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inductive_and_deductive_reaosning

The document discusses problem solving and reasoning in mathematics, emphasizing the importance of understanding problems for effective solutions. It distinguishes between inductive and deductive reasoning, providing examples of each, and highlights the role of conjectures and counterexamples. Additionally, it touches on problem-solving strategies and the significance of recreational math in enhancing problem-solving skills.

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Eena Gee
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© © All Rights Reserved
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14 views

inductive_and_deductive_reaosning

The document discusses problem solving and reasoning in mathematics, emphasizing the importance of understanding problems for effective solutions. It distinguishes between inductive and deductive reasoning, providing examples of each, and highlights the role of conjectures and counterexamples. Additionally, it touches on problem-solving strategies and the significance of recreational math in enhancing problem-solving skills.

Uploaded by

Eena Gee
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PROBLEM SOLVING AND

REASONING
PROBLEMS, REASONS, AND SOLUTIONS
IN MATHEMATICS
Deeper understanding of problems leads to better solutions. The problems and
solutions alike vary and may range from simple to difficult. Mathematics provides
the central piece that allows one to discover ways to come up with a practical
solution
Mathematical reasoning stems from understanding problems. It is how the
problems are observed and analyzed. From this analysis, mproblems can be solved
with relative ease.
There are multiple ways to solve a problem.Information is very critical. The more
information gathered, the more practical and reasonable the solution will be.
INDUCTIVE REASONING
Inductive reasoning is the process of making general
conclusions founded on detailed examples.
Is the process of getting a general conclusion by
observing the specific examples. The conclusion
formed is called conjecture. Conjecture is an idea
based on incomplete information. This may be true or
false. In this case, counterexamples are very useful to
prove the validity of conjectures. These are the
statements that contradict the claims of conjectures.
EXAMPLES
1.Consider the list of numbers below.Predict the next
number.
a. 4, 8, 12, 16, ?
Solution: Add 4 to the preceding number.The next
numberin the list is 20.
b. 1, 6, 16, 31, 51, ?
Solution: The first two numbers have a difference of 5. The
second and third numbers have a difference of 10.
Continuing this process, the difference of consecutive two
numbers is a multiple of 5. Therefore, the next number in
the list is 76.
EXAMPLES
2. Ms. Jen is pretty. She is my math teacher.
Therefore, all math teachers are pretty.

3.EDSA is a major thorough fare which has a


speed limit of 60 kilometers per hour.
Therefore, all major thoroughfares have a
speed limit of 60 kilometers per hour.
DEDUCTIVE REASONING
Deductive reasoningis a process of making specific and
truthful conclusions based on general principles.
Is the process of reaching a conclusion by
general assumption, procedures or
principle. It is distinguish from inductive
reasoning since deductive reasoning
is finding conclusion by applying general
principle and procedure in the observation.
EXAMPLES
The following are examples of deductive reasoning:
1. All members of the club can use the club’spool.
Deanna is a memberof the club. Therefore, Deanna
can use the club’s pool.

2. All numbersare divisible by 3 if the sum of the digits


is divisible by 3. Consider
339. The sum of 3, 3 and 9 is 15. Therefore 339 is
divisible by 3.
INDUCTIVE OR DEDUCTIVE?
Jennifer always leaves for school at 7:00 a.m.
Jennifer is always on time. Jennifer assumes, then, that if she
leaves at 7:00 a.m. for school today, she will be on time
All numbers ending in 0 or 5 are divisible by 5. The
number 35 ends with a 5, so it must be divisible by 5.

Elephants have cells in their bodies, and all cells


have DNA. Therefore, elephants have DNA.
INDUCTIVE OR DEDUCTIVE?
The cost of goods was $1.00. The cost of labor to
manufacture the item was $0.50. The sales price of the item was $5.00.
So, the item always provides a good profit for the stores selling it.

All birds have feathers. All robins are birds. Therefore, robins
have feathers.

Ray is a football player. All the other football


players on the high school team weigh more than 170 pounds.
Therefore, Ray must weigh more than 170 pounds.
PROOF
COUNTER EXAMPLES
A statement is a true statement provided that it is true in
all cases. If you can find one case for which a statement is
not true, called a counterexample, then the statement is a
false statement.
COUNTER EXAMPLES
COUNTER EXAMPLES
MATHEMATHICAL INTUITION
CERTAINTY
In math, this one is something that is accurate and absolute.

Examples:
The angle sum of any triangle equals two right angle
Pythagoeran Theorem which states that in a right triangle, the
square of the length of the hypotenuse (the side opposite the right
angle) is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides.
Prove that for all positive integers n, the sum of the first n positive
integers is equal to (n * (n + 1)) / 2.
PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGIES
PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGIES

GEORGE PÓLYA
EXAMPLES:
Example 1: Twice the difference of a number and 1 is 4 more than that number. Find
the number.
EXAMPLES:
Example 1: Twice the difference of a number and 1 is 4 more than that number. Find
the number.
EXAMPLES:
Example 1: Carol has written a number pattern that begins with 1, 3, 6, 10, 15. If she
continues this pattern, what are the next four numbers in her pattern?
EXAMPLES:
Example 1: Carol has written a number pattern that begins with 1, 3, 6, 10, 15. If she
continues this pattern, what are the next four numbers in her pattern?
SOME EXAMPLES OF PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGIES:
SOME EXAMPLES OF PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGIES:
SOME EXAMPLES OF PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGIES:
SOME EXAMPLES OF PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGIES:
SOME EXAMPLES OF PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGIES:
SOME EXAMPLES OF PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGIES:
I think of number and add three to it, multiply the result by 2, subtract 4
and divide 7. The number I ended up is 2. What was the number I first
thought of?
1. You start with a number (let's call it "N").
2. You add three to it, which gives you (N + 3).
3. You multiply the result by 2, so you have 2 * (N + 3).
4. You subtract 4 from the previous result, which gives you 2 * (N + 3) - 4.
5. Finally, you divide the result by 7, and you end up with (2 * (N + 3) - 4) / 7 = 2.
SOME EXAMPLES OF PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGIES:
SOME EXAMPLES OF PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGIES:
SOME EXAMPLES OF PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGIES:
SOME EXAMPLES OF PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGIES:
RECREATIONAL PROBLEMS USING MATHEMATICS
Puzzles and riddles are perhaps the most well-known
activities within recreational math. Math puzzles and riddles
are fun and interesting, and they help improve problem
solving skills and thinking capacity! Puzzles and riddles are
also an important area of research for many
mathematicians.
RECREATIONAL PROBLEMS USING MATHEMATICS
RECREATIONAL PROBLEMS USING MATHEMATICS
MATHEMATICAL PROBLEMS INVOLVING PATTERNS
In solving mathematical problems involving patterns, you need to have an
analyzation on how does a problem be solve.
MATHEMATICAL PROBLEMS INVOLVING PATTERNS
In solving mathematical problems involving patterns, you need to have an
analyzation on how does a problem be solve.
MATHEMATICAL PROBLEMS INVOLVING PATTERNS
In solving mathematical problems involving patterns, you need to have an
analyzation on how does a problem be solve.
MATHEMATICAL PROBLEMS INVOLVING PATTERNS

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