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chapter 5

The document discusses the rate of reaction, defined as the change in concentration of reactants or products over time, and methods for measuring it, such as gas volume and color change. It outlines factors affecting reaction rates, including concentration, temperature, pressure, surface area, and catalysts, as well as the principles of collision theory and the rate equation. Additionally, it explains the Arrhenius equation's role in linking temperature to reaction rates and the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curve's depiction of molecular energy distribution.

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Kim taehyung
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5 views

chapter 5

The document discusses the rate of reaction, defined as the change in concentration of reactants or products over time, and methods for measuring it, such as gas volume and color change. It outlines factors affecting reaction rates, including concentration, temperature, pressure, surface area, and catalysts, as well as the principles of collision theory and the rate equation. Additionally, it explains the Arrhenius equation's role in linking temperature to reaction rates and the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curve's depiction of molecular energy distribution.

Uploaded by

Kim taehyung
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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5.

1 The Rate of Reaction

🔹 Definition:

The rate of reaction is the change in the concentration of reactants or


products per unit time, typically expressed as:

Rate of reaction=Change in concentrationTimeRate of reaction=TimeChan


ge in concentration

It can be measured in terms of the change in concentration of reactants or


products over a specified period.

🔹 Measuring the Rate of Reaction:

 Gas Volume: Measure the volume of gas produced using a gas


syringe or upward displacement of water.

 Color Change: Use a colorimeter to track the change in color of a


reaction mixture.

 Mass Change: If a gas is released in the reaction, measure the loss


in mass using a balance.

 pH Change: Use a pH meter to track the change in


acidity/alkalinity in reactions like acid-base neutralizations.

🔹 Factors Affecting the Rate of Reaction:

1. Concentration: As concentration increases, the rate of reaction


generally increases, as there are more reactant particles in a given
volume, increasing the frequency of collisions.

2. Temperature: Increasing the temperature increases the kinetic


energy of molecules, leading to more frequent collisions and a
greater number of collisions with enough energy to overcome the
activation energy.

3. Pressure (for gases): Increasing pressure for gas reactions forces


particles closer together, leading to more frequent collisions.

4. Surface Area: Smaller particles (greater surface area) increase the


rate of reaction as more particles are exposed for collisions.

5. Catalysts: Catalysts provide an alternative reaction pathway with a


lower activation energy, increasing the rate of reaction without
being consumed.

5.2 Collision Theory


🔹 Key Principles of Collision Theory:

 Particles must collide in the correct orientation.

 Particles must have sufficient energy to overcome the


activation energy barrier.

 The rate of reaction depends on the number of effective collisions


(collisions with energy greater than the activation energy) per unit
time.

📌 Important Notes:

 Activation Energy (Eₐ): The minimum energy required for a


reaction to occur. The greater the activation energy, the slower the
reaction.

 Not all collisions lead to a reaction; only those with sufficient


energy and correct orientation are successful.

5.3 The Rate Equation

The rate equation expresses the rate of a reaction in terms of the


concentration of reactants and the rate constant (k).

Rate=k[A]m[B]nRate=k[A]m[B]n

Where:

 Rate = rate of reaction.

 k = rate constant (specific to each reaction and temperature).

 [A] and [B] = concentrations of reactants.

 m and n = order of the reaction with respect to reactants A and B


(exponents).

🔹 Order of Reaction:

 Zero-order (m = 0): Rate is independent of the concentration of


the reactant. The rate equation is:Rate=kRate=k

 First-order (m = 1): Rate is directly proportional to the


concentration of the reactant. If the concentration doubles, the rate
doubles:Rate=k[A]Rate=k[A]

 Second-order (m = 2): Rate is proportional to the square of the


concentration. If the concentration doubles, the rate increases by a
factor of four:Rate=k[A]2Rate=k[A]2
📌 Units of Rate Constant (k):

 Zero-order: Units of k=mol−1dm3s−1Units of k=mol−1dm3s−1

 First-order: Units of k=s−1Units of k=s−1

 Second-order: Units of k=mol−1dm3s−1Units of k=mol−1dm3s−1

🔹 Experimental Determination of Order:

 Method of Initial Rates: Measure the initial rate of the reaction by


varying the concentration of one reactant while keeping others
constant.

 Rate-Differential Method: Measure the change in concentration


of reactants or products over time, then determine the rate at
various points during the reaction.

 Integrated Rate Equations: Use concentration-time data to


deduce the order of the reaction.

5.4 The Arrhenius Equation

The Arrhenius equation explains how temperature affects the rate of


reaction by linking it to the activation energy (Eₐ).

k=Ae−EaRTk=Ae−RTEa

Where:

 k = rate constant.

 A = pre-exponential factor (frequency factor), which is a constant.

 Eₐ = activation energy.

 R = gas constant (8.31 J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹).

 T = temperature in Kelvin.

🔹 Key Concepts:

 As temperature increases, the rate constant k increases, which


results in a faster reaction rate.

 The exponential factor e−EaRTe−RTEa shows that only a small


fraction of molecules have sufficient energy to overcome the
activation energy.

 The activation energy (Eₐ) represents the energy barrier for the
reaction and is typically determined experimentally.
5.5 Catalysis

🔹 Definition:

A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction


without being consumed in the reaction. It provides an alternative reaction
pathway with a lower activation energy.

🔹 Types of Catalysts:

1. Heterogeneous Catalysts: Catalysts that are in a different phase


(usually solid) from the reactants (which are typically gases or
liquids). Example: Iron in the Haber process.

2. Homogeneous Catalysts: Catalysts that are in the same phase as


the reactants (typically gases or liquids). Example: Acid as a
catalyst in esterification.

📌 Mechanism of Catalysis:

 Surface adsorption: In heterogeneous catalysis, reactant


molecules are adsorbed onto the surface of the catalyst, where they
can interact and form products more easily.

 Intermediate formation: The catalyst forms


an intermediate with the reactants, lowering the activation energy
for the reaction.

5.6 Temperature and Reaction Rate:

🔹 Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rate:

Increasing the temperature increases the reaction rate for most


reactions. The effect is due to:

1. More frequent collisions (molecules move faster).

2. More energetic collisions (a larger proportion of molecules have


energy greater than or equal to the activation energy).

📌 Rule of Thumb:

For every 10°C increase, the rate of reaction generally doubles for most
reactions.

5.7 Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution Curve


The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curve describes the distribution
of energies of molecules in a sample at a given temperature.

🔹 Key Points:

 As temperature increases, the peak of the curve shifts to the


right, and the curve flattens.

 The area under the curve represents the total number of


molecules.

 The number of molecules with energy greater than or equal


to activation energy increases as temperature increases, leading
to an increased reaction rate.

Summary of Key Concepts

Concept Explanation

Rate of Reaction Change in concentration over time.

Particles must collide with sufficient energy and


Collision Theory
correct orientation to react.

Mathematical relationship between rate and


Rate Equation
concentration of reactants.

Arrhenius Describes the effect of temperature on reaction rate,


Equation based on activation energy.

Substances that speed up reactions by lowering the


Catalysts
activation energy without being consumed.

Maxwell-
Shows the distribution of particle energies and
Boltzmann
explains the effect of temperature on reaction rates.
Distribution

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