Scribd
Upload
24 views

P.4 Notes

The document provides an overview of polynomials, including their definitions, operations such as addition, subtraction, and multiplication, and special products. It explains the vocabulary associated with polynomials and introduces methods like FOIL for multiplying binomials. Additionally, it covers polynomials in multiple variables and includes examples and checkpoints for practice.

Uploaded by

hunterjohn7564
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
24 views

P.4 Notes

The document provides an overview of polynomials, including their definitions, operations such as addition, subtraction, and multiplication, and special products. It explains the vocabulary associated with polynomials and introduces methods like FOIL for multiplying binomials. Additionally, it covers polynomials in multiple variables and includes examples and checkpoints for practice.

Uploaded by

hunterjohn7564
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 28

P.

4 Notes
Polynomials

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 1


Objectives:

• Understand the vocabulary of polynomials.


• Add and subtract polynomials.
• Multiply polynomials.
• Use FOIL in polynomial multiplication.
• Use special products in polynomial multiplication.
• Perform operations with polynomials in several
variables.

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 2


Definition of a Polynomial in x

A polynomial in x is an algebraic expression of the


form
an x n + an−1 x n−1 + an−2 x n−2 + ... + a1x + a0

where an, an-1, an-2, ..., a1 and a0 are real numbers, an  0


and n is a nonnegative integer. The polynomial is of
degree n, an is the leading coefficient, and a0 is the
constant term.

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 3


Polynomials (continued)

When a polynomial is in standard form, the terms are


written in the order of descending powers of the
variable. Thus, the notation that we use to describe a
polynomial in x:
an x n + an−1 x n−1 + an−2 x n−2 + ... + a1x + a0
Simplified polynomials with one, two, or three terms
have special names: monomial (one term); binomial
(two terms); trinomial (three terms).
Simplified polynomials with four or more terms have
no special names.
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 4
Adding and Subtracting Polynomials

Polynomials are added and subtracted by combining


like terms. Like terms are terms that have exactly the
same variable factors.

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 5


Example: Adding and Subtracting Polynomials

Perform the indicated operations and simplify:


(−17 x3 + 4 x 2 − 11x − 5) + (16 x3 − 3x 2 + 3x − 15)

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 6


Example
(3 x − 4 x + 7) − (5 x + 8 − 2 x )
2 2

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 7


Checkpoint 1

Add or subtract and simplify.


a. (−9 x 3 + 7 x 2 − 5 x + 3) + (13x 3 + 2 x 2 − 8 x − 6)

(7 x − 8 x + 9 x − 6) − (2 x − 6 x − 3 x + 9)
3 2 3 2
b.

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 8


Multiplying Polynomials

The product of two monomials is obtained by using


properties of exponents.
We use the distributive property to multiply a
monomial and a polynomial that is not a monomial.
To multiply two polynomials when neither is a
monomial, we multiply each term of one polynomial by
each term of the other polynomial. Then combine like
terms.

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 9


Example: Multiplying a Binomial and a Trinomial

Multiply: (5 x − 2)(3x − 5 x + 4)
2

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 10


Checkpoint 2

Multiply: (2 x + 3)( x + 4 x + 5)
2

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 11


The Product of Two Binomials: FOIL

Any two binomials can be quickly multiplied by using


the FOIL method:
F represents the product of the first two terms in each
binomial.
O represents the product of the outside terms.
I represents the product of the inside terms.
L represents the product of the last, or second terms
in each binomial.

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 12


Example: Using the FOIL Method

Multiply: (7 x − 5)(4 x − 3)

F
O
I
L

Product:

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 13


Checkpoint 3

Multiply: (3 x + 4)(5 x − 3)

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 14


Special Products

There are several products that occur so frequently that


it’s convenient to memorize the form, or pattern, of
these formulas. If A and B represent real numbers,
variables, or algebraic expressions, then:

Difference of Squares
( A + B)( A − B) = A − B
2 2

( A + B)2 = A2 + 2 AB + B 2 Squaring a Binomial


( A − B)2 = A2 − 2 AB + B 2
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 15
Example: Finding the Product of the Difference of
Squares

Multiply: (7 x + 8)(7 x − 8)

(2 y − 5)(2 y + 5)
3 3

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 16


Example: Squaring a Binomial

Multiply:
( x + 10) 2

(5 x + 4 ) 2

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 17


Multiply:

( x − 9) 2

(7 x − 3) 2

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 18


Checkpoint 4

Multiply:
a. (4 y + 3)(4 y − 3)
b.
(5a + 6)(5a − 6)
4 4

( x + 3) 2
c.
d. ( x − 4) 2
e. (5 y − 6) 2

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 19


Special Products
( A + B ) = A + 3 A B + 3 AB + B
3 3 2 2 3

( A − B ) 3 = A3 − 3 A2 B + 3 AB 2 − B 3
Multiply:

( x + 4) 3

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 20


Example:

Multiply:
(5 x − 2) 3

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 21


Checkpoint 5

Multiply:

(3 x + 2 ) 3
a.

( x − 5) 3
b.

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 22


Polynomials in Several Variables

A polynomial in two variables, x and y, contains the


sum of one or more monomials in the form axnym.
The constant, a, is the coefficient.
The exponents, n and m, represent whole numbers. The
degree of the monomial axnym is n + m.
The degree of a polynomial in two variables is the
highest degree of all its terms.

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 23


Example: Subtracting Polynomials in Two Variables

Subtract: ( x 3
− 4 x 2
y + 5 xy 2
− y 3
) − ( x 3
− 6 x 2
y + y 3
)

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 24


Example: Multiplying Polynomials in Two Variables

Multiply: (7 x − 6 y )(3 x − y )
2

Each of the factors is a binomial, so we can apply the


FOIL method for this multiplication.
F
O
I
L

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 25


Checkpoint 6

Multiply:
a. ( x + 4 y )(3 x − 5 y )

b. (5 x + 3 y ) 2

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 26


Checkpoint Answers

CP 1
a. 4 x + 9 x − 13x − 3
3 2

b. 5 x − 2 x + 12 x − 15
3 2

CP 2
2 x + 11x + 22 x + 15
3 2

CP 3
15 x + 11x − 12
2

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 27


CP 4 CP 5

16 y − 9
2 a. 27 x + 54 x + 36 x + 8
3 2
a.
b. 25a 8 − 36 b. x − 15 x + 75 x − 125
3 2

c.
x + 6x + 9
2 CP 6

9 x 2 + 42 x + 49 a.
3 x + 7 xy − 20 y
2 2

d.
e. x − 8 x + 16
2 25 x 2 + 30 xy + 9 y 2
b.
f. 25 y 2 − 60 y + 36

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 28

You might also like