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10Membrane structure & transport

The document discusses the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes, emphasizing the importance of surface area to volume ratio for cellular metabolism and transport. It outlines the mechanisms of passive and active transport, detailing various types of membrane transport proteins and their functions. Additionally, it introduces key terminology related to membrane structure and transport processes.

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2 views12 pages

10Membrane structure & transport

The document discusses the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes, emphasizing the importance of surface area to volume ratio for cellular metabolism and transport. It outlines the mechanisms of passive and active transport, detailing various types of membrane transport proteins and their functions. Additionally, it introduces key terminology related to membrane structure and transport processes.

Uploaded by

josephpgonzalezjr
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MEMBRANE STRUCTURE & TRANSPORT

THE FLUID MOSAIC MODEL


Surface area : Volume Ratio

1. Cell is a metabolic compartment where a multitude of chemical reactions occur.

2. The number of reactions increase as the volume of metabolic volume within a cell increases. (The larger
the volume the larger the number of reactions)

3. All raw materials necessary for metabolism can enter the cell only through its cell membrane.

4. The greater the surface area the larger the amount of raw materials that can enter at only one time.

5. Each unit of volume requires a specific amount of surface area to supply its metabolism with raw
materials. The amount of surface area available to each unit of volume varies with the size of a cell.

6. As a cell grows its SA/V decreases.

7. At some point in its growth its SA/V becomes so small that its surface area is too small to supply its raw
materials to its volume. At this point the cell cannot get larger.
–
serve as signaling
and recognition
molecules
between cells;
allow cell
adhesion

– helps to increase fluidity of the membrane


– not embedded in membrane; polar/charged; react with integral
proteins and hydrophilic heads of membrane
– embedded in & span through membrane ( );
hydrophobic & hydrophilic regions – Transport, enzymes, signaling, cell recognition, cell joining
and attachment to cytoskeleton and ECM
Passive transport Active transport

- -
- -

-
– process of random movement to a state of equilibrium – solutes move from
regions of greater concentration to regions of lower concentration

Diffusion depends on:


1.
2.
3.
Types of membrane transport proteins:
• – also known as
• Functions during facilitated diffusion to move a single type of molecule down its
concentration gradient
•
• Functions during active transport, usually co-transport
• Allows one molecule to move down its concentration gradient (diffusion), while
allowing another to be ‘pumped’ in the same direction but against its gradient
•
• Functions during active transport, can be primary active transport or co-transport
• Allows molecules to be ‘pumped’ against their gradients in different directions
– substances diffuse down a concentration gradient, but it is made
easier by

:
opens allowing the passage of substances
•
•

– is a concentration gradient of ions (usually cations), so that one side


of the membrane is more positive than the other side, causing a charge imbalance
are the voltage across the membrane, they are created when there is
an imbalance of ions across the plasma membrane

:
• Transport polar/charged molecules;
involves the molecule binding to a protein
allowing passage of the substance
• Only allows transport of one type of
molecule
• E.g. GLUT1 protein
– diffusion of water across membranes, through protein channels or

H2O

H2O
H2O
– is directional across the membrane, moves substances in and out
of the cell against their concentration gradient; uses a symporter or antiporter

Directly hydrolyzes ATP to provide energy for transport of substances. E.g. sodium-potassium
(Na+-K+) pump –

• Once the primary active transport has


established a concentration gradient, the energy
used to continue that will also be used to “co-
transport” other molecules (sugars, amino acids)
across the membrane in the same direction,
against their concentration gradients
• Can be a symporter or antiporter
– a general term for a group of processes that bring small molecules
up to whole cells into a cell using the cell membrane

part of the plasma Part of the plasma Part of the plasma


membrane engulfs a large membrane engulfs fluids membrane engulfs specific
particle or even a cell and dissolved substances macromolecules

– the process by which cells secrete substances out of the plasma membrane
Active transport
Terminology
Gated channel Pinocytosis
Antiporter Glycolipid Primary active transport
Aquaporins Glycoprotein Proton pump
Carrier protein Hydrophilic region Receptor
Channel protein Hydrophobic region Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Cholesterol Hypertonic Selective permeability
Coated pits Hypotonic Simple diffusion
Concentration gradient Integral protein Sodium-Potassium pump
Cotransport Isotonic Solute
Electrochemical gradient Ligand Symporter
Electrogenic pump Membrane potential Transmembrane protein
Endocytosis Osmosis Turgor pressure
Exocytosis Passive transport Uniporter
Facilitate diffusion Peripheral protein Voltage channel
Fluid mosaic model Phagocytosis

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