48 Circuit Elements

By combining the equation for power, p = vi, with The voltages and currents of interconnected circuit ele-
Ohm's law, we can determine the power absorbed by a ments obey Kirchhoffs laws:
resistor:
« Kirchhoff's current law states that the algebraic sum
- ,2 r, _ l of all the currents at any node in a circuit equals zero.
p = rR = v /R.
(See page 37.)
(See page 32.) • Kirchhoff's voltage law states that the algebraic sum
of all the voltages around any closed path in a circuit
Circuits are described by nodes and closed paths. A equals zero. (See page 38.)
node is a point where two or more circuit elements join.
When just two elements connect to form a node, they A circuit is solved when the voltage across and the cur-
are said to be in series. A closed path is a loop traced rent in every element have been determined. By com-
through connecting elements, starting and ending at the bining an understanding of independent and dependent
same node and encountering intermediate nodes only sources, Ohm's law, and Kirchhoffs laws, we can solve
once each. (See pages 37-39.) many simple circuits.

Problems
Section 2.1 2.3 a) Is the interconnection of ideal sources in the cir-
cuit in Fig. P2.3 valid? Explain.
2.1 If the interconnection in Fig. P2.1 is valid, find the
total power developed in the circuit. If the intercon- b) Identify which sources are developing power
nection is not valid, explain why. and which sources are absorbing power.
c) Verify that the total power developed in the cir-
cuit equals the total power absorbed.
d) Repeat (a)-(c), reversing the polarity of the
Figure P2.1 20 V source.

e
10 V

Figure P2.3

50 V 40 V 15V

e
5A

20 V

2.2 If the interconnection in Fig. P2.2 is valid, find the

total power developed by the voltage sources. If the
interconnection is not valid, explain why.
2.4 If the interconnection in Fig. P2.4 is valid, find the
power developed by the current sources. If the
interconnection is not valid, explain why.
Figure P2.2
40 V Figure P2.4

10 V( j 20V 100 V e40 V

100 V f>A
5A
 Problems 49

2.5 If the interconnection in Fig. P2.5 is valid, find the Figure P2.8
total power developed in the circuit. If the intercon-
nection is not valid, explain why.

Figure P2.5

20 V

2.9 a) Is the interconnection in Fig. P2.9 valid? Explain.

12V
b) Can you find the total energy developed in the
circuit? Explain.

Figure P2.9
2.6 The interconnection of ideal sources can lead to an
indeterminate solution. With this thought in mind,
explain why the solutions for V\ and v2 in the circuit
20 V
in Fig. P2.6 are not unique.

8A( f ) 100V
Figure P2.6

5mA(t J ,;
i(t J15mA
e 20 V

60 V
Sections 2.2-2.3
2.10 A pair of automotive headlamps is connected to a
12 V battery via the arrangement shown in
Fig. P2.10. In the figure, the triangular symbol • is
used to indicate that the terminal is connected
20 mA
directly to the metal frame of the car.
a) Construct a circuit model using resistors and an
independent voltage source.
2.7 If the interconnection in Fig. P2.7 is valid, find the
b) Identify the correspondence between the ideal
total power developed in the circuit. If the intercon-
circuit element and the symbol component that
nection is not valid, explain why.
it represents.

Figure P2.7 Figure P2.10

50 V f J25A

6 iA \+/ 80VM

2.8 Find the total power developed in the circuit in

Fie. P2.8 if v„ = 5 V.
50 Circuit Elements

2.11 The terminal voltage and terminal current were Figure P2.13
measured on the device shown in Fig. P2.11(a). The »(V) p ( m W )
values of v and i are given in the table of
-10 17.86
Fig. P2.11(b). Use the values in the table to con-
struct a circuit model for the device consisting of a
FT -5 4.46
single resistor from Appendix H.
© 5
10
15
4.46
17.86
40.18
Figure P2.ll
20 71.43
i (mA) y(V)
(a) (b)
-4 -108
-2 -54
2 54
2.14 The voltage and current were measured at the ter-
4 108 minals of the device shown in Fig. P2.14(a). The
6 162 results are tabulated in Fig. P2.14(b).
(a) (b) a) Construct a circuit model for this device using
an ideal current source and a resistor.
b) Use the model to predict the amount of power
the device will deliver to a 20 il resistor.

2.12 A variety of current source values were applied to

Figure P2.14
the device shown in Fig. P2.12(a). The power
absorbed by the device for each value of current is vt(V) ;,(A)
recorded in the table given in Fig. P2.12(b). Use the 100 0
^ - +
values in the table to construct a circuit model for 120 4
the device consisting of a single resistor from
140 8
Appendix H.
160 12
180 16
Figure P2.12 (a) (b)
/ (/xA) p ( m W )
50 5.5
100 22.0 2.15 The voltage and current were measured at the ter-
150 49.5 minals of the device shown in Fig. P2.15(a). The
200 88.0 results are tabulated in Fig. P2.15(b).
250 137.5 a) Construct a circuit model for this device using
300 198.0
an ideal voltage source and a resistor.
b) Use the model to predict the value of it when v,
(b)
is zero.

Figure P2.15
vt(V) *<A)
2.13 A variety of voltage source values were applied to 50 0
the device shown in Fig. P2.13(a). The power 66 2
absorbed by the device for each value of voltage is 82 4
recorded in the table given in Fig. P2.13(b). Use the
98 6
values in the table to construct a circuit model for
the device consisting of a single resistor from 114 8
Appendix H. 130 10

(a) (b)
 Problems 51

2.16 The table in Fig. P2.16(a) gives the relationship Figure P2.17
between the terminal current and voltage of «k(V) is (mA)
the practical constant current source shown in
24 0
Fig. P2.16(b).
22 8
a) Plot is versus vs.
20 16
b) Construct a circuit model of this current source
that is valid for 0 < vs s 75 V. based on the 18 24 CVS
equation of the line plotted in (a). 15 32
c) Use your circuit model to predict the current 10 40
delivered to a 2.5 kfl resistor. 0 48
d) Use your circuit model to predict the open-circuit (a) (b)
voltage of the current source.
e) What is the actual open-circuit voltage?
f) Explain why the answers to (d) and (e) are not Section 2.4
the same.
2.18 a) Find the currents ir and i2 in the circuit in
PSPICE Rg.P2.18.
MUITISIM °

Figure P2.16 b) Find the voltage va.

is (mA) Vs (V) c) Verify that the total power developed equals the
20.0 0 total power dissipated.
17.5 25
15.0 50 Figure P2.18
12.5 75 15011
9.0 100
4.0 125
1.5 A 250 O
0.0 140
(a) (b)

2.19 Given the circuit shown in Fig. P2.19, find

PSPICE
MULTISIM a) the value of (a,
2.17 The table in Fig. P2.17(a) gives the relationship b) the value of / b ,
between the terminal voltage and current of c) the value of v(„
the practical constant voltage source shown in
Fig. P2.17(b). d) the power dissipated in each resistor,
e) the power delivered by the 50 V source.
a) Plot vs versus is.
b) Construct a circuit model of the practical source
that is valid for 0 < is < 24 mA, based on the Figure P2.19
equation of the line plotted in (a). (Use an ideal
voltage source in series with an ideal resistor.)
c) Use your circuit model to predict the current
delivered to a 1 kO resistor connected to the
50 V 8012
terminals of the practical source.
d) Use your circuit model to predict the current
delivered to a short circuit connected to the ter-
minals of the practical source.
e) What is the actual short-circuit current?
2.20 The current ia in the circuit shown in Fig. P2.20 is
f) Explain why the answers to (d) and (e) are not P5PICE
2 mA. Find (a) i.,; (b) L: and (c) the power delivered
V
the same. MULTISIM *•
by the independent current source.
 52 Circuit Elements

Figure P2.20 Figure P2.23

50
—-VW-
-4A
4kO 4H ion
240 v r * j —'VW-

ion: :14fi
60
-AW

2.21 The current i(} in the circuit in Fig. P2.21 is 1 A.

a
MULTISIM ; rinui]. 2.24 The variable resistor R in the circuit in Fig. P2.24 is
b) Find the power dissipated in each resistor. 'SPICE adjusted until va equals 60 V Find the value of R.
c) Verify that the total power dissipated in the cir-
cuit equals the power developed by the 150 V
source. Figure P2.24

Figure P2.21

240 V 12 a

150 V 25 O

2.25 The currents i] and i2 in the circuit in Fig. P2.25 are

21 A and 14 A, respectively.
a) Find the power supplied by each voltage source.
2.22 The voltage across the 16 ft resistor in the circuit in b) Show that the total power supplied equals the
PSPICE
Fig. P2.22 is 80 V, positive at the upper terminal. total power dissipated in the resistors.
MULTISIM
a) Find the power dissipated in each resistor.
b) Find the power supplied by the 125 V ideal volt-
Figure P2.25
age source.
c) Verify that the power supplied equals the total
power dissipated.
147 V h.tsn
Figure P2.22
35 a

15 a 147 V h 1110 a
125 V
6 30 a i6a

2.26 The currents /a and / b in the circuit in Fig. P2.26 are

PSPICE
4 A and —2 A, respectively.
MULTISIM
2.23 For the circuit shown in Fig. P2.23, find (a) R and a) Find ig,
PSPICE
(b) the power supplied by the 240 V source.
MULTISIM b) Find the power dissipated in each resistor.
 Problems 53

c) Find vg. Figure P2.29

d) Show that the power delivered by the current 60 n
source is equal to the power absorbed by all the
other elements.
"i i so n ( | )40 n i v(1 J IO n
r
Figure P2.26 40i 2

ion
2.30 For the circuit shown in Fig. P2.30, calculate (a) iA and
>sptCE
v0 and (b) show that the power developed equals the
40
power absorbed.
100 V

Figure P2.30
5ia

Section 2.5
O ',r

50 V iA | | 18 ft vAioa 20 V
2.27 Find (a) /„, (b) ih and (c) i2 in the circuit in Fig. P2.27.
PSPICE
MULTISIM
Figure P2.27
12 ft
2.31 Derive Eq. 2.25. Hint: Use Eqs. (3) and (4) from
Example 2.11 to express iE as a function of iB. Solve
Eq. (2) for i2 and substitute the result into both
18V
Eqs. (5) and (6). Solve the "new" Eq. (6) for z'i and
substitute this result into the "new" Eq. (5). Replace
iE in the "new" Eq. (5) and solve for iB. Note that
because iCc appears only in Eq. (1), the solution for
iB involves the manipulation of only five equations.

2.28 a) Find the voltage vv in the circuit in Fig. P2.28.

2.32 For the circuit shown in Fig. 2.24, R{ = 40 kO,
MULTISIM b) Show that the total power generated in the cir- PSPICE
R2 = 60 kO, Rc = 750 a , RE = 120 H, Vcc = 10 V,
cuit equals the total power absorbed. MULTISIM
V0 = 600 mV, and /3 = 49. Calculate iB, ic, iE, u3d,
^bd* h-> l\-> vab' f c o and v13. (Note: In the double sub-
Figure P2.28 script notation on voltage variables, the first sub-
0.8 V script is positive with respect to the second
lOkft 500 ft subscript. See Fig. P2.32.)
-VW

15.2 V 25 V Figure P2.32

3

2.29 Find V\ and v* in the circuit shown in Fig. P2.29

PSPICE
when v0 equals 5 V. (Hint: Start at the right end of
MULTISIM
the circuit and work back toward vr)
54 Circuit Elements

Sections 2.1-2.5 2.34 a) Suppose the power company installs some

equipment that could provide a 250 V shock to a
PERSPECTIVE

2.33 It is often desirable in designing an electric wiring human being. Is the current that results danger-
DESIGN
system to be able to control a single appliance from ous enough to warrant posting a warning sign
PROBLEM
two or more locations, for example, to control a and taking other precautions to prevent such a
lighting fixture from both the top and bottom of a shock? Assume that if the source is 250 V, the
stairwell. In home wiring systems, this type of con- resistance of the arm is 400 Cl, the resistance of
trol is implemented with three-way and four-way the trunk is 50 Cl, and the resistance of the leg is
switches. A three-way switch is a three-terminal, 200 Cl. Use the model given in Fig. 2.25(b).
two-position switch, and a four-way switch is a four- b) Find resistor values from Appendix H that could
terminal, two-position switch. The switches are shown be used to build a circuit whose behavior is the
schematically in Fig. P2.33(a), which illustrates a closest to the model described in part (a).
three-way switch, and P2.33(b), which illustrates
a four-way switch. 2.35 Based on the model and circuit shown in Fig. 2.25,
a) Show how two three-way switches can be con- PERSPECWE draw
a circuit model of the path of current through
nected between a and b in the circuit in the human body for a person touching a voltage
Fig. P2.33(c) so that the lamp / can be turned ON source with both hands who has both feet at the
or OFF from two locations. same potential as the negative terminal of the volt-
b) If the lamp (appliance) is to be controlled from age source.
more than two locations, four-way switches are
used in conjunction with two three-way 2.36 a) Using the values of resistance for arm, leg, and
switches. One four-way switch is required for PRACTICAL
trunk provided in Problem 2.34, calculate the
PERSPECTIVE
each location in excess of two. Show how one power dissipated in the arm, leg, and trunk.
four-way switch plus two three-way switches can
b) The specific heat of water is 4.18 X 103 J/kg°C,
be connected between a and b in Fig. P2.33(c) to
so a mass of water M (in kilograms) heated by a
control the lamp from three locations. (Hint:
power P (in watts) undergoes a rise in tempera-
The four-way switch is placed between the
ture at a rate given by
three-way switches.)

Figure P2.33 (IT 2.39 X ]0~4P

°C/s.
dt M

Assuming that the mass of an arm is 4 kg, the

mass of a leg is 10 kg, and the mass of a trunk is
25 kg, and that the human body is mostly water,
how many seconds does it take the arm, leg, and
Position 1 Position 2
trunk to rise the 5°C that endangers living tissue?
(a)
c) How do the values you computed in (b) com-
pare with the few minutes it takes for oxygen
starvation to injure the brain?

2.37 A person accidently grabs conductors connected to

eacn en
PERSPECTIVE d °f a dc voltage source, one in each hand.
3 4
a) Using the resistance values for the human body
Position 1 Position 2
provided in Problem 2.34, what is the minimum
(b) source voltage that can produce electrical shock
sufficient to cause paralysis, preventing the per-
son from letting go of the conductors?

-6 b) Is there a significant risk of this type of accident

occurring while servicing a personal computer,
which typically has 5 V and 12 V sources?

(c)
 Problems 55

2.38 To understand why the voltage level is not the sole voltage difference is created between you and the
determinant of potential injury due to electrical
RSPECWE doorknob, and current flows—but the conduction
shock, consider the case of a static electricity shock material is air, not your body!
mentioned in the Practical Perspective at the start of
Suppose the model of the space between your
this chapter. When you shuffle your feet across a
hand and the doorknob is a 1 Mfl resistance. What
carpet, your body becomes charged. The effect of
voltage potential exists between your hand and
this charge is that your entire body represents a volt-
the doorknob if the current causing the mild shock
age potential. When you touch a metal doorknob, a
is 3 mA?