IoT Based Smart Home and Office Fire Notification

2024 IEEE International Conference on Interdisciplinary Approaches in Technology and Management for Social Innovation (IATMSI) | 979-8-3503-6052-3/24/$31.00 ©2024 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/IATMSI60426.2024.10503336

Alert System
Sunandita Debnath Jashwin Gautam Sahil Kumar Rai
Dept. of ECE Dept. of CSE Dept. of CSE
IIIT Vadodara IIIT Vadodara IIIT Vadodara
Gandhinagar 382028, India Gandhinagar 382028, India Gandhinagar 382028, India
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Abstract—This research paper presents a system model on the real-time information of a fire incident. Authors in [3] also
the design and implementation of a Fire Alert System integrated concluded that MQTT and Amazon Web services are potential
with IoT for early fire detection and action. The primary technical platform for small IoT application for smart home or
objective of this work is to enhance fire safety measures by offices. Several research works aims to deal with the reduction
leveraging IoT technology to detect fires at their early stages, of damages which are unavoidable by the fire disasters.
allowing prompt action to minimize property damage and save Authors in [4], [5], [6], [7] also have proposed several Fire
lives and rescue operations. The proposed system incorporates alarm system design with sensors and various IoT platforms
multiple sensors strategically placed in the smart home for early fire detection and suppression of fatal spreading of
environment to monitor temperature, smoke, and CO levels
fires. In [8], the authors have employed IoT and the YOLOv5
continuously. The implemented model includes range of sensors
along with OLed visual indicator and a loud buzzer to alert
AI model for the early detection of fire and the reduction of
occupants about the potential fire hazards. Additionally, the false positive fire alerts.
system initiates an automatic water sprinkler system to suppress The alarm triggers of the Fire Alert System are carefully
the fire in its preliminary stages. The integration of IoT calibrated to ensure optimal responsiveness. A threshold
technology enables real-time monitoring and remote temperature of 54°C has been defined as the activation point
accessibility of the Fire Alarm System. The collected data from for the heat sensor, while a threshold of 40ppm and 70ppm
the sensors can be transmitted to a centralized monitoring
respectively serves as the activation level for the smoke and
station or accessed via a mobile application, facilitating remote
CO detector. Once these thresholds are exceeded, the system
monitoring, analysis, and control of the fire hazards. The
effectiveness of the Fire Alert System is evaluated through
initiates a series of actions, including visual indicators, audible
hardware implementation and extensive testing scenarios to alarms, and activation of the water sprinkler system, to alert
assess its accuracy, responsiveness, and reliability. The research occupants and tackle the fire spreading.
findings demonstrate the potential of IoT-enabled Fire Alert One of the key advantages of the proposed Fire Alert
System in improving fire safety measures. The prediction of the System is its integration with IoT technology. The system
developed system, combined with prompt alert mechanisms and enables real-time monitoring, data collection, and remote
automated response contributes to enhanced fire prevention for
access through the utilization of the Arduino UNO module
smart home and offices.
and associated connectivity capabilities. Here the Arduino
Keywords—sensors, smart home and offices, internet of things module works as a networking device between the sensors and
(IoT), fire alert system, MQTT the Internet cloud. This connectivity allows for centralized
monitoring and control, as well as remote accessibility via
I. INTRODUCTION mobile applications. Such features empower users to monitor
Fire disaster poses significant risks to life, property, and respond to fire incidents from anywhere, significantly
inhabitant, and the environment. Early detection and prompt enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of fire safety
response are crucial to mitigate these risks effectively [1]. measures.
Traditional fire alarm systems have served as vital safety The objectives of this proposed research work include
measures, but advancements in Internet of Things (IoT) investigating the performance and effectiveness of the IoT-
technology offer new opportunities to upgrade the fire integrated Fire Alert System, comparing it with traditional fire
detection and response system. This research work introduces alert systems, and assessing its potential for improving fire
an IoT-integrated Fire Alert system designed to detect fires at safety practices. Hardware implementation and extensive
their early stages and facilitate swift response measures for testing have been conducted to assess the system's accuracy,
improved fire safety. responsiveness, reliability, and compatibility with various fire
The proposed Fire Alert System (FireRes) incorporates scenarios. By integrating IoT technology into the fire alert
sensors to create a IoT network for smart home or offices. system, this proposed work aims to pave the way for enhanced
These devices work in synergy to monitor critical fire fire safety measures, early fire detection, and efficient
indicators such as temperature, smoke, and carbon monoxide response mechanisms that can save lives, minimize property
levels. By continuously monitoring these parameters, the damage, and protect the surrounding environment and
system can promptly detect and respond to fire hazards. inhabitants.

A plethora of research works have aimed to disaster The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section II
management and minimization of damage through early represents the system hardware, illustrative on its architecture.
detection of fire incidents. In [2], authors introduced a Section III delves into the software aspects of the proposed
configuration free propagation system utilizing pedestrians’ system, specifically focusing on the MQTT protocol and its
mobile phones connected to an ad-hoc network device. The integration within the FireRes alarm system. Section IV
system is responsible for detection, localization as well as of elaborates on the techniques employed for early fire detection

979-8-3503-6052-3/24/$31.00 ©2024 IEEE

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 utilizing our sensor module and algorithms. Lastly, Section V
concludes the work and addresses potential prospects for this
research work.
II. HARDWARE ARCHITECTUTE
The developed fire alert system consists of three blocks
namely a sensory module, internet enabled Arduino UNO, and
Android/iOS application which performs the possibility of
analyzing and visualizing graphical values with varying time.
This Application design provides users to monitor the real
time status of the possibility of an emergency fire alarm on the
mobile application and notify the nearest fire station. In this
section, we have discussed the functions of each hardware part
and how they contribute to fire detection and response. The
Fig. 1. Hardware design of the Fire Alert Sytem (FireRes)
Arduino UNO module functions as the primary control
component that gathers data from the sensors, analyzes it, and
initiates the necessary actions. Monitoring crucial fire
indicators, such as temperature, smoke particle
concentrations, and carbon monoxide levels, is the
responsibility of the heat sensor (AHT10/21), smoke sensor
(photoelectric sensor), and CO (MQ-7) detector. Real-time
data provided by these sensors is essential for precise fire
detection.
Further, we have illustrated the technical attributes of
every hardware component, delving into factors such as
sensitivity, detection range, response time, and variance in
thresholds values. Considering measures like sensor
orientation, calibration, and maintenance while also
examining installation and placement for maximizing the
system performance. Moreover, in this work we have
considered necessary protocols or standards like MQTT
(Message Queueing Telemetry Transport) to ensure
Fig. 2. Hardware design implementation and testing of the FireRes system
dependable data transfer and synchronization with cloud-
based services. Proper positioning and calibration are essential to ensure
A. Arduino UNO accurate readings and reliable fire detection. By providing a
detailed illustration of the Arduino microcontroller and the
The Arduino microcontroller serves as the central
sensor system, we establish a solid understanding of the
processing unit for our Fire Alert System, offering the
hardware foundation of our IoT-integrated Fire Alert System.
necessary computing power and control functionalities to
Fig. 2 illustrates the hardware implementation of the FireRes
manage the sensor inputs, conduct data processing, and trigger
system. This enables readers to comprehend the technical
appropriate responses. The Arduino board acts as the brain of
aspects of the system's hardware components and their roles
the system, executing the algorithmic logic to detect fire
in achieving effective fire detection and response.
incidents and respond accordingly. Our Arduino model is
programmed according to the software logic designed for the III. SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE
detection of any Fire incidence and subsequent actions
To enable seamless communication and remote-control
B. Sensor System capabilities, we implemented the MQTT (Message Queuing
The sensor system plays a vital role in fire detection and Telemetry Transport) protocol to connect the Arduino UNO
monitoring in our FireRes System. In our proposed system, board to the Arduino IoT Cloud App. MQTT is a lightweight
various sensors are employed for detection of fire incidents and widely adopted protocol specifically designed for IoT
such as the temperature and humidity sensor, smoke sensor, applications. It follows a publish-subscribe model, allowing
and gas sensor. The AHT10/21 temperature sensor measures efficient and reliable data transmission between devices. In
the ambient temperature and humidity within the smart room, our implementation, the Arduino UNO acts as a MQTT client,
while the smoke and gas sensors (MQ-2 and MQ-7) are connecting to the MQTT broker hosted by the Arduino IoT
responsible for detecting the presence of potentially harmful Cloud App. The MQTT client library provided by Arduino
gasses and monitors their level. These sensors provide real- simplifies the integration of MQTT functionalities into our
time data that is crucial for precise fire detection and software. It allows us to establish a secure and persistent
prevention. connection with the MQTT broker, ensuring continuous data
exchange and real-time updates.
We discuss the specifications and technical aspects of each
sensor, such as sensing range, resolution, accuracy, and Using the MQTT protocol, we established two-way
response time. Fig. 1 depicts the interconnections between the communication between the Arduino UNO and the Arduino
sensors and the Arduino board, including the wiring and pin IoT Cloud App. The Arduino UNO publishes sensory data and
configurations required for proper data acquisition. system status messages to the MQTT broker, while the Cloud
App subscribes to these topics and receives the data. This

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 enables remote monitoring of the fire alert system, facilitating TABLE I. CRITERIA FOR FIRE ALERT GENERATION
real-time data visualization and analysis. Moreover, the Heat Smoke Carbon Scenario Alert System
MQTT protocol enables control messages to be sent from the Level level (> Monoxide description of levels Actions
Cloud App to the Arduino UNO. This allows users to remotely (>54° 40 level (> the Smart
C) ppm) 70ppm) Home/Office
configure system settings, update threshold values, and trigger
specific actions depending on the deployment scenarios. For High High High Fire with 8 Activate
instance, users can adjust the temperature or gas detection significant alarms and
thresholds based on environmental conditions or send smoke and Sprinkler,
commands to activate or deactivate the sprinkler system or carbon Call the fire
monoxide department.
sending alert to the nearest Fire stations. The MQTT protocol release
provides a robust and efficient communication framework, High High Low Fire with 7 Activate
ensuring reliable data transmission and enabling real-time significant alarms and
monitoring. This implementation provides a scalable and user- smoke but low Sprinkler,
friendly software solution, paving the way for future research carbon Call the fire
monoxide department.
and advancements in IoT-based fire safety systems.
High Low High Intense heat 6 Activate
The Arduino IoT Cloud remote application allows with carbon alarms and
monoxide Sprinkler,
seamless connection between our fire alert system and the release Call the fire
cloud, enabling remote control and monitoring. By signing up department.
for an Arduino IoT Cloud account and defining properties like High Low Low Intense heat 5 Activate
heat level, smoke level, carbon monoxide level, and sprinkler with minimal Alarms and
system status, users can remotely set these values. After smoke and sprinkler.
installing the required libraries and connecting the Arduino carbon
monoxide
board to the IoT Cloud, the data sync feature ensures real-time Low High High Moderate heat 4 Activate
updates between the board and cloud. The application's with significant alarms and
dashboard provides widgets like sliders to adjust levels and smoke and call the fire
buttons for remotely managing the sprinkler system. With this carbon department.
setup, users can monitor the fire alert system's data and monoxide
Low High Low Moderate heat 3 Activate
remotely trigger the sprinkler to address effectively potential
with significant Alarms
fire emergencies. Fig.3 depicted the system model of the smoke but low
proposed FireRes system. carbon
monoxide
Low Low High Low heat with 2 Activate
Carbon Alarms
Monoxide
Release
Low Low Low Normal 1 No Action
Conditions with (Opti Required,
minimal heat, mal Normal
smoke, and CO Cond Operation
ition)

The functional diagram of the Fire alert system begins

with monitoring heat, smoke, and carbon monoxide level. It
evaluates various scenarios depending on the identified
Fig. 3. System model of the proposed Fire alert system (FireRes) surrounding conditions. These scenarios include presence of
significant smoke and carbon monoxide emission indicates a
IV. SYSTEM MODEL AND DETECTION PROCESS fire, prompting notification to the Fire station and activation
of the fire alarms and sending App notification. Other
In the proposed fire detection system, we have employed incidence involves responses based on high heat with low
measures based on heat, smoke, and carbon monoxide to smoke and CO level, or extreme heat without substantial
distinguish various stages of a fire incident, and triggering smoke or CO, and normal condition with low heat and no
appropriate fire alert. The heat level indicates fire intensity, smoke or CO emissions. The flow diagram directs suitable
established at a threshold of 54°C. Crossing this threshold actions and responses, ensuring efficient fire detection and
signifies a high heat situation, signalling a fire presence. control measures. The workflow of the FireRes system is
Smoke level gauges the quantity or density of smoke from the shown in the block level in Fig. 4. Different blocks represent
fire, set precisely at 40 parts per million (ppm). Carbon sensors, data source, MQTT server, MQTT cloud App,
monoxide level, with a threshold of 70 ppm, identifies the Firebase credential system.
release of this hazardous gas during combustion. Through a
combination of these metrics, the severity of the fire alert has Further, an algorithm has been designed to assist the
been evaluated, enabling FireRes system to take necessary efficiency of the smart home Fire Alert system.
actions such as activating alarms, communicating with the
nearest Fire stations, and notifying the users via App as
detailed in the table below.

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 Fig. 4. Flow chart of the decision tree when the sensed values are greater and less than the predefined threshold values

Step 1: The iteration starts at t = 1. The threshold values of Figure 5 shows the user interface dashboard of the mobile
the temperature, smoke, and gas sensors are defined , , App.
and respectively. Concurrently, , , and represents
the respective current values within the smart home or office
where the FireRes system is employed for monitoring.
Step 2: Calculate the difference between the established
threshold values and the current sensed values ,
, and .
Step 3: If | | is less than a safe difference , put
in other words if | | than no alert and
subsequent actions will be generated. Here the safe difference
is defined as the permissible limit that does not indicate a
significant change in the room temperature or gas level, which
could potentially lead to a fire incidence.
Step 4: Now after the predetermined periodic interval of time,
the current values of the respective parameters of the smart
home or office environment will be monitored accordingly.
Then go to Step 2 again and examine the differences and act
in accordance with the process outlined in Step 3.
Fig. 5. User interface dashboard of the designed mobile App

V. CONCLUSION AND FUTUTE SCOPE

In this research work, we have proposed an IoT-integrated
Fire Alert System (FireRes) that improves fire detection and
response through continuous monitoring of temperature,

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 smoke, and carbon monoxide levels. This FireRes system REFERENCES
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