BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)

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PHYSICS  QUESTION BANK 
FOR CLASS ::- XIIth
Chapter – 1 : (Electric Charges and Fields)
Chapter – 2 : (Electrostatics Potential and Capacitance)
Chapter – 3 : (Current Electricity)
Chapter – 4 : (Moving Charges and Magnetism)
Chapter – 5 : (Magnetism and Matter)
Chapter – 6 : (Electromagnetic Induction)
Chapter – 7 : (Alternating Current (AC)
Chapter – 8 : (Electromagnetic Waves)
Chapter – 9 : (Ray O
Optics
ptics and Optical Instruments)
Chapter – 10 : (Wave Optics)
Chapter – 11 : (Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter)
Chapter – 12 : (Atoms)
Chapter – 13 : (Nuclei)
Chapter – 14 : Semiconductor Electronics
(Material, Devices and Simple Circuits)

BY ‒ Pravesh B
Bhardwaj
hardwaj
(8826956514)
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
Chapter – 1 (Electric Charges and Fields)
Q.1. A negatively charged object X is repelled by
another charged object Y. However an object Z is
attracted to o=object Y. Which of the following is
the most possibility for the object Z ?
a) Positively charged only
b) Negatively charge only
c) Neutral or positively charged
d) Neutral or negatively charged a) F/7 b) F/5
Q.2. In an experiment three microscopic latex c) F/3 d) F/2
spheres are sprayed into a chamber and became Q.6. Two identical Conducting Balls A and B have
charged with charges +3e, +t5e and ‒3e charges ‒Q and +3Q respectively. They are
respectively. All the three spheres came in brought in contact with each other and then
contact simultaneously for a moment and got separated by a distance ance d apart. Find the nature
separated.
arated. Which one of the following are of the Coulomb force between them.
possible values for the final charge on the Q.7. Two equal balls having equal positive charge
spheres? ‘q’ coulombs are suspended by two insulating
a) +5e, ‒4e, +5e b) +6e, +6e, ‒7e strings of equal length. What would be the effect
c) ‒4e, +3.5e, +5.5e d) +5e, ‒8e, +7e on the force when a plastic sheet is inserted
Q.3. An object has charge of 1 C and gins 5.0 between the two ?
Q.8. Two identical point charges, q each, are kept
× 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟖 electrons. The net charge on tthe object
2 m apart in air. A third point charge Q of
becomes
unknown magnitude and sign is placed on the
a) ‒0.80 C b) +0.80 C
line joining the charges such that the system
c) +1.80 C d) +0.20 C
remains in equilibrium. Find the position and
Q.4. Three charges q, ‒q and q0 are placed as
nature of Q.
shown in figure. The magnitude of the net force
Question No. 9 is Assertion (A) and Reason (R)
on the charge q0 at point O is
type questions. Given below are the two
statements labelled as Assertion (A) and Reason
(R). Select the most appropriate answer from the
options given below.
Q.9. Assertion (A) : A negative charge in an electric
field moves along the direction of the electric field.
Reason (R) : On a negative charge a force acts in the
a) 0 b) direction of the electric field.
√ a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is correct
c) d)
√ explanation of (A)
Q.5. Four objects W, X, Y and Z each with charge b) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is not correct
+q are held fixed at four points of a square of side explanation of (A)
d as shown in the figure. Objects X and Z are on c) (A) is true, but (R) is false
the midpoints of the sides of the square. The d) (A) is false and (R) is also false
electrostatic force exerted by object W on the Q.10. A particle of charge 2 μC and mass 1.6 g is
object X is F. Then the magnitude of the force moving with a velocity 4 ̂ m s‒1. At t = 0 the
exerted by object W on Z is particle enters in a region having an electric field
𝐄⃗ (in N C‒1) = 80 ̂ + 60 .̂ Find the velocity of the
particle at t = 5 s.
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
Q.11. Two point charges of +1 μC and +4 μC are square if the plane makes a 30° angle with the x-
kept 30 cm apart. How far from the +1μC charge axis ?
on the line joining the two charges, will the net Q.22. Consider a uniform electric field
electric field be zero ? 𝐄⃗ = 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 ̂ N/C. Calculate the flux of this field
Q.12. A thin circular ring of radius r is charged through a square surface of area 10 cm2 when
uniformly so that its linear charge density (i) Its plane is parallel to the y-z plane
becomes λ. Derive an expression for the electric (ii) The normal to its plane makes a 60° angle
field at a point P at a distance x from it along the with the x-axis.
axis of the ring. Hence, prove that at large Q.23. Define the term electric dipole moment of a
distances (x > > r), the ring behave as a point dipole. State its S.I. unit.
charge. Q.24. Derive an expression for the electric field
Q.13. Consider a system of n charges q1, q2 … qn due to dipole of dipole moment 𝐩⃗ at a point on its
with position vectors 𝐫⃗𝟏 , 𝐫⃗𝟐 , 𝐫⃗𝟑 , ….. 𝐫⃗𝐧 relative to perpendicular bisector.
some origin ‘O’. Deduce the expression for the net OR
electric field 𝐄⃗ at a point P with position vector 𝐫⃗𝐩 Derive the expression for electric field at a point
due to this system of charges. on the equatorial line of an electric dipole.
Q.14. Draw the pattern of electric field lines when OR
a point charge +q is kept near an uncharged Find the resultant electric field due to an electric
conducting plate. dipole of dipole moment 2aq (2a being the
Q.15. Why do the electrostatic field lines not form separation between the charges ± q) t a point
closed loops ? distance x on its equator.
Q.16. Why do the electric field lines never cross Q.25. (a) Derive an expression for the electric
each other ? field E due to a dipole of length ‘2a’ at a point
Q.17. Two electric field lines cannot cross each distance r from the centre of the dipole on the
other. Also, they cannot form closed loops. Give axial line.
reasons (b) Draw a graph of E versus r for r > > a.
Q.18. A point charge (+Q) is kept in the vicinity of Q.26. An electric dipole moment 𝐩⃗ consists of
an uncharged conducting plate. Sketch the point charges +q and ‒q separated by a distance
electric field lines between the charge and the 2a apart. Deduce the expression for the electric
plate. field 𝐄⃗ due to the dipole at a distance x from the
Q.19. A square sheet of side ‘a’ is lying parallel to centre of the dipole on its axial line in terms of
XY plane at z = a. The electric field in the region is the dipole moment 𝐩⃗. Hence show that in the limit
𝐄⃗ = 𝒄𝒛𝟐 𝒌. The electric flux through the sheet is x > > a, 𝐄⃗ → 2 𝐩⃗ / (4𝛑𝛆𝟎 𝐱 𝟑 ).
a) a4c b) a3c Q.27. Define electric dipole moment. Is it a scalar
or a vector quantity ? Derive the expression for
c) a4c d) 0
the electric field of a dipole at a point on the
Q.20. (i) Define the term ‘electric flux’. Write the equatorial plane of the dipole.
SI unit. Q.28. An electric dipole placed in a non-uniform
(ii) What is the flux due to electric field electric field can experience
𝐄⃗ = 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 ̂N/C through a square of side 10 cm, a) A force but not a torque
when it is held normal to 𝐄⃗ ? b) A torque but not a force
Q.21. Given a uniform electric field 𝐄⃗ = 5 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 ̂ c) Always force and a torque
N/C. Find the flux of this field through a square of d) Neither a force nor a torque
10 cm on a side whose plane is parallel to the y-z Q.29. Write the expression for the torque 𝛕⃗ acting
plane. What would be the flux through the same on a dipole of dipole moment 𝐩⃗ placed in an
electric field 𝐄⃗.
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
Q.30. Derive the expression for the torque acting dipole. Identify y two pairs of perpendicular
perpen
on an electric dipole. When it is held in a uniform vectors in the expression.
electric field. Identify the orientation of the Q.35. (a) Define torque acting on a dipole of
dipole in the electric field, in which it attains a dipole moment 𝐩⃗ placed in a uniform electric field
stable equilibrium 𝐄⃗ Express it in the vector form and point out the
OR direction along which it acts.
If dipole were kept in a uniform external electric (b) What happens if the field is non-uniform
non ?
field E0, diagrammatically present the position of (c) What would happen if the external field 𝐄⃗ is
the dipole in stable and unstable
ble equilibrium and increasing (i) parallel to 𝐩⃗ and (ii) anti-parallel to
write the expressions for the torque acting on the 𝐩⃗ ?
dipole in both the cases. Q.36. If the net electric flux through a closed
OR surface is zero, then we can infer
Deduce the expression for the torque acting on a a) No net charge is enclosed by the surface
dipole of dipole moment 𝐩⃗ in the presence of a b) Uniform electric field exists within the surface
uniform electric field 𝐄⃗. c) Electric potential varies from point to point inside
Q.31. Two small identical electric
ic dipoles AB and the surface
CD, each of dipole moment 𝐩⃗ are kept at an angle d) Charge is present inside the surface
of 120° to each other in an external electric field 𝐄⃗ Q.37. the electric flux through a closed Gaussian
pointing along the x-axis
axis as shown in the figure. surface depends upon
Find the a) Net charge enclosed and permittivity of the
(a) Dipole moment of the arrangement, and medium
(b) Magnitude and direction of the net torque b) Net charge enclosed, permittivity of the medium
acting on it and the size of the Gaussian surface
c) Net charge enclosed only
d) Permittivity of the medium only
Q.38. Electric flux through a spherical surface
shown in the figure, is _______.

Q.39. How does the electric flux due to a point

charge enclosed by a spherical Gaussian surface
Q.32. Depict the orientation of the dipole in (a) get affected when its radius is increased ?
stable, (b) Unstable equilibrium in a uniform Q.40. What is the electric flux through a cube of
electric field. side 1 cm which encloses an electric dipole ?
Q.33. (a) Obtain the expression for the torque 𝛕⃗ Q.41. A hollow cylindrical box of length 1 m and
experienced by an electric dipole of dipole area of cross-section
section 25 cm2 is placed in a three
moment 𝐩⃗ in a uniform electric field 𝐄⃗. dimensional coordinate system as shown in the
(b) What will happen if the field were not figure. The electric field in the region is given by 𝐄⃗
uniform? = 50x ̂, where E is in N C‒1 and x is in metres. Find
Q.34. An electric dipole of dipole moment 𝐩⃗ is (i) Net flux through the cylinder.
placed in a uniform electric field 𝐄⃗. Obtain the (ii) Charge enclosed by the cylinder.
expression for the torque 𝛕⃗ experienced by the
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
is”. Justify this statement with the help of a
suitable example.
Q.46. Consider two hollow concentration spheres
S1 and S2, enclosing charges 2Q and 4Q
respectively as shown in figure.
(i) Find out the
he ratio f the electric flux through
them.
Q.42. An electric field is uniform and acts along +x (ii) How will the electric flux through the sphere
direction in the region of positive x. It is also S1 change if a medium of dielectric constant ‘εr’ is
uniform with the same magnitude but acts in ‒x introduced in the space inside S1 in place of air ?
direction in the region of negative x. The value of Deduce the necessary expression.
the field is E = 200 N C‒1 for x > 0 and E = ‒200 N
C‒1 for x < 0. A right circular cylinder of length 20
cm and radius 5 cm has its centre at the origin
and its axis along the x-axis
axis so that one flat face is
at x = +10 cm and the other is at x = ‒10
10 cm.
Find :
(i) The net outward flux through the cylinder. Q.47. The magnitude of electric field due to a
(ii) The net charge present inside the cylinder. point charge 2q, at distance r is E. Then the
Q.43. (a) Define electric flux, is it a scalar or a magnitude of electric field due to a uniformly
vector quantity ? charged thin spherical shell of radius R with total
A point charge q is at a distance of d/2 directly 𝐫
charge q at a distance (r > > R) will be
above the centre of square e of side d, as shown in 𝟐

the figure. Use Gauss’s law to obtain the a) b) 0

expression for the electric flux through the c) 2E d) 4E
square. Q.48. A point charge is placed at the centre of a
hollow conducting sphere of internal radius ‘r’
and outer radius ‘2r’. The ratio of the surface
charge density of the inner surface to that of the
outer surface will be _______.
Q.49. A metallicc spherical shell has an inner
radius R1 and outer radius R2. A charge Q is
(b) If the point charge is now moved to a distance placed at the centre of the shell. What will be the
‘d’ from the centre of the square and the side of surface charge density on the (i) inner surface,
the square is doubled, explain how w the electric and (ii) outer surface of the shell ?
flux will be affected. Q.50. Does the charge given to a metallic sphere
Q.44. Given the electric field in the region 𝐄⃗ = 𝟐𝐱 ̂, depend on whether it is hollow or solid. Give
find the electric flux through the cube and the reason for your answer.
charge enclosed by it. Q.51. Two charges of magnitudes ‒2Q and +Q are
located at points (a, 0) and (4a, 0) respectively.
What is the electric flux due to these charges
through a sphere of radius ‘3a’ with its centre at
the origin ?
Q.52. Apply Gauss’s law to show that for a charged
Q.45. Define electric flux. Write its S.I. unit. spherical shell, the electric field outside the shell
“Gauss’s law in electrostatics is true ffor any is, as if the entire charge were concentrated at the
closed surface, no matter what its shape or size centre.
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
Q.53. Two large parallel plane sheets have Use Gauss’s law to show that due to a uniformly
uniform charge densities +σ and ‒σ. σ. Determine charged spherical shell of radius R, the electricity
the electric field (i) between the sheets, and (ii) field at any point situated outside the shell at a
outside the sheets. distance r from its centre is equal to the electric
Q.54. A small metal sphere carrying charge +Q is field at the same point, when the entire charge on
located at the centre of a spherical cavity inside a the
he shell were concentrated at its centre. Also
large uncharged metallic spherical shell as shown plot the graph showing the variation of electric
in
n the figure. Use Gauss’s law to find the field with r, for r ≤ R and r ≥ R.
expressions for the electric field at points P 1 and OR
P2. Using Gauss’ law deduce the expression for the
electric field due to a uniformly charged spherical
conducting shell of radiusius R at a point (i) outside
and (ii) inside the shell. Plot a graph showing
variation of electric field as a function of r > R and
r < R. (r being the distance from the centre of the
shell).
Q.59. (a) Using Gauss’ law to derive the
Q.55. Two concentric metallic spherical shells of
expression for the electric ( ⃗) due to a
ctric field (𝐄
radii R and 2R are given charges Q1 and Q2
straight uniformly charged infinite line of charge
respectively. The surface charge densities on the
density λ C m‒1.
outer surfacess of the shells are equal. Determine
(b) Draw a graph to show the variation of E with
the ratio Q1 : Q2.
perpendicular distance r from the line of charge.
Q.56. Two infinitely large plane thin parallel
(c) Find the work done in bringing a charge q
sheets having surface charge densities σ 1 and σ2
from perpendicularr distance r1 to r2 (r2 > r1).
(σ1 > σ2) are shown in the figure. Write the
Q.60. Use Gauss’s theorem to find the electric field
magnitudes and directions of the net electric
due to a uniformly charged infinitely large plane
fields in the regions marked II and III.
thin sheet with surface charge density σ.
OR
Use Gauss’s law to find the electric field due to a
uniformly charged infinite plane sheet. What is
the direction of field for positive and negative
charge densities ?
Q.61. Use Gauss’s law to prove that the electric
field inside a uniformly charged spherical shell is
Q.57. State Gauss’s law on electrostatics and zero.
derive an expression for the electric field due to a OR
long straight thin uniformly charged wire (linear Using Gauss’s law, derive the expression for the
charge density λ) at a point lying at a distance r electric field at a point (i) outside and (ii) inside a
from the wire. uniformly charged thin spherical shell. Draw a
Q.58.Using Gauss law, derive expression for
graph showing electric field 𝐄⃗ as a function of
electric field due to a spherical shell of uniform
distance from the centre.
charge distribution σ and radius R at a point lying
Q.62. A small conducting sphere of radius ‘r’
at a distance x from the centre of shell, such that
carrying a charge +q is surrounded
surroun by a large
(i) 0 < x < R, and
concentric conducting shell of radius R on which a
(ii) x > R
charge +Q is placed. Using Gauss’s law derive the
OR
expressions for the electric field at a point ‘x’
(i) Between the sphere and the shell (r < x < R).
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
(ii) Outside the spherical shell.
Q.63. Consider an uncharged conducting sphere.
A positive point charge is placed outside the
sphere. The net charge on the sphere is then,
a) Negative and uniformly distributed over the
surface of sphere
b) Positive and uniformly distributed over the surface
of sphere
c) Negative and appears at a point surface of sphere (i) Which of the following material can be used to
closest to point charge make a Faraday cage ?
d) Zero a) Plastic b) Glass
Q.64. Two point charges +8q and ‒2q are located c) Copper d) Wood
at x = 0 and x = L respectively. The point on x axis (ii) Example of a real-world
world Faraday cage is
at which net electric field is zero due to these a) Car b) Plastic box
charges is c) Lightning rod d) Metal rod
a) 8L b) 4L (iii) What is the electrical force inside a Faraday
c) 2L d) L cage when it is struck by lightning ?
Q.65. A small object with charge q and weight mg a) The same as the lightning
is attached to one end of string of length ‘L’ b) Half that of the lightning
attached to a stationary support. The system is c) Zero
placed in a uniform horizontal electric field ‘E’, as d) A quarter of the lightning
shown in the accompanying figure. In the (iv) An isolated point charge +q is placed inside
presence of the field, the string makes a constant the Faraday cage. Its surface must have charge
angle 𝛉 with the vertical. The sign and magnitude equal to
of q is a) Zero b) +q
c) ‒q d) +2q
(v) A point charge of 2 C is placed at centre of
Faraday cage in the shape of cube with surface of
9 cm edge. The number of electric field lines
passing
ng through the cube normally will be
a) 1.9 × 10 Nm2/C entering the surface
a) Positive with magnitude mg/E b) 1.9 × 10 Nm2/C leaving the surface
b) Positive with magnitude (mg/E)tan𝛉 c) 2.0 × 10 Nm2/C leaving the surface
c) Negative with magnitude mg/E tan𝛉 d) 2.0 × 10 Nm2/C entering the surface
d) Positive with magnitude E tan𝛉/mg Q.67. A cylinder of radius r and length l is placed
Question 66 is Case Study based questions and in an uniform
orm electric field parallel to the axis of
are compulsory. Attempt any 4 sub parts from the cylinder. The total flux for the surface of the
each question. Each question carries 1 mark. cylinder is given by
Q.66. Faraday Cage : A Faraday cage or Faraday a) Zero b) m2
shield is an enclosure made of a conducting c) E𝝿r2 d) 2E𝝿r2
material.. The fields within a conductor cancel out For question below two statements are given one
with any external fields, so the electric field labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled
within the enclosure is zero. These Faraday cages Reason n (R). Select the correct answer to these
act as big hollow conductors you can put things in questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as
to shield them from electrical fields. Any given below :
electrical shocks the cage receives, pass
harmlessly around the outside of the cage.
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
Q.68. Assertion (A) : In a non-uniform
uniform electric field, Q.72. (a) State Gauss’s law in electrostatics. Show
a dipole will have translator as well as rotator that with help of suitable figure that outward flux
motion. due to a point charge Q, in vacuum within
Reason (R) : In a non-uniform
uniform electric field, a dipole Gaussian surface, is independent of its size and
experiences a force as well as torque. shape.
a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is correct (b) In the figure
igure there are three infinite long thin
explanation of (A) sheets having surface charge density +2σ, ‒2σ
b) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is not correct and +σ respectively. Give the magnitude and
explanation of (A) direction of electric field at a point to the left of
c) (A) is true, but (R) is false sheet of charge density +2σ and to the right of
d) (A) is false and (R) is also false sheet of charge density +σ.
Q.69. Which of the statement is true for Gauss
law?
a) All the charges whether inside or outside the
Gaussian surface contribute to the electric flux
b) Electric flux depends upon the geometry of the
gaussian surface Q.73. (a) Using Gauss’s law, derive expression for
c) Gauss theorem can be applied to non non-uniform intensity of electric field at any point near the
electric field infinitely long straight uniformly charged wire.
d) The electric field over the Gaussian surface (b) The electric field components in the following
remains continuous and uniform at every point figure are Ex = αx, Ey = 0, Ez = 0; in which α = 400
Q.70. Two parallel large thin metal sheets have N/C m. Calculate (i) the electric flux through the
equal surface densities 26.4 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟐 C/m2 of cube, and (ii) the charge within the cube, assume
opposite
osite signs. The electric field between these that a = 0.1 m.
sheets is
a) 1.5 N/C b) 1.5 × 10 N/C
c) 3 × 10 N/C d) 3 N/C
Q.71. A charge q is placed at the point of
intersection of body diagonals of a cube. The
electric flux passing through any one of its face iis
a) b)

c) d)

Chapter – 2 (Electrostatics Potential and Capacitance)

Q.1.
1. The physical quantity having SI unit N C ‒1 m Obtain the expression for the potential due to an
is _______. electric dipole of dipole moment p at a point ‘x’ on
Q.2. A point charge +Q is placed at point O as the axial line.
shown in the figure. Is the potential difference V A Q.4. N small conducting liquid droplets, each of
– VB positive, negative or zero ? radius r, are charged to a potential V each. These
droplets coalesce to form a single large drop
without any charge leakage. Find the potential of
Q.3. Derive the expression for the electric the large drop.
potential due to an electric dipole at a point on its Q.5. Two point charges q and ‒2q are kept ‘d’
axial line. distance apart. Find the
he location of point relative
OR
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
to charge ‘q’ at which potential due to this system
of charges is zero.
Q.6. The electric potential V at any point (x, y, z) is
given by V = 3x2 where x is in metres and V in
volts. The electric field at the point (1 m, 0, 2 m
m) is
a) 6 V m along ‒x-axis
‒1

b) 6 V m‒1 along +x-axis

c) 1.5 V m‒1 along ‒x-axis Q.14. Draw equipotential
quipotential surfaces due to an
d) 1.5 V m‒1 along +x-axis isolated point charge (‒q)
‒q) and depict the electric
Q.7. Equipotentials at a large distance from a field lines.
collection of charges whose total sum is not zero Q.15. A cube of side 20 cm is kept in a region as
are shown in the figure. An electric field 𝐄⃗ exists in
a) Spheres b) Planes the region such that the potential at a point is
c) Ellipsoids d) Paraboloids
araboloids given by V = 10x + 5, where V is in volt and x is in
Q.8. Why are electric field lines perpendicular at a m.
point on an equipotential surface of a conductor ?
OR
“For any charge configuration, equipotential
surface through a point is normal to the electric
field”. Justify.
Q.9. What is the geometrical al shape of
equipotential surfaces due to a single isolated
charge ? Find the
Q.10. Two charges 2 μC and –2 2 μC are placed at (i) Electric field 𝐄⃗, and
points A and B, 5 cm apart. Depict an (ii) Total electric flux through the cube.
equipotential surface of the system. Q.16. Write two important characteristics of
Q.11. Draw the equipotential surface due to an equipotential surfaces.
electric dipole. Q.17. The magnitude of electric field (in N C‒1) in a
OR region varies with the distance r (in m) as
Depict the equipotential surfaces due to an E = 10 + 5
electric dipole. By how much does the electric potential increase
Q.12. Define an equipotential surface. draw in moving from point at r = 1 m to a point at r = 10
equipotential surfaces : m.
(i) In the case of a single point charge and Q.18. The electric potential
potenti as a function of
(ii) In a constant electric field in Z-direction.
direction. distance ‘x’ is shown in the figure. Draw a graph of
Why the equipotential surface e abut a single the electric field E as a function of x.
charge are not equidistant ?
(iii) Can electric field exist tangential to an
equipotential surface ? Give reason.
Q.13. Two closely spaced equipotential surfaces A
and B with potential V and V + δV, (where δV is Q.19. Is the electrostatic potential necessarily
the change in V), are kept δl distance apart as zero at a point where the electric field is zero ?
shown in the figure. Deduce the relation between Give an example to support your answer.
the electric field and the potential gradient Q.20. Draw the equipotential surfaces due to an
between them. Write the two important electric dipole. Locate the points where the
conclusions concerning the relation between the potential due to the dipole is zero.
electric field and electric potentials.
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
Q.21. A + 3.0 nC charge Q is initially at rest at a expression for the magnitude of the resultant
distance of r1 = 10 cm from a + 5.0 nC charge q electric force acting on the charge q.
fixed at the origin. The charge
harge Q is moved away (b) Find out the amountt of the work done to
from q to a new position at r2 = 15 cm. In this separate the charges at infinite distance.
process work done by the field is Q.28. Three point charges +1 μC, ‒1 μC and +2 μC
a) 1.29 × 10 J b) 3.6 × 10 J are initially infinite distance apart. Calculate the
c) ‒4.5 × 10 J d) 4.5 × 10 J work done in assembling these charges at the
Q.22. Figure shows the field lines on a positive vertices of an equilateral triangle of side 10 cm.
charge. Is the work done by the field in moving a Q.29. The electric field inside a parallel plate
small positive charge from Q to P positive or capacitor is E. Find the amount of work done in
negative ? moving a charge q over a closed rectangular loop
Give reason. abcda.

Q.23. What is the amount of work done in moving

a point charge around a circular arc of radius r at Q.30. Find the expression for the potential energy
the centre of which another point charge is of a system of two point charges q1 and q2 located
located ? at 𝐫⃗𝟏 and 𝐫⃗𝟐, respectively in an external electric
Q.24. Calculate the amount of work done to field 𝐄⃗.
dissociate a system of thee charges 1 μC, 1 μC and Q.31. Two point charges q1 and q2 are kept r
‒4 μC placed on the vertices of an equilateral distance apart in a uniform external electric field
triangle of side 10 cm. 𝐄⃗. Find the amount of work done in assembling
Q.25. (a) Two point charges + Q1 and ‒Q2 are this system of charges.
placed r distance apart. Obtain the expression for Q.32. Derive an expression for the potential
the amount of work done to place a third charge energy of an electric dipole in a uniform electric
Q3 at the midpoint of the line joining the two field. Explain conditions for stable and unstable
charges. equilibrium.
(b) At what distance from charge +Q1 on the line Q.33. An infinitely large thin plane sheet has a
joining the two charges (in terms of Q1, Q2 and r) uniform surface charge density +σ. Obtain the
will this work done be zero. expression for the e amount of work done in
Q.26. Four point charges Q, q, Q and q are placed bringing a point charge q from infinity to a point,
at the corners of a square of side ‘a’ as shown in distant r, in front of the charged plane sheet.
the figure. Q.34. Which of the diagrams correctly represents
the electric field between two charged plates is a
neutral conductor is placed in between the
plates?

(a) Resultant electric force on a charge Q, and

(b) Potential energy of this system.
Q.27. (a) Three point charges q, ‒4q and 2q are
placed at the vertices of an equilateral triangle
ABC of side ‘l’ as shown in the figure. Obtain the
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
Q.35. The given graph shows variation of charge Q.40. A slab of material of dielectric constant K
‘q’ versus potential difference ‘V’ for two has the same area as that of the plates of a
capacitors C1 and C2. Both the capacitors have parallel plate capacitor but has the thickness d/2,
same plate separation but plate are of C 2 is where d is the separation between the plates.
greater than that of C1. Which line (A or B) Find out the expression for its capacitance when
corresponds to C1 and why ? the slab is inserted between the plates of the
capacitor.
Q.41. In a parallel plate capacitor with air
between the plates, each plate has an area of 6
× 𝟏𝟎 𝟑 m2 and the separation between the plates
is 3 mm.
Q.36. A capacitor of unknown capacitance is (i) Calculate the capacitance of the capacitor.
connected across a battery of V volts. The charge (ii) If this capacitor is connected to 100 V supply,
stored in it is 360 μC. When potential across the what would be the charge on each plate ?
capacitor is reduced by 120 V, the charge stored (iii) How would charge on the plates be affected,
in it become 120 μC. if a 3 mm thick mica sheet of K = 6 is inserted
Calculate : between the plates while the voltage supply
(i) The potential V and the unknown capacitance remains connected ?
C. Q.42. Two identical capacitors of plate
(ii) What will be the charge stored in the dimensions l × b and plate separation d have
capacitor, if the voltage applied had increased by dielectric slabs filled in between the space of the
120 V ? plates as shown in the figures.
Q.37. When a parallel plate capacitor is connected
across a dc battery, explain briefly how the
capacitor gets charged.
Q.38. If two similar large plates, each of area A
having surface charge densities +σ and ‒σ are
separated by a distance d in air, find the
expressions for
a) Field at points between the two plates and on
outer side of the plates. Specify the direction of
the field in each case Obtain the relation between the dielectric
b) The potential difference between the plates constants K, K1 and K2.
c) The capacitance of the capacitor so formed. Q.43. A variable capacitor is connected to a 200 V
Q.39. A sphere S1 of radius r1 encloses a net battery.
ery. If its capacitance is changed from 2 μF to
charge Q. If there is another concentric sphere S 2 X μF, the decrease in energy of the capacitor is 2
of radius r2(r2 > r1) enclosing
losing charge 2Q, find the × 𝟏𝟎 𝟐 J. The value is X is
ratio of the electric flux through S1 and S2. How a) 1 μF b) 2 μF
will the electric flux through sphere S1 change if a c) 3 μF d) 4 μF
medium of dielectric constant 5 is introduced in Q.44. Calculate the potential difference and the
the space inside S1 in place of air ? energy stored in the capacitor C2 in the circuit
shown in the figure. Given potential at A is 90 V,
C1 = 20 μF, C2 = 30 μF and C3 = 15 μF.

Q.45. A parallel plate capacitor of capacitance C is

charged to a potential V. It is then connected to
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
another uncharged capacitor having the same stored in both capacitors before and after the
capacitance.
itance. Find out the ratio of the energy introduction of the dielectric.
stored in the combined system to that stored
initially in the single capacitor.
Q.46. In the figure given below, find the
Q.51. Two parallel plate
capacitors X and Y have the
same area of plates and same
separation between them. X
has air between the platespla
while Y contains a dielectric of 𝜺𝒓 = 4.
(a) Equivalent capacitance of the network (i) Calculate capacitance of each capacitor if
between points A and B. equivalent capacitance of the combination is 4 μF.
Given : C1 = C5 = 4 μF, C2 = C3 = C4 = 2 μF. (ii) Calculate the potential difference between the
(b) Maximum charge supplied by the battery, and plates of X and Y.
(c) Total energy stored in the network (iii) Estimate the ratio of electrostatic
electrost energy
Q.47. (i) Find the equivalent capacitance between stored in X and Y.
A and B in the combination given below. Each Q.52. In the following
capacitor is of 2 μF capacitance. arrangement of capacitors,
the energy stored in the 6
μF capacitor is E. Find the
value of the following
(ii) If a dc source of 7 V is connected across AB,
(i) Energy stored in 12 μF capacitor
how much charge is drawn from the source and
(ii) Energy stored in 3 μF capacitor
what is the energy stored in the network ?
(iii) Total energy drawn from the battery
Q.48. A 12 pF capacitor is connected to a 50 V
Q.53. Two capacitors of unknown capacitors C 1
battery. How much electrostatic energy is stored
and C2 are connected first in series and then in
in the capacitor ? If anotherr capacitor of 6 pF is
parallel across a battery of 100 V. If the energy
connected in series with it with the same battery
stored in the two combinations is 0.045 J and 0.25
connected across the combination, find the
J respectively, determine the value of o C1 and C2.
charge stored and potential difference across
Also calculate the charge on each capacitor in
each capacitor.
parallel combination.
Q.49. Two identical capacitor of 12 pF each are
Q.54. A parallel plate capacitor is charged by a
connected in series across a battery of 50 V. How
battery to a potential difference V. It is
much electrostatic energy is stored in the
disconnected from battery and then connected to
combination ? If these were connected in parallel
another uncharged capacitor of the same
across the same battery, how much energy will be
capacitance. Calculate the ratio of the energy
stored in the combination now ?
stored in the combination to the initial energy on
Also find the charge drawn from the battery in
the single capacitor.
each case.
Q.55. A parallel late capacitor of capacitance ‘C’ is
Q.50.0. Two identical parallel plate capacitors A
charged to ‘V’ volt by a battery. After some time
and B are connected to a battery of V volt with the
the battery is disconnected
disconnecte and the distance
switch S closed. The switch is now opened and the
between the plates is doubled. Now a slab of
free space between the plates of the capacitors is
dielectric constant 1 < K < 2 is introduced to fill
filled with a dielectric of dielectric constant K.
the space between the plates. How will the
Find the e ratio of the total electrostatic energy
following be affected ?
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
(i) The electric field between the plates of the a) They do not cross each other.
capacitor ? b) The rate of change of potential with distance on
(ii) The energy
rgy stored in the capacitor. them is zero
Q.56. Find the ratio of the potential differences c) For a uniform electric field they are concentric
that must be applied across the parallel and spheres
series combination of two capacitors C 1 and C2 d) They can be imaginary spheres
with their capacitances in the ratio 1 : 2 so that For question number 62, two statements are
the energy stored in the two cases becomes the given
iven one labelled Assertion (A) and the other
same. labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to
Q.57. A fully charged parallel plate capacitor is these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and
connected across an uncharged identical (d) as given below :
capacitor. Show that the energy stored in the Q.62. Assertion (A) : Electric field is always normal
combination is less than that stored initially in to equipotential surfaces and along the direction of
the single capacitor. decreasing order of potential.
Q.58. A solid spherical conductor
ctor has charge +Q Reason (R) : Negative gradient of electric potential is
and radius R. It is surrounded by a solid spherical electric field.
shell with charge ‒Q, inner radius 2R, and outer a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is correct
radius 3R. Which of the follow statements is true? explanation of (A)
b) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is not correct
explanation of (A)
c) (A) is true, but (R) is false
d) (A) is false and (R) is also false
Q.63. Establish the relation between electric field
and electric potential at a point. Draw the
equipotential surface for an electric field pointing
in +Z direction with its magnitude
magnitu increasing at
a) The electric potential has a maximum magnitude constant rate along –Z Z direction.
at C and the electric field has a maximum magnitude Q.64. An electric dipole of moment p is placed
at A parallel to the uniform electric field. The amount
b) The electric potential has a maximum magnitude of work done in rotating the dipole by 90° is
at D and the electric field has a maximum magnitude Given below are two statements labeled as
at B Assertion (A) and Reason (R).
c) The electric potential at A is zero and the electric Q.65. Assertion (A) : An electron has a high potential
field has a maximum magnitude at D energy when it is at a location associated with a more
d) Both the electric potential and nd electric field negative value of potential, and a low potential
achieve a maximum magnitude at B energy when at a location associated with a more
Q.59. The electric potential of earth is taken to be positive potential.
zero because earth is a good Reason (R) : Electrons
ctrons move from a region of higher
a) Insulator b) Conductor potential to region of lower potential.
c) Semiconductor d) Dielectric Select the most appropriate answer from the
Q.60. Three charges 2q, ‒q and ‒q lie at vertices options given below.
of a triangle. The value of E and V at centroid of a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is correct
triangle will be explanation of (A)
a) E ≠ 0 and V ≠ 0 b) E = 0 and V = 0 b) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is not correct
co
c) E ≠ 0 and V = 0 d) E = 0 and V ≠ 0 explanation of (A)
Q.61. Which of the following is NOT the property c) (A) is true, but (R) is false
of equipotential surface ? d) (A) is false and (R) is also false
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
Q.66. Deduce an expression for the potential Q.70. A free electron and a free proton are placed
energy of a system of two point charges q1 and q2 between two oppositely charged parallel plates.
located at positions r1 and r2 respectively in an Both are closer to the positive plate than the
external field (𝐄⃗). negative plate.
Q.67. (a) Define an ideal electric dipole. Give an
example.
(b) Derive an expression for the torque
experienced by an electric dipole in a uniform Which of the following statement is true ?
electric field. What is net force acting on this I. The force on the proton is greater than the force
f on
dipole ? the electron.
(c) An electric dipole of length 2 cm is placed with II. The potential energy of the proton is greater than
its axis making an angle of 60° with respect to that of the electron.
uniform electric field of 105 N/C. If it experiences III. The potential energy of the proton and the
a torque of B√𝟑 N/m, calculate the magnitude of electron is the same.
charge on the dipole, and its potential energy. a) I only b) II only
Q.68. (a) Define electrostatic potential at a ppoint. c) III and I only d) II and I
Write its SI unit. Q.71. A capacitor plates are charged by a battery
Three charges q1, q2 and q3 are kept respectively with ‘V’ volts. After charging battery is
at points A, B and C as shown in figures. Write the disconnected and a dielectric slab with dielectric
expression for electrostatic potential energy of constant ‘K’ is inserted between its plates, the
the system. potential across the plates, the potential across
the plates of the capacitor will become

(b) Depict the equipotential surfaces due to

a) Zero b) V/2
(i) An electric dipole
c) V/K d) KV
(ii) Two identical negative charges separated by a
Q.72. Find total energy stored in capacitors given
small distance.
in the circuit.
Q.69. Three capacitors 2 μF, 3 μF and 6 μF are
joined in series with each other. The equivalent
capacitance is
a) 1/2 μF b) 1 μF
c) 2 μF d) 11 μF

Chapter – 3 (Current Electricity)

Q.1.
1. How does the random motion of free Q.3. The ratio of current density and electric field
electrons in a conductor get affected when a is called
potential difference is applied across its ends ? a) Resistivity b) Conductivity
Q.2. A potential difference of 200 V is maintained c) Drift velocity d) Mobility
across a conductor of resistance 100 Ω. The OR
number of electrons passing through it in 1 s is In a current carrying conductor, the ratio of the
a) 1.25 × 10 b) 2.5 × 10 electric field and the current density at a point is
c) 1.25 × 10 d) 2.5 × 10 called
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
a) Resistivity b) Conductivity Q.12. Write the expression
ssion for the drift velocity of
c) Resistance d) Mobility charge carriers in a conductor of length ‘l’ across
Q.4. A copper wire of non-uniform
uniform area of cross
cross- which a potential difference ‘V’ is applied.
section is connected to a d.c. battery. The physical Q.13. Define the term ‘drift velocity’ of electrons
quantity which remains constant along the wire is in a current carrying conductor. Obtain the
__________. relationship between the current
curren density and the
Q.5. Define the term ‘electrical conductivity’ of a drift velocity of electrons.
metallic wire. Write the S.I. unit. Q.14. Define the term ‘mobility’ of charge carriers
Q.6. A metal rod of square cross-sectional
sectional area A in a current carrying conductor. Obtain the
having length l has current I flowing through it relation for mobility in terms of relaxation time.
when a potential difference of V volt is applied Q.15. Using the concept of drift velocity of charge
across its ends (figure I). Now the rod is cut carriers inn a conductor, deduce the relationship
parallel to its length into two identical pieces and between current density and resistivity of the
joined as shown n in figure II. What potential conductor.
difference must be maintained across the length Q.16. Estimate the average drift speed of
of 2l so that the current in the rod is still l ? conduction electrons in a copper wire of cross- cross
sectional area 1.0 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟕 m2 carrying current of
1.5 A. Assume the density of conduction electrons
to be 9 × 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟖 m‒3.
Q.17. Explain the term ‘drift velocity’ of electrons
in a conductor. Hence obtain the expression for
Q.7. Differentiate between electrical resistance
the current through a conductor in terms of ‘drift
and resistivity of a conductor.
velocity’.
Q.8. In the two electric circuits shown in tthe
Q.18. Write a relation between current and drift
figure, determine the readings of ideal ammeter
velocity of electrons in a conductor. Use this
(A) and the ideal voltmeter (V).
relation to explain how the resistance of a
conductor changes with the rise in temperature.
Q.19. (a) Define the term ‘conductivity’ of a
metallic wire. Write its SI unit.
(b) Using the concept of free f electrons in a
conductor, derive the expression for the
conductivity of a wire in terms of number density
and relaxation time. Hence obtain the relation
between current density and the applied electric
Q.9. If n, e, τ and m have their usual meanings, field E.
then the resistance of a wire of length l and cross
cross- Q.20. (a) Find the relation between drift velocity
sectional area A is given by and relaxation time of charge carries in a
conductor.
a) b)
τ τ (b) A conductor of length L is connected to a d.c.
τ τ source of e.m.f. V. If the length of the conductor is
c) d)
tripled by stretching it, keeping V constant.
Q.10.
10. How is the drift velocity in a conductor Explain how drift velocity would be affected.
affec
affected with the rise in temperature ? Q.21. A steady current flows in a metallic
Q.11. Define the term drift velocity of charge conductor of non-uniform
uniform cross-section.
cross Which of
carriers in a conductor and write its relationship these quantities is constant along the conductor :
with the current flowing through it. current, current density, electric field, drift
speed?
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
Q.22. (a) Deduce the relation between current I b) Length of conductor
flowing
ng through a conductor and drift velocity 𝐯⃗𝐝 c) Area of cross-section
of the electrons. d) Shape of the conductor
(b) Figure shows a plot of current ‘I’ flowing Q.28. Which of the following has negative
through the cross-section
section of a wire versus the temperature coefficient of resistivity ?
time ‘t’. Use the plot to find the charge flowing in a) Metal
10 sec through the wire. b) Metal and semiconductor
c) Semiconductor
d) Metal and alloy
Q.29. I-V
V graph for a metallic wire at two different
temperatures, T1 and T2 is as shown in the figure.
Which of the two temperatures is lower and why?

Q.23. (i) Derive an expression for drift velocity of

electrons in a conductor. Hence deduce Ohm’s
law.
(ii) A wire whose cross-sectionalsectional area is
increasing linearly from its one end to the other,
Q.30. Plot a graph showing the variation of
is connected across a battery of V volts. Which of
resistivity of a conductor with temperature.
tempera
the following quantities remain
emain constant in the
Q.31. Show variation of resistivity of copper as s
wire ?
function of temperature in a graph.
a) Drift speed b) Current density
Q.32. Plot a graph showing variation of current
c) Electric current d) Electric field
versus voltage for the material GaAs.
Q.24. Define the term ‘drift velocity’ of charge
Q.33. How does one explain increase in resistivity
carriers in a conductor. Obtain the expression for
of a metal with increase off temperature ?
the current density in terms of relaxation time.
Q.34. Plot a graph showing the variation of
Q.25. Graph showing the variation of current
resistance of a conducting wire as a function of its
versus voltage for a material GaAs is shown in the
radius. Keeping the length of the wire and its
figure. Identify the region of
temperature as constant.
Q.35. Two materials Si and Cu, are cooled from
300 K to 60 K. What will be the effect on their
resistivity ?
Q.36. Draw graph showing variation of resistivity
with temperature for nichrome. Which property
(i) Negative resistance of nichrome is used to make standard resistance
(ii) Where Ohm’s law is obeyed coils ?
Q.26. The resistance of a metal wire increases Q.37. (i) The graph between resistance (R) and
with increasing temperature on account of temperature (T) for Hg is shown in the figure.
a) Decrease in free electron density Explain the behavior of Hg near 4 K.
b) Decrease in relaxation time
c) Increase in mean free path
d) Increase in the mass of electron
Q.27. Resistivity of a given conductor depends
upon
a) Temperature
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
figure. What is the emf and internal resistance of
each cell ?

(ii) In which region of the graph shown in the Q.44. The emf of a cell is always greater than its
figure is the resistance negative and why ? terminal voltage. Why ? Give reason.
OR
Why is the terminal voltage of a cell less than its
emf ?
Q.45. A cell of emf ‘E’ and internal resistance ‘r’ is
connected across a variable resistor ‘R’. Plot a
graph showing variation of terminal voltage ‘V’ of
Q.38. The electric power consumed by a 220 V – the cell versus the current ‘I’. Using the plot, show
100 W bulb when operated at 110 V is how the emf of the cell and its internal
inte resistance
a) 25 W b) 30 W can be determined.
c) 35 W d) 45 W Q.46. (a) Distinguish between emf (𝛆) ( and
Q.39. Nichrome and copper wires of same length terminal voltage (V) of a cell having internal
and same radius are connected in series. Current resistance ‘r’.
I is passed through them. Which wire gets heated (b) Draw a plot showing the variation of terminal
up more ? Justify your answer. voltage (V) vs the current (I) drawn from the cell.
Q.40. Two bulbs are rated (P1, V) and (P2, V). If Using this plot,ot, how does one determine the
theyy are connected (i) in series and (ii) in parallel internal resistance of the cell ?
across a supply V, find the power dissipated in the Q.47. A battery of emf E and internal resistance r
two combinations in terms of P1 and P2. when connected across an external resistance of
Q.41. In a dc circuit the direction of current inside 12 Ω, produces a current of 0.5 A. When
the battery and outside the battery respectively connected across a resistance of 25 Ω, it produces
are – a current of 0.25 A. Determine (i) the emf and (ii)
a) Positive
ositive to negative terminal and negative to the internal resistance of the cell.
positive terminal Q.48. Draw a graph showing the variation of
b) Positive to negative terminal and positive to current versus voltage in an electrolyte when an
negative terminal external resistance is also connected.
c) Negative to positive terminal and positive to Q.49. (a) The potential difference applied across a
negative terminal given resistor is altered so that the heat produced
d) Negative to positive terminal and negative to per second increases by a factor of 9. By what
positive terminal factor does the applied potential difference
Q.42. A cell of internal resistance r connected change ?
across an external resistance R can supply (b) In the figure shown, an ammeter A and a
maximum current when resistor of 4 Ω are connected to the terminals
termi of
a) R = r b) R > r the source. The emf of the source is 12 V having
c) R = r/2 d) R = 0 an internal resistance of 2 Ω. Calculate the
Q.43. The plot of the variation of potential voltmeter and ammeter readings.
difference across a combination of three idenidentical
cells in series versus current is shown in the
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
Q.56. (a) Two cells of emf E1 and E2 have their
internal resistances r1 and r2., respectively.
Deduce an expression for the equivalent emf and
internal resistance of their parallel
parall combination
when connected across an external resistance R.
Assume that the two cells are supporting each
Q.50. A cell of emf ‘E’ and internal resistance ‘r’ is other.
connected across a variable load resistor R. Draw (b) In case the two cells are identical, each of emf
the plots of the e terminal voltage V versus (i) R E = 5 V and internal resistance r = 2 Ω, calculate
and (ii) the current I. voltage across the external resistance
resistan R = 10 Ω.
It is found that when R = 4 Ω, the current is 1 A Q.57. Kirchhoff’s first rule ∑ 𝐈 = 0 and second rule
and when R is increased to 9 Ω, the current ∑ 𝐈𝐑 = ∑ 𝐄 (where the symbols have their usual
reduces to 0.5 A. Find the values of the emf E and meanings) are respectively based on
internal resistance r. a) Conservation of momentum and conservation of
Q.51. Two sources of equal emf are connected in charge
series. This combination is, in turn connected to b) Conservation of energy, conservation of charge
an external resistance R. The internal resistance c) Conservation
onservation of charge, conservation of
of two sources are r1 and r2 (r2 > r1). If the momentum
potential difference across the source of internal d) Conservation of charge, conservation of energy
resistance r2 is zero, then R equals to – Case Study :
a) b) r2 ‒ r1 An experiment was set up with the circuit diagram
shown in figure. Given that R1 = 10 Ω, R2 = R3 = 5 Ω, r
c) d) = 0 Ω and E = 5 V
Q.52. Under what condition will the current in a
wire be the same when connected in series and in
parallel of n identical cells each having internal
resistance r and external resistance R ?
Q.53. Two identical cells, each of emf E, having
negligible internal resistance, are connected in
parallel with each other across an external
resistance R. What is the current through this
resistance ?
Q.54. A 10 V cell of negligible internal resistance
Q.58. The points with the same potential are –
is connected
cted in parallel across a battery of emf
a) b, c, d b) f, h, j
200 V and internal resistance 38 Ω as shown in
c) d, e, f d) a, b, j
the figure. Find the value of current in the circuit.
Q.59. The current through branch bg is
a) 1 A b) A
c) A d) A
Q.60. The power dissipated in R1 is
a) 2 W b) 2.5 W
c) 3 W d) 4.5 W
Q.55. Two cells of emfs 1.5 V and 2.0 V having
Q.61. The potential difference across R3 is
internal resistances 0.2 Ω and 0.3 Ω respectively
a) 1.5 V b) 2 V
are connected in n parallel. Calculate the emf and
c) 2.5 V d) 3 V
internal resistance of the equivalent cell.
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
Q.62. Kirchhoff’s first rule at a junction in an
electrical network, deals with conservation of
a) Energy
b) Charge
c) Momentum
d) Both energy and charge
Q.63. Use Kirchhoff’s rules to determine
etermine the
potential difference between the points A and D Q.68. (i) State the two Kirchhoff’s laws. Explain
when no current flows in the BE of the electric briefly how these rules are justified.
network shown in the figure. (ii) The current is drawn from a cell emf E and
internal resistance r connected to the network of
resistors each of resistance r as shown in the
figure. Obtain the expression for (a) the current
drawn from the cell and (b) the power consumed
in the network.

Q.64. State Kirchhoff’s rules. Explains briefly how

these rules are justified.
Q.65. In the electric network shown in n the figure, Q.69. Use Kirchhoff’s rules to obtain the case for
use Kirchhoff’s rules to calculate the power the balance in a Wheatstone bridge.
consumed by the resistance R = 4Ω. Q.70.
0. Calculate the current drawn from the
battery by the network of resistors shown in the
figure.

Q.66. Use Kirchhoff’s rules to determine the value Q.71. Calculate the value of current drawn from a
of the current I1 flowing in the circuit shown in 5 V battery in the circuit as shown.
the figure.

Q.67. Using Kirchhoff’s rules, calculate the

current through the 40 Ω and 20 Ω resistors in Q.72. Derive an expression of balance for
the following circuit. Wheatstone bridge.
Q.73. (a) State Kirchhoff’s rules for an electric
network.
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
(b) Using Kirchhoff’s rules, obtain the balance d) High temperature coefficient of resistivity ad high
condition in terms of the resistances of four arms specific resistance
of Wheatstone bridge. Q.80. A constant voltage is applied between the
Q.74. A battery is connected to the conductor of two ends of a uniform metallic wire, heat ‘H’ is
non-uniform cross section area. The
he quantities or developed in it. If another wire the same material,
quantity which remains constant is double the radiusadius and twice the length as
a) Electric field only compared to original wire is used then the heat
b) Drift speed and electric field developed in it will be
c) Electric field and current a) H/2 b) H
d) Current only c) 2H d) 4H
Q.75. If the ammeter in the given circuit shown in Q.81. Three resistors having values R1, R2 and R3
the diagram reads 2 A, the resistance R is are connected in series to a battery. Suppose R1
carries a current of 2.00 A, R2 has a resistance of
3.0 ohms, and R3 dissipates 6.0 watts of power.
Then the voltage across R3 is
a) 1 V b) 2 V
c) 3 V d) 4 V
a) 1 Ω b) 2 Ω
Q.82. The heat produced by 100 W heater in 2
c) 3 Ω d) 4 Ω
minutes is equal to
Q.76. if the potential difference V applied across a
a) 10.5 kJ b) 16.3 kJ
conductor is increased to 2V with its temperature
c) 12.0 kJ d) 14.2 kJ
kept constant, the drift velocity of the free
Q.83. A straight line plot showing the terminal
electrons in a conductor will
potential difference (V) of a cell as a function of
a) Remain the same
current (I) drawn from it, is shown in the figure.
b) Become half of its previous value
The internal resistance of the cell would be then
c) Be doubled of its initial value
d) Become zero
Q.77. Derive the expression for drift velocity of
free electron in terms of relaxation time and
electric field applied across a conductor.
Q.78. An electric current is passed through a
circuit containing
aining two wires of same material,
connected in parallel. If the lengths and radii of
the wires are in the ratio of 3 : 2 and 2 : 3, then the
ratio of the current passing through the wire will a) 2.8 ohms b) 1.4 ohm
be c) 1.2 ohms d) Zero
a) 2 : 3 b) 3 : 2 Q.84.
84. A variable resistor R is connected across a
c) 8 : 27 d) 27 : 8 cell of emf E and internal resistance r.
Q.79. We use alloys
oys for making standard resistors (a) Draw the circuit diagram
because they have (b) Plot the graph showing variation of potential
a) Low temperature coefficient of resistivity and high drop across R as function of R
specific resistance (c) At what value of R current
rrent in circuit will be
b) High temperature coefficient of resistivity and low maximum
specific resistance Q.85 . A storage battery is of emf 8 V and internal
c) Low temperature coefficient of resistivity and low resistance 0.5 ohm is being charged by d.c supply
specific resistance of 120 V using a resistor of 15.5 ohm.
(a) Draw the circuit diagram
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
(b) Calculate the potential difference across the (c) What is the purpose of having series
battery resistance in this circuit ?

Chapter – 4 (Moving Charges and Magnetism)

Q.1. Write the expression, in a vector form, for the
Lorentz magnetic force 𝐅⃗ due to a charge moving
with velocity 𝐯⃗ in a magnetic field 𝐁⃗. What is the
direction of the magnetic force ?
Q.2. Define one tesla using the expression for the
magnetic force acting on a particle of charge q
moving with velocity 𝐯⃗ in a magnetic field 𝐁⃗.
Q.3. A straight conducting rod of length l and
mass m is suspended n a horizontal plane by a Q.8. A proton and an electron travelling along
pair of flexible strings in a magnetic field of parallel paths enter a region of uniform magnetic
magnitude B. To remove the tension in th the field, acting perpendicular to their paths. Which
supporting strings, the magnitude of the current of them will move in a circular path with higher
in the wire is frequency ?
Q.9. A particle of mass ‘m’ and charge ‘q’ moving
mov
a) b)
with velocity ‘v’ enters the region of uniform
c) d) magnetic field at right angle to the direction of its
Q.4. A current carrying wire kept in a uniform motion. How does it kinetic energy get affected ?
magnetic field will experience a maximum force Q.10. A long straight wire carries a steady current
when it is I along the positive y-axis
axis in a coordinate system.
syste
a) Perpendicular to the magnetic field A particle of charge +Q is moving with a velocity 𝐯⃗
b) Parallel to the magnetic field along the x-axis.
axis. In which direction will the
c) At an angle of 45° to the magnetic field particle experience a force ?
d) At an angle of 60° to the magnetic field Q.11. A charged particle q is moving in the
Q.5. A straight wire of mass 200 g and length 1.5 presence of a magnetic field B which is inclined to
m carries a current of 2 A. It is suspended in mid an angle 30° with the direction
direct of the motion of
air by a uniform magnetic field B. W What is the the particle. Draw the trajectory followed by the
magnitude of the magnetic field ? particle in the presence of the field and explain
Q.6. A charge particle after being accelerated how the particle describes this path.
through a potential difference ‘V’ enters in a Q.12. A proton, a deuteron and an alpha particle
uniform magnetic field and moves in a circle of are accelerated through the same potential
radius r. If V is doubled, the radius of the circle difference
rence and then subjected to a uniform
will become magnetic field 𝐁⃗, perpendicular to the direction of
a) 2 r b) √2 r their motions. Compare
c) 4 r d) r / √2 (i) Their kinetic energies, and
Q.7. An electron moves along +x direction. It (ii) If the radius of the circular path described by
proton is 5 cm, determine the radii of the path
enters into a region of uniform magnetic field 𝐁⃗
described by deuteron and alpha particle.
directed along ‒z direction as shown in figure.
Draw the shape of trajectory followed by the Q.13. (a) Write the expression for the force 𝐅⃗
electron after entering the field. acting on a particle of mass m and charge q
moving with velocity 𝐯⃗ in a magnetic field 𝐁⃗.
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
Under what conditions will it move in (i) a (Take mass of 𝛂-particle
particle = 6.4 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟐𝟕 kg)
circular path and (ii) a helical path ? Q.19. A proton and a deuteron having equal
(b) Show that the kinetic energy of the particle momenta enter in a region of a uniform magnetic
moving in magnetic field remains constant. field at right angle to the direction of the field.
Q.14. (a) Write the expression for the magnetic Depict their trajectory in the field.
force acting on a charged particle moving with Q.20. An electron is released from rest in a region
velocity v in the presence of magnetic field B. of uniform electric and magnetic fields acting
(b) A neutron, an electron
lectron and an alpha particle parallel to each other. The electron will
moving with equal velocities, enter a uniform a) Move in a straight line
magnetic field going into the plane of the paper as b) Move in a circle
shown. Trace their paths in the field and justify c) Remain stationary
your answer. d) Move in a helical path
Q.21. Find the condition under which the th charged
particles moving with different speeds in the
presence of electric and magnetic field vectors
can be used to select charged particles of a
particular speed.
Q.15. A uniform magnetic field 𝐁⃗ is set up along Q.22. Write the condition under which an electric
the positive x-axis.
axis. A particle of charge ‘q’ and will move undeflected in the presence of o crossed
mass ‘m’ moving with a velocity 𝒗⃗ enters the field electric and magnetic fields.
at the origin in X-Y
Y plane such that it has velocity Q.23. (a) A point charge q moving with speed v
components both along and perpendicular to the enters a uniform magnetic field B that is acting
magnetic field B. Trace, giving reason, the into the plane of paper as shown. What is the path
trajectory followed by the particle. Find out the followed by the charge q and in which plane does
expression for the distance moved by the particle it move ?
along the magnetic field in one rotation.
Q.16. An electron moving horizontally with a
velocity of 4 × 𝟏𝟎𝟒 m/s enters a region of uniform
magnetic field of 10‒5 T acting vertica
vertically upward
as shown in the figure. Draw its trajectory and
find out the time it takes to come out of the region (b) How does the path followed by the charge get
of magnetic field. affected if its velocity has a component parallel to
𝐁⃗ ?
(c) If an electric field 𝐄⃗ is also applied such that
the particle continues moving along the original
straight line path, what should be the magnitude
magnitu
and direction of the electric field 𝐄⃗ ?
Q.24. Two long straight parallel wires A and B
Q.17. Deduce an expression for the frequency of
separated by a distance d, carry equal current I
revolution of a charged particle in a magnetic
flowing in same direction as shown in the figure.
field and show that it is independent
dependent of velocity
or energy of the particle.
Q.18. An 𝛂-particle
particle is accelerated through a
potential difference of 10 kV and moves along x x-
axis. It enters in a region of uniform magnetic
field B = 2 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟑 T acting along y-axis.
axis. Find the (a) Find the magnetic field at a point P situated
radius of its path.
between them att a distance x from one wire.
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
(b) Show graphically the variation of the (b) Two identical circular coils, P and Q each of
magnetic field with distance x for 0 < x < d. radius R, carrying currents 1 A and √𝟑 A
Q.25. A long straight wire AB carries a current of respectively, are placed concentrically and
4 A. A proton P travels at 4 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 m s‒‒1 parallel to perpendicular to each other lying in the XY and
the wire 0.2 m from it and in a direction opposite YZ planes. Findd the magnitude and direction of
to the current as shown in the figure. Calculate the net magnetic field at the centre of the coils.
the force which the magnetic field due to figure. Q.30. Two identical loops P and
Calculate the force which the magnetic field due Q each of radius 5 cm are lying
to the current carrying wire exerts on the p proton. in perpendicular planes such
Also specify its direction. that they have a common
centre as shown in the figure.
Find the magnitude and
direction of the net magnetic field at the common
centre of the two coils, if they carry currents
equal to 3 A and 4 A respectively.
Q.31. Use Biot-Savart
Savart law to derive expression for
the magnetic field on the axis of a current
carrying circular loop of radius
adius R.
Q.26. State Biot-Savart
Savart law in vector form
Draw the magnetic field lines due to circular wire
expressing the magnetic field due to an element
carrying current I.
d𝐥⃗ carrying current I at a distance 𝐫⃗ from the Q.32. Two identical coils P and Q each of radius R
element. are lying in perpendicular planes such that they
Q.27. The magnetic field at the centre of a current have a common centre. Find the magnitude and
carrying circular loop of radius R is B1. The direction of the magnetic field at the common
magnetic field at a point on its axis at a distance R centre of the two coils, if they carry currents
from the centre of the loop is B2. Then the ratio
equal to I and √𝟑II respectively.
(B1/B2) is
a) 2√2 b)
√
c) √2 d) 2
Q.28. Two very small identical circular loops, (1)
and (2), carrying equal currents I are placed
Q.33. A circular loop of radius R carries a current
vertically (with represent to the plane of the
I. Obtain an expression for the magnetic field at a
paper) with their geometrical axes perpendicular
point on its axis at a distance x from its centre.
to each other as shown in the figure. Find the
OR
magnitude and direction of the net magnetic field
Write, using Biot-Savart
Savart law, the expression for
produced at the point O.
the magnetic field 𝐁⃗ due to an element d𝐥 d⃗ carrying
current I at a distance 𝐫⃗ from it in a vector form.
Hence derive the expression for the magnetic
field due to a current carrying loop of radius R at
a point
int P distant x from its centre along the axis of
the loop.
OR
Using Biot-Savart
Savart law, derive the expression for
the magnetic field in the vector form at a point on
Q.29. (a) State Biot-Savart’s
Savart’s law and express this the axis of a circular current loop.
law in the vector form.
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
Q.34. Write any two important points of
similarities and d differences each between
Coulomb’s law for the electrostatic field and Biot
Biot-
Savart’s law of the magnetic field. Use Biot Biot-
Savart’s law to find the expression for the
magnetic field due to a circular loop of radius ‘r’
carrying current ‘I’, at its centre.
Q.35. State Biot-Savart
Savart law, expressing it in the
vector form. Use it to obtain the expression for
the magnetic field at an axial point, distance ‘d’
from the centre of a circular coil of radius ‘a’
carrying current ‘I’. Also find the ratio of the
magnitudeses of the magnetic field of this coil at the
centre and at an axial point for which d = aa√𝟑. Q.40. An observer to the left of a solenoid of N
Q.36. State Ampere’s circuital law, expressing it in turns each of cross section area ‘A’ observes that
the integral form. a steady current I in it flows in the clockwise
Q.37. Explain how Biot-Savart’s
Savart’s law enables one direction. Depict
pict the magnetic field lines due to
to express the Ampere’s circuital law in th the the solenoid specifying its polarity and show that
integral form, viz. it acts as a bar magnet of magnetic moment m =
NIA.
𝐁⃗ ∙ 𝐝𝐈⃗ = 𝛍𝟎 𝐈
Where I is the total current passing through the
surface.
Q.38. Draw the magnetic field lines due to a Q.41. Two wires carrying currents I1 and I2 lie,
current passing through a long solenoid. Use one slightly above the other, in a horizontal plane
Ampere’s circuital law, to obtain the expression as shown in figure.
igure. The region of vertically
for the magnetic field due to the current I in a upward strongest magnetic field is
long solenoid having n number of turns per unit
length.
Q.39. Two long co-axial
axial insulated solenoids, S1
and S2 of equal lengths are wound one over the
other as shown in the figure. A steady current I
flows through the inner solenoid S1 to the other
end B, which is connected to the outer solenoid S 2 a) I b) II
through which the same current I flows in the c) III d) IV
opposite direction so as to come out at end A. If n 1 Q.42. Two parallel conductors carrying current of
and n2 are the number of turns per unit length, 4.0 A and 10.0 A are placed 2.5 cm apart in
find the magnitude and direction of th the net vacuum. The force per unit length between them
magnetic field at a point (i) inside on the axis and is
(ii) outside the combined system. a) 6.4 × 10 N m‒1 b) 6.4 × 10 N m‒1
c) 4.6 × 10 N m‒1 d) 3.2 × 10 N m‒1
Q.43. A square shaped current carrying loop
MNOP is placed near a straight long current
carrying wire AB as shown in the figure The wire
and the loop lie in the same plane. If the loop
experiences a net force F towards the wire, find
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
the magnitude of the force on the side ‘NO’ of the direction, what is the nature and magnitude of
loop. the force between the two conductors ?
(b) Show with the help of a diagram how the force
between the two conductors would change when
the currents in them flow in the opposite
directions.
Q.49. A wire AB is carrying a steady current of 12
A and is lying on the table. Another wire wi CD
carrying 5 A is held directly above AB at a height
of 1mm. Find the mass per unit length of the wire
Q.44. Using the concept of force between two
CD so that it remains suspended at its position
infinitely long parallel current carrying
when left free. Give the direction of the currnt
conductors, define one ampere of current.
flowing in CD with respectively to that in AB.
Q.45. A square loop of side 20 cm carrying current
[Take the value of g = 10 ms‒2]
of 1 A is kept near an infinite long straight wire
Question No. 50 is Assertion (A) and Reason (R)
carrying a current of 2 A in the same plane as
type questions. Given below are the two
shown in the figure.
statements labeled as Assertion (A) and Reason
(R). Select the most appropriate answer from the
options given below.
Q.50. Assertion : When radius r of circular loop
carrying current is doubled, its magnetic moment
becomes four times.
Calculate the magnitude and direction of the net
Reason : Magnetic moment depends on the area of
force exerted on the loop due to the current
the loop.
carrying conductor.
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
Q.46. Two infinitely long straight wires A 1 and A2
explanation of A
carrying currents I and 2 I flowing in the same
b) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct
directions are kept ‘d’ distance apart. Where
explanation of A
should a third straight wire A3 carrying current
c) A is true but R is false
1.5 I be placed between A1 and A2 so that it
d) A is false and R is also false
experiences no net force due to A1 and A2 > Does
Q.51. The magnetic dipole moment of a current
the net force acting on A3 depend on the current
carrying coil does not depend upon
flowing through it ?
(a) Number of turns of the coil
Q.47. Two long straight parallel conductors carry
(b) Cross-sectional
sectional area of the coil
steady current I1 and I2 separated by a distance d.
(c) Current flowing in the coil
If the currents are flowing in the same direction,
(d) Material of the turns of the coil
show how the magnetic field set up in one
Q.52. A square shaped plane coil of area 100 cm2
produces an attractive force on the other. Obtain
of 200 turns carries a steady current of 5 A. If it is
the expression for this force. Hence define one
placed in a uniform magnetic field of 0.2 T acting
ampere.
perpendicular to the plane of the coil. Calculate
Q.48. (a) Two long straight parallel conductors a
the torque on the coil when its plane makes an
and b, carrying steady currents Ia and Ib are
angle of 60° with the direction of the field. In
separated
eparated by a distance d. Write the magnitude
which orientation will the coil be in stable
and direction of the magnetic field produced by
equilibrium ?
the conductor a at the points along the conductor
Q.53. (a) Write an expression of magnetic
b. If the currents are flowing in the same
moment associated with a current (I) carrying
circular coil of radius r having N turns.
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
(b) Consider the above mentioned coil placed in will you convert it into a voltmeter to measure a
YZ plane with its centre at the origin. Derive voltage up to 3 V ?
expression for the value of magnetic field due to it Q.62. (a) Define current sensitivity of a
at point (x, 0, 0). galvanometer. Write its expression.
Q.54. A closely wound solenoid of 2000 turns and (b) A galvanometer has resistance G and shows
cross sectional area 1.6 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟒 m2 carrying a full scale deflection for current Ig.
current of 4.0 A is suspended through its centre (i) How can it be converted into an ammeter to
allowing it to turn in a horizontal plane. Find (i) measure current upto I0(I0 > Ig) ?
the magnetic moment associated with the (ii) What is the effective resistance of this
solenoid, (ii) the torque on the solenoid if a ammeter ?
horizontal magnetic field of 7.5 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟐 T is set up Q.63. (a) Briefly explain how a galvanometer is
at an angle of 30° with the axis of the solenoid. converted into an ammeter.
Q.55. Derive the expression for the torque on a (b) A galvanometer coil has a resistance of 15 Ω
rectangular current carrying loop suspended in a and it shows full scale deflection for a current of 4
uniform magnetic field. mA. Convert it into an ammeter of range 0 to 6 A.
Q.56. If an ammeter is to be used in place of a Q.64. (a) Briefly explain how a galvanometer is
voltmeter, then we must connect with the converted into a voltmeter.
ammeter a (b) A voltmeter of a certain range is constructed
a) Low resistance in parallel by connecting a resistance of 980 Ω in series with
b) Low resistance in series a galvanometer. When the resistance of 470 Ω is
c) High resistance in parallel connected in series, the range gets halved. Find
d) High resistance in series the resistance of the galvanometer.
Question No. 57 is Assertion (A) and Reason (R) Q.65. Define the working principle of a moving
type questions. Given below are the two coil galvanometer. Why is it necessary to use (i) a
statements labeled as Assertion (A) and Reason radial magnetic field and (ii) and cylindrical soft
(R). Select the most appropriate answer from the iron core in a galvanometer ? Write the
options given below. expression for current sensitivity of the
Q.57. Assertion : Higher the range, lower is the galvanometer.
resistance of an ammeter. Can a galvanometer as such be used for
Reason : To increase the range of an ammeter measuring the current ? Explain.
additional shunt is added in series to it. Q.66. State the principle of working of a
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct galvanometer.
explanation of A A galvanometer of resistance G is converted into a
b) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct voltmeter to measure upto V volts by connecting
explanation of A a resistance R1 in series with the coil. If a
c) A is true but R is false resistance R2 is connected in series with it, then it
d) A is false and R is also false can measure upto ½ volts. Find the resistance, in
Q.58. Define the term ‘current sensitivity’ of a terms of R1 and R2, required to be connected to
moving coil galvanometer. convert it into a voltmeter that can read upto 2 V.
Q.59. Write the underlying principle of a moving Also find the resistance G of the galvanometer in
coil galvanometer. terms of R1 and R2.
Q.60. An ammeter of resistance 0.8 Ω can Q.67. (a) Why is the magnetic field radial in a
measure a current upto 1.0 A. Find the value of moving coil galvanometer ? Explain how it is
shunt resistance required to convert this achieved.
ammeter to measure a current upto 5.0 A. (b) A galvanometer of resistance ‘G’ can be
Q.61. A galvanometer of resistance 16 Ω shows converted into a voltmeter of range (0-V) volts by
full scale deflection for a current of 4 mA. How connecting a resistance ‘R’ in series with it. How
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
much resistance will be required to change its Q.72. (a) State using a suitable diagram, the
range from 0 to V/2 ? working principle of a moving coil galvanometer.
Q.68. (a) Define the current sensitivity of a What is the function of a radial magnetic field and
galvanometer. the soft iron core used in it ?
(b) The coil area of a galvanometer is 16 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟒 (b) For converting a galvanometer into an
m2. It consists of 200 turns of a wire and is in a ammeter, a shunt resistance of small value is
magnetic field of 0.2 T. The restoring torque used in parallel, whereas in the case of a
constant of the suspension fibre is 10‒6 N m per voltmeter a resistance of large value is used in
degree. Assuming the magnetic field to be radial, series. Explain why ?
calculate the maximum current that can be Given below are two statements labeled as
measured by the galvanometer if the scale can Assertion (A) and Reason (R).
accommodate 30° deflection. Q.73. Assertion : A proton and an electron, with
Q.69. Derive the expression for the torque acting same momenta, enter in a magnetic field in a
on the rectangular current carrying coil of a direction at right angles to the lines of the force. The
galvanometer. Why is the magnetic field made radius of the paths followed by them will be same.
radial ? Reason : Electron has less mass than the proton.
OR Select the most appropriate answer from the
Obtain the expression for the deflecting torque options given below :
acting on the current carrying rectangular coil of a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
a galvanometer in a uniform magnetic field. Why explanation of A
is a radial magnetic field employed in the moving b) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct
coil galvanometer ? explanation of A
Q.70. (i) With the help of a neat and labeled c) A is true but R is false
diagram, explain the principle and working of a d) A is false and R is also false
moving coil galvanometer. Q.74. Time period of a charged particle
(ii) What is the function of uniform radial field undergoing a circular motion in a uniform
and how is it produced ? magnetic field is independent of
(iii) Define current sensitivity of a galvanometer. a) Speed of the particle
How is current sensitivity increase ? b) Mass of the particle
Q.71. (a) Explain using a labeled diagram, the c) Charge of the particle
principle and working of a moving coil d) Magnetic field
galvanometer. What is the function of (i) uniform Q.75. An electron with charge ‒e and mass m
radial magnetic field, (ii) soft iron core ? travels at a speed v in a plane perpendicular to a
(b) Define the terms (i) current sensitivity and magnetic field of magnitude B. The electron
(ii) voltage sensitivity of a galvanometer. Why follows a circular path of radius R. In a time, t, the
does increasing the current sensitivity not electron travels halfway around the circle. What
necessarily increase voltage sensitivity ? is the amount of work done by the magnetic field?
OR Q.76. Using Biot-Savart’s law, derive an
(a) Draw a labeled diagram of a moving coil expression for magnetic field at any point on axial
galvanometer. Describe briefly its principle and line of a current carrying circular loop. Hence,
working. find magnitude of magnetic field intensity at the
(b) Answer the following : centre of circular coil.
(i) Why is it necessary to introduce a cylindrical Q.77. Two wires of the same length are shaped
soft iron core inside the coil of a galvanometer ? into a square of side ‘a’ and a circle with radius
(ii) Increasing the current sensitivity of a ‘r’’. If they carry same current, the ratio of their
galvanometer may not necessarily increase its magnetic moment is
voltage sensitivity. Explain, giving reason. a) 2 : 𝛑 b) 𝛑 : 2
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
c) : 4 d) 4 : 𝛑 a) Decrease by 1%
Q.78. Three infinitely long parallel strai straight b) Increased by 5%
current carrying wires A, B and C are kept at c) Increased by 10%
equal distance from each other as shown in the d) Decrease by 4%
figure. The wire C experiences net force F. The net Given below are two statements labeled as
force on wire C, when the current in wire A is Assertion (A) and Reason (R).
reversed will be Q.82. Assertion : To increase the range of an
ammeter, we must connect a suitable high resistance
in series to it.
Reason : The ammeter with increased range should
have high resistance.
Select the most appropriate answer from the
options given below :
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
a) Zero b) F/2 explanation of A
c) F d) 2F b) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct
Q.79. Two straight infinitely long wires are fixed explanation of A
in space so that the current in the left wires is 2 A c) A is true but R is false
and directed out of the plane of the page and the d) A is false and R is also false
current in the right wire is 3 A and directed into Given below are two statements labeled as
the plane of the page. In which region(s) is/are Assertion (A) and Reason (R).
there a point on the x-axis,
axis, at which the magnetic Q.83. Assertion : On increasing the current
field is equal to zero due to these currents sensitivity of a galvanometer by increasing the
carrying wires ? Justify your answer. number of turns, may not necessarily
ne increase its
voltage sensitivity.
Reason : The resistance of the coil of the
galvanometer increases on increasing the number of
turns.
Select the most appropriate answer from the
Q.80. The coil of a moving coil galvanometer is
options given below :
wound over a metal frame in order to
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
a) Reduce hysteresis
explanation of A
b) Increase sensitivity
b) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct
c) Increase momentum of inertia
explanation of A
d) Provide electromagnetic damping
c) A is true but R is false
Q.81. The current sensitivity of a galvanometer
d) A is false and R is also false
increases by 20%. If its resistance also increases
by 25%, the voltage sensitivity will

Chapter – 5 (Magnetism and Matter)

Q.1. A bar magnet has magnetic dipole moment 𝐌⃗. c) 0 and 0 d) |M⃗ × B⃗| and 0
Its initial position is parallel to the direction of Q.2. Which of the following statements is correct ?
uniform magnetic 𝐁⃗. In this position, the a) Magnetic field lines do not form closed loops
magnitudes of torque and force acting on it b) Magnetic field lines start from north pole and end
respectively are at south pole of a magnet
a) 0 and MB b) MB and MB
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
c) The tangent at a point on a magnetic field line Q.8. Above Curies temperature, a
represents the direction of the magnetic field at that a) Ferromagnetic material become diamagnetic
point b) Ferromagnetic material become paramagnetic
d) Two magnetic field lines may intersect each other c) Paramagnetic material become ferromagnetic
Question No. 3 is Assertion (A) and Reason (R) d) Paramagnetic material become diamagnetic
type questions. Given below are the two Q.9. The magnetic field lines are _________ by a
statements labeled as Assertion (A) and Reason diamagnetic substance.
(R). Select the most appropriate answer from the Q.10. In what way is the behavior of a
options given below. diamagnetic material different from the that of a
Q.3. Assertion : The poles of a bar magnet cannot be paramagnetic, when kept in an external magnetic
separated. field ?
Reason : Magnetic monopoles do not exist. Q.11. Depict the behavior of magnetic field lines
a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is correct in the presence of a diamagnetic material.
explanation of (A) Q.12. Relative permeability of a material μr = 0.5.
b) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is not correct Identify the nature of the magnetic material and
explanation of (A) write its relation to magnetic susceptibility.
c) (A) is true, but (R) is false Q.13. Give two points to distinguish between a
d) (A) is false and (R) is also false paramagnetic and a diamagnetic substance.
Q.4. Write the four important properties of the Q.14. Depict the behavior of magnetic field lines
magnetic field lines due to a bar magnet. with (i) a diamagnetic material (ii) a
Q.5. A bar magnet of magnetic moment 6 J T‒1 is paramagnetic material placed in an external
aligned at 60° with a uniform external magnetic magnetic field. Mention briefly the properties of
field of 0.44 T. Calculate (a) the work done is these materials which explain this distinguishing
turning the magnet to align its magnetic moment behavior.
(i) normal to the magnetic field, (ii) opposite to Q.15. Write three points of differences between
the magnetic field, and (b) the torque on the para-dia- and ferro- magnetic materials giving
magnet in the final orientation in case (ii). one example for each.
Q.6. A small compass needle of magnetic moment Q.16. The susceptibility of a magnetic material is
‘m’ is free to turn about an axis perpendicular to 0.9853. Identify the type of magnetic material.
the direction of uniform magnetic field ‘B’. The Draw the modification of the field pattern on
moment of inertia of the needle about the axis is keeping a piece of this material in a uniform
‘l’. The needle is slightly distributed from its magnetic field.
stable position and then released. Prove that it Q.17. Show diagrammatically the behavior of
executes simple harmonic motion. Hence deduce magnetic field lines in the presence of (i)
the expression for its time period. paramagnetic and (ii) diamagnetic substances.
Q.7. State Gauss’s law for magnetism. Explain its How does one explain this distinguishing feature.
significance.

Chapter – 6 (Electromagnetic Induction)

Q.1. A long straight current carrying wire passes field is reduced to zero in 10‒4 s. The induced emf
normally through the centre of circular loop. If in the coil is
the current through the wire increases, will there a) 5√3 b) 50√3 V
be an induced emf in the loop ? Justify. c) 5.0 V d) 50.0 V
Q.2. A coil of area 100 cm2 is kept at an angle of Q.3. Plot a graph showing variation of induced
30° with a magnetic field of 10‒1 T. The magnetic e.m.f. with the rate of change of current flowing
through a coil.
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
Q.4. On what factors does the magnitude of the
emf induced in the circuit due to magnetic flux
depend ?
Q.5. Predict the polarity of the capacitor in the
situation described below :

Q.11. State Len’s law. Use it to predict the polarity

of the capacitor in the situation given below :
Q.6. . A bar magnet is moved in the direction
indicated by the arrow between two coils PQ and
CD. Predict the directions of induced current in
each coil.
Q.12. Describe a simple experiment (or activity)
to show that the polarity of emf induced in a coil
is always such that it tends to produce a current
which opposes the change of magnetic flux that
produces it.
Q.7. What iss the direction of induced currents in Q.13. State Lenz’s law. Given one example to
metal rings 1 and 2 when current I in the wire is illustrate this law. “The Lenz’s law is a
increasing steadily ? consequence of the principle of conservation of
energy”. Justify this statement.
Q.14. A conducting rod of length l is kept parallel
to a uniform magnetic field 𝐁⃗. It is moved along
Q.8. Figure shows a current carrying solenoid
the magnetic field with a velocity 𝐯⃗. What is the
moving towards a conducting loop. Find the
value of emf induced in the conductor ?
direction of the current induced in the loop.
Q.15. A metallic rod PQ of length l is rotated with
an angular velocity ω about an axis passing
through its mid-point
point (O) and perpendicular to
the plane
ane of the paper, in uniform magnetic field
⃗
𝐁, as shown in the figure. What is the potential
Q.9. The electric current flowing in a wire in the difference developed between the two ends of the
direction from B to A is decreasing. Find out the rod, P and Q ?
direction of the induced current in the metallic
loop kept above the wire as shown.

Q.10. A flexible wire of irregular shape, abcd, as

Q.16. A horizontal conducting rod 10 m long
shown in the figure, turns
rns into a circular shape
extending from east to west is falling with a speed
when placed in a region of magnetic field which is
5.0 m s‒1 at right angles to the horizontal
directed normal to the plane of the loop away
component of the Earth’s magnetic field, 0.3
from the reader. Predict the direction of the
× 𝟏𝟎 𝟒 Wb m‒2. Find the instantaneous value of
induced current in the wire.
the emf induced in the rod.
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
Q.17. A rectangular loop PQMN with movable arm (ii) Change in magnetic flux through the loop
PQ of length 10 cm and resistance 2 Ω is pl
placed in (iii) Magnitude of the magnetic field applied.
a uniform magnetic field of 0.1 T acting Q.20. A metallic rod of length l is rotated with a
perpendicular to the plane of the loop as is shown frequency v with one end hinged at the centre and
in the figure. The resistances of the arms MN, NP the other end at the circumference of a circular
and MQ are negligible. Calculate the (i) emf metallic ring of radius r, about an axis passing
induced in the arm PQ and (ii) current induced in through the centre re and perpendicular to the
the loop whenen arm PQ is moved with velocity 20 plane of the ring. A constant uniform magnetic
m/s. field B parallel to the axis is present everywhere.
Using Lorentz force, explain how emf is induced
between the centre and the metallic ring and
hence obtain the expression for it.
Q.21. A conductor of length ‘l’ is rotated about one
of its ends at a constant angular speed ‘ω’ in a
plane perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field
B. Plot graphs to show variations of the emf
induced across the ends of the conductor with (i)
Q.18. A rectangular conductor LMNO is placed in a angular speed ed ω and (ii) length of the conductor l.
uniform magnetic field of 0.5 T. The field is Q.22. A square loop of side 20 cm is initially kept
directed perpendicular to the plane of conductor. 30 cm away from a region of uniform magnetic
When the arm MN of length of 20 cm is moved field of 0.1 T as shown in the figure. It is then
towards left with a velocity
ocity of 10 m s ‒1, calculate moved towards the right with a velocity of 10 cm
the emf induced in the arm. Given the resistance s‒1 till it goes outt of the field.
of the arm to be 5 Ω (assuming that other arms Plot a graph showing the variation of
are of negligible resistance) find the value of the (i) Magnetic flux (ϕ)) through the loop with time
current in the arm. (t).
(ii) Induced emf (ε) in the loop with time t.
(iii) Induced current in the loop if it has
resistance of 0.1 Ω.

Q.19. When a conducting loop of resistance 10 Ω

and area 10 cm2 is removed from an external
magnetic field acting normally, the variation of Q.23. The figure shows a rectangular
rectangula conducting
induced current in the loop with time is shown in frame MNOP of resistance R placed partly in a
the figure.
perpendicular magnetic field 𝐁⃗ and moved with
velocity 𝐯⃗ as shown in the figure. Obtain the
expression for the

Find the
(i) Total charge passed through the loop
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
and uniform magnetic field B parallel to the axis
is present everywhere.
(a) Derive the expression for the induced emf and
the current in the rod.
(b) Due to the presence of the current in the rod
and of the magnetic field, find the expression for
the magnitude and direction of the force acting on
this rod.
(a) Force acting on the arm ‘ON’ and its direction.
(c) Hencence obtain the expression for the power
(b) Power required to move the frame to get a
required to rotate the rod.
steady emf induced between the arms MN and PO.
Q.27. The current in the primary coil of a pair of
Q.24. A metallic rod of length ‘l’ is rotated with a
coils changes from 7 A to 3 A in 0.04 s. The mutual
uniform angular speed ω, with one end hinged at
inductance between the two coils is 0.5 H. The
the centre and the other end at the circumference
induced emf in the secondary coil is –
of a circular metallic ring of radius R = l, about an
a) 50 V b) 75 V
axis passing through the centre and
c) 100 V d) 220 V
perpendicular to the plane of the ring. A constant
Q.28. How does the mutual inductance of a pair of
and uniform magnetic field B parallel to the axis
coils change when
is present everywhere. Deduce the expression for
(i) Distance between the coils is increased and
the emf induced in the rod. If r is the resistance of
(ii) Number of turns in the coils is increased ?
the rod and the metallic ring has negligible
Q.29. Define mutual inductance between a pair of
resistance, obtain the expression for the power
coils. Derive an expression for the mutual
generated.
inductance of two long coaxial solenoids of same
Q.25. A conducting rod PQ of length 20 cm and
length wound one over the other.
resistance 0.1 Ω rests on two smooth parallel rails
Q.30. (i) Define mutual inductance.
of negligible resistance AA’ and CC’. It can slide on
(ii) A pair of adjacent coils has a mutual
the rails and the arrangement is positioned
inductance of 1.5 H. If the current in one coil
between the poles of a permanent magnet
changes
hanges from 0 to 20 A in 0.5 s, what is the change
producing uniform magnetic field B = 0.4 T. The
of flux linkage with the other coil ?
rails, the rod and the magnetic field are in three
Q.31. Two concentric circular loops of radius 1 cm
mutually perpendicular directions as shown in
and 20 cm are placed coaxially.
the figure. If the ends A and C of the rails are short
(i) Find mutual inductance of the arrangement.
circuited, find the
(ii) If the current passed through the
th outer loop is
(i) External force required to move the rod with
changed at a rate of 5 A/ms, find the emf induced
uniform velocity v = 10 cm s‒1 and
in the inner loop. Assume the magnetic field on
(ii) Power required to do so.
the inner loop to be uniform.
Q.32. Explain the meaning of the term mutual
inductance. Consider two concentric circular
coils, one of radius r1 and the other of radius r2(r1
< r2) placed coaxially with centres coinciding with
each other. Obtain the expression for the mutual
Q.26. A metallic rod of length l and resistance R is
inductance of the arrangement.
rotated with a frequency v, with one end hinged
Q.33. (a) Define mutual inductance and write its
at the centre and the other end at the
SI units.
circumference of a circular metallic ring of radius
(b) Derive an expression for the mutual
l, about an axis passing through the centre and
inductance of two long co--axial solenoids of same
perpendicular to the plane of the ring. A constant
length wound one over the other.
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
(c) In an experiment, two coils C1 and C2 are Q.42. Starting from the expression for the energy
placed close to each other. Find out the 𝟏
W = Li2, stored in a solenoid of self-inductance L
𝟐
expression for the emf induced in the coil C1 due
to build up the current I, obtain the expression
to a change in the current through the coil C2.
for the magnetic energy in terms of the magnetic
Q.34. Define inductance of a pair of coils and
field B, area A and length l of the solenoid having
write on which factors does it depend.
n number of turns per unit length. Hence, show
Q.35. Deduce an expression for the mutual
that the energy density is given by B2/2µ0.
inductance of two long coaxial solenoids but
Q.43. (a) Define the term ‘self-inductance’ and
having different radii and different number of
write its S.I. unit.
turns.
(b) Obtain the expression for the mutual
Q.36. (a) Define the term ‘mutual inductance’.
inductance of two long co-axial solenoids S1 and
Deduce the expression for the mutual inductance
S2 wound one over the other, each of length L and
of the long coaxial solenoids having different
radii r1 and r2 and n1 and n2 number of turns per
radii and different number of turns.
unit length, when a current l is set up in the outer
(b) A coil is mechanically rotated with constant
solenoid S2.
angular speed ω in uniform magnetic field which
Q.44. Define self-inductance of a coil. Obtain the
is perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the coil.
expression for the energy stored in an inductor L
The plane of the coil is initially held
connected across a source of emf.
perpendicular to the field. Plot a graph showing
Q.45. (i) Define self-inductance. Write its S.I. unit.
variation of (i) Magnetic flux ϕ and (ii) the
(ii) A long solenoid with 15 turns per cm has a
induced emf in the coil as a function of ωt.
small loop of area 2.0 cm2 placed inside the
Q.37. The self-inductance of a solenoid of 600
solenoid normal to its axis. If the current carried
turns is 108 mH. The self-inductance of a coil
by the solenoid changes steadily from 2.0 to 4.0 A
having 500 turns with the same length, the same
in 0.1 s, what is the induced emf in the loop while
radius and the same medium will be
the current is changing ?
a) 95 mH b) 90 mH
Q.46. The currents flowing in the two coils of self-
c) 85 mH d) 75 mH
inductance L1 = 16 mH and L2 = 12 mH are
Q.38. A constant current is flowing through a
increasing at the same rate. If the power supplied
solenoid. An iron rod is inserted in the solenoid
to the two coils are equal, find the ratio of (i)
along its axis. Which of the following quantities
induced voltages, (ii) the currents and (iii) the
will not increase ?
energies stored in the two coils at a given instant.
a) The magnetic field at the centre
Q.47. The current flowing through an inductor of
b) The magnetic flux linked with the solenoid
self inductance L is continuously increasing. Plot
c) The rate of heating
a graph showing the variation of
d) The self-inductance of the solenoid
(i) Magnetic flux versus the current
Q.39. The number of turns of a solenoid are
(ii) Induced emf versus dl/dt
doubled without changing its length and area of
(iii) Magnetic potential energy stored versus the
cross-section. The self-inductance of the solenoid
current.
will become _______ times.
Q.48. (a) Draw a schematic diagram for an ac
Q.40. Draw the graph showing variation of the
generator. Explain its working and obtain the
value of the induced emf as a function of rate of
expression for the instantaneous value of the emf
change of current flowing through an ideal
in terms of the magnetic field B, number of turns
inductor.
N of the coil of area A rotating with angular
Q.41. Define the term ‘self-inductance’ of a coil.
frequency ω. Show how an alternating emf is
Write its S.I. unit.
generated by a loop of wire rotating in a magnetic
field.
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
(b) A circular coil of radius 10 cm and 20 turns is (d) Show the variation of the emf generated
rotated about its vertical diameter with angular versus time as the armature is rotated with
speed of 50 rad s‒1 in a uniform m horizontal respect to the direction of the magnetic field.
magnetic field of 3.0 × 𝟏𝟎 T. 𝟐 Q.1. The magnetic flux linked with the coil (in
(i) Calculate the maximum and average emf Weber) is given by the equation
induced in the coil. Φ = 5t2 + 3t + 16
(ii) If the coil forms a closed loop of resistance 10 The induced EMF in the coil at time, t = 4 s will be
Ω, calculate the maximum current in the coil and a) ‒27 V b) ‒43 V
the average power loss due to Joule heating
heating. c) ‒108 V d) 210 V
Q.49. State the principle of an ac generator and Q.2. A coil of wire enclosing an area 100 cm2 is
explain its working with the help of a labeled placed with its plane making an angle 60° with
diagram. Obtain the expression for the emf the magnetic field of strength 10‒1 T. What is the
induced in a coil having N turns each of cross cross- flux through the coil ? If magnetic field is reduced
sectional area A, rotating with a constant angular to zero in 10‒3 s, then find the induced emf ?
speed ‘ω’ in a magnetic field 𝐁⃗, directed Q.3. A conducting square loop of side ‘L’ and
perpendicular to the axis of rotating. resistance ‘R’ moves in its plane with the uniform
Q.50. (a) Draw a labeled diagram of ac generator. velocity ‘v’ perpendicular to one of its sides. A
Derive the expression for the instantaneous value magnetic induction ‘B’ constant in time and space
of the emf induced in the coil. pointing perpendicular and into the plane of the
(b) A circular coil of cross-sectional
sectional area 200 cm2 loop exists everywhere as shown in the figure.
and 20 turns is rotated about the vertical The current induced in the loop is
diameter with angular speed of 50 rad s‒1 in a
uniform magnetic field of magnitude 3.0 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟐
T. Calculate the maximum value of the current in
the coil.
Q.51. A rectangular coil of area A, having number
of turns
ns N is rotated at ‘f’ revolutions per second
in a uniform magnetic field B, the field being
perpendicular to the coil. Prove that the a) Blv/R Clockwise
maximum emf induced in the coil is 2πf NBA. b) BLv/R Anticlockwise
Q.52. (a) Draw a schematic sketch of an ac c) 2BLv/R Anticlockwise
generator describing its basic elements.ments. State d) Zero
briefly its working principle. Show a plot of Q.4. If the angularar speed of the armature of a
variation of dynamo is doubled then the amplitude of the
(i) Magnetic flux and induced e.m.f. will become _________.
(ii) Alternating emf versus time generated by a Q.5. A rectangular loop which was initially inside
loop the region of uniform and time – independent
(b) Why is choke coil needed in the use of magnetic field, is pulled out with constant
fluorescent tubes with ac mains ? velocity
city v as shown in the figure.
Q.53. (a) Draw a labeled diagramram of a.c. generator
and state its working principle.
(b) How is magnitude flux linked with the
armature coil changed in a generator ?
(c) Derive the expression for maximum value of
the induced emf and state the rule that gives the
direction of the induced emf.
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
(a) Sketch the variation of magnetic flux, the carries current of 2.5 A. The current is suddenly
induced current, and power dissipated as Joule switched off in a brief time of 10‒3 s. Ignoring the
heat as function of time. variation in magnetic field near the ends of the
(b) If instead of rectangular loop, circular loop is solenoid, the average back emf induced across
pulled out; do you expect the same value of the ends of the open switch in the circuit
cir would
induced d current ? Justify your answer. Sketch the be
variation of flux in this case with time. a) Zero b) 3.125 volts
Q.6. In the following diagram, the arm PQ of the c) 6.54 volts d) 16.74 volts
rectangular conductor is moved from x = 0; Q.9. Circular loop of radius 0.3 cm lies parallel to
outwards. much bigger circular loop of radius 20 cm. The
centre of the small loop is on the axis of the bigger
loop. The distance between their centres is 15 cm.
If a current of 2.0 A flows through the smaller
loop,
p, then the flux linked with the bigger loop is
a) 3.3 × 10 weber b) 6 × 10 weber
c) 6.6 × 10 weber d) 9.1 × 10 weber
Q.10. If both the number of turns and core length
The uniform magnetic from x = 0 to x = b and is of an inductor is doubled keeping other factors
zero for x > b. Only ly the arm PQ possesses constant, then its self-induct
inductance will be
substantial resistance ‘r’. Consider the situation a) Unaffected b) Doubled
when the arm PQ is pulled outward from x = 0 to x c) Halved d) Quadrupled
= 2b, and is then moved back to x = 0 with Q.11. A solenoid with N loops of wire tightly
constant speed ‘v’. Obtain expressions for the (i) wrapped around an iron-coreiron is carrying an
electric flux, (ii) the induced emf, (iii) the force electric current I. If the current through this
necessary to pull the arm and (iv) the power solenoid is reduced to half, then what change
dissipated as Joule heat. Sketch the variation of would d you expect in inductance L of the solenoid.
these quantities with distance. Q.12. The magnetic flux linked with a coil changes
Q.7. Two coils are placed close to each other. The by 2 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟐 Wb when the current changes by 0.01
mutual inductance of the pair of coils depends A. The self inductance of the coil is __________.
upon the Q.13. (a) State the principle of ac generator.
a) Rate at which current change in the two coils (b) Explain with the help of a well labeled
b) Relative position and orientation of the coils diagram, its working and obtain an expression for
c) Rate at which voltage induced across two coils the emf generated in the coil.
d) Currents in the two coils (c) Is it possible to generate emf without rotating
Q.8. An air-cored
cored solenoid with length 30 cm, area the coil ? Explain.
of cross-section 25 cm2 and numbermber of turns 800,

Chapter – 7 (Alternating Current)

Q.1.. The rms current in a circuit connected to a 50 Q.2. What is the impedance of a capacitor of
Hz ac source is 15 A. The value of the current in capacitance C in an ac circuit using source of
the circuit
𝟏
s after the instant the current is frequency n Hz ?
𝟔𝟎𝟎
Q.3. Define capacitive reactance. Write its S.I.
zero, is
units.
a) A b) 15√2 A Q.4. Plot a graph showing variation of capacitive
√

c)
√
A d) 8 A reactance with
ith the change in the frequency of the
ac source.
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
Q.5. An ac source of emf V = V0 sin ωt is connected
to a capacitor of capacitance C. Deduce the
expression for the current (I) flowing in it. Plot
the graph of (i) V vs ωt, and (ii) I vs ωt.
Q.6. The figure shows the graphical variation of
the reactance of a capacitor with frequency of ac
source.
(a) Identify the device ‘X’.
(b) Which of the curves A, B and C represent
rep the
voltage, current and the power consumed in the
circuit ? Justify your answer.
(c) How does its impedance vary with frequency
of the ac source ? Show graphically.
(d) Obtain an expression for the current in the
circuit and its phase relation with ac voltage.
Q.10. In a circuit the phase difference between the
𝛑
alternating current and the source voltage is .
𝟐
(a) Find the capacitance of the capacitor. Which of the following cannot be the element(s)
(b) An ideal inductor has the same reactance at of the circuit ?
100 Hz frequency as the capacitor has at the same a) Only C b) Only L
frequency. Find the value
alue of inductance of the c) L and R d) L or C
inductor. Q.11. The impedance of a series
se LCR circuit is
(c) Draw the graph showing the variation of the a) R + XL + XC b) + +R
reactance of this inductor with frequency.
Q.7. A lamp is connected in series with a c) X − X + R d) R + (X − X )
capacitor. Predict your observations when the
system is connected first across a dc and then an Q.12. The voltage across a resistor, an inductor,
ac source. What happens in each case if the and a capacitor connected in series to an ac
capacitance of the capacitor is reduced ? source are 20 V, 15 V and 30 V respectively. The
Q.8. A device X is connected across an ac source of resultant voltage in the circuit
circ is
voltage V = V0sinωt. The current through X is a) 5 V b) 20 V
𝛑 c) 25 V d) 65 V
given as I = I0sin 𝛚𝐭 + .
𝟐 Q.13. A circuit is connected to an ac source of
(a) Identify the device X and write the expression variable frequency. As the frequency of the
for its reactance. source is increased, the current first increases
(b) Draw graphs showing variation of voltage and and then decreases. Which of the following
current with time over one cycle of ac, for X. combinations of elements is likely to comprise
(c) How does the reactance of the device X vary the circuit ?
with frequency of the ac ? Show this variation a) L, C and R b) L and C
graphically. c) L and R d) R and C
(d) Draw the phasor diagram for the device X. Q.14. A 15 Ω resistor, an 80 mH inductor and a
Q.9. A device ‘X’ is connected to an ac source V = capacitor of capacitance C are connected in series
V0 sin ωt. The variation of voltage, current and with a 50 Hz ac source. If the source voltage and
power in one cycle is shown in the following current in the circuit are in phase, then the value
graph : of capacitance is
a) 100 µF b) 127 µF
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
c) 142 µF d) 160 µF Q.22. A series LCR circuit is connected to an ac
Q.15. A 300 Ω resistor and a capacitor of
𝟐𝟓
µF source (200 V, 50 Hz). The voltages across the
𝛑
resistor, capacitor and inductor are respectively
are connected in series to a 200 V ‒ 50 Hz ac
200 V, 250 and 250 V.
source. The current in the circuit is
(i) The algebraic sum of the voltages across the
a) 0.1 A b) 0.4 A
three elements
lements is greater than the voltage of the
c) 0.6 A d) 0.8 A
source. How is this paradox resolved ?
Q.16. The selectively of a series LCR a.c. current is
(ii) Given the value of the resistance of R is 40 Ω,
large, when
calculate the current in the circuit.
a) L is large and R is large
Q.23. A resistor R and an inductor L are connected
b) L is small and R is small
in series to a source V = V0 sin ωt. Find the
c) L is large and R is small
(a) Peak value of the voltage drops across R and
d) LR
across L
Q.17. What is the value of impedance of a
(b) Phase difference between the applied voltage
resonant series LCR circuit ?
and current. Which of them is ahead ?
Q.18. A series combination of an inductor (L),
Q.24. Find the value of the phase difference
capacitor (C) and resistor (R) is connected across
between the current and the voltage in the series
seri
an ac source of emf of peak value E0 and angular
LCR circuit shown below. Which one leads in
frequency (ω). Plot a graph to show variation of
phase : current or voltage ?
impedance of the circuit with angular frequency
(ω).
Q.19. Explain the term ‘sharpness of resonance in
ac circuit.
Q.20. A capacitor ‘C’, a variable resistor
esistor ‘R’ and a
bulb ‘B’ are connected in series to the ac mains in
Q.25. An inductor L of inductive reactance X L is
circuit as shown. The bulb glows with some
connected in series with a bulb B and an ac
brightness.
source. How would brightness of the bulb change
when
(i) Number of turn in the inductor
induc is reduced
(ii) An iron is inserted in the inductor and
(iii) A capacitor of reactance XC = XL is inserted in
How will the glow of the bulb change if (i) a series in the circuit. Justify your answer in each
dielectric slab is introduced between the plates of case.
the capacitor, keeping resistance
ce R to be the same Q.26. A source of ac voltage V = V0 sinωt is
capacitance ? connected to a series combination of a resistor ‘R’
Q.21. The figure shows a series LCR circuit and a capacitor ‘C’. Draw the phasor diagram and
connected to a variable frequency 200 V source use it to obtain the expression for (i) impedance
with L = 50 mH, C = 80 µF and R = 40 Ω. of the circuit and (ii) phase angle.
Q.27. In a series LCR circuit connected to an ac
source of variable frequency and voltage V = Vm
sinωt, drawaw a plot showing the variation of
current (I) with angular frequency (ω) for two
Determine different values of resistance R1 and R2(R1 > R2).
(i) The source frequency which derives the circuit Write the condition under which the
in resonance. phenomenon of resonance occurs. For which
(ii) The quality
lity factor (Q) of the circuit. value of the resistance out of the two curves, a
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
sharper resonance is produced ? Define Q Q-factor maximum. If the peak value of emf of the source is
of the circuit and give is significance. 200 V, calculate the
Q.28. The variation of inductive reactance
tance (XL) of (i) Maximum current and (ii) inductance and
an inductor with the frequency (f) of the ac source capacitive reactance of the circuit at resonance.
of 100 V and variable frequency is shown in the Q.31. An ac source of voltage V = V0 sinωt is
figure. connected to a series combination of L, C and R.
Use the phasor diagram to obtain expressions for
impedance of the circuit and phase angle between
voltage and current. Find the condition when
current will be in phase with the voltage. What is
the circuit in this condition called ?
Q.32. A 2 µF capacitor, 100 Ω resistor and 8 H
inductor are connected in series with an ac
source
(i) Calculate the self-inductance
inductance of the inductor. (i) What should be the frequency of the source
(ii) When this inductor is used in series with a such that current drawn in the circuit is
capacitor of unknown value and a resistor of 10 Ω maximum ? What is this frequency called ?
at 300 s‒1, maximum power dissipation occurs in (ii) If the peak value of emf of the source is 200 V,
the circuit. Calculate the capacitance of the find the maximum current.
capacitor. (iii) Draw a graph showing variation of amplitude
Q.29. (a) In a series LCR circuit connected across of circuit current with changing frequency of
an ac source of variable frequency, obtain the applied voltage in a series LCR circuit for two
expression for its impedance and dr draw a plot different values of resistance R1 and R2 (R1 > R2).
showing its variation with frequency of the ac (iv) Define the term ‘Sharpness of Resonance’.
source. Under what condition, does a circuit become
(b) What is the phase difference between the more selective ?
voltages across inductor and the capacitor at Q.33. (a) A series LCR circuit is connected to an ac
resonance in the LCR circuit ? source of variable frequency. Draw a suitable
(c) When an inductor is connected to a 200 V dc phasor diagram to deduce the expressions for the
voltages across inductor tor and the capacitor at amplitude of the current and phase angle.
resonance in the LCR circuit ? (b) Obtain the condition of resonance. Draw a
Q.30. (a) What do you understand by ‘sharpness plot showing the variation of current with the
of resonance’ for a series LCR resonant circuit ? frequency of a.c. source for two resistances R1 and
How is it related with the quality factor ‘Q’ of the R2 (R1 > R2). Hence define the quality factor, Q and
circuit ? Using the graphs given in the diagram, write its role in the tuning of the circuit.
explain the factors which affect it. For which Q.34. (a) Using phasor diagram for a seires LCR
graph is the resistance (R) minimum ? circuit connected to an ac source of voltage V = V0
sinωt, derive the relation for the current flowing
in the circuit and the phase angle between the
voltage across the resistor and the net voltage in
the circuit.
(b) Draw a plot showing the variation of the
current I as a function of angular frequency ‘ω’ of
(b) A 2 µF capacitor, 100 Ω resistor and 8 H the applied ac source for the two cases of a series
inductor are connected in series with an ac combination of (i) inductance L1, capacitance C1
source. Find the frequency of the ac source for and resistance R1 and (ii) inductance L2,
which the current drawn in the ccircuit is capacitance C2 and resistance R2 where R2 > R1.
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
Write the relation between L1, C1 and L2, C2 at dissipated in the circuit be maximum or
resonance. Which
ich one, of the two, would be better minimum ? Justify your answer.
suited for fine tuning in a receiver set ? Give Q.43. Without making any other change, find the
reason. value of the additional capacitor C1, to be
Q.35. (a) An ac source of voltage V = V0 sin ωt is connected in parallel with the capacitor C, in
connected across a series combination of an order to make the power factor of the circuit
ci
inductor, a capacitor and a resistor. Use the unity.
phasor diagram to obtain in the expression for (i)
impedance of the circuit and (ii) phase angle
between the voltage and the current.
(b) A capacitor of unknown capacitance, a
resistor of 100 Ω and an inductor of self
inductance L = (4/π2) henry are in series Q.44. (i) When an AC source is connected to an
connected to an ac source
urce of 200 V and 50 Hz, ideal inductor show that the average power
Calculate the value of the capacitance and the supplied by the source over a complete cycle is
current that flows in the circuit when the current zero.
is in phase with the voltage. (ii) A lamp is connected in series with an inductor
Q.36. When an alternating voltage E = E0sinωt is and an AC source. What happens to the brightness
brightn
applied to a circuit, a current I = I0sin 𝛚𝐭 +
𝛑 of the lamp when the key is plugged in and an
𝟐
iron rod is inserted inside the inductor ? Explain.
flows
ws through it. The average power dissipated in
the circuit is
a) Erms Irms b) E0I0
c) d) Zero
√
Q.45. A circuit containing an 80 mH inductor and
Q.37. The power factor of a series LCR circuit at
a 250 mF capacitor in series connected to a 240 V,
resonance will be
100 rad/s supply. The resistance of the circuit is
a) 1 b) 0
negligible.
c) 1/2 d) 1/√2
(i) Obtain rms value of current.
Q.38. The power factor of an ac circuit is 0.5. What
(ii) What is the total average power consumed by
is the phase difference between voltage and
the circuit ?
current in the circuit ?
Q.46. A voltage V = V0 sinωt is applied to a series
Q.39. Why is the use of ac voltage preferred over
LCR circuit. Derive the expression for the average
dc voltage ? Give two reasons.
power dissipated over a cycle. Under what
Q.40. In a series LCR circuit, VL = VC ≠ VR. What is
condition is
the value of power factor for this circuit ?
(i) No power dissipated even though the current
Q.41.
1. In series LCR circuit obtain the conditions
flows through the circuit,
under which (i) the impedance of the circuit is
(ii) Maximum power dissipated in the circuit
circui ?
minimum and (ii) wattless current flows in the
Q.47. (a) For a given ac i = imsinωt, show that the
circuit.
average power dissipated in a resistor R over a
Q.42. A resistor ‘R’ and an element ‘X’ are 𝟏
complete cycle is 𝐢𝟐𝐦R.
connected in series to an ac source of voltage. The 𝟐
voltage iss found to lead the current in phase by (b) A light bulb is rated at 100 W for a 220 V ac
π/4. If ‘X’ is replaced by another element ‘Y’, the supply. Calculate the resistance of the bulb.
voltage lags behind the current by π/4. Q.48. When an ac source is connected to an ideal
(i) Identify elements ‘X’ and ‘Y’. capacitor show that the average power supplied
(ii) When both ‘X’ and ‘Y’ are connected in series by the source over a complete cycle is zero.
with ‘R’ to the same source, will the power
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
Q.49. Show that an ideal inductor does not Q.58. (i) Write the function of a transformer. State
dissipate power in an ac circuit. its principle of working with the help of a
Q.50. In series LR circuit XL = R and power factor diagram. Mention various energy losses in this
of the circuit is P1. When capacitor with device.
capacitance C such that XL = XC is put in series, the (ii) The primary coil of an ideal stem up
power factor becomes P2. Calculate P1/P2. transformer has 100 turns and transformation
Q.51. The core of a transformer is laminated to ratio is also 100. The input voltage and power are
reduce the effect of respectively 220 V and 1100 W. Calculate
a) Flux leakage b) Copper loss (a) Number of turns in secondary
c) Hysteresis loss d) Eddy
dy current (b) Current in primary
Q.52. Laminated iron sheets are used to minimize (c) Voltage across secondary
currents in the core of a transformer. (d) Current in secondary
Q.53. Why is the core of a transformer laminated? (e) Power in secondary
Q.54. Wit the help of a labeled diagram, explain Q.59. (a) Draw a schematic arrangement for
the working of a step-up up transformer. Give winding of primary and secondary coil in a
reasons to explain the following : transformer when the two coils are would on top
(i) The core of the transformer is laminated. of each other.
(ii) Thick copper wire is used in windings. (b) State the underlying principle pri of a
Q.55. (a) Draw the diagram of a device which is transformer and obtain the expression for the
used to decrease high ac voltage into a low ac ratio of secondary to primary voltage in terms of
voltage and state its working principle. Write fou
four the
sources of energy loss in this device. (i) Number of secondary and primary windings
(b) A small town with a demand of 1200 kW of and
electric power at 220 V is situated 20 km away (ii) Primary and secondary currents.
from an electric plant generating power at 440 V. (c) Write the main assumption involved in
The resistance of the two wire line carrying deriving the above
bove relations.
power is 0.5 Ω per km. The two wo gets the power (d) Write any two reasons due to which energy
from the line through a 4000-220 220 V step
step-down losses may occur in actual transformers.
transformer at a sub-station
station in the town. Estimate Q.60. (a) Explain with the help of a labeled
the line power loss in the form of heat. diagram, the principle and working of a
Q.56. (a) Draw a labeled diagram of a step step-up transformer. Deduce the expression for its
transformer. Obtain the ratio of secondary to working formula.
primary voltage
oltage in terms of number of turns and (b) Name any four causes of energy loss in an
currents in the two coils actual transformer.
(b) A power transmission line feeds input power Q.61. An alternating current from a source is
at 2200 V to a step-downdown transformer with its given by i = 10sin314t. What is the effective value
primary windings having 3000 turns. Find the of current and frequency of source ?
number of turns in the secondary to get the Q.62. Which of the following graphs represent the
power output at 220 V. variation of current (I) with frequency (f) in an AC
Q.57. (i) Draw a labeled diagram of a stepstep-down circuit containing a pure capacitor ?
transformer. State the principle of its working.
(ii) Express the turn ratio in terms of voltages.
(iii) Find the ratio of primary and secondary
currents
(iv) How much current is drawn by the primary of
a transformer connected to 220 V supply when it
delivers power to a 110 V ‒ 550 W refrigerator ?
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
then the power dissipated at the resonant
condition will be
a) 39.70 kW b) 26.70 kW
c) 13.35 kW d) Zero
Q.69. Which among the following, is not a cause
for power loss in a transformer
Q.63. A 20 volt AC is applied to a circuit consisting a) Eddy currents are produced in the soft iron core of
of a resistance and a coil with negligible a transformer
resistance. If the voltage across the resistance is b) Electric flux sharing
aring not properly done in primary
12 volt, the voltage across the coil is and secondary coils
a) 16 V b) 10 V c) Humming sound produced in the transformers due
c) 8 V d) 6 V to magnetostriction
Q.64. The instantaneous values of emf and the d) Primary coil is made up of a very thick copper wire
current in a series ac are E = E0sin(ωt and I = Case Study : Read the following paragraph and
I0sinωt + π/3) respectively, then it is answer the questions :
a) Necessarily a RL circuit Q.70.
b) Necessarily a RC circuit
c) Necessarily a LCR circuit
d) Can be RC or LCR circuit
Q.65. An alternating voltage source of variable
angular frequency ‘ω’ and fixed amplitude ‘V’ is
connected in series with a capacitance C and
electric bulb of resistance R(inductance zero).
When ‘ω’ is increased
The large-scale
scale transmission and distribution of
a) The bulb glows dimmer
electrical energy over long distance is done with the
b) The bulb glows brighter
use of transformers. The voltage output of the
c) Net impedance of the circuit remains unchanged
generator is stepped-up.
up. It is then transmitted over
d) Total impedance of the circuit increases
long distances to an area sub-station
sub near the
Q.66. Obtain the resonant frequency and Q Q-factor
consumers.
sumers. There the voltage is stepped down. It is
of a series LCR circuit with L = 3 H, C = 27 µF, R =
further stepped down at distributing sub-stations
sub
7.4 Ω. It is desired to improve the sharpness of
and utility poles before a power supply of 240 V
resonance of circuit by reducing its full width at
reaches our homes.
half maximum by a factor of 2. Suggest a suitable
(i) Which of the following statements is true ?
way.
a) Energy is created when a transformer steps
s up the
Q.67. (a) Derive the expression for the current
voltage
flowing in an ideal capacitor and its reactance
b) A transformer is designed to convert an AC voltage
when connected to an ac source of voltage V =
to DC voltage
V0sinωt.
c) Step-upup transformer increases the power for
(b) Draw its phasor diagram
transmission
(c) If resistance is added in series to capacitor
d) Step-down
down transformer decreases the AC voltage
what changes will occur in n the current flowing in
(ii) If the secondary coil has a greater number of
the circuit and phase angle between voltage and
turns than the primary,
current.
a) The voltage is stepped-up
stepped (Vs > Vp) and
Q.68. A sinusoidal voltage of peak value 283 V and
arrangement is called a step--up transformer
frequency 50 Hz is applied to a series LCR circuit
b) The voltage is stepped-down
stepped (Vs < Vp) and
in which R = 3 Ω, L = 25.48 mH and C = 796 µF,
arrangement is called a step--down transformer
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
c) The current is stepped-up (Is > Ip) and d) The voltage is decreased so V2/R losses are
arrangement is called a step-up transformer reduced
d) The current is stepped-down (Is < Ip) and (iv) A power transmission line feeds input power
arrangement is called a step-up transformer at 2300 V to a step down transformer with its
(iii) We need to step-up the voltage for power primary windings having 4000 turns. The
transmission, so that number of turns in the secondary in order to get
a) The current is reduced and consequently, the I 2R output power at 230 V are
loss is cut down a) 4 b) 40
b) The voltage is increased, the power losses are also c) 400 d) 4000
increased
c) The power is increased before transmission is
done

Chapter – 8 (Electromagnetic Waves)

Q.1. Displacement current exists only when momentary current does flow during charging or
a) Electric field is changing discharging of the capacitor. Explain.
b) Magnetic field is changing Q.8. Write Maxwell’s generalization of Ampere’s
c) Electric field is not changing Circuital Law. Show that in the process of
d) Magnetic field is not changing charging a capacitor, the current produced within
Q.2. How is displacement current produced the plates of the capacitor is
between the plates of a parallel plate capacitor i = 𝜺𝟎
𝐝𝛟𝐄
𝐝𝐭
during charging ?
where ϕE is the electric flux produced during
Q.3. The charging current for a capacitor is 0.25 A.
charging of the capacitor plates.
What is the displacement current across its
Q.9. Write the expression for the generalized
plates?
form of Ampere’s circuital law. Discuss its
Q.4. A capacitor has been charged by a dc source.
significance and describe briefly hw the concept
What are the magnitude of conduction and
of displacement current is explained through
displacement current, when it is fully charged ?
charging/discharging of a capacitor in an electric
Q.5. A parallel plate capacitor of plate area A each
circuit.
and separation d, is being charged by an ac
Q.10. Depict the field diagram of an
source. Show that the displacement current
electromagnetic wave propagating along positive
inside the capacitor is the same as the current
X-axis with its electric field along Y-axis.
charging the capacitor.
Q.11. Illustrate by giving suitable examples, how
OR
you can show that electromagnetic waves carry
A capacitor, made of two parallel plates each of
booth energy and momentum.
plate area A and separation d, is being charged by
Q.12. How is the speed of em-waves in vacuum
an external ac source. Show that the displacement
determined by the electric and magnetic fields ?
current inside the capacitor is the same as the
OR
current char4ging the capacitor.
Write the relation for the speed of
Q.6. How does Ampere-Maxwell law explain the
electromagnetic waves in terms of the amplitudes
flow of current through a capacitor when it is
of electric and magnetic fields.
being charged by a battery ? Write the expression
Q.13. Do electromagnetic waves carry energy and
for the displacement current in terms of the rate
momentum ?
of change of electric flux.
Q.14. In which directions do the electric and
Q.7. Why does current in a steady state not flow in
magnetic field vectors oscillate in an
a capacitor connected across a battery ? However
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
electromagnetic wave propagating along the x- a) X-rays b) Ultraviolet rays
axis ? c) Infrared radiation d) Ultrasonic waves
Q.15. What do you understand by the statement, Q.25. The small ozone layer on top f the
“Electromagnetic waves transport momentum” ? stratosphere is crucial for human survival. Why ?
Q.16. (a) An e.m. wave is travelling in a medium Q.26. Name the electromagnetic radiations used
with a velocity 𝐯⃗ = 𝐯 ̂. Draw a sketch showing the for (a) water purification, and (b) eye surgery.
propagation of the e.m. wave, indicating the Q.27. Why are microwaves considered suitable
direction of the oscillating electric and magnetic for radar systems used in aircraft navigation ?
fields. Q.28. To which part of the electromagnetic
(b) How are the magnitudes of the electric and spectrum does a wave of frequency 5 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟗 Hz
magnetic fields related to velocity of the e.m. belong ?
wave ? Q.29. Arrange the following electromagnetic
Q.17. (a) How are electromagnetic waves waves in order of increasing frequency :
produced ? γ-rays, Microwaves, Infrared rays and Ultraviolet
(b) How do you convince yourself that rays.
electromagnetic waves carry energy and Q.30. Welders wear special goggles or face masks
momentum ? electromagnetic radiations. Name the radiations
Q.18. Write the expression for the speed of light and write the range of their frequency.
in a material medium of relative permittivity εr Q.31. Which of the following electromagnetic
and relative magnetic permeability μr. waves has (a) minimum wavelength, and (b)
Q.19. Prove that the average energy density of the minimum frequency ? Write one use of each of
oscillating electric field is equal to that of the these two waves.
oscillating magnetic field. Infrared waves, Microwaves, γ-rays and X-rays.
Q.20. Hw are e.m. waves produced by oscillating Q.32. Gamma rays and radio waves travel with
charges ? the same velocity in free space. Distinguish
Draw a sketch of linearly polarized e.m. waves between them in terms of their origin and the
propagating in the z-direction. Indicate the main application.
directions of the oscillating electric and magnetic Q.33. Why are infrared waves often called heat
fields. waves ? Explain.
Q.21. How are electromagnetic waves produced Q.34. Identify the electromagnetic waves whose
by oscillating charges ? wavelengths vary as
Q.22. (a) When the oscillating electric and (a) 10‒12 m < λ < 10‒14 m
magnetic fields are along the x-and y-direction (b) 10‒3 m < λ < 10‒1 m
respectively. Write one use for each.
(i) Point out the direction of propagation of Q.35. Identify the electromagnetic waves whose
electromagnetic wave. wavelengths vary as
(ii) Express the velocity of propagation in terms (a) 10‒11 m < λ < 10‒14 m
of the amplitudes of the oscillating electric and (b) 10‒4 m < λ < 10‒6 m
magnetic fields. Write one use of each.
(ii) How do you show that the e.m. wave carries Q.36. Name the types of em radiations which
energy and momentum ? (i) Are used in destroying cancer cells,
Q.23. A welder wears special glasses to protect his (ii) Cause tanning of the skin and (iii) maintain
eyes mostly from the harmful effect of the earth’s warmth.
a) Very intense visible light b) Infrared radiation Write briefly a method of producing any one of
c) Ultraviolet rays d) Microwaves. these waves.
Q.24. Electromagnetic waves used as a diagnostic
tool in medicine are
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
Q.37. (a) Arrange the following electromagnetic Q.43. Answer the following questions :
waves in the descending order of their (a) Name the e.m. waves which are suitable for
wavelengths : radar system used in aircraft navigation. Write
(i) Microwaves the range of frequency of these waves.
(ii) Infra-red rays (b) If the Earth did not have atmosphere, would
(iii) Ultra-violet-radiation its average surface temperature be higher or
(iv) Gamma rays lower than what it is now ? Explain.
(b) Write one use of each of any two of them. (c) An e.m. wave exerts pressure on the surface
Q.38. Write the wavelength range and name of the on which it is incident. Justify.
electromagnetic waves which are used in Q.44. Answer the following question :
(i) Radar system for aircraft navigation, and (i) Show, by giving a simple example, how e.m.
(ii) Earth satellites to observe the growth of the waves carry energy and momentum.
crops. (ii) How are microwaves produced ? Why is it
Q.39. Identify the part of the electromagnetic necessary in microwave ovens to select the
spectrum used in (i) radar and (ii) eye surgery. frequency of microwaves to match the resonant
Write their frequency range. frequency of water molecules ?
Q.40. identify the part of electromagnetic (iii) Write two important uses of infrared waves.
spectrum which is : Q.45. State clearly hw a microwave oven works to
(a) Suitable for radar system used in aircraft heat up a food item containing water molecules.
navigation, Why are microwaves found useful for the radar
(b) Produced by bombarding a metal target by systems is aircraft navigation ?
high speed electrons. Q.46. (a) Name the e.m. waves which are suitable
Q.41. (i) Which segment of electromagnetic waves for radar system used in aircraft navigation.
has highest frequency ? How are these waves Write the range of frequency of these waves.
produced ? Give one use of these waves. (b) If the Earth did not have atmosphere, would
(ii) Which e.m. waves lie near the highest its average surface temperature be higher or
frequency end of visible part of e.m. spectrum ? lower than what it is now ? Explain.
Give its one use. In what way this component of (c) An e.m. waves exerts pressure on the surface
light has harmful effects on humans ? on which it is incident. Justify.
Q.42. Name the parts of the electromagnetic Q.47. Give the ratio of velocity of the two light
spectrum which is waves of wavelengths 4000 Å and 8000 Å
(a) Suitable for radar systems used in aircraft travelling in vacuum.
navigation. Q.48. Mention one use of part of electromagnetic
(b) Used to treat muscular strain. spectrum to which a wavelength of 21 cm
(c) Used as a diagnostic tool in medicine. (emitted by hydrogen in interstellar space)
Write in brief, how these waves can be produced. belongs.

Chapter – 9 (Ray Optics and Optical Instruments)

Q.1. Define the term ‘focal lent hoof a mirror’. Q.3. An object is kept 20 cm in front of a concave
With the help of a ray diagram, obtain the mirror of radius of curvature 60 cm. Find the
relation between its focal length and radius of nature and position of the image formed.
curvature. Q.4. An object is kept in front of a concave mirror
Q.2. When an object is placed between f and 2f of of focal length 15 cm. The image formed is real
a concave mirror, would the image formed be (i) and three times the size of the object. Calculate
real or virtual and (ii) diminished or magnified ? the distance of the object from the mirror.
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
Q.5. Use the mirror equation to show that an the two media is 20°. Which one of the following
object
ject placed between f and 2f of a concave figures best represents the correct path of the ray
mirror produces a real image beyond 2f. of light ?
Q.6. (a) Calculate the distance of an object of
height h from a concave mirror of radius f
curvature 20 cm, so as to obtain a real image of
magnification 2. Find the location of image also.
(b) Using mirror formula, explain why does a
convex mirror always produce a virtual image.
Q.7. (a) A mobile phone lies along the principal
axis of a concave mirror. Show, with the help of a
suitable diagram, the formation of its image.
Explain
plain why magnification is not uniform.
(b) Suppose the lower half of the concave mirror’s
reflecting surface is covered with an opaque
material. What effect this will have on the image (ii) A point source of light is placed at the bottom
of the object ? Explain. of a tank filled with water, of refractive index μ, to
Q.8. An object is placed in front of a concav
concave a depth d. The area of the surface of water
mirror. It is observed that a virtual is formed. through which light from the source can emerge,
Draw he ray diagram to show the image is :
formation and hence derive the mirror equation a) b) (
( ) )
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= + .
𝐟 𝐮 𝐯 c) d) ( )
Q.9. (a) Draw a ray diagram to show image √

formation when the concave mirror produces a (iii) For which of the following media, with
real, inverted and d magnified image of the object. respect to air, the value of critical angle is
(b) Obtain the mirror formula and write the maximum ?
expression for the linear magnification. a) Crown glass b) Flint glass
Q.10. Monochromatic light of wavelength 589 nm c) Water d) Diamond
is incident from air on a water surface. If μ for (iv) The critical angle for a pair of two media A
water is 1.33, find the wavelength, frequ
frequency and and B of refractive indices 2.0 and 1.0
speed of the refracted light. respectively is :
Q.11. A ray of light travels from a denser to a a) 0° b) 30°
rarer medium. After refraction, it bends away c) 45° d) 60°
from the normal. When we keep increasing the (v) The critical angle of pair of a medium and air
angle of incidence, the angle of refraction also is 30°. The speed of light in the medium is :
increases till the refracted ray grazes along the a) 1 × 10 m s b) 1.5 × 10 m s
interference of two media. The angle of incidence c) 2.2 × 10 m s d) 2.8 × 10 m s
for which it happens is called critical angle. If the Q.12. How does the refractive index of a
angle of incidence is increased further the ray transparent medium depend on the wavelength
will not emerge and it will be reflected back in the of incident light used ? Velocity of light in glass is
denser medium. This phenomenon is called total 2 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 m/s and in air is 3 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 m/s. If the ray of
internal reflection of light. light passes from glass to air, calculate the value
(i) A ray of light travels from a medium into water of critical angle.
at an angle of incidence of 18°. The refractive Q.13. (a) Write the necessary conditions for the
index of the medium is more than that of water phenomenon of total internal reflection to occur.
and the critical angle for the interface between
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
(b) Write the relation between the refractive (i) An object is placed at the point B as shown in
index and critical angle for a given
en pair of optical the figure. The object distance (u) and the image
media. distance (v) are related as
Q.14. Define the term ‘critical angle’ for a pair of
media.
A point source of monochromatic light ‘S’ is kept
at the centre of the bottom of a cylinder of radius
15.0 cm. The cylinder contains water (refractive
index 4/3) to a height
ight of 7.0 cm. Draw the ray
diagram and calculate the area of water surface a) − = b) − =
through which the light emerges in air. ( ) ( )
c) − = d) − =
Q.15. A small bulb (assumed to be a point source)
is placed at the bottom of a tank containing water (ii) A point object is placed in air at a distance ‘R’
to a depth of 80 cm. Find out area of the surface of in front of a convex spherical refracting surface of
water through which light from the bulb can radius of curvature R. If the medium on the other
emerge. Take the value of the refractive index of side of the surface is glass,
ss, then the image is
water to be 4/3. a) Real and formed in glass
Q.16. Under what conditions is the phenomenon b) Real and formed in glass
of total internal reflection of light observed ? c) Virtual and formed in glass
Obtain the relation between the criticaltical angle of d) Virtual and formed in air
incidence and the refractive index of the medium. (iii) An object is kept at 2F in front of an equi-equi
Q.17. A ray of light falls on a transparent sphere convex lens. The image formed is
with centre C as shown in the figure. The ray a) Real and of the size of the object
ob
emerges from the sphere parallel to the line AB. b) Virtual and of the size of the object
Find the angle of refraction at A if refracti
refractive index c) Real and enlarged
of the material of the sphere is √𝟑. d) Virtual and diminished
(iv) A thin converging lens of focal length 10 cm
and a thin diverging lens of focal length 20 cm are
placed coaxially in contact. The power of the
combination is
a) ‒5D b) +5D
Q.18. Two transparent media of refractive indices c) +15D d) ‒15D
n1 and n2 are separated by a spherical (v) An equi-concave
concave lens of focal length ‘f’ is cut
transparent surface. The rays of light incident on into two identical parts along the dotted line as
the surface get refracted into the medium on the shown in the figure. The focal length of each pat
other side. The laws of refraction are valid at each will be
point of the spherical surface. A lens is a
transparent optical medium bounded unded by two
surfaces, at least one of which should be
spherical. The focal length of a lens is determined
by the radii of curvature (R1 and R2) of its two
surfaces and the refractive index (n) of the
medium of the lens with respect to the a) b)
surrounding medium. um. Depending on R1 and R2 a c) f d) 2f
lens behaves as a diverging or converging a beam Q.19. A biconvex lens of glass
g having refractive
of light incident on it define its power. index 1.47 is immersed in a liquid. It becomes
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
invisible and behaves as a plane glass plate. The formation of the image by the combination.
refractive index of the liquid is Determine the nature and position of the image
a) 1.47 b) 1.62 formed.
c) 1.33 d) 1.51 Q.30.A convex lens of focal length 20 cm is placed
Q.20. A concave lens of refractive index 1.5 is coaxially with a concave mirror of focal length 10
immersed in a medium of refractive index 1.65. cm at a distance of 50 cm apart from each other. A
What is the nature of the lens ? beam of light coming parallel to the principal axis
Q.21. A biconvex lens made of a transparent is incident on the convex lens. Find the position of
material of refractive index 1.25 is immersed in the final image formed by this combination. Draw
water of refractive index 1.33. Will the lens the ray diagram showing the formation of the
behave as a converging or a diverging lens ? Give image.
reason. Q.31. A convex lens of focal length 20 cm is placed
Q.22. When red light passing through a convex coaxially with a convex mirror of radius of
lens is replaced by light of blue colour, how will curvature 20 cm. The two are kept 15 cm apart. A
the focal length of the lens change ? point object is placed 40 cm in front of the convex
Q.23. Using lens maker’s formula, derive the thin lens Find the position of the image formed by this
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
lens formula = − for a biconvex lens. combination. Draw the ray diagram showing the
𝐟 𝐯 𝐮
image formation.
Q.24. The focal length of an equi-concave lens is
Q.32. An object is placed 30 cm in front of a plano-
¾ times of radius of curvature of its surfaces.
convex lens with its spherical surface of radius of
Find the refractive index of the material of the
curvature 20 cm. If the refractive index of the
lens. Under what condition will this lens behave
material of the lens is 1.5, find the position and
as a converging lens ?
nature of the image formed.
Q.25. A screen is placed 80 cm from an object. The
Q.33. (a) Derive lens maker’s formula for a
image of the object on the screen is formed by a
biconvex lens.
convex lens placed between them at two different
(b) A point object is placed at a distance of 12 cm
locations separated by a distance 20 cm.
on the principal axis of a convex lens of focal
Determine the focal length of the lens.
length 10 cm. A convex mirror is placed coaxially
Q.26. A beam of light converges at a point P. Now
on the other side of the lens at a distance of 10
a convex lens is placed in the path of a convergent
cm. If the final image coincides with the object,
beam at 15 cm from point P. At what point does a
sketch the ray diagram and find the focal length
bean converge if the convex lens has a focal
of the convex mirror.
length 10 cm ?
Q.34. (a) Derive the mathematical relation
Q.27. A convex lens is placed in contact with a
refractive indices n1 and n2 of two media and
plane mirror. A point object at a distance of 20 cm
radius of curvature R for refraction at a convex
on the axis of this combination has its image
spherical surface. Consider the object to be a
coinciding with itself. What is the focal length of
point source lying n the principal axis in rarer
the lens ?
medium of refractive index n1 and a real image
Q.28. A double convex lens is made of a glass of
formed in the denser medium of refractive index
refractive index 1.55, with both faces of the same
n2. Hence, derive lens maker’s formula.
radius of curvature. Find the radius of curvature
(b) Light from a point source in air falls on a
required, if the focal length is 20 cm.
convex spherical glass surface of refractive index
Q.29. A convex lens of focal length 20 cm is placed
1.5 and radius of curvature 20 cm. The distance of
coaxially with a convex mirror of radius of
light source from the glass surface is 100 cm. At
curvature 20 cm. The two are kept at 15 cm from
what position is the image formed ?
each other. A point object lies 60 cm in front of
Q.35. (a) A point object ‘O’ is kept in a medium of
the convex lens. Draw a ray diagram to show the
refractive index n1 in front of a convex spherical
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
surface of radius of curvature R which separates (ii) A plano convex lens is made of glass of
the second medium of refractive index n 2 from refractive index 1.5. The radius of curvature of
the first one, as shown in the figure. the convex surface is 25 cm.
(a) Calculate the focal length of lens.
(b) If an object is placed 50 cm in front of the lens,
find the nature and position of the image formed.
Q.40. An equi-convex
convex lens of focal length ‘f’ is cut
Draw the ray diagram showing the image into two identical plane convex lenses. How will
formation and deduce the relationsh
relationship between the power of each part be related to the focal
the object distance and the image distance in length of the original lens ?
terms of n1, n2 and R. A double e convex lens of +5 D is made of glass of
(b) (i) When the image formed above acts as a refractive index 1.55 with both faces of equal
virtual object for a concave spherical surface radii of curvature. Find the value of its radius of
separating the medium n2 from n1 (n2 > n1), draw curvature.
this ray diagram and write the similarilar (similar to Q.41. A convex lens of focal length 25 cm is placed
(a) relation. coaxially in contact with a concave lens of focal
(ii) Hence, obtain the expression for the lens length
ngth 20 cm. Determine the power of the
maker’s formula. combination. Will the system be converging or
Q.36. Draw a ray diagram showing the formation diverging in nature ?
of the image by a point object on the principal Q.42. A convex lens of focal length f1 is kept in
axis of a spherical convex surface separating two contact with a concave lens of focal length f2. Find
media of refractive indices n1 and n2, when a the focal length of the combination.
point source is kept in rarer medium of refractive Q.43. A symmetric
ymmetric biconvex lens of radius of
index n1. Derive the relation between object and curvature R and made of glass of refractive index
image distance in terms of refractive index of the 1.5, is placed on a layer of liquid placed on top of
medium and radius of curvature of the surface. a plane mirror as shown in the figure. An optical
Hence obtain the expression for lens lens-maker’s needle with its tip on the principal axis of the lens
formula in the case of thin convex lens. is moved along g the axis until its real, inverted
Q.37. (a) A point object is placed in front of a image coincides with the needle itself. The
double convex lens (of refractive index n = n 2/n1 distance of the needle from the lens is measured
with respect to air) with its spherical faces of to be x. On removing the liquid layer and
radii f curvature R1 and R2. Show the path of rays repeating the experiment, the distance is found to
due to refraction at first and subsequently at the be y. Obtain the expression for the th refractive
second surface to obtain the formation of the real index of the liquid in terms of x and y.
image of the object.
Hence obtain the lens-maker’s
maker’s formula for a thin
lens.
(b) A double convex lens having both faces of the
same radius of curvature hass refractive index
1.55. Find out the radius of curvature of the lens
required to get the focal length of 20 cm.
Q.38. A biconcave lens of power P vertically splits Q.44. In the following diagram, an object ‘O’ is
into two identical plano concave parts The power placed 15 cm in front of a convex lens L1 of focal
of each part will be length 20 cm and the final image is formed at l at
a) 2P b) P/2 a distance of 80 cm from the second lens L2. Find
c) P d) P/√2 the focal length of the lens L2.
Q.39. (i) Define SI unit of power of a lens.
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
value of refractive index of the material of the
prism is __________.
Q.49. How does the angle of minimum deviation
of a glass prism vary, if the incident violet light is
replaced by red light ? Give reason.
Q.50. Write the relationship between angle of
incidence ‘i', angle of prism ‘A’ and angle of
minimum deviation δm for a triangular prism.
Q.45. (a) Using the ray diagram for a system of Q.51. A ray PQ incident normally on the refracting
two lenses of focal lengths f1 and f2 in contact with face BA is refracted in the prism BAC made of
each other, show that the two lens system can be material of refractive index 1.5. Complete the
regarded as equivalent to a single lens of focal path of ray through the prism. From which face
𝟏
length f, where =
𝟏 𝟏
+ . will the ray emerge ? Justify your answer.
𝐟 𝐟𝟏 𝐟𝟐
Also write the relation for the equivalent power
of the lens combination.
(b) Determine the position of the image formed
by the lens combination given in the figure.

Q.52. Two monochromatic rays of light are

incident normally on the face AB of an isosceles
OR right-angled
angled prism ABC. The refractive indices of
Three lenses of focal length +10 cm, ‒10 cm and the glass prism for the two rays ‘1’ and ‘2’ are
+30 cm are arranged coaxially as in the figure respectively 1.33 and 1.45. Trace the path of
given below. Find the position of the final image these rays after entering the prism.
formed by the combination.

Q.53. Figure shows a ray of light passing through

a prism. If the refracted
ted ray QR is parallel to the
Q.46. Draw a ray diagram to show the image
base BC, show that
formation by a combination of two thin convex
lenses in contact. Obtain the expression for the
power of thiss combination in terms of the focal
lengths of the lenses.
Q.47. For a glass prism, the angle of minimum
deviation will be smallest for the light of
a) Red colour b) Blue colour
c) Yellow colour d) Green colour
(i) r1 = r2 = A/2,
Q.48. A ray of light on passing throug through n
(ii) Angle of minimum deviation, δm = 2i – A.
equilateral glass prism, suffers a minimum
deviation equal to the angle of the prism. The
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
Q.54. Three rays of light, red (R), green (g) and Q.58. The figure shows a ray of light falling
blue (B), are incident on the face AB of a right normally on the face AB of an equilateral glass
angled prism, as shown in the figure. T The 𝟑
prism having refractive index , placed in water of
𝟐
refractive indices of the material of the prism for 𝟒
refractive index . Will this ray suffer total
red, green and blue are 1.39, 1.44 respectively. 𝟑
Which one of the three rays will emerge out of the internal reflection n striking the face AC ? Justify
prism ? Give reason to support your answer. your answer.

Q.55. A ray of light passes through a prism of Q.59. (a) A ray of light incident on face AB of an
refractive index √𝟐 as shown in the figure. Find : equilateral glass prism, shows minimum
deviation of 30°. Calculate theth speed of light
through the prism.

(i) The angle of incidence (∠r2) at face AC.

(b) Find the angle of incidence at face AB so that
(ii) The angle of minimum deviation for this
the emergent ray grazes along the face AC.
prism.
Q.60. Three rays (1, 2, 3) of different colours fall
Q.56. A ray of light is incident on a prism at an
normally on one of the sides of an isosceles right
angle of 45° and passes symmetrically as shown
angled prism as shown. n. The refractive index of
in the figure, Calculate.
prism for these rays is 1.39, 1.47 and 1.52
respectively. Find which of these rays get
internally reflected and which get only refracted
from AC. Trace the paths of rays. Justify your
answer with the help of necessary calculations.
calculation

(a) The angle of minimum deviation,

(b) The refractive index of the material of the
prism, and
(c) The angle of refraction at the point P
Q.57. (a) Plot a graph for angle of deviation as a Q.61. Calculate the angle of emergence (e) of the
function of angle of incidence for a triangular ray of light incident normally on the face AC of a
prism. glass prism ABC of refractive index √𝟑. How will
(b) Derive the relation for the refractive index of the angle of emergence change qualitatively, if
the prism in terms of the angle of minimum the ray of light emerges from the prism into a
deviation and angle of prism. liquid of refractive index 1.3 instead of air ?
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
Plot a graph showing the variation of the angle of
deviation as a function of angle of incidence. State
the condition under which ∠δ is minimum.
(b) Find out the relation between the refractive
index (μ) of the glass prism and ∠A for the case
when the angle of prism (A) is equal to the angle
of minimum
inimum deviation (δm). Hence obtain the
value of the refractive index for angle of prism A =
60°.
Q.62. A ray of light passing from air through an Q.65. A compound microscope is used because a
equilateral glass prism undergoes minimum realistic simple microscope does not have _________
𝟑
deviation when the angle of incidence is of the magnification.
𝟒
angle of prism. Calculate the speed of light in the Q.66. Define the magnifying power of a compound
prism. microscope when the final image is formed at
Q.63. (a) Plot a graph to show variation of the infinity. Why must both the objective and the
angle of deviation as a function of angle of eyepiece of a compound microscope has short
incidence for light passing through a prism. focal lengths ? Explain.
Derive an expression for refractive index of the Q.67. You are given two converging lenses of focal
prism in terms of angle of minimum deviation lengths 1.25 cm and 5 cm to design a compound
and angle of prism. microscope. If it is desired to have a
(b) A ray of light incident normally on one face of magnification of 30, find out the separation
a right isosceles prism is totally reflected as between the objective and the eyepiece.
shown in figure. What must be the minimum Q.68. With the help of a ray diagram, show how a
value of refractive index of glass ? Give relevant compound microscope forms a magnified image
calculations. of a tiny object, at least distance
stance of distinct vision.
Hence derive an expression for magnification
produced by it.
Q.69. (b) (i) Draw a labeled ray diagram showing
the formation of the image at least distance of
distinct vision by a compound microscope.
(ii) A small object is placed at a distance of 3.0 m
from a magnifier of focal length 4.0 cm. Find.
Q.64. (a) A ray PQ of light is incident on the face (I) The position of the image formed and
bAB of a glass prism ABC (as shown in the figure) (II) The linear magnification produced
and emerges out of the face AC. Trace the path of Q.70. An optical instrument uses an objective lens
the ray. Show that of power 100 D and an eyepiece of power 40 D.
∠i + ∠e = ∠A + ∠δ The finall image is formed at infinity when the
Where δ and e denote the angle of deviation and tube length of the instrument is kept at 20 cm.
angle of emergence respectively. (a) Identify the optical instrument.
(b) Calculate the angular magnification produced
by the instrument.
Q.71. (a) Draw a ray diagram for the formation of
image by a compound
mpound microscope.
(b) You are given the following three lenses.
Which two lenses will you use as an eyepiece and
as an objective to construct a compound
microscope ?
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
Lenses Power (D) Aperture (cm) advantages of a reflecting telescope over a
L1 3 8 refracting telescope.
L2 6 1 Q.78. (a) (i) Draw a labeled ray diagram showing
L3 10 1 the formation of the image at infinity by an
Q.72. Draw a ray diagram showing the image astronomical telescope.
formation by a compound microscope. Obtain (ii) A telescope consists of an objective of focal
expression for total magnification when the length 150 cm and an eyepiece of focal length 6.0
image is formed at infinity. cm. If the final image is formed at infinity, then
OR calculate.
Draw a ray diagram showing the image formation (I) The length of the tube n this adjustment, and
by a compound microscope. Hence obtain (II) The magnification produced.
expression for total magnification when the Q.79. What is the difference in the construction of
image is formed at infinity. an astronomical telescope and a compound
Q.73. (a) Draw a labeled ray diagram showing the microscope ? The focal lengths of the objective
formation of a final image by a compound and eyepiece of a compound microscope are 1.25
microscope at least distance of distinct vision. cm and 5.0 cm, respectively. Find the position of
(b) The total magnification produced by a the object relative to the objective in order to
compound microscope is 20. The magnification obtain an angular magnification of 30 when the
produced by the eye piece is 5. The microscope is final image is formed at the near point.
focused on a certain object. The distance between Q.80. Draw a labeled ray diagram of an
the objective and eyepiece is observed to be 14 astronomical telescope in the near point
cm. If least distance of distinct vision is 20 cm, adjustment position.
calculate the focal length of the objective and the A giant refracting telescope at an observatory has
ye piece. an objective lens of focal length 15 m and an
Q.74. Why should the objective of a telescope eyepiece of focal length 1.0 cm. If this telescope is
have large focal length and large aperture ? used to view to Moon, find the diameter of the
Justify your answer. image of the Moon formed by the objective lens.
Q.75. (a) Draw a ray diagram showing the
The diameter of Mon is 3.48 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 m, and the
formation of image by a reflecting telescope.
radius of lunar orbit is 3.8 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 m.
(b) Write two advantages of a reflecting telescope
Q.81. Draw a ray diagram to show the image
over a refracting telescope.
formation of a distant object by a refracting
OR
telescope. Write the expression for its angular
Draw a schematic arrangement of a reflecting
magnification in terms of the focal lengths of the
telescope (Cassegrain) showing how rays coming
lenses used. State the important considerations
from a distant object are received at the eye-
required to achieve large resolution and their
piece. Write its two important advantages over a
consequent limitations.
refracting telescope.
Q.82. (a) Draw a ray diagram depicting the
Q.76. A small telescope has an objective lens of
formation for the image by an astronomical
focal length 150 cm and eyepiece of focal length 5
telescope in normal adjustment.
cm. What is the magnifying power of the
(b) You are given the following three lenses.
telescope for viewing distant objects in normal
Which two lenses will you use as an eyepiece and
adjustment ?
as an objective to construct an astronomical
If this telescope is used to view a 100 m tall tower
telescope ? Given reason.
3 km away, what is the height of the image of the
Lenses Power (D) Aperture (cm)
tower formed by the objective lens ?
L1 3 8
Q.77. With help of a ray diagram explain the L2 6 1
working of a reflecting telescope. Mention two L3 10 1
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
Q.83. Which two of the following lenses L1, L2, and Q.89. (a) Draw a labeled schematic ray diagram of
L3 will you select as objective and eyepiece for astronomical telescope in normal adjustment.
constructing best possible (i) Telescope (ii) (b) Which two aberrations do objectives of
Microscope ? Give reason to support your answer. refracting telescopes suffer from ? How are these
Lenses Power (P) Aperture (A) overcome in reflecting telescope ?
L1 6D 1 cm Q.90. Draw a ray diagram showing the image
L2 3D 8 cm formation of a distant object by a refracting
L3 10 D 1 cm telescope. Define its magnifying power and write
Q.84. (a) Draw a schematic labeled ray diagram of the two important factors considered to increase
a reflecting type telescope. the magnifying power. Describe briefly the two
(b) Write two important advantage justifying why main limitations and explain how far these can be
reflecting type telescopes are preferred over minimized in a reflecting telescope.
refracting telescopes. Q.91. (a) Draw labeled ray diagram of an
(c) The objective of a telescope is of larger focal astronomical telescope to show the image
length and of larger aperture (compared to the formation of a distant object. Write the main
eyepiece). Why ? Give reasons. considerations required in selecting the objective
Q.85. (a) A small telescope has an objective lens of and eyepiece lenses in order to have large
focal length 140 cm and an eyepiece of focal magnifying power and high resolution of the
length 5.0 cm. Find the magnifying power of the telescope.
telescope for viewing distant objects when (b) A compound microscope has an objective of
(i) The telescope is in normal adjustment, focal length 1.25 cm and eyepiece of focal length 5
(ii) The final image is formed at the least distance cm. A small object is kept at 2.5 cm from the
of distinct vision objective. If the final image formed is at infinity,
(b) Also find the separation between the objective find the distance between the objective and the
lens and the eye piece in normal adjustment. eyepiece.
Q.86. An astronomical telescope has an objective Q.92. Draw a labeled ray diagram of a refracting
lens of focal length 20 m and eyepiece of focal telescope. Define its magnifying power and write
length 1 cm. the expression for it. Write two important
(a) Find the angular magnification of the limitations of a refracting telescope over a
telescope. reflecting type telescope.
(b) If the telescope is used to view the Moon, find Q.93. Given below are two statements labeled as
the diameter of the image formed by the objective assertion (A) and Reason (R).
lens. Given the diameter of the Moon is 3.5 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 Assertion (A) : A convex mirror cannot form real
m and radius of lunar orbit is 3.8 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 m. images.
Q.87. Explain two advantages of a reflecting Reason (R) : Convex mirror converges the parallel
telescope over a refracting telescope. rays that are incident on it.
Q.88. Draw a labeled ray diagram to obtain the Select the most appropriate answer from the
real image formed by an astronomical telescope options given below :
in normal adjustment position. Define its a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
magnifying power. explanation of A
You are given three lenses of power 0.5 D, 4 D and b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct
10 D to design a telescope. explanation of A
(i) Which lenses should be use as objective and c) A is true but R is false
eyepiece ? Justify your answer. d) A is false but R is true
(ii) Why is the aperture of the objective preferred Q.94. Derive mirror equation for a convex mirror.
to be large ? Using it, show that a convex mirror always
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
produces a virtual image, independent of the Select the most appropriate answer from the
location of object. options given below :
Q.95. State the conditions of total internal a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
reflection. Refractive indices of the given prism explanation of A
material for Red, Blue and Green colors are b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct
respectively 1.39, 1.48 and 1.42 respectively. explanation of A
Trace the path of rays through the prism. c) A is true but R is false
d) A is false but R is true
Q.101. The final image formed in an astronomical
refracting telescope e with respect to the object is
a) Real, inverted b) Real, erect
c) Virtual, erect d) Virtual, inverted
Q.102. (a) Draw a ray diagram of compound
Q.96. Write two characteristics of image formed
microscope for the final image formed at least
when an object is placed between the optical
distance of distinct vision ?
centre and focus of a thin convex lens. Draw the
(b) An angular magnification of 30X is desired
graph showing variation of image distance v with
using an object of focal length 1.25 cm and an eye
object distance u in this case.
piece of focal length 5 cm. How will you set up the
Q.97. The focal length of a convex lens made of
compound microscope for the final image formed
glass of refractive index (1.5) is 20 cm. What will
at least distance of distinct vision ?
be its new focal length when placed in a medium
Q.103. (a) Draw a ray diagram of astronomical
of refractive index 1.25 ? Is focal length positive
telescope
lescope for the final image formed at infinity.
or negative ? What does it signify ?
(b) A small telescope has an objective lens of focal
Q.98. Write the basic assumptions used in the
length 140 cm and an eyepiece of focal length 5.0
derivation of lens – marker’s formula and hence
cm. Find the magnifying power of the telescope
derive this expression.
for viewing distant objects when
Q.99. An equilateral prism is made up o material
(i) The telescope is in normal adjustment,
of refractive index √𝟑.. The angle of minimum (ii) The final image is formed at the least distance
deviation of light passing through the prism is of distinct vision.
_______________. Q.104. (a) Draw a ray diagram for final image
Q.100. Given below are two statements labeled as formed at least distance of distinct vision (D) by a
assertion (A) and Reason (R). compound microscope and write expression for
Assertion (A) : A convex lens of focal length 30 cm its magnifying power.
can’t be used as a simple microscope in normal (b) An angular magnification (magnifying power)
setting. of 30x is desired for a compound microscope
Reason (R) : For normal setting, the angular using as objective of focal length 1.25 cm and eye
magnification of simple microscope is M = D/f piece of focal length 5 cm. How will you set up the
compound microscope ?

Chapter – 10 (Wave Optics)

Q.1. Define wavefront of a travelling wave. Using (1) into a rarer medium (2) is incident on the
Huygens principle, obtain the law of refraction at surface P1P2 separating the two media as shown
a plane interface when light passes from a rarer in figure.
to a denser medium. Using Huygens’ principle, draw the secondary
Q.2. Define the term ‘wavefront of light’ A plane wavelets and obtain the refracted wavefront in
wave front AB propagating from dens
denser medium the diagram.
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)

Q.3. A plane wavefront is propagat

propagating from a Q.10. What is wavefront ? How does it propagate ?
rarer into a denser medium. Use Huygens Using Huygens’ principle, explain reflection of a
principle to show the refracted wavefront and plane wavefront from a surface and verify the
verify Snell’s law. laws of reflection.
Q.4. Define the term, “refractive index” of a OR
medium. Verify Snell’s law of refraction when a Define a wavefront. Using Huygen’s principle
plane wavefront is propagating from a denser to a verify the laws of reflection
lection at a plane surface.
rarer medium. Q.11. Define a wavefront. Use Huygen’s principle
Q.5. Define the term wavefront. Using Huygens to verify the laws of refraction.
wave theory, verify the law of reflection. Q.12. (a) Define a wavefront. How is it different
Q.6. Define the term wavefront. State Huygen’s from a ray ?
principle. Consider a plane wavefront incident on (b) Depict the shape of a wavefront in each of the
a thin convex lens. Draw a proper diagram to following cases.
show how ow the incident wavefront traverses (i) Light diverging from point source.
through the lens and after refraction focuses on (ii) Light emerging out of a convex lens when a
the focal point of the lens, giving the shape of the point source is placed at its focus.
emergent wavefront. (iii) Using Huygen’s construction of secondary
Q.7. Explain the following, giving reasons : wavelets, draw a diagram showing the passage of
(i) When monochromatic light is incident on a a plane wavefront from a denser into a rarer
surface separating two media, the reflected and medium.
refracted light both have the same frequency as Q.13. (a) State Huygen’s principle. Using this
the incident frequency. principle draw a diagram to show how a plane
(ii) When light travels from a rarer to a denser wavefront incident at the interface of the two
medium, the speed decreases. Does this decrease media gets refracted when it propagates from a
in speed imply a reduction in the energy carri
carried rarer to a denser medium. Hence verify Snell’s
by the wave ? law of refraction.
Q.8. Use Huygens principle to show how a plane (b) When monochromatic light travels from a
wavefront propagates from a denser to rarer rarer to a denser medium, explain the following,
medium. Hence verify Snell’s law of refraction. giving reasons :
Q.9. A plane wavefront propagating in a medium (i) Is the frequency of reflected and refracted
of refractive index ‘μ1’ is incident on a plane light same as the frequency of incident light ?
surface
ce making the angle of incidence i as shown (ii) Does the decrease in speed imply a reduction
reductio
in the figure. It enters into a medium of refraction in the energy carried by light wave ?
of refractive index ‘μ2’ (μ2 > μ1). Use Huygens’ Q.14. (a) Use Huygen’s geometrical construction
construction of secondary wavelets to trace the to show how a plane wave-front
wave at t = 0
propagation of the refracted wavefront. Hence propagates and produces a wave-front
wave at a later
verify Snell’s law of refraction. time.
(b) Verify, using Huygen’s principle, Snell’s law of
refraction of a plane wave propagating from a
denser to a rarer medium.
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
(c) When monochromatic light is incident on a through it is reduced to 50%, find the ratio of the
surface separating two media, the reflected and maximum and minimum intensity of the fringe in
refracted light booth have the same frequency. the interference pattern.
Explain why. (b) What kind of fringes do you expect to observe
Q.15. Define the term ‘coherent sources’ which if white light is used instead of monochromatic
are required to produce interference pattern in light ?
Young’s double slit experiment. Q.24. Answer the following questions :
Q.16. (a) Write the conditions under which light (a) In a double slit experiment using light of
sources can be said to be coherent. wavelength 600 nm, the angular width of the
(b) Why is it necessary to have coherent sources fringe formed on a distant screen is 0.1°. Find the
in order to produce an interference pattern ? spacing between the two slits.
Q.17. In Young’s double slit experiment, the path (b) Light of wavelength 500 Å propagating in air
difference between two interfering waves at a gets partly reflected from the surface of water.
point on the screen is
𝟓𝛌
, λ being wavelength of How will the wavelengths and frequencies of the
𝟐
reflected and refracted light be affected ?
the light used. The _______ dark fringe will lie at
Q.25. Why cannot two independent
this point.
monochromatic sources produce sustained
Q.18. If one of the slits in Young’s double slit
interference pattern ?
experiment is fully closed, the new pattern has
Q.26. (a) The ratio of the widths of two slits in
_______ central maximum, in angular size.
Young’s double slit experiment is 4 : 1.
Q.19. Write the conditions on path difference
(b) Does the appearance of bright and dark
under which (i) constructive (ii) destructive
fringes in the interference pattern violate, in any
interference occur in Young’s double slit
way, conservation of energy ? Explain.
experiment.
Q.27. (a) Two monochromatic waves emanating
Q.20. The figurere shows a modified Young’s double
from two coherent sources have the
slit experiment set-up. Here SS2 – SS1 = λ/4.
displacements represented by y1 = a cos ωt and y2
= a cos (ωt + ϕ) where ϕ is the phase difference
between the two displacements. Show that the
resultant intensity at a point due to their
superposition is given by l = 4 l0 cos2 ϕ/2, where
l0 = a2.
(b) Hence obtain the conditions for constructive
Write the condition for constructive interference. and destructivee interference.
Q.21. For a single slit of width ‘a’, the first Q.28. In a modified set-up
up of Young’s double slit
minimum of the interference pattern of a experiment, it is given that SS2 – SS1 = λ/4, i.e., the
monochromatic light of wavelength h λ occurs at an source ‘S’ is not equidistant from the slits S1 and
angle of
𝛌
. At the same angle of
𝛌
, we get a S2.
𝐚 𝐚
maximum for two narrow slits separated by a
distance ‘a’, Explain.
Q.22. Briefly explain how bright and dark fringes
are formed on the screen in Young’s double slit
experiment. Hence deriveve the expression for the
fringe width. (a) Obtain the conditions for constructive and
Q.23. (a) If one of two identical slits producing destructive interference at any
a point P on the
interference in Young’s experiment is covered screen in terms of the path difference δ = S2P –
with glass, so that the light intensity passing S1P.
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
(b) Does the observed central bright fringe lie Q.33. In what way is diffraction from each slit
above or below ‘O’ ? Give reason to support your related to the interference pattern in a double slit
answer. experiment ?
Q.29. In Young’s double slit experiment, deduce Q.34. In a single slit diffraction experiment, the
the condition for (a) constructive, and (b) width of the slit is decreased. How will the (i) size
destructive interference at a point on the screen. (ii) intensity of the central bright band be
Draw a graph showing variation of intensity in affected. Justify your answer.
the interference pattern against position ‘x’ on Q.35. Draw the intensity pattern for single slit
the screen. diffraction and double slit interference. Hence,
Q.30. (a) Consider two coherent sources S1 and S2 state two differences between interference and
producing monochromatic waves to produce diffraction patterns.
interference pattern. Let the displacement of the Q.36. A parallel beam of light of 500 nm falls on a
wave produced by S1 be given by narrow slit and the resulting diffraction pattern is
y1 = a cosωt observed on a screen 1 m away. It is observed
And the displacement by S2 be that the first minimum is at a distance of 2.5 mm
y2 = a cos(ωt + ϕ) Find out the expression for the from the centre of the screen. Calculate the width
amplitude of the resultant displacement at a of the slit.
point and show that the intensity at that point Q.37. How can you differentiate whether a
will be pattern is produced by a single slit or double slits
l = 4a2cos2ϕ/2 ? Derive the expression for the angular position of
Hence establish the conditions for constructive (i) bright and (ii) dark fringes produced in a
and destructive interference. single slit diffraction.
(b) What is the effect on the interference fringes Q.38. A slit of width 0.6 mm is illuminated by a
in Young’s double slit experiment when (i) the beam of light consisting of two wavelengths 600
width of the source slit is increased ; (ii) the nm and 480 nm. The diffraction pattern is
monochromatic source is replaced by a source of observed on a screen 1.0 m from the slit. Find :
white light ? (i) The distance of the second bright fringe from
Q.31. (a) (i) Two independent monochromatic the central maximum pertaining to light of 600
sources of light cannot produce a sustained nm.
interference pattern. Give reason. (ii) The least distance from the central maximum
(ii) Light waves each of amplitude “a” and at which bright fringes due to both the
frequency “ω”, emanating from two coherent light wavelengths coincide.
sources superpose at a point. If the displacements Q.39. In a single slit diffraction experiment, light
due to these waves is given by y1 = a cos ωt and y2 of wavelength λ illuminates the slit of width ‘a’
= a cos (ωt + ϕ) where ϕ is the phase difference and the diffraction pattern is observed on a
between the two, obtain the expression for the screen.
resultant intensity at the point. (a) Show the intensity distribution in the pattern
(b) In Yung’s double slit experiment, using with the angular position θ
monochromatic light of wavelength λ, the (b) How are the intensity and angular width of
intensity of light at a point on the screen where central maxima affected when
path difference is λ, is K units. Find out the (i) Width of slit is increased, and
intensity of light at a point where path difference (ii) Separation between slit and screen is
is λ/3. decreased ?
Q.32. The ratio of the intensities at minima to the Q.40. Describe any two characteristic features
maxima in the Young’s double slit experiment is 9 which distinguish between interference and
: 25. Find the ratio of the widths of the two slits. diffraction phenomena. Derive the expression for
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
the intensity at a point of the interference pattern angular width of the central maximum obtained
in Young’s double slit experiment. on the screen.
Q.41. A parallel beam of monochromatic light falls Estimate the number of fringes obtained in
normally on a narrow slit of width ‘a’ to produce a Young’s double slit experiment with fringe width
diffraction pattern on the screen placed parallel 0.5 mm, which can be accommodated within the
to the plane of the slit. region of total angular width of the central
Use Huygens’ principle to explain that maximum due to single slit.
(i) The central bright maxima is twice as wide as Q.47. Compare the interference pattern observed
the other maxima. in Young’s double slit experiment with single slit
(ii) The intensity falls as we move to successive diffraction pattern, pointing out three
maxima away from the centre of on either side. distinguishing features.
Q.42. Two wavelengths of sodium light 590 nm Q.48. (i) State the essential conditions for
and 596 nm are used, in turn to study the diffraction of light.
diffraction taking place at a single slit of aperture (ii) Explain diffraction of light due to a narrow
2 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟒 m. The distance between the slit and the single slit and the formation of pattern of fringes
screen is 1.5 m. Calculate the separation between on the screen.
the positions of the first maxima of the diffraction (iii) Find the relation for width of central
pattern obtained in the two cases. maximum in terms of wavelength ‘λ’ width of slit
Q.43. A parallel beam of light of wavelength 500 ‘a’ and separation between slit and screen ‘D’.
nm falls on a narrow slit and the resulting (iv) If the width of the slit is made double the
diffraction pattern is obtained on a screen 1 m original width, how does it affect the size and
away. If the first minimum is formed at a distance intensity of the central band ?
of 2.5 mm from the centre of the screen, find the Q.49. (a) Using Huygens’ construction of
(i) width of the slit, and (ii) distance of first secondary wavelets explain how a diffraction
secondary maximum from the centre of the pattern is obtained on a screen due to a narrow
screen. slit on which a monochromatic beam of light is
Q.44. In the diffraction due to a single slit incident normally.
experiment, the aperture of the slit is 3 mm. If (b) Show that the angular width of the first
monochromatic light of wavelength 620 nm is diffraction fringe is half that of the central fringe.
incident normally on the slit, calculate the (c) Explain why the maxima at θ = 𝒏+
𝟏 𝝀
𝟐 𝒂
separation between fist order minima and the 3rd
become weaker and weaker with increasing n.
order maxima on one side of the screen. The
Q.50. (a) Describe briefly how a diffraction
distance between the slit and the screen is 1.5 m.
pattern is obtained on a screen due to a single
Q.45. (a) In a single slit diffraction experiment,
narrow slit illuminated by a monochromatic
the width of the slit is made double the original
source of light. Hence obtain the conditions for
width. How does this affect the size and intensity
the angular width of secondary maxima and
of the central diffraction band ? Explain.
secondary minima.
(b) When a tiny circular obstacle is placed in the
(b) Two wavelengths of sodium light of 590 nm
path of light from a distant source, a bright spot in
and 596 nm are used in turn to study the
seen at the centre of the obstacle. Explain why.
diffraction taking place at a single slit of aperture
Q.46. (a) Explain two features to distinguish
2 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟔 m. The distance between the slit and the
between the interference pattern in Young’s
screen is 1.5 m. Calculate the separation between
double slit experiment with the diffraction
the positions of first maxima of the diffraction
pattern obtained due to a single slit.
pattern obtained in the two cases.
(b) A monochromatic light of wavelength 500nm
Q.51. (a) Write three characteristic features to
is incident normally on a single slit of width
distinguish between the interference fringes in
0.2mm to produce a diffraction pattern. Find the
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
Young’s double slit experiment and the Q.55. The shape of the interference fringes in
diffraction pattern obtained due to a narrow Young’s double slit experiment when D (distance
single slit. between slit and screen) is very large as
(b) A parallel beam of light of wavelength500 nm compared to fringe width is nearly
falls on a narrow slit and the resulting diffraction a) Straight line b) Parabolic
pattern
ern is observed on a screen 1 m away. It is c) Circular d) Hyperbolic
observed that the first minimum is a distance of Q.56.
56. Two waves from two coherent sources S and
2.5 mm away from the centre. Find the width of S’ superimpose at X as shown in the figure. If X is
the slit. a point on the second minima and SX – S’X is 4.5
Q.52. (a) A monochromatic source of light of cm. Calculate the wavelength of the waves.
wavelength λ illuminates a narrow slit of width d
to produce a diffraction pattern on the screen.
Obtain the conditions when secondary wavelets
originating from the slit interfere to produce
maxima and minima on the screen.
(b) How would the diffraction pattern be affected
when
Q.57. Draw the graph showing intensity
(i) The width of the slit is decreased ?
distribution of fringes with
ith phase angle due to
(ii) The monochromatic source of light is
diffraction through single slit.
replaced by white light ?
Q.58. What should be the width of each slit to
Q.53. Define wavefront. Draw the shape of
obtain n maxima of double slit pattern within the
refracted wavefront when the plane incident
central maxima of single slit pattern ?
wave undergoes refraction from optically denser
Q.59. (a) “If the slits in Young’s double slit
medium to rarer medium. Hence prove Snell’s
experiment are identical,
dentical, then intensity at any
law of refraction.
point on the screen may vary between zero and
Q.54. (a) Define a wavefront.
four times to the intensity due to single slit”.
(b) Draw the diagram to show the shape of plane
Justify the above statement through a relevant
wavefront as they pass through (i) a thin prism
mathematical expression.
and (ii) a thin convex lens. State the nature of
(b) Draw the intensity distribution as function of
refracted wave front.
phase angle when diffraction of light takes place
(c) Verify Snell’s law of refraction using Huy
Huygens’s
through coherently illuminated single slit.
principle.

Chapter – 11 (Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter)

Q.1.
1. Define the term threshold frequency in emitted is 2.0 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟑 W. Estimate the number of
photoelectric emission. photons emitted per second n an average by the
OR source.
Define the term “threshold frequency”, in the (ii) Draw a plot showing the variation of
context of photoelectric emission. photoelectric current versus the intensity of
Q.2. Define the term “Intensity” in photon picture incident radiation on a given photosensitive
of electromagnetic radiation. surface.
Q.3. Show on a plot the nature of variation of Q.5. Plot a graph showing the variation of
photoelectric current with the intensity of photoelectricc current with intensity of light. The
radiation incident on a photosensitive surface. work function for the follow metals is given.
Q.4. (i) Monochromatic light of frequency 6.0 Na : 2.75 eV and Mo : 4.175 eV.
× 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟒 Hz is produced by a laser. The power
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
Which of these will not give photoelectrons
emission from a radiation of wavelength 3300 Å
from a laser beam ? What happens if the source o of
laser beam is brought closer ?
Q.6. A beam of monochromatic is incident on a
photosensitive surface. Answer the following
questions giving reasons.
(a) Do the emitted photoelectrons have the same
kinetic energy ? Q.12. Two monochromatic radiations of
(b) Does the kinetic energy of the emitte emitted frequencies v1 and v2(v1 > v2) and having the same
electrons depend on the intensity of incident intensity are in turn, incident on a photosensitive
radiation ? surface to cause photoelectric emission. Explain,
(c) On what factors does the number of emitted giving reason, in which case (i) more number of
photoelectrons depend ? electrons will be emitted and (ii) maximum
Q.7. Draw graphs showing variation of kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectrons
photo will
photoelectric current with applied voltage for be more.
two incident radiations of equal frequen
frequency and Q.13. Explain giving reason for the following :
different intensities. Mark the graph for the (a) Photoelectric current in a photocell increases
radiation of higher intensity. with the increase in the intensity of the incident
Q.8. Draw a graph showing variation of radiation.
photocurrent with the anode potential of a (b) The stopping potential (V0) varies linearly
photocell. with the frequency (v) of the incident radiation
Q.9. (a) Define the terms, (i) threshold frequency for a given photosensitive surface with the slope
and (ii) stopping potential in photoelectric effect. remaining the same for different surfaces.
(b) Plot a graph of photocurrent versus anode Q.14. The following graph shows the variation of
potential for a radiation of frequency v and photocurrent for a photosensitive metal :
intensities I1 and I2 (I1 < I2).
Q.10. The variation of the stopping potential (V0)
with the frequency (v)) of the light incident on two
different photosensitive surfaces M1 and M2 is
shown in the figure.

(a) Identify the variable X on the horizontal

horizonta axis.
(b) What does the point A on the horizontal axis
represent ?
(c) Draw this graph for three different values of
Identify the surface which has greater value f the frequencies of incident radiation v1, v2 and v3 (v1
work function. > v2 > v3) for same intensity.
Q.11. The given graph shows the variation of (d) Draw this graph for three different values of
photoelectric current (I) versus applied voltage intensities
nsities of incident radiation I1 I2 and I3 (I1 > I2
(V) for two different photosensitive
osensitive materials and > I3) having same frequency.
for two different intensities of the incident Q.15. Describe briefly three experimentally
radiations. observed features in the phenomenon of
Identify the pairs of curves that correspond to photoelectric effect.
different materials but same intensity of incident
radiation.
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
Q.16. Why is wave theory of electromagnetic Q.22. Why it is the frequency and not the intensity
radiation not able to explain photoelectric effect ? of light source that determines whether emission
How does photon picture resolve this problem ? of photoelectrons will occur or not ? Explain.
OR Q.23. Figure shows the stopping potential (V0) fo
Discuss briefly how wave theory of light cannot the photo electron versus (1/λ) graph, for two
explain photoelectric effect. metals A and B, λ being the wavelength of
OR incident light.
Write three observed features of photoelectric
effect which cannot be explained by wave theory
of light.
OR
Why photoelectric effect cannot be explained on
the basis of wave nature of light ?
Q.17. Photons of energies 1 eV and 2 eV are
(a) How is the value of Planck’s constant
successively incident on a metallic surface of
determined form the graph ?
work function 0.5 eV. The ratio of kinetic energy
(b) If the distance between the light source and
of most energetic photoelectrons in the two cases
the surface of metal A is increased, how
ho will the
will be
stopping potential for the electrons emitted from
a) 1 : 2 b) 1 : 1
it be effected ? Justify your answer.
c) 1 : 3 d) 1 : 4
Q.24. Write two main observations of
Q.18. If photons of frequency v are incident on the
photoelectric effect experiment which could only
surfaces of metals A and B of threshold
be explained by Einstein’s photoelectric equation.
frequencies v/2 and v/3 respectively, the ratio of
Q.25. If light of wavelength
velength 412.5 nm is incident
the maximum kinetic energy of electrons emitted
on each of the metals given in table, which one
from A to that from B is
will show photoelectric emission and why ?
a) 2 : 3 b) 3 : 4
Metal Work Function (eV)
c) 1 : 3 d) √3 : √2 Na 1.92
Q.19. The threshold wavelength for two K 2.15
photosensitive surfaces A and B are λ 1 and λ2 Ca 3.20
respectively. What is the ratio of the work Mo 4.17
functions of the two surfaces ? Q.26. Using the graph shown in the figure for
Q.20. The figure shows the variation of stopping stopping potential versus the incident frequency
potential V0 with the frequency v of the incident of photons, calculate Planck’s constant.
radiations for two photosensitive metals P and Q.
Which metals has smaller threshold wavelength ?
Justify your answer.

Q.27. (a) Give an example each of a metal from

Q.21. Name the phenomenon which shows the
which photoelectric emission takes place when
quantum nature of electromagnetic radiation.
irradiated by (i) UV light, (ii) visible light.
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
(b) The work function of a metal is 4.50 eV. Find established. Write two features of photoelectric
the frequency of light to be used to eject electrons effect which cannot be explained by wave theory.
from the metal surface with a maximum kinetic Q.34. In the study of a photoelectric effect the
energy of 6.06 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟗 J. graph
raph between the stopping potential V and
Q.28. (a) Use Einstein’s photoelectric equation to frequency v of the incident radiation on two
depict the variation of the maximum kinetic different metals P and Q is shown in :
energy (Ek) of electrons emitted,, with the
frequency(v) of the incident radiation.
(b) A photosensitive surface is illuminated with a
beam of (i) yellow light, and (ii) red light, both of
the same intensity.
In which case will
(I) Photoelectrons have more Ek ?
(II) More numbers of electrons
rons be emitted ?
Justify your answer in each case. (i) Which one of the two metals has higher
Q.29. The maximum kinetic energy of the threshold frequency ?
photoelectrons emitted is doubled when the (ii) Determine the work function of the metal
wavelength of light incident on the photosensitive which has greater value.
surface changes from λ1 to λ2. Deduce expressions (iii) Find the maximum kinetic energy of electron
for the threshold wavelength and work function emitted by light of frequency 8 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟒 Hz for this
for the metal surface in terms of λ1 and λ2. metal.
Q.30. (i) How does one explain the emission of Q.35. Sketch the graphs showing variation of
electrons from a photosensitive surface with the stopping potential with frequency of incident
help of Einstein’s photoelectric equation ? radiations for two photosensitive materials A and
(ii) The work function of the following me metals is B having threshold frequencies vA > vB.
given : Na = 2.75 eV, K = 2.3 eV, Mo = 4.17 eV and (I In which case is the stopping potential more
Ni = 5.15 eV. Which of these metals will not cause and why ?
photoelectric emission for radiation of (ii) Does the slope of the graph depend on the
wavelength 3300 Å from a laser source placed 1 nature of the material used ? Explain.
m away from these metals ? What happens if the Q.36. Define the term “cut off frequency” in
laser source e is brought nearer and placed 50 cm photoelectric emission.. The threshold of a metal
away ? is f. When the light of frequency 2f is incident on
Q.31. (i) State two important features of Einstein’s the metal plate, the maximum velocity of
photoelectric equation. photoelectron is v1. When the frequency of the
(ii) Radiation of frequency 1015 Hz s incident on incident radiation is increased to 5f, the
two photosensitive surface P and Q. There is on maximum velocity of photoelectrons is v2. Find
two photoemission from surface P. the ratio v1 : v2.
Photoemission
toemission occurs from surface Q but Q.37. Write three characteristic features in
photoelectrons have zero kinetic energy. Explain photoelectric effect which cannot be explained on
these observations and find the value of work the basis of wave theory of light, but can be
function for surface Q. explained only using Einstein’s equation.
Q.32. Give reason for maximum kinetic energy of OR
the photoelectrons is independent of the intensity Explain how Einstein’s photoelectric equation is
of incident radiation. used
sed to described photoelectric effect
Q.33. Using photon picture of light, show how satisfactorily.
Einstein’s photoelectric equation can e Q.38. Write Einstein’s photoelectric equation and
mention which important features in
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
photoelectric effect can be explained with the State three important properties of photons
help of this equation. which describe the particle picture of
The maximum kinetic energy of the electromagnetic radiation.
iation.
photoelectronsns gets doubled when the Q.46. Write Einstein’s photoelectric equation and
wavelength of light incident on the surface point out any two characteristic properties of
changes from λ1 to λ2. Derive the expressions for photons on which this equation is based. Briefly
the threshold wavelength λ0 and work function explain the three observed features which can be
for the metal surface. explained by this equation.
Q.39. Figure shows a plot of stopping potential OR
(V0) with frequency (v) of incident radiation for Write Einstein’s photoelectric
electric equation. Mention
two photosensitive material M1 and M2. Explain the underlying properties of photons on the basis
of which this equation is obtained. Writ two
important observations of photoelectric effect
which can be explained by Einstein’s equation
Q.47. A proton and an electron have equal speeds.
Find the ratio of de Broglie wavelengths
associated with them.,
Q.48. The graph showing the correct variation of
(i) Why the slope of both the lines is same ?
linear momentum (p) of a charge particle with its
(ii) For which material emitted electrons have
de-Broglie
Broglie wavelength (λ) is
greater kinetic energy for the same frequency of
incident radiation ?
Q.40. What is the wavelength of a photon of
energy 3.3 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟗 J ?
Q.41. Define intensity of radiation on the basis of
photon picture of light. Write its SI unit.
Q.42. Write three basis properties of photons
which are used to obtain Einstein’s photoelectric
equation. Use this equation to draw a plot of
maximum kinetic energy of the electrons emitted
versus the frequency of incident radiation.
Q.43. In the wave picture of light, intensity of light
is determined by the square of the amplitude f the
wave. What determines
etermines the intensity in the Q.49. Draw a plot showing the variation of de- de
photon picture of light ? Broglie
lie wavelength of electron as a function of its
Q.44. (a) Write the important properties of K.E.
photons which are used to establish Einstein’s Q.50. Write the expression for the de-Broglie
de
photoelectric equation. wavelength associated with a charged particle
(b) Use this equation to explain the concept of having charge ‘q’ and mass ‘m’, when it is
(i) Threshold frequency and (ii) stopping accelerated by a potential V.
potential. Q.51. What are matter waves ? A proton and an
Q.45. Write the basic features of photon picture of alpha particle are accelerated through the same
electromagnetic radiation on which Einstein’s potential difference. Find the ratio of the de
photoelectric equation is based. Broglie wavelength associated with the proton to
OR that with the alpha particle.
Q.52. (a) Calculate the energy and momentum of a
photon in a monochromatic beam of wavelength
331.5 nm.
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
(b) How fast should a hydrogen atom travel in that of an optical microscope which uses yellow
order to the photon in part (a) ? light ?
Q.53. An α-particle and a proton are accelerated Q.61. Photoelectric emission from a given surface
through the same potential difference. Find the of metal can take place when the value of a
ratio of their de Broglie wavelengths. ‘physical quantity’ is less than the energy of
Q.54. The wavelength λ of a photon and the de incident photon. The physical quantity is
Broglie wavelength of an electron have the same a) Threshold frequency
value. Show that energy of a photon is (2λ mc/h) b) Work function of surface
times the kinetic energy of electron, where m, c c) Threshold wavelength
and h have their usual meaning. d) Stopping potential
Q.55. A proton and an α-particle have the same Q.62. State the main implications of observations
de-Broglie wavelength. Determine the ratio of obtained from various photoelectric experiments.
(i) Their accelerating potentials Can these implications be explained by wave
(ii) Their speeds. nature of light ? Justify your answer.
Q.56. A proton and a deuteron are accelerated Q.63. In a photoelectric experiment, the potential
through the same accelerating potential. Which required to stop the ejection of electrons from
one of the two has cathode is 4 V. What is the value of maximum
(a) Greater value of de-Broglie wavelength kinetic energy of emitted Photoelectrons ?
associated with it, and Q.64. Work function of sodium 2.75 eV. What will
(b) Less momentum ? be K.E. of emitted electron when photon of energy
Give reasons to justify your answer. 3.54 eV is incident on the surface of sodium ?
Q.57. X-rays fall on a photosensitive surface to Q.65. Light of wavelength 2000 Å falls on a metal
cause photoelectric emission. Assuming that the surface of work function 4.2 eV.
work function of the surface can be neglected, (a) What is the kinetic energy (in eV) of the
find the relation between the de-Broglie fastest electrons emitted from the surface ?
wavelength (λ) of the electrons emitted and the (b) What will be the change in the energy of the
energy (Ev) of the incident photons. Draw the emitted electrons if the intensity of light with
nature of the graph for λ as a function of Ev. same wavelength is doubled ?
Q.58. Obtain an expression for the ratio of the (c) If the same light falls on another surface of
accelerating potentials required to accelerate a work function 6.5 eV, what will be the energy of
photon and an α-particle to have the same de- emitted electrons ?
Broglie wavelength associated with them. Q.66. The work function of Cs is 2.14 eV. Find
Q.59. (a) An electron and a proton are accelerated (a) Threshold frequency for Cs
through the same potential. Which one of the two (b) Wavelength of incident light if the photo
has current is brought to zero by stopping potential
(i) Greater value of de-Broglie wavelength of 0.6 V.
associated with it, and Q.67. An electron is accelerated through a
(ii) Lesser momentum ? potential difference of 100 V, then de-Broglie
(b) How is the momentum of a particle related wavelength associated with it is approximately
with its de-Broglie wavelength ? Show the __________ Å.
variation on a graph. Q.68. (a) Explain de-Broglie argument to propose
Q.60. An electron microscope uses electrons his hypothesis. Show that de-Broglie wavelength
accelerated by a voltage of 50 kV. Determine the of photon equals electromagnetic radiation.
de Broglie wavelength associated with the (b) If, deuterons and alpha particle area
electrons. Taking other factors, such as numerical accelerated through same potential, find the ratio
aperture etc. to be same, how does the resolving of the associated de-Broglie wavelength of two.
power of an electron microscope compare with
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)

Chapter – 12 (Atoms)
Q.1. Which of the following statements is not (b) If the above experiment is repeated with a
correct according to Rutherford model ? proton of the same energy, Then what will be the
a) Most of the space inside an atom is empty value of the distance of closest approach ?
b) The electrons revolve around the nucleus under Q.8. Draw a graph showing the variation of
the influence of coulomb force acting on them number of particles scattered (N) with the
c) Most part of the mass of the atom and its positive scattering angle θ in Geiger-Marsden
Geiger experiment.
charge are concentrated at its centre Why only a small fraction of the particles are
d) The stability of atom was established by the model scattered at θ > 90°? Mention two limitations of
Q.2. What result do you expect if α α-particle Rutherford nuclear model of an atom.
scattering experiment is repeated using a thin Q.9. Explain briefly
ly how Rutherford scattering of
sheet hydrogen in place of a gold foil ? Explain. α-particle
particle by a target nucleus can provide
(Hydrogen is a solid at temperature below 14 K) information of the size of the nucleus.
Q.3. In Geiger-Marsden
Marsden scattering experiment, the OR
trajectory of α-particles
particles in Coulomb’s field of a In an experiment on α-particle
particle scattering by a
heavy nucleus is shown in the figure. thin foil of gold, draw a graph showing, the
number of particles scattered versus the
scattering angle θ. Why is it that a very small
fraction of the particles are scattered at θ > 90° ?
Write two important conclusions that can be
drawn regarding the structure of the atom from
the study of this experiment.
Q.10. In Rutherford scattering experiment,
exp draw
the trajectory traced by α-particles
α in the
(a) What do b and θ represent in the figure ?
coulomb field of target nucleus and explain how
(b) What will be the value of b for (i) θ = 0°
this led to estimate the size of the nucleus.
(ii) θ = 180° ?
Q.11. Using Bohr’s atomic model, derive the
Q.4. Define the distance of closest approach. An α
α-
expression for the radius of nth orbit of the
particle of kinetic energy ‘K’ is bombarded on a
revolving electron
tron in a hydrogen atom.
thin gold foil. The distance of the closest
OR
approach ch is ‘r’. What will be the distance of
Show that the radius of the orbit in hydrogen
closest approach for an α-particle
particle of double the
atom varies as n2, where n is the principal
kinetic energy ?
quantum number of the atom.
Q.5. Write two important limitations of
OR
Rutherford nuclear model of the atom.
Using Bohr’s postulates of the atomic model,
Q.6. Using Rutherfor’s model of the atom, derive
derive the expression for the radius of n th
the expression for the total energy of the electron
electron orbit. Hencence obtain the expression for
in hydrogen atom. What is the significance of total
Bohr’s radius.
negative energy possessed by the electron ?
Q.12. Write shortcomings of Rutherford atomic
Q.7. (a) In Geiger-Marsden
Marsden experiment, calculate
model. Explain how these were overcome by the
the distance of closest approach for an alpha
postulates of Bohr’s atomic model.
particle with energy 2.56 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟐 J. Consider that
Q.13. State Bohr’s quantization condition of
the particle approaches gold nucleus (Z = 79) in
angular momentum. Calculate the shortest shortes
head-on position.
wavelength of the Brackett series and state to
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
which part of the electromagnetic spectrum does Q.24. Name the spectral series for a hydrogen
it belong. atom which
hich lies in the visible region. Find the
Q.14. Find out the wavelength of the electron ratio of the maximum to the minimum
orbiting in the ground state of hydrogen atom. wavelengths of this series.
Q.15. State Bohr postulate of hydrogen atom that Q.25. Calculate the orbital period of the electron
gives the relationship for the frequency of in the first excited state of hydrogen atom.
emitted photon in a transition. Q.26. A 12.75 eV electron beam is used to excite a
Q.16. In the ground state of hydrogen atom, its gaseous hydrogen atom at room temperature.
Bohr radius is given as 5.3 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟏 m. The atom is Determine the wavelengths and the
excited such that the radius becomes 21.2 corresponding series of the lines emitted.
× 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟏 m. Find Q.27. The short wavelength limit for the Lyman
(i) The value of the principal quantum number series of the hydrogen spectrum is 913.4 Å.
and Calculate the short wavelength limit for Balmer
Balm
(ii) The total energy of the atom in his excited series of the hydrogen spectrum.
state. Q.28. The ground state energy of hydrogen atom
Q.17. Using Bohr’s postulates, derive the is ‒13.6 eV. If an electron makes a transition from
expression for the orbital period of the electron an energy level ‒1.51 eV to ‒3.4 eV, calculate the
moving in the nth orbit of hydrogen atom. wavelength of the spectral line emitted and name
Q.18. A hydrogen n atom initially in the ground the series of hydrogen n spectrum to which it
state absorbs a photon which excites it to the n = belongs.
4 level. Estimate the frequency of the photon. Q.29. Define ionization energy. How would the
Q.19. (a) The radius of the innermost electron ionization energy change when electron in
orbit of a hydrogen atom is 5.3 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟏 m. hydrogen atom is replaced by a particle of mass
Calculate its radius in n = 3 orbit. 200 times that of the electron but having the
(b) The total energy of an electron in the first same charge ?
excited state of the hydrogen atom is 3.4 eV. Find Q.30. An electron jumps from fourth to first orbit
out its (i) kinetic energy and (ii) potential energy in an atom. How many maximum number of
in this state. spectral lines can be emitted by the atom ? To
Q.20. Using Bohr’s postulates, obtain the which series these lines correspond ?
expression for the total energy of the elec
electron in OR
the stationary states of the hydrogen atom. Hence What is the maximum number of spectral lines
draw the energy level diagram showing how the emitted by a hydrogen atom when it is in the
line spectra corresponding to Balmer series occur third excited state ?
due to transition between energy levels. Q.31. The figure shows energy level diagram of
Q.21. (a) Write two important limitations of hydrogen atom.
Rutherford model which could not explain the
observed features of atomic spectra. How were
these explained in Bohr’s model of hydrogen
atom ?
(b) Using Bohr’s postulates, obtain the expression
for the radius of the nth orbit in hydrogen atom.
Q.22. Using Bohr’s postulates,, derive the (a) Find out the transition which results in the
expression for the total energy of the electron in emission of a photon of wavelength 496 nm.
the stationary states of the hydrogen atom. (b) Which transition corresponds to the emission
Q.23. When is Hα line of the Balmer series in the of radiation of maximum wavelength ? Justify
emission spectrum of hydrogen atom obtained ? your answer.
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
Q.32. Calculate the shortest wavelength in the Q.39. According to Bohr’s atomic model, the
Balmer series of hydrogen atom. In which region circumference of the electron orbit is always an
(infrared, visible, ultraviolet) of hydrogen ___________ multiple of de-Broglie
Broglie wavelength.
spectrum does this wavelength lie ? Q.40. Obtain the expression for the ratio of the de-
Q.33. An electron in a hydrogen atom makes Broglie wavelengths associated with the electron
transitions from orbits of higher energies of orbiting in the second and third excited states of
orbits of lower energies. hydrogen atom.
(i) When will such transitions result in (a) Lyman Q.41. Calculate the de-Broglie
Broglie wavelength of the
(b) Balmer series ? electron orbiting in the n = 2 state of hydrogen
(ii) Find the ratio of the longest wavelength in atom.
Lyman series to the shortest wavelength in Q.42. Use de-Broglie’slie’s hypothesis to write the
Balmer series. relation for the n radius of Bohr orbit in terms of
th

Q.34. Write Rydberg’s formula for wavelength of Bohr’s quantization condition of orbital angula
the spectral lines of hydrogen spectrum. Mention momentum.
to which series in the emission spectrum of Q.43. Calculate the de-Broglie
de wavelength
hydrogen, Hα line belongs. associated with the electron in the 2nd excited
Q.35. Using Rydberg formula, calculate the state of hydrogen atom. The ground state energy
longest wavelength belonging to Lyman and of the hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV.
Balmer series of hydrogen spectrum. um. In which Q.44. State Bohr’s postulate to define stable orbits
region these transitions lie ? in hydrogen atom. How does de-Broglie’s de
OR hypothesis explain the stability of these orbits ?
Using Rydberg formula, calculate the wavelengths Q.45. (i) State Bohr’s quantization condition for
of the spectral lines of the first member of the defining
ing stationary orbits. How does de-Broglie
de
Lyman series and of the Balmer series. hypothesis explain the stationary orbits ?
Q.36. A 12.5 eV electron beam is used to bombard (ii) Find the relations between the three
gaseous hydrogen at room m temperature. Upto wavelengths λ1, λ2 and λ3from the energy level
which energy level the hydrogen atoms would be diagram shown in the figure.
excited ?
Calculate the wavelengths of the first member of
Lyman and first member of Balmer series.
Q.37. The value of ground state energy of
hydrogen atom is ‒13.6 eV.
(i) Find the energy required to move an electron
from the ground state to the first excited state of Q.46. The kinetic energy of the electron orbiting
the atom. in the first excited state of hydrogen atom is 3.4
(ii) Determine (a) the kinetic energy and (b) eV. Determine the de-Broglie
de wavelength
orbital radius in the first excited state of the associated with it.
atom. Q.47. Consider two different hydrogen atoms. The
[Given the value of Bohr radius = 0.53 Å]. electron in each atom is in an excited state. Is it
Q.38. Using Bohr’s postulates,
ostulates, derive the possible for the electrons to have different
expression for the frequency of radiation emitted energies but same orbital angular momentum
when electron in hydrogen atom undergoes according to the Bohr model ? Justify your
transition from higher energy state (quantum answer.
number ni) to the lower state, (nf). When electron Q.48. What is the value of angular momentum of
in hydrogen atom jumps from energy state n i = 4 electron in the second orbit of Bohr’s model of
to nf = 3, 2, 1. Identify the spectral series to which hydrogen atom ?
the emission lines belong.
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
Q.49. Derive an expression for the radius of nth a) 2nd b) 3rd
Bohr’s orbit in Hydrogen atom. c) 4th d) 5th
Q.50. Energy of electron in first excited state in Q.52. Derive an expression for the frequency of
Hydrogen atom is ‒3.4 eV. Find K.E. and P.E. of radiation emitted when a hydrogen atom de-
electron in the ground state. excites from level n to level (n – 1). Also show that
Q.51. A photon beam of energy 12.1 eV is incident for large values of n, this frequency equals to
on a hydrogen atom. The orbit to which electron classical frequency of revolution of an electron.
of H-atom be excited is

Chapter – 13 (Nuclei)
Q.1. The nuclear radius of 𝟐𝟕
𝟏𝟑𝐀𝐥 is 3.6 fermi. Find Explain the processes of nuclear fission and
the nuclear radius of 𝟔𝟒
𝟐𝟗 𝐂𝐮. nuclear fusion by using the plot of binding energy
Q.2. Show that density of nucleus is independent per nucleon (BE/A) versus the mass number A.
of its mass number A. OR
Q.3. In the study of Geiger-Marsden experiment Draw a plot of B.E./A versus mass number A for 2
on scattering of α-particles by a thin foil of gold, < A < 170. Use this graph to explain the release of
draw the trajectory of α-particles in the coulomb energy in the process of nuclear fusion of two
field of target nucleus. Explain briefly how one light nuclei.
gets the information on the size of the nucleus Q.8. (a) Draw the plot of binding energy per
from this study. nucleon (B.E./A) as a function of mass number A.
From the relation R = R0 A1/3, were R0 is constant Write two important conclusions that can be
and A is the mass number f the nucleus, show that drawn regarding the nature of nuclear force.
nuclear matter density is independent of A. (b) Use this graph to explain the release of energy
Q.4. When two nuclei (A ≤ 10) fuse together to in both the processes of nuclear fusion and
form a heavier nucleus, the fission.
a) Binding energy per nucleon increases Q.9. Draw a plot of potential energy of a pair of
b) Binding energy per nucleon decreases nucleons as a function of their separation. Write
c) Binding energy per nucleon does not change two important conclusions which you can draw
d) Total binding energy decreases regarding the nature of nuclear forces.
Q.5. Four nuclei of an element undergo fusion to Q.10. Write three characteristic properties of
form a heavier nucleus, with release of energy. nuclear force.
Which of the two – the parent or the daughter Q.11. (a) Differentiate between nuclear fission
nucleus – would have binding energy per and nuclear fusion.
nucleon? (b) Deuterium undergoes fusion as per the
Q.6. If both the number of protons and neutrons reaction.
𝟐 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏
in a nuclear reaction is conserved, in what way is 𝟏𝐇 + 𝟏𝐇 ⎯⎯ 𝟐𝐇𝐞 + 𝟎𝐧 + 3.27MeV
mass converted into energy (o r vice versa) ? Find the duration for which an electric bulb of
Explain giving one example. 500 W can be kept glowing by the fusion of 100 g
Q.7. Draw a graph showing the variation of of deuterium.
binding energy per nucleon with mass number of Q.12. Calculate for who many years will the fusion
different nuclei. Write any two salient features of of 2.0 kg deuterium keep 800 W electric lamp
the curve. How does this curve explain the release glowing. Take the fusion reaction as
𝟐 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏
of energy both in the processes of nuclear fission 𝟏𝐇 + 𝟏𝐇 ⎯⎯ 𝟐𝐇𝐞 + 𝟎𝐧 + 3.27MeV
and fusion ? Q.13. A nucleus with mass number A = 240 and
OR B.E./A = 7.6 MeV breaks into two fragments each
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
of A = 120 with B.E./A = 8.5 MeV. Calculate the Q.19. How long can an electric lamp of 100 W be
released energy. kept glowing by fusion of 2 kg of deuterium ?
Q.14. Calculate the energy in fusion reaction : Take the fusion reaction as
𝟐 𝟐 𝟑 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟑
𝟏𝐇 + 𝟏𝐇 ⎯⎯ 𝟐𝐇𝐞 + 𝐧, where B.E. of 𝟏𝐇 = 2.23 MeV 𝟏𝐇 + 𝟏𝐇 ⎯ 𝟐𝐇𝐞 + 𝐧 + 3.27 MeV
and of 𝟑𝟐𝐇𝐞 = 7.73 MeV. Q.20. (a) Give one point of difference between
Q.15. Complete the following nuclear reactions. nuclear fission and nuclear fusion.
(a) 𝟏𝟎𝟓𝐁 + 𝟏𝟎𝐧 → 𝟒𝟐𝐇𝐞 +….. (b) Suppose we consider fission of a 𝟓𝟔
𝟐𝟔𝐅𝐞 into two
𝟐𝟖
(b) 𝟗𝟒 𝟐 𝟗𝟓
𝟒𝟐𝐌𝐨 + 𝟏𝐇 → 𝟒𝟑𝐓𝐞 +…..
equal fragments of 𝟏𝟑𝐀𝐥 nucleus. Is the fission
Q.16. In a typical nuclear reaction, e.g. energetically possible ? Justify your answer by
𝟐 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏
𝟏𝐇 + 𝟏𝐇 → 𝟐𝐇𝐞 + 𝟎𝐧 + 3.27 MeV, although number
working out Q value of the process.
of nucleons is conserved, yet energy is released. Given (m) 𝟓𝟔
𝟐𝟔𝐅𝐞 = 27.9891.
How ? Explain. Q.21. Show that 𝟐𝟑𝟖
𝟗𝟐𝐔 cannot spontaneously emit a
Q.17. In the following nuclear reaction, Identify proton. Given :
unknown labeled X. 𝟐𝟑𝟖 𝟐𝟑𝟕
𝟗𝟐𝐔 = 𝟐𝟑𝟖. 𝟎𝟓𝟎𝟕𝟗 u, 𝟗𝟏𝐏𝐚 = 237.05121 u, 𝟏𝐇 =
𝟏
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
𝟏𝟏𝐍𝐚 + 𝐗 → 𝟏𝟎𝐍𝐞 + 𝐯𝐞 1.000783 u
Q.18. Which physical quantity in a nuclear
reaction is considered equivalent to the Q-value
of the reaction ?

Chapter – 14 Semiconductor Electronics

(Material, Devices and Simple Circuits)
Q.1. The _______ a property of materials C, Si and Ge Q.8. Draw the energy band diagram of (i) n-type,
depends upon the energy gap between their and (ii) p-type semiconductors at temperatures T
conduction and valence bands. > 0 K. In the case of n-type Si-semiconductor, the
Q.2. What is meant by energy band gap in a solid ? donor energy level is slightly below the bottom of
Draw the energy band gap in a solid ? Draw the conduction band whereas in p-type
energy band diagrams for a conductor, an semiconductor, the acceptor energy level is
insulator and a semiconductor. slightly above the top of valence band. Explain,
Q.3. Distinguish between a metal and an insulator giving examples, what role do these energy levels
on the basis of energy band diagrams. play in conduction an valence bands.
Q.4. Draw a plot showing the variation of Q.9. (i) Distinguish between n-type and p-type
resistivity of a (i) conductor and (ii) semiconductors on the basis of energy band
semiconductor, with the increase in temperature. diagrams.
Q.5. Write any two distinguishing features (ii) Compare their conductivities at absolute zero
between conductors, semiconductors and temperature and at room temperature.
insulators on the basis of energy band diagrams. Q.10. Distinguish between an intrinsic
Q.6. In an n-type semiconductor, the donor semiconductor and a p-type semiconductor. Give
energy level lie reason why a p-type semiconductor. Give reason
a) At the centre of the energy gap why p-type semiconductor is electrically neutral,
b) Just below the conduction band although nh > > ne.
c) Just above the valance band Q.11. Answer the following giving reason :
d) In the conduction band (a) The resistance of a p-n junction is low when it
Q.7. Distinguish between ‘intrinsic’ and ‘extrinsic’ is forward biased and is high when it is reversed
semiconductors. biased.
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
(b) Doping of intrinsic semiconductors is a
necessity for making electronic devices.
Q.12. Write the two processes that ta take place in
the formation of a p-n n junction. Explain with the
help of a diagram, the formation of depletion
region and barrier potential in a p-n n junction.
OR
Explain with the help of the diagram the
formation of depletion region and barrier Q.19. The circuit shown in the figure has two
potential in a p-n junction. oppositely connected ideal diodes connected in
OR parallel. Find the current flowing through each
Write briefly the important processes that occurs diode in the circuit.
during the formation of p-n n junction. With the
help of necessary diagrams, explain the term
barrier potential.
Q.13. State briefly the processes involved in the
formation of p-n junction explaining
xplaining clearly how
the depletion region is formed.
Q.20. Assuming thatt the two diodes D1 and D2
OR
used in the electric circuit shown in the figure are
Explain with the help of diagram, how a depletion
ideal, find out the value of the current flowing
layer and barrier potential are formed in a
through 1 Ω resistor.
junction diode.
Q.14. At equilibrium, in a p-n n junction diode the
net current is
a) Due to diffusion of majority charge carriers
b) Due to drift of minority charge carriers
c) Zero as diffusion and drift currents are equal and
opposite
d) Zero as no charge carriers cross the junction Q.21. Explain the formation of potential barrier
Q.15. How does an increase in doping and depletion region in a p-n
p junction diode.
concentration affect the width of depletion layer What is effect of applying forward bias on the
of a p-n junction diode ? width of depletion region ?
Q.16. Explain the term ‘depletion leyer’ and Q.22. In the following diagram, is the junction
‘potential barrier’ in a p-n n junction diode. How diode forward biased or reverse biased ?
are the (a) width of depletion layer, and (b) value
of potential barrier affected when the p p-n
junction is forward biased ? Q.23. Draw V-II characteristics of a p-n
p junction
Q.17. Draw V-II characteristics of a p p-n junction diode.
diode. Explain, why the current under reverse Answer the following questions, giving reasons.
rea
bias is almost independent of the applied voltage (i) Why is the current under reverse bias almost
up to the critical voltage. independent of the applied potential upto a
Q.18. The V-II characteristic of a silicon diode is as critical voltage ?
shown in the figure. Calculateulate the resistance of (ii) Why does the reverse current show a sudden
the diode at (i) I = 15 mA and (ii) V = ‒10 V increase at the critical voltage ?
Q.24. Explain briefly with the help of necessary
diagrams,
ms, the forward and the reverse biasing of
BHARDWAJ PHYSICS PHYSICS BY : PRAVESH BHARDWAJ (8826956514)
a p-n junction diode. Also draw their Q.32. Draw the circuit diagram of a half wave
characteristic curves in the two cases. rectifier and explain its working.
OR OR
Draw the circuit arrangement for studying the V-I Draw the circuit diagram of a p-n diode used as a
characteristics of a p-n junction diode in (i) half-wave rectifier. Explain its working.
forward and (ii) reverse bias. Briefly explain how Q.33. (i) With the help of a labeled circuit
the typical V-I characteristics of a diode are diagram, explain how a junction diode is used as a
obtained and draw these characteristics. full wave rectifier. Draw its input, output wave-
Q.25. Explain, how the heavy doping of both p and forms.
n-side of a p-n junction diode results in the (ii) How do you obtain steady d.c. output from the
electric field of the junction being extremely high pulsating voltage ?
even with a reverse bias voltage of a few volts. Q.34. In a pure semiconductor crystal of Si, if
Q.26. Define the terms ‘depletion layer’ and antimony is added then what type of extrinsic
‘barrier potential’ for a p-n junction. How does (i) semiconductor is obtained. Draw the energy band
an increase in the doping concentration and (ii) diagram of this extrinsic semiconductor so
biasing across the junction, affect the width of the formed.
depletion layer ? Q.35. Draw the energy band diagram when
Q.27. The ability of a junction diode to _________ an intrinsic semiconductor (Ge) is doped with
alternating voltage, is based on the fact that it impurity atoms of Antimony (Sb). Name the
allows current to pass only when it is forward extrinsic semiconductor so obtained and majority
biased. charge carriers in it.
Q.28. Give two difference between a half wave Q.36. Draw energy band diagram of p and n type
rectifier and a full wave rectifier. semiconductors. Also write two differences
Q.29. With the help of a circuit diagram, explain between p and n type semiconductors.
briefly how a p-n junction diode works as a half- Q.37. When a voltage drop across a pn junction
wave rectifier. diode is increased from 0.70 V to 0.71 V, the
Q.30. (i) Draw V-I characteristics of a p-n junction change in the diode current is 10 mA. What is the
diode. dynamic resistance of diode ?
(ii) Differentiate between the threshold voltage Q.38. How does the width of a depletion region of
and the breakdown voltage for a diode. a pn junction vary if doping concentration is
(iii) Write the property of a junction diode which increased ?
makes it suitable for rectification of ac voltages. Q.39. In half wave rectification, what is the output
Q.31. Draw the circuit diagram of a full wave frequency if input frequency is 25 Hz.
rectifier and explain its working. Also, give the Q.40. Explain with a proper diagram how an ac
input and output waveforms. signal can be converted into dc (pulsating) signal
OR with output frequency as double than the input
A student wants to use two p-n junction diodes to frequency using pn junction diode. Give its input
convert alternating current into direct current. and output waveforms.
Draw the labeled circuit diagram she would use Q.41. Suggest an idea to convert a full wave
and explain how it works. rectifier to a half wave rectifier by changing the
OR connecting wire/s. Draw the diagram and explain
Draw the circuit diagram of a full rectifier and your answer.
state how it works.
OR
Explain briefly, with the help of circuit diagram,
the working of a full wave rectifier. Draw its input
and output waveforms.