1. Write the role of skin in homeostasis?

The skin helps in regulating body temperature through sweating, protects the body from external damage, and prevents dehydration by acting
as a barrier.

2. Write the types of Coordination.

Nervous Coordination (through the nervous system)

Chemical Coordination (through hormones and the endocrine system)

3. Write the names of two types of cartilage.

Elastic Cartilage

Fibrous Cartilage
4. Write the names of components of Coordination Action.

Stimuli

Receptors

Coordinators

Effectors

Response
5. Write the names of the hormones secreted by ovaries.

Estrogen

Progesterone
6. Write the functions of the hypothalamus.

Regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep, and releases hormones that control the pituitary gland.

7. Write the names of the three main parts of the brain?

Cerebrum

Cerebellum
Medulla Oblongata

8. Write the difference between Elastic cartilage and Fibrous cartilage?

Elastic Cartilage: Contains elastic fibers, making it flexible (e.g., in the ear).

Fibrous Cartilage: Contains thick collagen fibers, providing strength and resistance to compression (e.g., in intervertebral discs).
9. Write four symptoms of pneumonia.

Fever

Cough

Difficulty in breathing

Chest pain
10. Write down types and symptoms of Bronchitis?

Types: Acute and Chronic Bronchitis

Symptoms: Cough, mucus production, wheezing, shortness of breath

11. Write down types of nerves based on axon characters.

Myelinated Nerves: Have a myelin sheath for faster conduction of nerve impulses.

Unmyelinated Nerves: Lack a myelin sheath and conduct impulses slower.

12. Write down the symptoms and treatment of Asthma?

Symptoms: Wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, shortness of breath

Treatment: Inhalers, bronchodilators, avoiding allergens

13. Write down the differences among motor neurons, sensory neurons, and inter-neurons?

Motor Neurons: Transmit impulses from the brain/spinal cord to muscles and glands.

Sensory Neurons: Carry impulses from sensory organs to the brain/spinal cord.
Inter-neurons: Connect motor and sensory neurons and process information.

14. Write down the normal chemical composition of urine?

Water (95%)

Urea

Uric acid
Salts (sodium, potassium)

15. Write down the difference between inspiration and expiration?

Inspiration (Breathing In): Rib muscles contract and diaphragm moves down, causing air to enter the lungs.

Expiration (Breathing Out): Rib muscles relax and diaphragm moves up, pushing air out of the lungs.
16. Write down the function of the coordinator?

Coordinators (like the brain and spinal cord) process information from receptors and send out responses to effectors.

17. Write down the cause of paralysis?

Damage to the spinal cord or nervous system can result in paralysis, affecting muscle movement.
18. Write down examples of response?

Examples include muscle contractions, gland secretion, or actions based on stimuli, like pulling a hand away from heat.

19. Write a note on Autonomic Nervous System.

The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary functions such as heartbeat, digestion, and respiration. It consists of the sympathetic and
parasympathetic divisions.

20. Write about the contribution of Ali ibn-e-Sina to the eye?

Ali ibn-e-Sina, also known as Avicenna, contributed to the understanding of optics and the anatomy of the eye, particularly in the study of vision
and light refraction.
21. Why does transpiration not take place at night?

Transpiration mainly occurs during the day due to sunlight, which helps open the stomata. At night, stomata close to reduce water loss.

22. Which drugs are taken in epilepsy?

Anticonvulsant drugs such as phenytoin, valproate, and carbamazepine are used to manage epilepsy.
23. Which hormones are secreted by glands? What functions are controlled by these hormones?

Thyroid gland: Thyroxine, controls metabolism.

Adrenal glands: Adrenaline, controls the fight-or-flight response.

Pituitary gland: Growth hormone, controls growth and development.

24. What is stimulus? Give examples.

A stimulus is any change in the environment that triggers a response. Example: Light, sound, heat.

25. Where is fibrous cartilage found?

Fibrous cartilage is found in areas that require strength and shock absorption, such as the intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis.
26. What steps are involved in the formation of Urine in the kidneys?

Filtration (removal of waste from blood), reabsorption (returning useful substances like water and glucose to the blood), and secretion
(eliminating excess substances).

27. What is the voice box?

The voice box (larynx) contains vocal cords that produce sound when air passes through them.
28. What is tubular secretion?

Tubular secretion is the process where certain substances (like hydrogen ions and potassium) are secreted into the renal tubules for excretion.

29. What is Vegetative Propagation?

A method of asexual reproduction where new plants are grown from vegetative parts like stems, roots, or leaves.
30. What is the role of biotechnology in the field of medicine and agriculture?

In medicine, biotechnology helps in producing medicines, vaccines, and gene therapies. In agriculture, it aids in developing genetically modified
crops that are more resistant to pests and diseases.

31. What is the location of kidneys in the body?

The kidneys are located on either side of the spine, just below the ribcage, in the abdominal cavity.

32. What is the function of sensory neuron and motor neuron?

Sensory Neuron: Carries signals from sense organs (e.g., skin, eyes) to the brain and spinal cord.

Motor Neuron: Transmits commands from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands.
33. What is the function of the temporal lobe?

The temporal lobe is responsible for processing auditory information, memory, and language comprehension.

34. What is the function of the occipital lobe and temporal lobe in the human brain?
Occipital Lobe: Processes visual information.

Temporal Lobe: Handles hearing, memory, and language.

35. What is the difference between compact and spongy bone?

Compact Bone: Dense and strong, providing structure and support (found in outer layers of bones).

Spongy Bone: Lightweight and contains bone marrow for blood cell production (found inside bones).

36. What is the effect of carbon monoxide present in tobacco smoke?

Carbon monoxide reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood by binding to hemoglobin, leading to oxygen deficiency in the body.
37. What is the spinal cord?

The spinal cord is a part of the central nervous system that transmits messages between the brain and the body.

38. What is seed dormancy?

Seed dormancy is a period during which a seed does not germinate despite favorable conditions, often due to physiological or environmental
factors.

39. What is seed germination?

Seed germination is the process where a seed develops into a new plant when conditions like water, oxygen, and temperature are favorable.
40. What is saltatory impulse?

A saltatory impulse is the jumping of nerve impulses from one node of Ranvier to another in myelinated neurons, allowing faster signal
transmission.

41. What is the renal tubule? What are its parts?

The renal tubule is part of the nephron in the kidney that processes urine. Its parts include the proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, and
collecting duct.

42. What is Rhizome?

A rhizome is a horizontal underground stem that grows new shoots and roots, helping in vegetative reproduction (e.g., ginger, bamboo).
43. What is reflex action?

A reflex action is an automatic and rapid response to a stimulus, such as pulling your hand away from a hot surface.

44. What is the pharynx?

The pharynx is a passage that connects the mouth and nasal cavity to the esophagus and trachea, helping in swallowing and respiration.

45. What is pneumonia?

Pneumonia is a lung infection that causes inflammation and fluid buildup in the air sacs, making breathing difficult.

46. What is peritoneal dialysis?

Peritoneal dialysis is a treatment for kidney failure where waste is removed from the blood using the lining of the abdomen (peritoneum).

47. What is osmoregulation?

Osmoregulation is the process by which the body maintains water and salt balance to ensure proper cell function.
48. What is passive smoking? What is its effect?

Passive smoking is the inhalation of smoke from another person's cigarette. It increases the risk of respiratory diseases and heart problems.

49. What is nitrification?

Nitrification is the process where bacteria convert ammonia into nitrates, making nitrogen available to plants.

50. What is mRNA?

Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes, where proteins are synthesized.
51. What is nicotine?

Nicotine is an addictive chemical found in tobacco that affects the nervous system by increasing heart rate and blood pressure.

52. What is marijuana? What is its source?

Marijuana is a psychoactive drug obtained from the Cannabis plant, used for recreational and medicinal purposes.

53. What is modern evolutionary theory?

The modern evolutionary theory explains evolution through natural selection, genetic mutations, and gene flow.
54. What is lung cancer?

Lung cancer is an uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the lungs, often caused by smoking and pollution.

55. What is kidney transplant?

A kidney transplant is a surgical procedure where a damaged kidney is replaced with a healthy one from a donor.

56. What is lithotripsy?

Lithotripsy is a medical procedure that uses shock waves to break kidney stones into smaller pieces for easy removal.

57. What is homeostasis? Give an example.

Homeostasis is the process of maintaining stable internal conditions in the body, such as body temperature regulation.

58. What is the greenhouse effect?

The greenhouse effect is the trapping of heat in the Earth's atmosphere due to gases like carbon dioxide, leading to global warming.
59. What is the glottis?

The glottis is the opening between the vocal cords in the larynx, responsible for sound production.

60. What is expiration?

Expiration (exhalation) is the process of breathing out, where the diaphragm relaxes and air is pushed out of the lungs.

61. What is fragmentation?

Fragmentation is a type of asexual reproduction where an organism breaks into pieces, and each piece grows into a new individual (e.g.,
spirogyra).
62. What is the difference between breathing and respiration?

Breathing: The physical process of inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide.

Respiration: The chemical process where oxygen is used to release energy from food.
63. What is diabetes mellitus?

Diabetes mellitus is a disease where the body cannot regulate blood sugar levels due to insufficient insulin production.

64. What is the diaphragm?

The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle that plays a key role in breathing by contracting and relaxing to change lung pressure.

65. What is corolla? What is its role?

The corolla is the collective term for flower petals, attracting pollinators with its color and scent.

66. What is chromatin?

Chromatin is the form of DNA and proteins found in the nucleus, which condenses into chromosomes during cell division.

67. What is cloning?

Cloning is the process of creating genetically identical copies of an organism or cell.

68. What is the cerebrum? What are its functions?

The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain, responsible for thinking, memory, voluntary movements, and sensory processing.

69. What is the biosphere?

The biosphere is the part of Earth where life exists, including land, water, and air.

70. What is bronchitis?

Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchi, causing cough, mucus production, and breathing difficulty.
71. What is biological nitrogen fixation?

It is the process where bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form for plants.

72. What is alternation of generation?

A reproductive cycle in plants where they alternate between haploid (gametophyte) and diploid (sporophyte) stages.

73. What is arteriosclerosis?

Arteriosclerosis is the hardening of arteries due to fat and cholesterol buildup, leading to heart disease.
74. What is aerobic respiration?

Aerobic respiration is the process of breaking down glucose with oxygen to produce energy (ATP).

75. What do you mean by dominant and recessive alleles?

Dominant Allele: Expresses its trait even if only one copy is present.

Recessive Allele: Only expresses its trait if two copies are present.