishes of the excluded”
91 Last paragraph, ninth to fifteenth line “At the
same ... abuse and humiliation”
92 Full page visual
93 Box 5.2
95-96 Box 5.3
99 Two lines from third paragraph “Should have
made ... Firstly”
100-101 Box 5.5
103 Full page visual
106 Sixth line after point 4 “The rape .... murders”
Third paragraph “Social change ... they emerge”
Chapter 6 114 Last two paragraphs “If you .... future”
The Challenges of Cultural 115 First paragraph under section 6.1 “Before
Diversity discussing ... the nation state?”
116 Activity 6.1
Last paragraph “It is a social ... it was wrong”
117 Box 6.1
118 Activity 6.2
119 Activity 6.3
124 Chart 1
125 Visual
Last paragraph “For example ... next page”
128 Second paragraph “On the whole .... current
trends”
130 Last eight lines in Second paragraph “In
democratic ... identity”
133 Activity 6.5
134 Sixth to thirteenth line in second paragraph
Second line towards the end of the paragraph in
3rd paragraph
135 Second paragraph first six lines under section
‘Secularism’ “As we have .... in fact”
136-137 Second paragraph “One kind of ... hard to settle”
Fourth & fifth paragraph “These kinds ...should
count.”
137-138 Content starting from “Thus ... dalit movements.”

73
BOOK 2: Social Change and Development in India

Chapter Page No. Dropped Topics

Chapter 1: Structural 3 Activity 1.1
Change 5 Box 1.1
10 Box 1.7; Exercise for Box 1.6 and 1.7
11 Last Paragraph (“A modern... as well?”)
12 Box 1.9
13 Exercise for Box 1.10
19 Visual
Chapter 2: Cultural 21 Last Four Lines of Second Paragraph (“Yet
Change another... such a religion”)
23 Second Paragraph (“We begin…
secularisation”)
24–25
Last Five Lines (“Therefore, to be... vision”)
25 Last Four Lines from Fifth Paragraph
“However… discriminated”
26 Boxes 2.2 and 2.3
29 Activities 2.6, and Above Paragraph
(“We... to this”)
30–31 Second Last Paragraph Starting From
“A Rational ... Arunachal Pradesh.”
• Box 2.7
31
• Content Deleted from
Fifth Line (“Such as rates of church-
attendance”)
32 Box “Connecting to God”
Exercise for Box 2.8 and Last four Lines
33 of Conclusion “The next... getting
redefined”
Chapter 3: The Story of 36–43 Full Pages
Indian Democracy 49
(Renamed as ‘The Last Paragraph Under ‘Democratisation
Constitution and Social and Identity’ (“The reports... money
Change’) matters”)
50 Boxes 3.11, 3.12 and 3.13, Exercise for Boxes
3.11, 3.12 and 3.13
51  Content in the First Paragraph
Under Section 3.3 (“You will
recall…different groups”)
 Content in the Second Paragraph
under Section 3.3 (“The
question...
individuals.”)
Last Point in Activity 3.1
52 Exercise for Boxes 3.14 and 3.16
53 Box 3.16 and the Sentence Above
59 Last Paragraph, Few Lines
“(Similarly… meant that ... bonded labour
Karnataka... in a village... dominant caste)”

74
Chapter 4: Change and
Development in Rural • Activity 4.3 is Partially Deleted (Second
Society 63 and third points)
• Last Three Lines of Second Paragraph
(“However... structure”)
• Last Seven Lines of Fourth
Paragraph (“While….. not in name”)

• Sixth, Seventh and Eighth Lines from

Last Paragraph
• Slight Modification in the Content (“As a
result... undeveloped”)

65 Two Visuals on the Left of “Cultivation in

different parts of the country”
69–70 Last Paragraph (“While farmers…an event”)
70 Content from (“The loss... their favour”)
Chapter 6: Globalisation 74 First Five Lines (“Which. be made”)
and Social Change
75 Third Paragraph (“While the early… by the
West”)
77 Second Paragraph– Industrialisation in the
Early Years of Indian Independence
78
• Box 5.1
First Line of Third Paragraph
79
First Three Paragraphs under Section 5.3
(“If you open... work culture”)
80 Boxes 5.2 and 5.3
81 Box 5.4
82–83 Last Paragraph Continued on Page 83 is
Deleted. (“Another... survive”)
85 Box 5.6
86
• Visual—Different Brands of Bidi
Activity Box 5.3
87
• Distribution Value of Bidi along with
Content on the Left
• Box 5.7 Content under Section 5.7
(“Many workers… with them”)
88 Content in First Paragraph
(“According… demands”)
88–89 Box 5.8, Exercise for Box 5.8.
90 Second Last Reference, (Roy, Tirthankar.
2001...)
Chapter 6: Globalisation 93 Third and Fourth Paragraph and First Four
and Social Change Lines of the Fifth Paragraph
94 First Six Lines of Second Paragraph
(“Sociology... ever before”)
97 Last Six Lines of Third Paragraph under ‘The
Economic Policy of Liberalisation’
(“You have… constitution”)
98 Visual

75
 99 Visuals
100 Box 6.2, Exercise for Box 6.2
102
• Three Visuals Activity 6.4 Last Point
103
• Line before (“The following... Shift”)
Box 6.5 and 6.6, Exercise for Box 6.2
104 Box 6.7 and Exercise for Boxes 6.5, 6.6 and
6.7
110 Activity 6.8

Chapter 7: 119 Box 7.3 and Exercise for Box 7.3

Mass Media and
Communications 123 Exercise for Box 7.8
124 Visual
125 Full Page Visual
128 Box 7.12
Chapter 8: Social 137 First Three Lines of the Paragraph under
Movements Section 8.1, (“People... movement.”)
139 Box 8.3 and Exercise for Box 8.3
140–141
• Theories of Social Movements
Activity 8.4, Box 8.4 and Exercises for Box 8.4
142 Activity 8.5
142–144
• Entire Section under ‘Another way of
classifying: Old and New.’ Visual
Retained
144 First Few Lines of Section ‘Distinguishing the
new social...’ (“We have... and”)
145 Second Paragraph Starting with “Can we...
line”
147 Exercise for Boxes 8.5and 8.6
148 Activity 8.7 and Last two Paragraphs
149
• Exercises for Boxes 8.7 and 8.8
Two Lines Below the Exercises for Boxes 8.7
and 8.8
150 Second Last Paragraph (“The formation...
250,000”)
151 Last Paragraph and Last Three Lines from
Second Last Paragraph
(“During the…understand these”)
152 Poem on The Dalit Movement
(“The sun of… Rise, O people”)
153 Activity 8.9 and Box 8.9 and Exercise for
Box 8.10 and Few Lines (“Dalit literature...
castes”)
154–155
• Entire Section under “The Upper Caste
Response” continuing to next page.
(“The increasing...Book 1”)
Box 8.12
158 Last Five Lines of Second Paragraph
159 Boxes 8.13 and 8.14 and Exercise for Box
8.14

76
NOTE:
1. The syllabi and marks distribution is strictly in accordance with the rationalized
syllabi provided by the NCERT.
2. The internal assessment/ internal Project Work will be evaluated by the concerned
subject teacher.
3. All the stakeholders can give their valuable feedback and suggestions regarding
the notified rationalized syllabi to CDR Wing, JKBOS

77