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 Moving to VB .NET:
Strategies, Concepts,
and Code,
Second Edition
DAN APPLEMAN

ApressTM
Moving to VB .NET: Strategies, Concepts, and Code, Second Edition
Copyright ©2003 by Daniel Appleman
Originally published by Apress in 2003

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information
storage or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner and
the publisher.
ISBN 978-1-59059-102-4 ISBN 978-1-4302-0668-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4302-0668-2

Trademarked names may appear in this book. Rather than use a trademark symbol with every
occurrence of a trademarked name, we use the names only in an editorial fashion and to the
benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark.
Technical Reviewers: Scott Stabbert; second edition reviewed by Franky Wong
Editorial Directors: Dan Appleman, Gary Cornell, Simon Hayes, Martin Streicher,
Karen Watterson, John Zukowski
Assistant Publisher: Grace Wong
Copy Editor: Ami Knox
Proofreaders: Liz Berry and Lori Bring
Compositor: Susan Glinert Stevens
Indexer: Lynda D'Arcangelo
Cover Designer: Kurt Krames
Manufacturing Manager: Tom Debolski

The information in this book is distributed on an "as is" basis, without warranty. Although every
precaution has been taken in the preparation of this work, neither the author(s) nor Apress shall
have any liability to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused or alleged to
be caused directly or indirectly by the information contained in this work.
The source code for this book is available to readers at http: I lwww. a press. com in the
Downloads section.
 Contents at a Glance

Foreword .................................................................................................................. ix
About the Author ............................................................................................... xiii
Acknowledgments ................................................................................................... xv
Introduction ...................................................................................................... xvii
An Important Note Regarding Code in This Book ............................. xxiii

Part One Strategies ......................................................................... 1

Chapter 1 Where Should You Begin? ................................................... 3
Chapter 2 Facing VB .NET without Fear or Panic ....................... 9
Chapter 3 Adoption Strategies .......................................................... 15

Part Two Concepts ............................................................... 27

Chapter 4 •NET in Context ................................................................... 29
Chapter 5 Inheritance ............................................................................ 61
Chapter 6 Memory Management in VB •NET ...................................... 105
Chapter 7 VB •NET Multi threading .................................................. 125

Part Three Code ...................................................................... 193

Chapter 8 Data Types and Operators ............................................. 195
Chapter 9 Language Syntax ................................................................. 223
Chapter 10 Objects In-Depth ............................................................... 271
Chapter 11 Reflection and Attributes ........................................... 331
Interlude ............................................................................................................. 359

iii
Contents at a Glance

Part Four The Wonderful World of .NET ................... 361

Chapter 12 .NET Namespaces-The Grand Tour .............................. 363
Chapter 13 Windows Applications ...................................................... 433
Chapter 14 Internet Applications and Services ........................ 457
Chapter 15 COM Interop and Accessing the Win32 API ............. 495
Chapter 16 Living with .NET ............................................................... 555
Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 595

Index ...................................................................................................................... 597

iv
 Contents

Foreword ............................................................................................................... ix

About the Author ........................................................................................ xiii

Acknowledgments ............................................................................................. xv

Introduction ................................................................................................. xvii

An Important Note Regarding Code in This Book .............. xxiii

Part One Strategies ................................................................ 1

Chapter 1 Where Should You Begin? ............................................ 3

The Importance of Context (Keeping Things in Perspective) ............. 4
.NET-Is It Real or Is It Marketing? ........................................................ 6

Chapter 2 Facing VB .NET without Fear or Panic .......... 9

Oh My God, They Broke VB! .............................................................................. 9
Everything You Know Is Now Obsolete ...................................................... 12
The Business of Software Development .................................................... 13

Chapter 3 Adoption Strategies .................................................... 15

Time Frames ........................................................................................................... 15
Porting Code ........................................................................................................ 16
Deployment Considerations ............................................................................ 18
What about C#? ..................................................................................................... 21
Visual Studio 2002 or 2003? ........................................................................ 22
What about Alternatives to .NET from Sources
Other Than Microsoft? .............................................................................. 24
Moving On ............................................................................................................... 25

v
Contents

Part Two Concepts .................................................................. 27

Chapter 4 • NET in Context ............................................................... 29

The Virtual Machine ......................................................................................... 30

COM Is Dead. Long Live COM? ........................................................................ 33
The Common Language Runtime ........................................................................ 39
Recap: Why .NET? ................................................................................................ 58

Chapter 5 Inheritance ......................................................................... 61

The Mantra of Code Reuse ............................................................................... 61

Inheritance in .NET ......................................................................................... 90
A Closer Look at Inheritance in VB .NET .............................................. 95
Recap ...................................................................................................................... 103

Chapter 6 Memory Management in VB • NET ............................ 1os

Value Objects and Reference Objects .................................................... 105

Revisiting Garbage Collection .................................................................. 110
Off the Deep End-Resurrection Exists .................................................. 119
Recap ...................................................................................................................... 123

Chapter 7 VB .NET Multithreading ........................................... 125

A Quick Introduction to Multithreading .............................................. 126
The Benefits of Multithreading ............................................................... 169
Taking a Dip in a Thread Pool .................................................................. 181
Recap ...................................................................................................................... 191

Part Three Code .......................................................................... 193

Chapter 8 Data Types and Operators ..................................... 195

The Numeric Types ............................................................................................ 195

Non-Numeric Data Types ................................................................................. 201
Declarations ....................................................................................................... 211
Conversions and Type Checking .................................................................. 211
Operators ............................................................................................................. 216
Recap ...................................................................................................................... 221

vi
 Contents

Chapter 9 Language Syntax ............................................................ 223

Function Calls and Parameters ................................................................. 223
Rational Calling Mechanism ........................................................................ 223
Scoping Rules .................................................................................................... 238
Error Handling .................................................................................................. 244
Other Language Changes ................................................................................. 257
Commands That Have Vanished ...................................................................... 259
The Microsoft. VisualBasic and Compatibility Name spaces ........... 263
Recap ...................................................................................................................... 269

Chapter 10 Objects In-Depth .......................................................... 271

The Parts of a . NET Application ............................................................. 271
Scoping in VB •NET ......................................................................................... 276
More about Classes ......................................................................................... 288
Methods and Properties ................................................................................. 293
Events and Delegates ..................................................................................... 309
Recap ...................................................................................................................... 329

Chapter 11 Reflection and Attributes ................................... 331

On Compilers and Interpreters ................................................................. 331
Reflection ........................................................................................................... 336
Binding ................................................................................................................. 346
A Late Bound Surprise ................................................................................... 353
Dynamic Loading ................................................................................................ 355
Recap ...................................................................................................................... 357

Interlude ......................................................................................................... 359

Part Four The Wonderful World of .NET ..................... 361

Chapter 12 .NET Namespaces-The Grand Tour ................... 363

The Most Important Things to Keep in Mind
When Dealing with the .NET Namespaces ......................................... 363
Let the Tour Begin ......................................................................................... 366
If It's Tuesday, It Must Be System ...................................................... 372
Collections ......................................................................................................... 385
Drawing ................................................................................................................. 393
Printing ............................................................................................................... 400

vii
 Contents

Serialization and Data Management ......................................................... 409

Resources and Localization ........................................................................ 417
Asynchronous Programming ............................................................................. 427
Recap ...................................................................................................................... 431

Chapter 13 Windows Applications ................................................ 433

A Whole New Forms Package .......................................................................... 434
Patterns and System. Windows. Forms ......................................................... 436
Navigating the System. Windows. Forms Names pace ............................... 444
Exploring Further ............................................................................................ 447
Recap ...................................................................................................................... 456

Chapter 14 Internet Applications and Services ............ 457

What Is Microsoft . NET? ............................................................................... 457
Programming the Internet ............................................................................. 458
The •NET Way of Designing Applications .............................................. 463
Remoting-the Other Distributed Technology ....................................... 482
A Quick Aside with Winsock ........................................................................ 487
A Guest Commentary .......................................................................................... 491
Recap ...................................................................................................................... 493

Chapter 15 COM Interop and Accessing

the Win32 API .................................................................. 495
COM Interop ........................................................................................................ 496
Calling COM Objects from . NET .................................................................... 498
Accessing .NET Objects from COM ............................................................ 502
Accessing the Win32 API ............................................................................... 523
Recap ...................................................................................................................... 553

Chapter 16 Living with .NET .......................................................... 555

Versioning and •NET ....................................................................................... 555
Security ............................................................................................................... 573
Bits and Pieces ................................................................................................ 590
Recap ...................................................................................................................... 594

Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 595

Index .................................................................................................................... 597

viii
 Foreword
MY FIRST ENCOUNTER with the BASIC language was with Basic for DOS in 1983 as a
sophomore in college. The encounter came in the form of a statistics class project
on automating an experiment focusing on short term memory. Though I didn't
know it at the time, that single program was the first step in a series that would ulti-
mately lead me into a technology career, culminating in my current role as product
manager for Visual Basic .NET. Had someone told me then that I would eventually
end up in this position, I most surely would have laughed. Even more surprising,
though, than my eventual ascent to Visual Basic product manager is undoubtedly
the radical evolution of the Basic language and product itself.
In 1991, this evolution took a huge step forward with the advent of Microsoft
Visual Basic 1.0. Suddenly, the straightforward programming language with which
I was already familiar enabled me to build robust Windows applications! With
Visual Basic, I could write programs like I had in the past, but with a powerful new
Windows-based user interface-creating an experience for users that had never
existed before.
When I landed my first job out of college, I took my knowledge of Visual Basic
to the workforce and used it to build PC-based Windows GUis to a preexisting
DOE gateway to communicate with large mainframe applications. While my pro-
gramming experience moving from Basic to Visual Basic changed significantly,
both my customers and I welcomed the outcome of this shift. The net effect was
that in a world of "mainframers and green screens," I was able to build intuitive yet
powerful user interfaces that empowered nondevelopers to interact easily with
these once mystifying big boxes. Quite simply, VB made me a rock star!
Just as Visual Basic 1.0 introduced radical new concepts and features to
address the challenges ofWindows development, each new version ofVB has
addressed new challenges-and as the computing world evolved, VB evolved with
it. While VB advanced with the changing times, it never sacrificed its hallmark
crown of Rapid Application Development (RAD). Visual Basic has always delivered
when it comes to being the most productive environment for building Windows
applications and components. It was always easy to use-that was a given, but for
certain "power" tasks, I always yearned to reach beyond the bounds of what Visual
Basic provided. When Microsoft Windows NT 4.0 shipped, I wanted to build a
simple NT Service to write to performance counters and event log entries. I wanted
to write Web applications that I could host on the Internet. Of course, all this was
eventually doable with Visual Basic, but not easy. In fact, I first became acquainted
with Dan Appleman through his books, such as Dan Appleman's Visual Basic
Programmer's Guide to the Win32 API, which helped VB programmers push Visual
Basic to its limits. I often asked a C++ developer to do these tasks, whether it was

ix
Foreword

writing a DLL that accessed new platform features or making Win32 API calls that
I could then reference from my Visual Basic application. This, quite frankly, over
time, diminished the "rock star status" that VB had once provided me.
Meanwhile, the world was quickly changing with the Internet, enterprise
applications, and the new demands being placed on developers for more produc-
tivity. It was apparent to me that ifVisual Basic was going to continue to be relevant,
it needed to once again take a large evolutionary step.
Visual Basic .NET is that step-conceived, designed, and developed for the
next generation of applications that must be scalable, secure, and agile. This latest
version of the VB language, built from the ground up on the Microsoft .NET
Framework, will undoubtedly empower Visual Basic developers to solve current
and future business problems like never before. IfVisual Basic was to have a future
for professional developers, it had to be a first class language on the .NET platform,
and with Visual Basic .NET, it delivers.
With all of the added power and flexibility afforded to VB developers in Visual
Basic .NET, there is also inevitable change. Just as the shift from DOS to Windows
programming introduced new, unfamiliar concepts, the move to .NET, the new
world ofXML Web services, disconnected data, and mobile application development
bring new concepts to the VB developer. I think the best way to view change is to
see the new possibilities that the change enables. For Visual Basic developers, this
would include the ability to easily create Web applications and provide one-click
hosting of those Web applications; create XML Web services and Wmdows services;
and work with object-oriented language features, threading, visual inheritance,
no-touch deployment, and direct access to the .NET platform. With Visual Basic .NET,
VB developers have no limits to what they can do.
Books play a critical role in educating developers on the "stuff' they need to
know to write great code. And because Visual Basic .NET is a large evolutionary
step from VB6, it requires books that are not simply revisions of previous VB6
books. Books for Visual Basic .NET have to be developed from the ground up to
teach the concepts and best practices for .NET application development. VB
developers are always looking for simple and effective books that communicate
and demonstrate these new challenges. Books offer the ability to focus on a certain
topic and provide information that will enable a developer to reach the next level.
One of the best parts of my job is to work with authors who are just as excited
about Visual Basic .NET as I am. Dan Appleman is certainly one of those authors,
and collaborating with him on this book has been fun. Dan is also plugged into the
development team and offers clear and concise words for Visual Basic .NET devel-
opers to get up and running quickly. Dan has been an essential member on the VB
.NET team participating in design reviews on campus and private Microsoft news-
groups where he has helped the VB team understand and discuss many issues.
I liked the first edition of this book so much that I arranged for Microsoft to
purchase thousands of copies to hand out at Microsoft's .NET Developer training

X
 Foreword

tour. It proved to be a great help in promoting the migration to Visual Basic .NET.
With a new section on inheritance and new coverage of subjects such as .NET
Remoting, .NET resources, and targeting of different versions of the .NET Framework,
I'm sure this edition will prove even more useful for today's VB6 programmers who
are starting their own move to Visual Basic .NET.
I give this book a thumbs up!
Let the next generation ofloosely coupled, XML-based, distributed, heteroge-
neous applications begin. As a Visual Basic .NET programmer, you have no limits.
I look forward to consuming the Web services you will build on the Internet.
Drop the Visual Basic Team at Microsoft an Email at vbdotnet@microsoft. com and
let us know about it!

-Mikeiem
Product Manager, Visual Basic .NET

xi
 About the Author
Daniel Appleman is the president ofDesaware Inc., a developer of add-on products
and components for Microsoft Visual Studio. He was the lead programmer and
architect for Desaware's CAS/Tester, SpyWorks, StateCoder, and the NT Service
Toolkit for .NET languages and VB6 (in other words, he actually writes code for a
living, and has been doing professional Windows software development since
Windows 1.0).
Dan also enjoys teaching, and does so through his numerous books and
publications. His books include How Computer Programming Works and the
best-selling Visual Basic Programmer's Guide to the Win32 API (along with several
others). He is the author of a new series ofEbooks on .NET-related topics including
Regular Expressions, tracing and logging, obfuscating software, and a best-selling,
in-depth comparison of C# and VB .NET. He is also a cofounder and editorial
director for Apress (publisher of this book).

xiii
 Acknowledgments
I HAVE so MANY people to thank for their help with this book that it's hard to know
where to begin. The entire team atApress has been fantastic. Grace Wong continues to
work miracles as managing editor and put together a fantastic team for this edition
of the book: Ami Knox (great to work with you again) as editor, and Liz Berry,
Susan Glinert Stevens, and Lynda D'Arcangelo on proofreading, composition, and
indexing, respectively. Thanks to Kurt Krames-1 like your new cover design even
better than the first. Thanks also to Tom Debolski who handled the manufacturing
end. I'd also like to thank Karl Brooks and Carol Burbo, whose work on the first
edition has carried over to this one. Kudos to Simon Hayes for his marketing efforts
and to Matt Conmy and the rest of the Springer team on the sales side And, of
course, to Gary Cornell-the guy who really makes Apress work.
I can't even begin to express my gratitude to my technical editors. Thanks to
Franky Wong, who reviewed the new material for this edition, and whose help and
dedication at Desaware could never be rewarded enough. And to Scott Stab bert,
who reviewed the first edition-one of the finest technical editors I've ever had
the pleasure of working with. Aside from the obvious help in keeping the book
accurate (especially considering the many changes that took place to VB .NET while
the book was being written), he showed infinite patience on those occasions when
I found it necessary to criticize Microsoft-more than I would normally expect from
a Microsoft employee. Also thanks to some others at Microsoft including Eric Andre,
Drew Fletcher, Dave Mendlen, Ari Bixhom, for reasons they know and I probably can't
tell you without getting into trouble.
A special thanks to Mike lem, who not only wrote the foreword for this book, but
has become a real friend over the years-to me, and really to every VB programmer,
even if they didn't realize it at the time.
Thanks to Todd Rohs at Amazon. com. His help in getting my series ofEbooks
published also helped get the word out on this book.
As always, this book could not possibly have been published without the strong
support of my family at Desaware. Karyn Duncan, Stjepan Pejic, Marian Kicklighter,
Franky Wong, and the rest of the gang: Ran, Idan, and Luke-thanks to you all.
And, of course, to my family outside ofDesaware-to the guys in Dr. Seuss AZA
who didn't gripe when my presence at their events consisted of me sitting in a
comer writing on my laptop. And to Roan, Maya, and Kendra for helping me come
up for air occasionally. Finally, thanks Mom, for forcing me to eat now and then;
and Dad for everything-plus reviewing every chapter before it was submitted.

XV
 Introduction
MICROSOFr's .NET FRAMEWORK is the most significant change to Windows since the
transition from DOS. It's not surprising that even though it has been available for
over a year, and is now in its second (Visual Studio 2003) edition, many VB6 developers
have been slow to adopt it. In fact, large numbers of Visual Basic developers have
done little more than read articles about it in magazines or perhaps read promotional
material from Microsoft. Many have just begun to start experimenting with it and
creating their own applications.
If you are one of these developers, you are in good company. Chances are that
one of the reasons you have been reluctant to dive into VB .NETis that it can be
more than a little bit overwhelming. It's such a massive change both in language
and approach that it's difficult to sort out the reality from the marketing and difficult to
decide where one should actually start when approaching this new technology.
That's what this book is about.

• It's about the priorities you should use in learning .NET and the strategies
you should use in deciding how and when to deploy .NET.

• It's about the concepts you need to know in order to understand the new
features of Visual Basic .NET and how they will influence the way you write
code under this new framework.

• And it's about the changes in the Visual Basic language itself.

This book is not intended to be a general survey of the framework or even a

comprehensive reference to Visual Basic .NET-There are plenty of those books
available and more on the way. Nor will you find here a rehash of the .NET
documentation. The .NET Framework is so large and the changes to Visual Basic
.NET so widespread that a comprehensive book would be huge and probably
overwhelming (assuming it is even possible to fit one into a single volume). Entire
subjects such as the development environment, debugging, and high-level services
are deserving of books of their own and will be covered here barely or not at all.
This book is intended to be one of the first books you read on .NET-the one
that will prepare you to understand the more comprehensive books, Microsoft's
documentation, and the inevitable manual rehashes. It is intended to help you to
think about this new technology in the context of your own development plans,
and to get you up to speed quickly on concepts that will be new to most Visual
Basic programmers. It is intended to be a concise and easy read yet provide enough
depth to make you an expert on the VB .NET language and to lay the foundation
for you to become an expert in those areas of the .NET Framework that most
interest you.
xvii
 Another Random Document on
Scribd Without Any Related Topics
leave-taking seemed so ominous. They were facing the fatal day. Their lips
met.

"Good-bye."

"Good-bye"—and their voices died out in space.

The attack of the day before had put Octavius on his guard and he had
passed a sleepless night. He had exhorted his men to take a firmer stand,
reproached them for being put to flight by a few companies of soldiers.

"And that," he added, "at the very gates of Alexandria! At the moment
when you were within reach of enough booty to have secured a home for
every one of you!"

No further stimulus was needed. At the same time emissaries were

sowing corruption in Antony's camp. They threatened to punish with
reprisals from Rome the men who remained loyal to Antony; to the others
they promised an amnesty.

Under these conditions the battle began.

Antony's new-born hope soon fell to the ground. In the very first attack
the desertions began. Seized with panic, the brave men of yesterday became
the fugitives of to-day; and among them, by a cruel irony of fate, he
recognized the hero on whose shoulders Cleopatra had placed the golden
armour. To have thought that he could move the world according to his
wish, and to look on at this!

In despair Antony cast aside his buckler and exposed his bare breast to
the blows. If a sword would only put an end to him! But the hour was not
yet. The right to die is given only when the last effort has been made. And
first, he must prevent a complete rout. Alone he undertook the titanic task.
He was all over the field; on every side his wrathful gestures were seen.
With the flat of his sword he threatened, he struck. His fierce voice
resounded:
 "Miserable traitors who change masters at a word!"

But his imprecations were not heard. The confusion was universal and
the city fell quickly. Octavius passed the gates on horseback, all the legions
following him.

There was one more chance: the fleet. But there, again, treason was
rampant. The men stubbornly refused to fight. Oars in hand, they welcomed
as comrades the men whom yesterday they had regarded as enemies.

All was lost. No heroic effort could have saved the day. Antony realized
it and the roar of the blood in his ears deafened him. He went on like a
demented man, surrounded by threatening fists and curses. Instinct led him
to the Bruchium. The approach to it was in wild disorder. His heart stood
still.

"The Queen! Where is the Queen?" he demanded.

An agonized silence was his answer. All the javelins of presentiment

were at his heart.

"Cleopatra!" he cried loudly.

He was heard. An officer came from the royal apartments. His face was
sad. Before he could speak the lover understood.

"Dead?"

"Yes, with your name on her lips!"

At first the dread word had no meaning. Dead! She who filled the world.
Dead! Had the daylight died, could heaven or earth die? Little by little the
frightful truth dawned on him. He understood that he would see her no
more. It was like a command given, as though he had heard the long-
expected hour strike. He went back to his tent.

In these days of cowardice and treason Eros had never left his side. His
brave arm had often warded off the blows aimed at the Imperator. Seeing
him stagger at times, he had brought him reviving draughts. Now they were
alone together. Antony controlled himself.

"Come, Eros, the time is here. The Queen has set the example. Draw
your sword. Let me expiate the disgrace of a defeat."

The slave turned his head. His arm refused to obey.

"You promised me!"

"Master, do not ask the impossible. You whom I have just saved from the
enemy's arrows! How can I?"

"Do you want to see me ruined, humiliated?"

No, Eros would not see that. He grasped his sword firmly, and spinning
the blade so rapidly that it seemed to make an aureole around him, he
hurled himself upon it with outstretched arms, and fell face downward, at
the feet of his master.

Tears rolled down Antony's hollow cheeks.

"Brave Eros! You have shown me how to die," and he whirled his sword
in like manner. The blow, unfortunately, had not the force of the one that
killed his slave; Antony still breathed. He called, and the soldiers of his
guard ran toward him.

"Strike," he commanded. "Stop my sufferings!"

But no one of them dared lay hands on that stately body from which
such glory had shone.

But Cleopatra was not dead. On hearing that the army of Octavius,
meeting no resistance, was marching on Alexandria her one idea was to
save herself from the invader. The mausoleum where her treasures were
gathered offered a safe refuge, and there she resolved to die.
 But, once behind its iron grating, shut away from the living world, a cold
chill ran over her. Was this the moment? Undoubtedly. There was nothing
further to hope for. The last game had been played and lost. Servitude,
captivity, with their threatening humiliation hung over her. Yet she
hesitated. Why? The image of Antony was before her, vanquished,
dishonoured, destroyed. Did she care to see him again? No, all was over
between them. Their meeting place would be elsewhere, in those fields of
asphodel that bloom in the land of shadows.

Why did she, who had so valiantly accustomed herself to the idea of
dying, whose heart had nearly ceased beating, fall on Charmian's shoulder
and cry bitterly? Her hand caressed the jade handle of the tiny dagger that
she always carried, and she murmured, "I cannot!"

Was she thinking of breaking her promise? No, she would not survive
her lover. She did not want to live. But, in the compact they had made, there
was always the dread in the heart of each that the first one who went to the
undiscovered country might not be followed. If she died, Antony, instead of
joining her in death, might go to Octavia; and again her jealous soul
imagined another of those reconciliations between them which had
disturbed the peace of the world. She would take no chance of that. If she
must go down into Hades at least she would be sure that her lover had gone
before her, and so she sent him the false report of her death.

For the next hour the Queen suffered tortures in the depths of her
mausoleum. How had Antony received the news of her death?

There was a sudden noise. A crowd gathered outside the walls. Cleopatra
looked through one of the narrow openings which served as windows.
Merciful gods! What was that the soldiers were carrying on a stretcher? It
was Antony.

After he had wounded himself Antony heard that his beloved was still
living and he wanted to see her once again. His arms were stretched out to
her despairingly. How could he reach her? How get past the iron grating
which protected the mausoleum?
 And then a scene occurred, harrowing and barbaric, one of those
superhuman acts which, viewed across the centuries, seems more fabulous
than real. With the help of Charmian and Iras, Cleopatra threw down ropes
from the roof and the wounded man was fastened to them. What a load for
the frail arms of women! But, had it been heavier still they would have
found strength to lift it up, for love made their muscles sturdy.

At last Antony was in his mistress's arms. She held him close and her
burning tears fell over him.

"My lover! My hero! And I did not trust you!"

And Antony, heedless of his torn flesh that the least motion tortured,
pressed close to her.

"Cleopatra! Beauty of the world! I am dying! Let me have your lips once
more!"

She pressed him close. A few words, sobs, and the last breath went from
him. Falling beside the lifeless form of him who had been her joy and pride,
Cleopatra tore her breast.

"Most generous of men! This is where my love has brought you!"

When Octavius heard of Antony's death he was not overjoyed. His royal
prey had escaped him. He must secure Cleopatra at once, before she came
to herself and found strength to carry out her mysterious plans.

To gain entrance to the mausoleum was not easy. Proculeius, son-in-law

of Mæcenas and, like him, blindly devoted to Octavius, undertook the task.
He was an old friend of Antony's, one of those who, although they had gone
over to the adverse camp, still retained a certain regard for him. Antony,
when dying, had designated him as the only one whom Cleopatra might
trust to defend her interests and those of her children.
 Therefore, when he came, bearing the condolences of Octavius and of
the Roman army, and asked the Queen to receive him, she could not refuse.
Suspicious, as always, and determined to open the doors to no one, she tried
to rise from her bed and go to receive her visitor in a lower hall, which
communicated with the outside only by a grating.

But all caution was vain. While the deceitful messenger discussed,
across the iron bars, the magnificent obsequies which Octavius was
planning in honour of his great rival, his confederates effected a most
cowardly entrance.

Cunningly as the plan was arranged, however, Cleopatra heard the noise.
For a moment she did not answer her questioner. With anxious ears she
listened to what was going on overhead. Then a door was flung open.
Charmian came in.

"Horror! Treason! We are invaded!" she cried.

With ropes and cords the assassins that Proculeius had brought had
scaled the walls. They burst in.

"Queen, you are a prisoner!" said one, as he approached her.

"Not while living!" cried Cleopatra, proudly, and drew from her girdle
the tiny dagger which she had kept for such a moment.

Too late! The weapon was snatched from her hand!

Yes, Cleopatra was a prisoner. Through the lowered grating which she
had sworn never to lift, she was led back to her palace between files of
Roman soldiers.

Octavius was at last in possession of the long-coveted treasure. He was

anxious to have an inventory made immediately. Preceded by slaves bearing
flaming torches, he went through the subterranean vaults which Cleopatra
had planned to burn. It was a world in itself. Marvellous works of art,
priceless jewels, rare woods, rugs, were piled up to the vaulted ceilings.
Many ships were needed to convey even the store of precious metals to
Ostia. However phlegmatic this usurer's son might be, he could not restrain
an exclamation of delight, which came from his heart, in passing through
these stores of ingots, these piles of coins. These would put an end at last to
the embarrassments which had plagued him since the indiscretions of his
youth. All his debts would be paid. His legionaries would receive generous
donations, over and above their just wages, that would attach them to him
for life. With the stream of gold which would flow from this inexhaustible
purse he could buy solid devotion. Was he not certain of wearing that
imperial crown which Cæsar had barely lifted?

The people of Alexandria, who dreaded devastation and advocated a

policy of prudence, welcomed the invader warmly. Exhausted by fifty years
of revolutionary disturbances, they were only too willing to have a
government that promised peace. The monarchial principle was, however,
so deeply rooted in these servitors of the Lagidean dynasty that the surest
way to obtain their respect and submission was to replace one crowned
head by another.

The Imperator was no sooner seated on the throne than numerous well-
wishers came to pay homage to him. Anxious to establish general friendly
relations, he took care to flatter the pride that each Alexandrian cherished in
regard to his beautiful city. Theatres, palaces, museums, temples above all
—for he understood the importance of the priests' vote for the retention of
the throne—were included in his carefully devised project. Concerned in all
that could enrich his mind and help to forward the glory and magnificence
of the reign of Augustus, he interested himself in the schools, the
gymnasiums, the Library. He cultivated the learned men of the Serapeum,
and was much gratified at meeting there the philosopher, Areus, who had
been his professor at Athens. He promised to continue the independence
which students had enjoyed under the former kings.

The visit to the Soma, that gigantic mausoleum, where the body of
Alexander of Macedon lay in its crystal coffin, was of tremendous interest
to a man whose only thought was glory. It is said that Cæsar, in the presence
of the illustrious remains, had exclaimed: "I weep, because at my age this
man had already conquered the world." His nephew, even more ambitious,
examined the mummy long and carefully. He seemed to be questioning it,
as though he were not satisfied with merely looking at the earthly form of
him who had conceived and carried out such marvellous ambitions. He had
the lid which covered the body raised, and, greedy to the point of
profanation, he dared to handle the skull.

Cleopatra had been taken back to her apartments in the Bruchium. She
was kept carefully out of sight of the people. Honours were not lacking; but
these honours merely served to accentuate the fact that she was a captive, as
they were all rendered by Roman functionaries. For fear of poison her
clothes, her boxes, her person even, were continually searched. Her greatest
trial was the continual presence of Epaphroditus, a eunuch of Octavius,
who, according to instructions, played the part of courtier and under his
obsequious manner concealed his role of jailor.

Emotion, disaster, grief, had finally broken Cleopatra's buoyant nature.

That wound she had made in tearing her breast had become inflamed. Fever
set in. The physicians pronounced the malady serious, possibly fatal. For an
instant the unhappy woman believed that the merciful gods were going to
save her from self-slaughter; and she gave herself up to the disease as to a
generous current. So far from resisting it, she aided it, refused all medicine,
and would take no nourishment.

Octavius was alarmed. Although he had obtained the treasure, he wanted

the woman as well. He desired her perfect, not injured in any way. In all her
beauty she would be the crowning glory of his triumphant return to Rome.

Trusting no one but himself to look after her health, which for that cruel
reason was precious to him, he sent her word of his visit, thinking by this
mark of respect to disarm his captive and deceive her as to his motives.

His calculations, at first, seemed successful. On hearing that the

Imperator was coming to see her Cleopatra improved somewhat. She
decided to defer dying for the present! Before that irreparable deed she
wished to see her enemy, to know what she was to hope or to fear from him.
 Much has been written on the meeting of these two remarkable figures,
who, after the manner of augurs, approached each other wearing masks. The
object of the Imperator was definite. But what was her dream? What
temptations assailed that mistress of the art of seduction to try her fatal
powers once more? What hope did she have in those last days? That was the
undiscoverable secret of a soul already on its way to eternity.

Those historians whose accounts of Augustus are full of adulation have

described this scene as typical of the chaste and grave son of Theseus who
was able to resist the seductions of the cursed courtesan. Perhaps, under
other conditions, Cleopatra would still have kept this role of courtesan; but,
at this time of infinite weariness, with her wounded breast, her tired eyes,
her feet still trembling from having felt her throne crumble beneath them;
after having buried the man whom she adored, and having in her mouth the
bitter taste of emptiness, could she still have played the part of a coquette?
Her keen intelligence, apart from her dignity, would have kept her from
such a false step. With no intention of beguiling him, no hope of finding in
him another Cæsar, or an Antony, she surely had the privilege of using what
remained of her charms, scarred by thirty-eight years of passion and
misfortune, to soften the heart of her captor. As to succeeding...?

The two antagonists were face to face. Bowing courteously, Octavius

took the chair near her bed that the Queen had pointed out. Then, as
customary when greeting an invalid, he inquired as to her health.

With a sigh, she replied:

"You can see. I have no strength left."

Abruptly he broached the subject that was nearest his heart. Was it true
that the Queen had given up in despair? That she would rather die than
submit to his kindly rule?

She only sobbed.

He went on:

"Undoubtedly Thyreus has not delivered my message properly!"

 She said that, on the contrary, she understood what a generous master he
was and that she expected every consideration from him.

"Then be brave, Queen. Do not look on me as an enemy."

His voice was gentle, his expression kindly, but at a glance Cleopatra
had comprehended. He was hard as a rock. He was trying to look human
but she saw only the sharply cut nose that suggested a bird of prey, the dry,
close-lipped mouth. No sincere words could come from it. She knew the
part she must play. It would be a fencing match, and each must be on guard.
She made a gesture of resignation.

"It is true; when Antony died I felt I could not go on living!"

"And now?"

"Oh! now I must think of my children. Dear little souls! How can I leave
them? At least I must know what their future in Rome will be!"

Her children! Cæsarion, Ptolemy, Antyllas, they were the first prizes that
Octavius had seized. Defrauded of his principal victim, these innocent
children would be sacrificed to their mother's insubordination.

The executioner went on with his hypocritical smile:

"Have no fear for them, Madame. Their fate is in your hands. If you put
your faith in me and comply with my requests, no harm shall come to
them."

She knew just how much this assurance was worth. She knew that the
unhappy children would have to suffer; but she feigned confidence.

"I have the word of Octavius."

"And will you in return, beautiful Cleopatra, swear that you will not try
to kill yourself? That you will not refuse to accompany me to Rome?"

In this frightful comedy, with a vain knave on one side, and the honour
of a Queen on the other, who would win?
 Cleopatra gave her word.

"You are my sovereign master," she replied, bending her beautiful head.
"Wherever you choose to take me I will follow you submissively."

And to demonstrate that from that time on she was his vassal, she took
from an attendant her list of jewels and handed it to Octavius.

"These are yours. I have only kept some ornaments, the most precious, it
is true, in order to offer them myself to Livia, to Octavia."

This time he was really astonished.

"Do you really mean it?"

"Yes, I want your sister, who is sharing my grief, to pardon me for all the
sorrow that I have brought on her."

However skilled he might have been in the art of deception, he was

chiefly accustomed to dealing with men, and he did not understand
Cleopatra's subtleties. Entirely confident that all would be well, he was
about to leave her, but Cleopatra detained him. She had one favour to ask of
him. As she was soon to go away from Egypt, to tear herself from the
cherished city where her husband lay, might she be allowed to go to his
tomb for the last time?

A docile captive, a generous prince! Following the example of Antony,

who, after the battle of Philippi had so magnanimously honoured the
bleeding body of Brutus, Octavius granted the request of his widow.

The next day, though hardly able to stand, Cleopatra was taken to the
tomb. Her jailors accompanied her, which pleased her, as she wanted them
to look on at the sad demonstration there. It was not enough to have
convinced Octavius; she wanted it generally known that she had accepted
her fate. Only in this way could she gain the liberty that she needed for her
plans. She knelt down before an audience that would not fail to report her
every gesture, every word. With tears and grief, which at least were not
feigned, she poured on the tomb-stone oil and wine, the mystic nourishment
of the dead. Her words came slowly, each cunningly conceived, and put
together in a manner to deceive the world.

"Oh, Antony, my beloved! my hands that laid you to rest here were those
of a free woman; to-day it is a slave who comes to offer you libations.
Accept them, since they are the only honours, the last homage that I can
ever render you. We, whom nothing could separate in life, are condemned
to exchange our countries in death. You, a Roman, will rest here, while I,
unhappy being that I am, will find my sepulchre in Italy, far from the land
of my ancestors."

The effect of this pathetic farewell was just what Cleopatra had foreseen.
The most skeptical were convinced of her sincerity. In speaking thus she
surely accepted the decreed departure from the land of her fathers.

Epaphroditus, himself, astonished at the transformation that had taken

place in the prisoner, was relieved to know that she had given up the
thought of suicide. From that time on supervision was relaxed. The exits
and entrances of the palace were unguarded. The Queen was allowed to
entertain her visitors without witnesses.

A heroine who had borne so much suffering was worthy of profound

devotion. What came to her exceeded her hopes. The man who would have
risked his life, not to save that of the Queen, which, alas, was not to be
saved, but to spare her humiliation, was a Roman officer. Young, handsome,
of the noble family of Cornelius, Dolabella had served as staff-officer
during Octavius's campaign in Egypt. Happy to have done with war, he was
thoroughly enjoying the brilliant pleasures which the conquered city
afforded.

One morning he was on duty as commander of the guard which

protected the Queen's apartments. It was at the crisis of her illness. He saw
her weeping, suffering, refusing all care. He heard her implore death to
come as a divine mercy. Men usually prefer women who are happy, but turn
instinctively away when they are suffering. Some rare natures, however, are
drawn toward those who are in sorrow. When Dolabella saw the misery of
this royal woman, whom the gods had first blessed above all others and
then ruthlessly deprived of happiness, he felt a tender compassion for her.
With a pity such as a neglected garden inspires he thought, "What is to be
done? What help can I give? How can I aid this divine flower broken by the
storm?"

Without having had any encouragement he approached the Queen,

saying:

"Use me, Madame, as a thing that belongs to you."

It was a surprise to this sorrowing woman, whom all the world seemed
to have forgotten. For a moment Cleopatra hesitated. Accustomed as she
was to trickery and betrayal, she suspected some trap. He might be another
Proculeius! But no, honesty was stamped on this man's face. His eyes
inspired trust. Her bruised heart took courage and suddenly, with the faith
of a young girl, she told him of the only one of her desires that had any
chance of being granted: to know Octavius's intentions in regard to her, and
to be duly warned of the day fixed for his return to Rome.

The young officer was in touch with the Imperator. It was easy to find
out what his immediate plans were. Unconscious of being an accomplice to
a fatal act, he agreed to do as she asked. It was a perilous promise which
might have cost him his life. But even had he realized this he had been too
often under fire to value life save for what it brings.

Three days later he gave her the information she desired. Octavius had
decided to go back to Italy by way of Syria and Greece, and had given
orders that Cleopatra, together with her younger children, be sent to Rome.

The hour had come at last. Cleopatra knew that henceforth there was no
changing the fate which awaited her. It was time for the sword, which had
been hanging over her for nearly a year, to fall. She regarded it fearlessly.
Perhaps had she only drunk a few drops of bitterness she would have
shrunk from the horror of it. But her cup of sorrow was empty; the game of
life was lost. She gave the news to the two cherished friends, who had her
full confidence, and instructed them to inform Olympus.

For fear of arousing suspicions, this manipulator of poisons had been

kept in retirement; but his solicitude for Cleopatra made him vigilant and
everything was prepared secretly. The Queen had no anxiety on the subject.
She knew that at the appointed hour her means of freedom would be ready.
There was nothing to do but wait and arrange things according to the
carefully thought-out plan.

As a woman to whom elegance was a necessity, Cleopatra had

determined to make her death, as she had made her life, a thing of beauty.
Her queenly pride demanded that Octavius, Agrippa, Mæcenas, even
Proculeius, all these Romans who had scoffed at her, should admire, not
only the courage which had sustained her during the humiliating farce
which they had forced upon her, but the envelope of her rare soul as well.
With an ardour which left her quite calm she personally attended to all the
little preparatory details of her toilet. As though she were making ready for
meeting her lover, she bathed in warm, perfumed water. Her face was sweet
with spikenard, and antimony gave a touch of mystery to her dark eyes. Her
lips and cheeks were like burning roses. From the cedar chest came forth
the snow-white robe, shining with pearls and gold, which had made her
more than royal at the coronation feast. Some jewels put the finishing touch
to her splendour.

What memories that brought back to her! The dazzling processions, the
mad joy of the people, Antony, beautiful as Apollo, in his two-wheeled
chariot drawn by the four white chargers; his stepping down and
proclaiming her under the shining heavens Queen of kings, Empress,
Goddess—and to-day, the winding-sheet!

As she fastened the amethyst buckle at her girdle Cleopatra's fingers

trembled. But a stoic, she drew herself up. There must be no weakness. Her
task was not yet completed. Instead of there being any suggestion of
mourning here, all things should sing a chant of deliverance. Roses were
scattered on the tables, on the carpet. Incense burned in the cressets. The
shaded lamps gave a soft, rich light. When everything was adjusted to
harmonize with the great climax, Cleopatra drew a letter, written some days
before, from a secret drawer. In it she had recommended her children to the
generosity of the conqueror and begged him to allow her to rest by the side
of Antony. She read it over, wrote the date (August 15, 30), the date that
was to be her last day of life, and affixed the royal seal.
 Was it as a jest that she charged Epaphroditus with the delivery of this
letter? Perhaps, for Cleopatra had always loved to play with men or perhaps
she merely wanted to get him out of the way. However that was, his ugly
snout smelt some trickery. To go away from her seemed imprudent. He
hesitated; but the message was important and the Queen persuaded him,
with one of those smiles which no man could resist. The jailor yielded.
Besides, why should he have any serious suspicions of a woman whose
days were passed in futile occupations? Who since early morning had been
poking in chests, turning over jewels and trinkets? Epaphroditus's shallow
brain was incapable of comprehending the whims and caprices of a
Cleopatra!

The evening repast was served as usual. The careless slaves came and
went. That none of them should have any idea of what was coming, the
Queen forced herself to eat and to keep up the conversation.

There was a sudden stirring behind the curtain. It sounded like a dispute.
One of the guards came in. He could not get rid of a man, a peasant
apparently, who insisted on speaking with the Queen.

"What does he want?"

"He wishes to give you a basket of figs."

"Let him come in."

Cleopatra understood. Her heart contracted violently. It required all her

strong will to control its spasms. Under the peasant's garb she had
recognized Olympus. Pale, but firm, she signalled him to approach. No
word passed between them. They exchanged glances which made all clear.
It was arranged. The gift had been paid for. She who received it understood
what to do with it.

The Queen was alone with Iras and Charmian, those two devoted
priestesses whose worship meant the immolation of themselves. These three
women no longer cared to live and were ready for the sacrifice. No one
knows, no one will ever know, what were those deadly rites.
 The general belief is that an asp was hidden in the figs. Olympus had
experimented with the venom of this serpent, which killed according to the
conditions exacted by the Queen; quickly, without pain, leaving no
disfiguring mark.

The idea of that age-old myth, bound up in religions for centuries, comes
back. The woman and the serpent together. Their eyes meet, flames go out,
they challenge each other. The serpent hesitates, draws back, then,
enthralled by a look stronger than his own, darts, and in the willing flesh
implants his deadly sting.

Iras died first. She was the frailest, and as soon as the poison began to
circulate in her veins she bent down, rested her head on the knees of her
beloved sovereign and held them till her last breath went.

Cleopatra felt her lids grow heavy. An irresistible langour overwhelmed

her. Her mind began to wander and in her dream she saw Antony coming
toward her to the sound of flutes and lyres. How quick and joyous his step
was! They were on the sands of the shore. Where are they now? It is
evening in a fragrant garden. A light breeze caresses them. There is music
again, now it is fainter, all grows dim, then black. The eternal rest has come.

Charmian was still breathing when a clash of arms outside roused her.
Fierce blows sounded on the door.

"Open! Open!"

The voices were commanding. It was a company sent from Octavius. He

himself would be there in an instant.

The first words of the letter brought him by Epaphroditus had revealed
the truth. The letter was a will.

"Run! Summon the physician!" commanded the Imperator. "Ten talents

of gold to whoever will revive the Queen!"

But they came too late. The gods keep guard over those who resemble
them. They had saved Cleopatra. Nothing could give her back to the hate of
her enemies.

The first attendant to enter the room found her on her purple bed, which
was upheld by the four sphinxes. All white, in the midst of flowers she
seemed asleep. Her face had the serenity which comes from a duty fulfilled.
With a reverent gesture, Charmian, staggering, with half closed eyes, was
arranging her diadem.

"How fine that is!" railed Epaphroditus maliciously, furious that his
watchfulness had been in vain.

"A superb pose, worthy of the daughter of many kings," the Athenian girl
found strength to whisper. Then she fell near the Queen whom even to her
last sigh she had adorned, served with a divine worship.

For Octavius it was a rude shock. He remained dazed, as though in dying

Cleopatra had robbed his victory of its glory. What would Rome say? And
Italy? The people, that pack of hounds who were devoured with impatience
to avenge on the Egyptian all the humiliations she had inflicted on their
country? He who to-morrow would be Cæsar Augustus had not forgotten
his revenge. His captive had escaped him, but her children should suffer for
her sins. Neither the prayers that she had addressed to him nor the pleading
of these bleating lambs, whose only crime was in being born, could soften
his infamous heart.

Antyllas was his first victim. Cæsarion's remarkable resemblance to his

father, which seemed to make the divine Cæsar live again, should have
preserved that innocent youth. On the contrary, it was another reason for
getting rid of him.

"There is no room for two Cæsars in this world," declared Octavius, and
gave orders that the young boy left in his care be put to death. As to the
other children that Cleopatra had borne Antony, too young to be a serious
menace, they were carried in the triumphal procession to take the place of
their mother.

Only one of the requests of the dead woman found grace with the
conqueror. He contented himself with her effigy and abandoned the body to
the Alexandrians, who claimed it. With reverent care, arranged as though
for her marriage, they placed, in the same porphyry sepulchre where Antony
lay, the body of the woman whose passionate love had lost him an empire,
but who in exchange had given him immortality.

THE END
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