Secure Authentication system using Biometric

Azhar Joti Sharma Himani

Dept. of Computer Science Engineering Dept. of Computer Science Engineering Dept. of Computer Science Engineering
Chandigarh University Chandigarh University Chandigarh University
Mohali, Punjab, India Mohali, Punjab, India Mohali, Punjab, India
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Shiv Sharan Dixit Shubham Kumar Arpit Negi

Dept. of Computer Science Engineering Dept. of Computer Science Engineering Dept. of Computer Science Engineering
Chandigarh University Chandigarh University Chandigarh University
Mohali, Punjab, India Mohali, Punjab, India Mohali, Punjab, India
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Abstract— In today's world of digital Keywords:Biometrics,Authentication,Security,

transformation, a secure and reliable Encryption, Credentials, Machine Learning, PINs.
authentication system is necessary to prevent
I. INTRODUCTION
unauthorized access and breaches in both actual Authentication by biological means has become an
and virtual data. Traditional authentication important technology in present-day security systems,
mechanisms like password-based and PIN-based being a strong alternative for credentials such as
systems are vulnerable to various forms of security passwords, PINs, or security tokens. With digital services
threats such as phishing, credential leaks, or forming an integral part of our everyday life,
brute-force attacks. Biometric authentication for a authentication has to be secure and trusted to avert
good alternative authenticated verification mode is unauthorized access or data breaches. There is an
found to either contain unique physiological or increasing number of conventional methods being
behavioral distinct user characteristics attacked by cyber threats, credential theft, phishing
attacks, or brute-force attacks. On the contrary, biometric
fingerprints, face or iris recognition, or biometrics.
authentication verifies the identity of people by using
This research undertakes an investigation into the
unique physiological and behavioral characteristics such
effectiveness, security, and challenges of biometric as fingerprints, facial recognition, iris scans, and voice
authentication. It studies the space mapping of patterns. These traits are difficult to replicate, and this
integration multimodal biometrics, encryption, makes biometrics one of the more secure and efficient
and machine learning algorithms to enhance solutions in digital security.
security and minimize spoof identity risks. The The increasing reliance on biometric authentication is
study also addresses the advantage-disadvantage credited mainly to its ability to offer a seamless
argument of security versus privacy versus user experience that is quite user-friendly along with a high
transparency and considers all the topics of degree of security. In contrast with passwords that can
concern related to data storage, biometric easily be forgotten, stolen, or shared, biometric
characteristics naturally belong to one individual and
spoofing, and ethics in these terms. Through
remain through outtime. This technology has been widely
understanding the different existing biometric
applied to
authentication frameworks and betterment design,
it aspires to build up secure and efficient
authentication systems for current applications.
mobile devices, banking systems, healthcare security, learning to increase security without revealing pure
border control, and workplace access management; biometric data.
however, this advancement comes with various Future biometric auths seem to be very promising,
challenges. Constant advances in encryption methods, especially in the innovations that make them more
secure storage, and anti-spoofing solutions must be made secure, user-friendly, and widely applicable. The
to resolve issues such as privacy, data security, and biometric authentication systems will greatly advance
disadvantages to authentication reliability. security frameworks when integrated with various
Indeed, one of the biggest worries within biometric emerging technologies, such as blockchain, quantum
identification is whether the biometric data themselves cryptography, and decentralized identity solutions.
will be kept safe. Biometric data, unlike passwords, Exploring the current terrain of biometrics
cannot be easily reset after a breach. Once compromised, authentication, changes brought by technology, security-
biometric data cannot be changed, making biometrical related challenges, and future trends is what this research
identification all the more harmful when breached. Thus, has set out to do. The study will identify and address the
the secure storage of biometric templates via encryption, key concerns while proposing innovative solutions to
homomorphic computing, and blockchain-based developing more secure and efficient authentication
decentralized identity management becomes systems that will negate the threat posed by evolving
indispensable in reducing risks. Moreover, the cyber threats while ensuring user privacy and
introduction of AI and machine learning into biometric convenience.
systems increases their precision, flexibility, and
defenses against spoofing attacks. AI model analysis of Related Work
small changes in biometric data is a form of making these The infusion of biometric authentication within emergent
systems more reliable and effective. The integration of technologies, such as artificial intelligence, edge
multimodal biometric authentication methods, which computing, and federated learning, has opened up new
combine two or more biometric traits in a manner that avenues of research. Biometric systems driven by AI can
improves security or reduces the acceptance or rejection adapt to transformations in user appearance due to aging
rate, is gaining popularity. A system that uses facial and environmental conditions, ultimately improving
recognition in conjunction with voice authentication thus long-term reliability. Edge computing has made it
creates a stronger deterrent mechanism since it becomes possible for processing to occur in-device, thereby
difficult for an intruder to bypass. In addition, integration reducing reliance on cloud-based authentication and
is being made possible by advancements in biometric improving privacy. Federated learning was evaluated as
authentication aimed at continuous authentication, which a method for training biometric authentication models
means validating user identity at multiple points in time across many devices while maintaining privacy of user
rather than just single login time instances. This is of data.
great help for authentication purposes during money
transfer, corporate security, and high governmental Fingerprint recognition was the primary biometric
applications. application. It still continues to count as among the most
widely-used authentication technique. With this,
With these advancements come ethical and regulatory fingerprint identification works on minutiae-based
hurdles that biometric authentication must overcome to matching and ridge pattern analysis alone. But
thrive on a large scale. Like other kinds of data, biometric researchers identified shortcomings of this system, such
data have privacy concerns associated with them, as denial of service under spoofing using artificial
especially on the grounds of consent, misuse of data, and fingerprints. Thus, the mechanisms of detection to resist
surveillance. Governments and private organizations this intrusion with other corresponding measures are
have to put appropriate data protection laws, such as the liveness detection and sweat pore analysis. Some
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) or machines learning and deep learning developments also
Biometric Information Privacy Act (BIPA), in place to allow for fingerprint verification that provides
provide responsible use of biometric data. In addition to enhancement due to their features extraction and
this, researchers are working on privacy-preserving classification through neural networks. Moreover, the
biometric authentication techniques like biometric entrenched capacitive and ultrasonic fingerprint sensors
hashing and federated systems. in most mobile devices favor fingerprint usage security.
 Several advantages have been derived because of their
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
continuous authentication capabilities. Machine learning
The field of biometric authentication has seen extensive techniques would model typing patterns for
research and development, leading to various innovative authentication (Killourhy and Maxion, 2009). In similar
solutions aimed at enhancing security, usability, and studies, Nixon et al. (2010) explored video-based motion
robustness. Several studies have focused on improving capture to identify a subject at a distance using the
recognition accuracy, reducing vulnerability to spoofing, person's gait. Recently, advances have been made in
and ensuring privacy protection. This section highlights voice authentication, with systems using deep learning-
the major contributions in biometric authentication and based spectrogram models to improve the recognition
discusses existing solutions deployed in real-world accuracy of speakers, such as the work of Lei et al.
applications. (2014). On the other hand, behavioral biometrics still
The early biometric authentication systems relied mainly suffer from changes in behavior from individual users
on fingerprint recognition due to its superior accuracy and require adaptive learning methods.
and user-friendliness. Amongst other advancements, the Multimodal biometric recognition, thus, is the remedy to
minutiae-based extraction techniques were refined by the limitations of each biometric modality. The
researchers, and attempts were made to use deep learning combination of more than one biometric trait such as
techniques to enhance performance. Jain et al. (2020) fingerprint and face, or iris and voice leads to
reported the use of deep neural networks (DNNs) for enhancement in security and reduction of false rejection
fingerprint classification, resulting in a considerable rates. Ross et al. (2006) have noted that score and
reduction in both false rejection and false acceptance decision-level fusion techniques could mitigate the
rates. Fingerprint authentication techniques, however, negative effects of spoofing attacks on biometric
are still vulnerable to spoofing attacks, thus incorporating authentication. Researches are still ongoing on fusing
liveness detection mechanisms. biometric data with or without other biometrics for better
The same evolution is seen in face recognition, wherein security provisions through blockchain.
several new generation deep learning methods such as The aspect of ensuring the security and privacy of
FaceNet and DeepFace have improved their accuracy in biometric data has called for research in this regard, as
strenuous conditions. Parkhi et al. (2015) and Schroff et techniques for biometric template protection.
al. (2017), for example, showed that convolutional neural Cancellable biometrics were introduced by Ratha et al.
networks (CNNs) have been exploited for extracting (2001), whereby biometric templates could be
deep feature representations for reliable authentication. transformed to be revoked when compromised. Other
However, contrasting findings were also reported by Deb recent methods involve the use of homomorphic
et al. in 2019, mentioning that high-resolution encryption and secure multiparty computation for
photographs and video footage could be used in privacy-preserving authentication systems. Kerschbaum
adversarial and presentation attacks against face et al. (2019) looked into biometric hashing mechanisms
recognition systems.3D face recognition schemes with that allow secure authentication without disclosing raw
depth-sensing capabilities were developed as a measure biometric data.
against these attacks in the name of improving Biometric authentication systems have been put to use in
robustness. real-world applications across different scopes of life. An
All research regarding iris and retina recognition has excellent example that fits this description is the biometric
observed various types of high reliability and security. Aadhaar system of India. Basically, it conveys more than
Daugman's (2004) famous research on iris recognition a billion people with a secure, integrated fingerprint and
using Gabor wavelet-based feature extraction is still used iris recognition for identity. It is used widely in banking
as a reference for researchers in the field. Recent work operations, such as Apple Face ID, Samsung's ultrasonic
has sought to enhance the capability of iris recognition in fingerprint sensor, and many other banks. Their focus is
and under different environmental factors. Mahalingam to improve convenience for the user. However, concerns
and Ricanek (2013) proposed approaches toward abating are rife about data breaches, standards of facial
occluded or low-quality images of irises to optimize recognition models regarding bias, and the ethical
recognition rates in real-world applications. implications of the same. Research continues on most of
Behavioral biometrics, such as keystroke dynamics, gait these issues.
recognition, and voice identification, have really caught
on with the cyber-public.
 with existing authentication infrastructures.
Overall, while significant advancements have been made
F. Performance Evaluation & Optimization
in biometric authentication, challenges such as spoofing
Performance evaluation is based on the false acceptance
resistance, privacy protection, and adaptive learning
rate (FAR), false rejection rate (FRR), and equal error
remain key areas for future research. The integration of
rate (EER).
AI-driven techniques, federated learning, and
decentralized identity management systems is expected
to drive the next generation of biometric authentication
solutions.
III. METHODOLOGY
A. Acquire and preprocess the biometric data
High resolution sensors have used biometric acquisition
such as fingerprints, face images, voice samples, and iris
scans. Histogram equalization, Gaussian filtering, and
adaptive thresholding are some preprocessing techniques
that improve the quality of the original images. Face
alignment is attained by advanced models like MTCNN
and RetinaFace, while fingerprint images become clearer
thanks to Gabor filtering and ridge thinning.
B. Feature Extraction & Representation Unique
biometric features are extracted through deep learning as
well as traditional methods. Fingerprint recognition that
uses minutiae extraction, SIFT keypoints, and wavelets
will be combined with facial recognition techniques
employing various models such as FaceNet, ArcFace, or
ResNet. Iris recognition employs Gabor wavelet Fig.1 (Authentication system Framework)
transformation and pattern matching based on Hamming
distance.
C. Authentication Model Development Machine-
learning models such as CNNs, SVMs, and Siamese
Networks classify biometric features. Distance metric
learning like Euclidean or cosine similarity indicates that
an authentication attempt was successful. A multimodal
approach to security unites many biometric modalities.
D. Security Enhancements & Anti-Spoofing
Biometric templates are secured by cryptographic hash
functions (SHA-3, Argon2). Liveness detection, such as
blink detection, pulse analysis, and 3D depth sensing,
prevents spoofing attacks. Privacy is safeguarded via
secure enclave processing and homomorphic encryption.
E. System Deployment & Integration System
Deployment & Integration System integration is based
on a client-server model, allowing for on-device Fig.2 (Biometric Authentication Ecosystem)
processing as well as cloud processing. Edge computing
offers advantages of latencies, blockchain-based identity
management assures data integrity. API-based
integration provides compatibility with existing
authentication infrastructures.
 IV. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
The biometric authentication system proposed here relied
on advanced techniques of feature extraction, deep
learning models, security measures against
cryptography, and life detection to develop a
countermeasure against spoofing and possible
unauthorized access. This system covers multiple
biometric modalities like fingerprints, facial recognition,
and iris scanning to bring high reliability and reduced
chances of false acceptance or rejection. Moreover, the
techniques of cryptography will ensure the safety of
biometric templates from issues related to privacy in
biometric data protected storage, privacy in storage, and
maya privacy in data transmission. Biometric
authentication, however, is still challenged by
adversarial attacks, errors in environment variation
occurring in recognition systems, and ethical concerns
regarding using biometric data. It is pertinent to present
that fairness and lesser bias in biometric recognition
systems are upholding, especially in diverse populations,
and real-time processing efficiency requires optimization
Fig.3 (Biometric Authentication Overview) for end users' experiences and system scalability.
In the years to come, work in this area will focus on
integrating more advanced deep learning architectures
like transformer-based biometric recognition models for
competitive performance in feature extraction and
classification. The implementation of federated learning
can ensure better privacy results for decentralized
biometric authentication without any raw data ever being
exposed. Nevertheless, the whole process of identity
management can be further secured if combined with
blockchain technologies, thus providing a decentralized,
tamper-proof record for authentication that minimizes
the risk of a data breach.
Adaptive biometric systems that will churn their user
biometric templates all the more frequently over time in
order to accommodate the natural variations due to
ageing or environmental conditions are another area of
promising research. Furthermore, the methods of fusion
of multimodal authentication will be perfected to make
the system stronger, including behavioral biometrics as
keystroke dynamics and gait recognition, with traditional
physiological biometrics
Future implementations will also work toward the
incorporation of biometric authentication into post-
Fig. 4. (Biometric System Architecture) quantum cryptography in order to have a remedy for
future threats from quantumcomputers.
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