The Contemporary World

people in other nations. Economically, it

Module 1: ORGANIZATION/STRUCTURE OF also refers to the unprecedented scope,
GLOBALIZATION shape, number and complexity of business
relationships conducted across international
● Definitions of Globalization boundaries.
A. In the academe under the new General ● The Interrelated Factors as Discussed in
Education Curriculum, the best scholarly the Three Facets of Globalization
definition of globalization is provided by ➔ Proximity- First, organizations now operate
Manfred Steger. in much closer proximity than ever before to
➔ He described globalization as “the a greater number and range of customers,
expansion and intensification of competitors, suppliers, and government
social relations and consciousness regulators. This proximity, a function of the
across world-time and across “shrinking globe,” is partly a matter of time,
world-space. The first key word as today’s telecommunications technology
expansion may refer to the creation allows people around the world to share
of the international marketplace voice, video, and facsimile information in
including the international cultural minutes.
environment where education, social ➔ Location- the location and integration of an
institutions, material elements are organization’s operations across several
connected and occur at different international boundaries is part of
levels. On the other hand, globalization.
intensification refers to the ➔ Attitude- globalization refers to a new, open
expansion, stretching and behavior about practicing management
acceleration of the networks of the internationally. This attitude combines a
former curiosity about the world outside one’s
B. globalization is defined as the process national borders with a willingness to
through which an increasingly flow of ideas, develop the capabilities for participating in
people, goods and services, technology and the global economy.
capital leads to the integration of economics ● How Governments Influence
and societies at a speed unprecedented in Competitiveness
effect and outcomes ➔ According to Young (1995 as cited by
C. Anthropologist Arjun Appadurai (1996) Abelos et.al, 2006), he concluded that both
argues that there are multiple globalizations government and business need to place a
and it depends on what is being globalized. higher priority on international
It could be an idea, material, and competitiveness. Among specific
nonmaterial culture. The globalization recommendations, he suggested that
system which is aptly called the digital age responsibility for formulating international
has something to do with the context, trade policy and encouraging exports (now
character, content and conduct of power fragmented among multiple government
and shaped up with the changing agencies) should be unified.
configuration of power of the individuals, ➔ Global managers thus operate in a climate
group of the individuals, associations, marked by more aggressive government
corporations, institutions and the efforts to influence how they run their
nation-state organizations.
D. In the context of economics, it is defined as ● Globalization and Competitiveness
the recognition by organizations that ➔ Measuring Globalization
business must have a global, not local ➢ Economic globalization measures
focus. It refers to a new perspective or long distance flow of goods, capital,
attitude about relationships with other and services as well as information
 and perception that company market ➔ The second change concerns the
exchanges relationship between productivity and
➢ Social globalization measures the employment. Productivity continues to
spread of ideas, information, images grow even if employment in manufacturing
and people. remains steady or has declined.
➢ Political globalization measures ➔ The third major change is the emergence
the diffusion of government policies of the world economy as the dominant
in terms of the number of embassies economic unit
and consulates in a country, ➔ The last change is the end of the Cold
membership in international War. The demise of communism as an
organization, likewise participation of economic and political system can be
a country in United Nations peace explained in a specific manner: Communism
missions and similar advocates. is not an effective economic system.
➔ Most of the countries in higher ranking are ● ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
affluent countries or the so-called “Global ➔ There are three types of economic systems:
North.” capitalist, socialist, and mixed.
➔ Market Allocation- relies on households
Module 2: MARKET GLOBALISM and firms to allocate resources. Consumers
decide what goods they desire, and firms
● THE WORLD ECONOMY determine how much is made. The market
➔ Globalism refers to various systems with system is an economic democracy where
scope beyond merely international. It is people have the option to buy according to
used by political scientists, such as Joseph their choice and budget.
Nye, to describe "attempts to understand all ➔ Command Allocation- the country or
the interconnections of the modern nation has broad powers to serve the public
world—and to highlight patterns that interest on what is appropriate based on
underlie them." While primarily associated their judgment. These powers include
with world-systems, it can be used to deciding which products to make and not to
describe other global trends. The term is make them. Consumers are free to spend
also used by opponents of globalization their money on what is available but
such as populist movements. government planners make decisions about
➔ The World Economy has changed what is produced, and therefore, what is
profoundly since WWII available.
➔ Within the past decade, there have been ➔ Mixed allocation- stems on the principle
several remarkable changes in the world that there is no "pure market" or command
economy. allocation system among the world's
➢ Capital movements rather than trade economies. It means all market systems
have become the driving force of the have a command sector and all command
world economy. systems have a market sector which means
➢ Production has become a source of they are mixed.
generating employment. ● WORLD BANK FOUR-CATEGORY
➢ The world economy dominated the SYSTEM
scene. Individual economies play a ➔ LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES- Low-income
subordinating role. countries have a GNP per capita of less
➢ The 75-year struggle between than $766. The characteristics shared by
capitalism and socialism is largely countries at this income level are:
over. ➢ Limited industrialization and a high
➔ The first change is the increased volume percentage of the population
of capital movements.
 engaged in agriculture and variant of liberalism which is often
subsistence farming referred to as neo-liberalism.
➢ High birth rates Neo-liberals see the importance of
➢ Low literacy rates "free trade" although they are more
➢ Heavy reliance on foreign aid inclined on the latter because the
➢ Political instability and unrest attitude toward big business has a
➢ Concentration in Africa south of the big impact on the intrusive
Sahara government action as to policies and
➔ LOW-MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES- regulations.
less-developed countries (LDCs). This is to ➔ Globalization: Inevitable and Irreversible
indicate a contrast with developing ➢ globalization reflects the spread of
(upper-middle-income) countries and irreversible market forces that make
developed (high-income) countries. the global integration of national
Lower-income countries are those with GNP economies inevitable.
per capita between $766 and $3,035. These ➔ NOBODY IS IN CHARGE IF
countries are typically at relatively early GLOBALIZATION
stages of industrialization. ➢ This perspective focuses on the
➔ UPPER-MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES- classical liberal concept of the
countries are also known as industrializing 'self-regulating market'. The
or developing countries with GNP per capita semantic link between
ranging from $3,036 to $9,385. In these 'globalization-market' and the
countries, the percentage of population adjacent idea of 'no leader' is simple.
engaged in agriculture drops sharply as Globalization does not reflect the
people move to the industrial sector and the arbitrary agenda of a particular
degree of urbanization increases. social class or group of the
➔ HIGH-INCOME COUNTRIES- also known undisturbed workings of the market
as advanced, developed, industrialized, or indeed preordained a certain course
post-industrial countries. They have GNP of history.
per capita above $9,386. With the exception ➔ GLOBALIZATION BENEFITS EVERYONE
of a few oil-rich nations, the countries in this ➢ The adjacent idea of 'benefits for
category reached their present income everyone' is usually unpacked in
levels through a process of sustained material terms such as 'economic
economic growth. growth' and 'prosperity'. This
● THE SIX CORE CLAIMS OF MARKET perspective is supported by the joint
GLOBALISM statement of powerful industrialized
➔ Globalization: Liberalization and Global nations in 1996 G-7 Summit in
Integration of Markets Lyons, France
➢ The perspective of this first claim ➔ GLOBALIZATION FURTHERS THE
dwells on the vital functions of the SPREAD OF DEMOCRACY IN THE
free market, on its rationality and WORLD
efficiency likewise on its alleged ➢ This claim links 'globalization' and
ability to bring about greater social 'market' to the adjacent concept of
integration and material progress. 'democracy', which also plays a
This can only be realized in a significant role in liberalism,
democratic society that values and conservatism, and socialism.
protects individual freedom. Freeden (1996) coined the world
➢ There are two established ideologies 'Thatcherism'. Globalists tend to
that play an important role in the treat freedom, free markets, free
market. The first is the libertarian
 trade, and democracy as sovereignty and control over all persons and
synonymous terms. things within its boundaries, capable of
➔ GLOBAL REQUIRES WAR ON TERROR waging war, making peace and entering into
➢ Finally, claim 6 is the international relations with other
neo-conservative commitment to communities
'American values' of freedom, ● Nation and State
security, and free markets. This is ➢ Nation is defined as people or aggregation
supported by Robert Kaplan (2003) of men, existing in the form of an organized
in his statement that "you also have society, usually inhabiting a distinct portion
to have military and economic power of the earth, speaking the same language,
behind it, or else your ideas cannot using the same customs, possessing
spread'. This final claim combines historic continuity, and distinguished from
the idea of economic globalization other groups, like by their racial origin and
with openly militaristic and characteristics, and generally, but not
nationalistic ideas associated with necessarily, living under the same
the American-led global War on government and sovereignty
Terror. The logic here is if global ➢ State is more of a political concept while
terror were no longer a major issue, nation is racial or ethnic. However, state and
it would disappear without causing nation are often used interchangeably.
market globalism to collapse. Hence, ● Four Essential Elements of the State
this last and final claim is a 1. People. This is the entire body of those
contingent one and less important citizens of a state who are invested with
than the five previous claims. political power for political purposes (Black’s
● THE INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC Law Dictionary, 6th edition). It is necessary
ENVIRONMENT to the existence of the state. There can be
➔ Economic experts predict that sometime no functionaries to govern and no subjects
early in the next century, Asia will eclipse to be governed without the people.
North America as the world's most powerful 2. Territory. It is a geographical area under
region. The region outpaced the growth of the jurisdiction of another country or
the world's 24 leading industrial economies sovereign power or state. It must be a fixed
by more than six times in 1993, having territory which the inhabitants occupy.
grown at least four times as fast each year ➢ Discovery and Occupation. A state
in the 1990s. may acquire a territory by
discovering a continent, an island or
Module 3: GOVERNMENTS AND CITIZENS IN A land with no inhabitants or occupied
GLOBALLY INTERCONNECTED WORLD OF by uncivilized inhabitants, and
STATES thereafter, occupying it by placing it
under its political administration.
● WHAT IS A STATE? ★ That the parties occupying
➔ A state is a community of persons, more or the territory must have been
less numerous, occupying a definite authorized by the state for
territory, possessing an organized which they are acting;
government, and enjoying independence ★ That the state must by formal
from external control. act evidence its intention to
➔ It is dwelled by people permanently acquire sovereignty over the
occupying a fixed territory and bound by new territory; and
common-law habits and customs into one ★ That it must be established
body, exercising through the medium of an within a reasonable time after
organized government, independent discovery.
 ➢ Prescription. It is the mode of least temporarily, in overturning the
acquiring a territory through institutions of the rightful government
continuous and undisputed exercise by setting its own in lieu thereof.
of sovereignty over it during such ➔ Government by Revolutions
period as is necessary to create ➔ Government by Secession
under the influence of historical ➔ Government by Occupation
development the general conviction 4. Sovereignty. It is the supreme, absolute
that the present condition of things is and uncontrollable power by which an
in conformity with international order independent state is governed. It is the
(Public International Law). paramount control of the constitution and
➢ Secession. It is the assignment, the frame of government and its
transfer, or yielding up of territory by administration
one state or government to another. ➢ There are two kinds of sovereignty:
Secession may be in the form of internal and external. Internal
sale or donation. sovereignty is the power to control
➢ Subjugation and Annexation. It is and direct the internal affairs of a
a mode of acquiring a territory country such as the authority to
belonging to a state by occupation enact, execute, and apply laws.
and conquest made by another state ➢ External sovereignty is the power of
in the course of war and by an independent state to control and
annexation at the end of the war. direct its external affairs such as the
➢ Accretion. It is another mode of authority to enter into treaties with
acquiring territory by addition of other states, to wage war, and to
portions of soil, either artificial such receive and send diplomatic
as the reclamation area in Manila missions.
Bay, or natural by gradual deposition
through the operation of natural Module 4- GLOBALIZATION OF ECONOMIC
causes such as the waves of the RELATIONS
ocean.
3. Government. Government is the totality of ● The Globalization of Trade of Goods and
authorities which rule a society by Services
prescribing and carrying out fundamental ➢ When a country exports more than
rules which regulate the freedom of its imports, it runs a trade surplus. The
members. It is composed of the executive, opposite is Trade Deficit. The large
legislative, judiciary, and administrators with trade deficit in the middle and the
corresponding roles in administering the late 1980s sparked political
affairs of the state controversy that still persists today.
➢ De jure or legitimate government. ➢ theory of comparative advantage,
This is established according to the the advantage in the production of
constitution, and lawfully entitled to goods enjoyed by one country over
recognition and supremacy and another when that good can be
administration of the nation, but produced at lower cost in terms of
which is actually cut off from power other goods than it could be in the
or control. other country.
➢ De facto or illegitimate ● The Globalization of financial and Capital
government. A government that Markets
maintains itself by a display of force ➢ A country enjoys an absolute
against the will of the rightful legal advantage over another country in
government and is successful, at the production of good if it uses
 fewer resources compared to other the removal of internal barriers to
countries. trade and the establishment of
➢ The trade barriers are also called common external barriers, the
obstacles to trade-take in many common market allows for free
forms. The three most common are movements of factors of production.
tariffs, (tax on imports) export ➔ North American Free Trade Agreement
subsidies, (government payments (NAFTA)
made to domestic firms to ➢ The North American Free Trade
encourage exports) and quotas (limit Agreement (NAFTA) is a pact
on the quantity of imports). eliminating most trade barriers
● The Globalization of Technology and between the U.S., Canada, and
Communication Mexico that went into effect on
➢ In part technology transfer and January 1, 1994.
communication have become part of ➔ Andean Community
manpower training in most ➢ Spanish Comunidad Andina (CAN),
agricultural countries. This is so formerly (1969–97) Andean Group,
because of the belief that human South American organization
resources are the ultimate founded to encourage industrial,
determinant of economic advance. agricultural, social, and trade
● The Globalization of Production cooperation.
➢ Production is the process by which ➔ Asia Pacific
inputs are combined and ➢ The Asia-Pacific region refers to the
transformed into output. The output regions of East or Northeast Asia,
can be produced by the number of Southeast Asia. The region
several techniques. In choosing the accounted for approximately 1/3 of
most appropriate technology, firms global income since 1997.
can choose the one that maximizes ● Association of Southeast Asian Nations
the cost of production. (ASEAN)
● PREFERENTIAL TRADE AGREEMENTS ➔ ASEAN is the Flagship preferential
➔ Free Trade Areas agreement in the Asia Pacific area. The
➢ formed when two or more countries Association of Southeast Asian Nations
agree to abolish all internal barriers (ASEAN) was formed in 1967 by Indonesia,
to trade among themselves. Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and
Countries who belong to the free Thailand to promote political and economic
trade area can do and maintain cooperation and regional stability.
independent trade policies with ● THE EUROPEAN UNION
respect to non-FTA countries. A ➔ international organization comprising 27
system of certificate of origin is used European countries and governing common
to avoid trade diversion in favor of economic, social, and security policies.
low-tariff members. Originally confined to western Europe, the
➔ Customs Union EU undertook a robust expansion into
➢ represents the logical evolution of a central and eastern Europe in the early 21st
free trade area. In addition to century.
eliminating internal barriers to trade, ● THE MIDDLE EAST
members of a custom union ➔ the lands around the southern and eastern
establish common external barriers. shores of the Mediterranean Sea,
➔ Custom Market encompassing at least the Arabian
➢ It is the next step in the spectrum of Peninsula and, by some definitions, Iran,
economic integration. In addition to North Africa, and sometimes beyond.
● ECONOMIC COOPERATION OF WEST ● 6 (SIX) IMPORTANT FACTS ABOUT
AFRICAN STATES INTERNATIONAL TRADE
➔ African organization established by the 1. Less tariffs means greater trade
Treaty of Lagos in May 1975 to promote 2. There is no need for trade wars.
economic trade, cooperation, and 3. Trade brings prices down.
self-reliance. The organization seeks to 4. More trade means more choices.
harmonize agricultural policies and to 5. Innovation fuels trade
facilitate the free movement of peoples, 6. Trade fights poverty.
services, and capital between members. ● MCDONALDIZATION OF SOCIETY
● South African Development Community ➔ refers to the increasing presence of the fast
➔ established on 1 April 1980 was the food business model in common social
precursor of the Southern African institutions. This business model includes
Development Community (SADC). The efficiency (the division of labor),
SADC was transformed into the SADC on predictability, calculability, and control
17 August 1992 in Windhoek, Namibia (monitoring).
where the SADC Treaty was adopted,
redefining the basis of cooperation among Module 5- THE RISE OF GLOBAL
Member States from a loose association CORPORATION
into a legally binding arrangement.
● ORGANIZATION OF THE PETROLEUM ● A global corporation, also known as a global
EXPORTING COUNTRIES (OPEC) company, is coined from the base term
➔ intergovernmental organization of 14 ‘global’, which means all around the world.
nations, founded on 14 September 1960 in ● PRESENCE IN KEY GLOBAL MARKETS
Baghdad by the first five members, and ➔ The United states, Japan and Western
headquartered since 1965 in Vienna, Europe account for about half of the world’s
Austria. total consumption. They share certain
● THE BRETTON WOODS SYSTEM important economic and demographic
➔ The system of monetary management conditions such as high income levels, and
established the rules for commercial and high GNP values. It has been argued by
financial relations among the United States, Ohmae, 1990 that a firm cannot truly
Canada, Western European countries, compete on a global scale if it is not present
Australia, and Japan after the 1944 Bretton in this “triad.”
Woods Agreement. The chief features of the ● COMPETITIVE STRATEGY OF GLOBAL
Bretton Woods system were an obligation CORPORATIONS
for each country to adopt a monetary policy ➔ Cost leadership is a tough strategy for
that maintained its external exchange rates small businesses to implement, because it
within 1 percent by tying its currency to gold requires a long-term commitment to selling
and the ability of the IMF to bridge your products and services at a cheap price.
temporary imbalances of payments. ➔ Differentiation Strategy- Identifying an
● DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND attribute or characteristic that makes your
INTERNATIONAL TRADE product or service unique is the driving
➔ UNCTAD is the part of the UN Secretariat factor in a differentiation strategy.
dealing with trade, investment, and ➔ cost focus strategy is similar to a cost
development issues. The organization's leadership strategy, but the major difference
goals are to: "maximize the trade, is that in a cost focus strategy your business
investment and development opportunities targets a very specific segment of the
of developing countries and assist them in market and offers that market the lowest
their efforts to integrate into the world prices available
economy on an equitable basis".
➔ Differentiation Focus Strategy- Like the ➢ three primary issues that concern
cost focus strategy, the differentiation focus global managers: procurement,
strategy targets a very specific segment of a production, and delivery.
market, but rather than offering the lowest ★ Procurement involves
prices to the buyers in that market, a decisions about the source,
business offers something unique that timing, and means of
competitors aren’t offering. obtaining needed inputs.
● GLOBALIZATION DRIVERS ★ Production involves the
➔ Market Drivers- One aspect of globalization location, type and
is the steady convergence of customer coordination of facilities, as
needs. As customers in different parts of the well as total quality
world increasingly demand similar products management.
and services, opportunities for scale arise ★ Delivery involves getting the
through the marketing of more or less finished product to the
standardized offerings. customer and logistical
➔ Cost Globalization Drivers- globalization networks as they apply to the
of customer needs and the opportunities for entire operational system.
scale and standardization it brings will ● Procurement Issues
fundamentally alter the economics of many ➔ Managers have to select the best
industries. Economies of scale and scope, source for their inputs, decide on the
experience effects, and exploiting most effective means of obtaining
differences in factor costs for product them, and determine the right timing
development, manufacturing, and sourcing in acquiring them.
in different parts of the world will assume a ● Timing Issues
greater importance as determinants of ➔ Timing of shipment and receipt of
global strategy. supplies are also important
➔ Competitive Drivers- Industry considerations.
characteristics—such as the degree to ● Production Issues
which total industry sales are made up by ➔ involves the location, type and
export or import volume, the diversity of coordination of facilities, as well as
competitors in terms of their national origin, total quality management and
the extent to which major players have coordinating facilities.
globalized their operations and created an ● CHALLENGES OF GLOBALIZATION
interdependence between their competitive 1. One is to ensure that the benefits of
strategies in different parts of the globalization extend to all countries.
world—also affect the globalization potential 2. The second is to deal with the fear
of an industry. that globalization leads to instability,
➔ Government globalization drivers—such which is particularly marked in the
as the presence or absence of favorable developing world.
trade policies, technical standards, policies 3. The third challenge is to address the
and regulations, and government operated very real fear in the industrial world
or subsidized competitors or that increased global competition will
customers—affect all other elements of a lead inexorably to a race to the
global strategy and are therefore important bottom in wages, labor rights,
in shaping the global competitive employment practices, and the
environment in an industry. environment.
● MAJOR CONCERNS OF GLOBAL 4. And finally, globalization and all of
MANAGERS the complicated problems related to
it must not be used as excuses to
 avoid searching for new ways to ➔ Decolonization. The end of the Second
cooperate in the overall interest of World War was the high point of
countries and people. decolonization.
➔ The Emergence of the Third World
Module 6- GLOBAL POLITICS, GOVERNANCE, Countries. It consisted of non-aligned
AND THE GLOBALIZATION IN THE countries, charting a middle way between
ASIA-PACIFIC AND SOUTH ASIA the first and the second worlds. The
➔ Emergence of Conservative
● THE GLOBAL NORTH-SOUTH DIVIDE Anti-Western Nationalism and
➔ The environment where these global Regionalism. Countries like Malaysia
corporations are located will tell the reveal how criticisms of neo-colonialism
difference of how globalization affects may turn reactionary (Berger, 2004).
people by geography. ● Why global Powers are focused on
➔ globalization has indeed created inequality. Asia-Pacific and South Asia
● GLOBAL INEQUALITY AND THE FUTURE ➔ Asia-Pacific and South Asia had
➔ All societies past and present are emerged over the past decade as a
characterized by differentiation, a process in new political force in the world.
which people are set apart for differential ➔ Japan still remains relevant through
treatment by virtue of their statuses, roles, a declining force in the region and
and other social characteristics. The the world, and other countries
process of social differentiation does not including the Koreas, Indonesia,
require that people evaluate certain roles Vietnam, and Pakistan all have
and activities as being more important than economic and strategic relevance in
others. today’s global system.
● REASONS ON ANALYZING STATES AND ➔ The Asia-Pacific has become a key
INTERSTATES INEQUALITIES driver of politics. Stretching from the
➢ The decolonization process Indian subcontinent to the western
produced states, now recognized as shores of the Americas, the region
sovereign under the system of spans two oceans - the Pacific and
international law promoted by the the Indian- that are increasingly
United Nations. linked by shipping and strategy. It
➢ Solutions to problems produced by boosts almost half of the world’s
globalization are largely forwarded population.
and articulated on a state level. ● Effects of Globalization in the Region
➢ Even phenomena largely considered ➔ The External Phenomenon. From
transnational are the results of state this perspective, globalization can be
policies. understood as a process that
● COLONIALISM: HOW GLOBAL SOUTH transforms the Asia-Pacific and
RESPONDED South Asia. On the one hand, it can
➔ Solidarity. The notion of solidarity among be seen as a force for good signs for
colonized states was present from the bringing economic development,
beginning of anti-colonialism. political progress, and social and
➔ Socialist Internationalism. The Socialist cultural diversity to the region.
International (the union of socialist parties, ● The following are the manifestations and
which is now called the social democrats) assertions of externalist view:
paved the way for theories that examined ➢ Historical narratives account of the
the world economic system in the light of Western “arrival” to the Asia-Pacific
exploitive interactions between core and and South Asia.
peripheral economies.
 ➢ The “first globalization” brought by elsewhere influenced the West as
colonialism from the 1500s brought much as vice versa.
enormous, often devastating ➢ In the post-colonial era, the
changes such as the deep assertion that the Asia-Pacific and
implications for domestic political South Asia are mere beneficiaries
structures in many local indigenous (or victims) of globalization is even
politics. less tenable.
➢ By the 19th and 20th centuries, ➢ China can be seen as pursuing a
movements for nationalism and similar pattern of development today.
independence emerged in many ➢ China at this point now surpassed
parts of the world including the the World Bank in lending to
Asia-Pacific and South Asia. developing countries.
➢ World War II marks another way in ➢ India, while varying considerably
which the region comes to be at with China in terms of political and
once integrated and influenced by economic systems, has opened up
external forces. and emphasized an export-oriented
➢ Economic globalization and strategy.
liberalism brought no doubt broad ➢ India and China, among others in
regional effects as well. the region such as Indonesia, the
➢ Politics too is contributory to Philippines and Sri Lanka, have also
globalization. become a major source of
➢ Finally, one of the most prevalent international migrant labor, which is
critiques of globalization has been its also one of the fundamental
effects on “culture.” characteristics of the era of
● THE REGION AS MORE OF AN globalization.
AUTONOMOUS AGENT SERVING AS AN ➢ Remittances from migrants have
ENGINE FOR GLOBALIZATION also become a core source of
➔ This view shows important ways in which income for many of the region’s
the region is also influencing and economies.
transforming the nature of globalization ➢ The rise of regional trade
itself. Historically, many scholars now argue arrangements is another broad trend
that the early history of Asia led the global in the region.
economy only “falling behind” from the 18th ➢ Open regionalism is embodied by
century. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
● The following are some of the postulates or APEC.
and arguments: ● THE ANTI-GLOBAL IMPULSE:
➢ Some argued that Asia, not the REGIONAL ALTERNATIVES TO
West, was the central global force in GLOBALIZATION
the early modern world economy. It ➢ The Japanese colonialism in the
was the site of the world’s most 1930’s and 1940’s. Japan’s
important trade routes and in some colonization of the region and the
places more technologically building of a supposed Easy Asian
advanced than the West in key Co-Prosperity Sphere merely
areas such as science and replicated imperial relationships in
medicine. East and Southeast Asia wit new
➢ Colonization too has come under a masters.
new view recently as scholars have ➢ The proponents of Asian values
argued that colonies in the such as then-Prince Minister
Asia-Pacific and South Asia and Mohamad Mahathir of Malaysia
 argued that Asia has culturally
distinct characteristics that make it
different from Western liberal
democracies.
➢ The lens of regional arrangements is
another way the region serves as an
alternative to globalization.
➢ The emergence of regional terror
networks, such as Jemaah Islamiyah
or JI. The origins and the
extensiveness of JI are murky, but
its main operations have been in
Indonesia with apparent links in
Malaysia, the Philippines and
Thailand among others.