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 Second Edition

Behavior,
Truth
and
Deception
Applying Profiling and Analysis
to the Interview Process
 Second Edition

Behavior,
Truth
and
Deception
Applying Profiling and Analysis
to the Interview Process

Michael R. Napier

Boca Raton London New York

CRC Press is an imprint of the

Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
CRC Press
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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data

Names: Napier, Michael R., author.

Title: Behavior, truth and deception : applying profiling and analysis to
the interview process / Michael R. Napier.
Description: Second edition. | Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, [2017]
Identifiers: LCCN 2016031224| ISBN 9781498745291 (hardback) | ISBN 1498745296
(hardback) | ISBN 9781315305660 (web pdf) | ISBN 1315305666 (web pdf)
Subjects: LCSH: Interviewing in law enforcement. | Criminal behavior,
Prediction of.
Classification: LCC HV8073.3 .N37 2017 | DDC 363.25/4--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016031224

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 This book is dedicated to my wife Judy. Between married partners some shared
endeavors pass quietly as just being “expected.” Yet, some levels of attention,
assistance, and care cannot be passed over so lightly. During what I thought was
the final stages of preparing the second edition of BTD, an already stress filled time,
she stepped forward to also support me on a purely personal level. Her irreplaceable
proofing skills and critiques in preparing this text coincided with her ready attention
and endless support at a time of unexpected medical needs. Her readiness to tend
to both endeavors never ebbed when faced with tedious and seemingly endless
deliveries to doctor after doctor, medical laboratories, and pharmacies, etc. This brief
paragraph does not meet the adequacy test; however, my “Thank You” is heartfelt.
A Special “Thank You”
We cannot say “Thank You” too many times to the men and women who
labor to keep our children and ourselves safe and secure in the places we
celebrate being families. It is comforting that they are not deterred by the
violent act of a few that are intended to harm, maim, or kill because of
the uniform they wear. Hopefully, they are just a little more vigilant.
Contents

Foreword xi
Author xv
Contributors xvii
Introduction xxi

Section I
BRICK BY BRICK

1 Analysis: Taking the Blinders Off 3

MICHAEL R. NAPIER

2 Psychology of the Police Interview: The Criminal

Use of Fantasy 17
MICHAEL R. NAPIER

3 Indirect Personality Assessment 33

RICHARD L. AULT Jr.

Section II
CLOSING IN ON A CONFESSION:
INTRODUCTION TO THE MAP FOR INTERVIEWING

4 Essential Concepts for Success 47

MICHAEL R. NAPIER

5 Implementing Winning Techniques 71

MICHAEL R. NAPIER

6 The Spin Begins Here: Magic Words and Themes 89

MICHAEL R. NAPIER

7 All the World’s a Stage: Play Your Role with Class 113
MICHAEL R. NAPIER

vii
viii Contents

8 Use, Misuse, and Abuse of Nonverbal Gestures 139

MICHAEL R. NAPIER

9 Manipulation by False Claims 151

MICHAEL R. NAPIER

10 Interview of the Rape Victim and Rapist Types 169

MICHAEL R. NAPIER

11 Using Statement Analysis in Rape Investigations 179

PETER SMERICK

12 Is the Caller the Killer? Analyzing 911 Homicide Calls 189

TRACY HARPSTER AND SUSAN H. ADAMS

13 Approaching the Crime Scene with an Eye toward

Interview Strategy 207
JON D. CROMER AND JO ANNE BREWSTER

Section III
INTRODUCTION TO TARGETED
SUBJECT INTERVIEWING

14 Analyzing Homicides: Preparing for Suspect Interviews 235

MICHAEL R. NAPIER

15 Targeted Subject Interview: Child Molesters

and Pedophiles 241
MICHAEL R. NAPIER

16 Interpersonal Stalking: Characteristics of Predators

and Prey 249
MICHAEL R. NAPIER AND R. STEPHEN MARDIGIAN

17 Targeted Subject Interview: Interviewing the Rapist 261

MICHAEL R. NAPIER

18 Considerations for Interviewing Arabs and People of the

Islamic Faith 275
JOHN R. CENCICH AND JOSEPHINE DECARLO
Contents ix

19 ¿Qué pasó? Interviewing Members of the Hispanic

Community 285
JOHN R. CENCICH AND ANDREA VARGAS CENCICH

20 Using Interpreters and Translators in the Interviewing

and Interrogation Processes 293
JOHN R. CENCICH

21 Legal Perspectives on Interviewing 301

JOHN C. HALL

Appendix A: Glossary 313

ROBERT R. HAZELWOOD

Appendix B: The Significance of Victimology 323

MICHAEL R. NAPIER AND ROBERT R. HAZELWOOD

Appendix C: Chapter 1—Selected Excerpts Referencing

Case Analysis: Taking the Blinders Off Analytical Problem 333
MICHAEL R. NAPIER

Appendix D: Chapter 2—Selected Excerpts Referencing

Mental Health and Psychopathy 341
MICHAEL R. NAPIER

Appendix E: Chapter 8—Excerpts from Chapter 8: Use, Misuse,

and Abuse of Nonverbal Communication 347
MICHAEL R. NAPIER

Appendix F: The Behavior-Oriented Interview of Rape Victims:

The Key to Profiling 353
ROBERT R. HAZELWOOD

Appendix G: Sexual Assault Victim’s Questionnaire 367

ROBERT R. HAZELWOOD

Appendix H: Chapter 5—Explanation of Structuring an

Interview Form 371
MICHAEL R. NAPIER
x Contents

Appendix I: Interview and Interrogation Strategy Checklist 377

MICHAEL R. NAPIER

Appendix J: Themes, Openings, Arguments 381

MICHAEL R. NAPIER

Appendix K: Protecting Stalking Victims 385

MICHAEL R. NAPIER AND R. STEPHEN MARDIGIAN

Index 393
Foreword

MICHAEL R. NAPIER

Deadly Violence

Who would have dreamed of waking to a world of overt racial tension culminating with
police officers being executed in their patrol units or while fueling their car with gasoline?
It seems that anyone in a uniform is a target. Likewise, who could have conceived of seven
uniformed officers across the United States being murdered in a 7-day span? Confusion
regarding one of the mainstays of society is blatant with uniformed officers seen as the
enemy yet still expected to lay it all on the line. The same citizens see the officer as a power
element which is a threat to their families and is their enemy generally. Some of the anger
and hatred is continually fueled by blatant lies or rumors, which in some instances, are
believed true by the teller. It is truly a world turned upside down.

It Will Happen Again

For the moment only smoke is seen rising in wisps of white. But the embers only require a
light breeze to erupt once again. But for now, chaos is absent which may be taken as proof
that the postriot decisions are on target. So far those making the political decisions have
rationalized the response to the wave of riots intent on the destruction of small businesses,
neighborhoods, and untold millions of dollars of fire and police equipment. In their ratio-
nalization they have chosen to make “no response” their decision about what to do with the
marauders, rioters, and plunderers whose identity has been established by videotape. They
are following and espousing the likely mistaken belief that they have purchased peace for
the immediate future. Has there ever been a time when caving in to violence and violent
people has paid a dividend of greater adherence to the law?
Did anyone place on the table for discussion the possibility that blatant and willful
disregard for property rights cannot but spread to a lowered valuation of human life. The
leading targets will be any symbol of authority, especially the police who are already the
subject of hatred passed from parent to child.

The Next Lightning Rod?

I am not a futurist but try this on for size. The next most likely target of collective resent-
ment and unrest will be what occurs in the interview room. That is where so many crimes
are resolved in a private, semi-isolated location. Already exaggerated tales are on the street
about police conduct and the mystique of what actually happens under those conditions.
That essential activity can easily be made the villain for anyone desiring to stir hatred and
destruction.

xi
xii Foreword

Together, the preparation for use of deadly force and reinforcement of interviewing
skills hold co-title to the claim of being essential components. They are essential compo-
nents and are the first thought when the word “police” is mentioned. Should either be miss-
ing, or so poorly done as to be missing, policing will fall short and leave the community
at least partially vulnerable. In the table below a casual comparison is presented to bring
focus to the status of both skills.
Even a brief review of the table will make clear that keeping a police department popu-
lated with experienced interviewers takes second seat to the training for firearms. Every
officer needs to be schooled to reach a higher level of building professional relationships and
the most efficient and effective approaches to securing incriminating information without
resorting to intimidation, the suggestion of violence, or by the employment of physical
tactics. At the present time a high percentage of what constitutes interviewing skills is used
around the country in a haphazard manner by applying techniques and “tricks” learned
from other investigators. An immediate and long-term quest benefiting effective policing
and resulting in an elevated level of appreciation by the public is far overdue.

Offensive Use of Firearms Vital Interviewing Skills

Dedicated training and hands-on experience At the academy, some scheduled block of instruction
starting with the Police Academy. and demonstrations.
Academy training is scheduled in increments of Training time measured in hour increments.
multiple days, not by hour-long periods.
Repeated firearms sessions during Academy. Training is “classroom academic,” with some hands-on
practices highlighted by telling war stories.
Quality weapons, ammunition, etc. paid for by the Pen/paper expenses substitute for hands-on
department. preparation geared to experiences known to face
interviewers on daily basis.
Nearly all training is repetitive “hands-on” drills, Courses relative to interviewing blended into multiple
scenarios simulating real life situations. topic agenda. Perhaps outside formal training allowed
for select few. Training often repeats academy
approach.
Part of theory is that at a critical time this type of Same “fallback” concept applies equally to interviewing
prep will become the “fallback” behavior/response training and would result in the same benefits.
due to repeated training drills.
Considerable amount of minimum training hours Police department sets limits on training time. Usually
mandated by government. done when workload permits.
Certification of proficiency required, noted in Most training is OJT (on-the-job training), and if
permanent personnel file. Used in certain interactive skill training exists, it includes role playing
circumstances to enhance testimony. with one’s partner whose skill level is matter of
happenstance.
Failure results in added training at Department No censure for failure/shortcomings in “closing the
expense and perhaps temporary loss of concealed deal.”
carry permit.

Best Practices

One set of standards by which police performance is evaluated is called “Best Practices.”
Most professions are also judged by how they measure up to the best practices of their
“industry.” The standards establish that which is usual or customary based on work done
Foreword xiii

by that profession. Naturally, the practices evolve as new customs, and technology opens
new approaches, processes, and opportunities for that sector. I could not locate a document
labeled “Best Practices” for police interviewing and interrogation. Policing in America is
complex and diverse as are the communities served. That usually translates as a reflection
of the agency’s diversity due to department size, type of service area, mission, geography,
and many other criteria too numerous to list. Those characteristics are not conducive to
standardization; however, many essential aspects of police interviewing could be brought
into a semblance of conformity. A meaningful agenda can be devised with a focus on both
the common elements of police interviewing and the exceptions or additions required by
levels and types of criminals in the community.
What often seems to be “traditional” approaches to dealing with “live” suspects rely
too often on physical demonstrations and verbal assaults. It seems some police interview-
ers see that as what is expected and appropriate because a “tough” police interview fits the
image expected by suspects. A more psychological-oriented set of techniques would serve
our communities and police department reputations. Veteran officers will find style of
interviewing to be at variance with that passed around by OJT with apparent sanctions by
management.
With all the current events that touch upon police methodology, this would be an
excellent time to form a “Master Interviewer Institute” to bring interviewing skills within
policing up to a level of competence that exceeds its current status. Likely, that is wishful
thinking but a positive path to give serious consideration.
Author

Michael R. Napier retired from the FBI after nearly 28 years of service and assignments
to the Albuquerque, Los Angeles, Oklahoma City, and Kansas City field offices and to the
Critical Incident Response Group (CIRG) at the FBI Academy. At CIRG he was assigned
to the Crisis Management Unit and the Behavioral Analysis Unit, both of which operated
under the behavioral sciences umbrella known as the National Center for the Analysis of
Violent Crime (NCAVC). Mike was a supervisory special agent in Los Angeles, Oklahoma
City, and CIRG. He supervised organized crime and labor racketeering programs, white
collar crime squads, and a program in the profiling and behavior analysis units. He was
on the FBI’s national Critical Incident Negotiating Team, which was used for high profile
cases both nationally and internationally, and represented the Behavioral Science Unit as
a field coordinator assigned to assist local, state, and national law-enforcement agencies
on difficult and unsolved cases in the area of violent crimes. He is also a certified FBI
polygraph examiner. Mike authored the first edition of Behavior, Truth, and Deception. He
also authored Police Interview and Interrogation Techniques which consisted of six DVDs
demonstrating interview and interrogation concepts, tactics, and strategies.

xv
Contributors

Susan H. Adams, a retired FBI Agent, is a criminal justice professor at the Graduate School
of the University of Maryland, University College. She has been a guest speaker at interna-
tional conferences in Vienna, Prague, Edinburgh, Ottawa, Toronto, and in over 20 states,
on the topics of investigative interviewing and statement analysis. As an FBI Academy
instructor, Dr. Adams taught interviewing techniques to FBI Agents, other federal inves-
tigators, and police officers. She received her PhD in human development from Virginia
Tech. Her dissertation examined indicators of veracity and deception in written statements
provided to law enforcement. Dr. Adams has authored numerous law-enforcement articles.
With Deputy Chief Tracy Harpster, she coauthored “Analysis of 911 Homicide Calls for
Indicators of Guilt or Innocence,” published in Homicide Studies, 2009, and “911 Homicide
Calls and Statement Analysis: Is the Caller the Killer?” published in the Law Enforcement
Bulletin, 2008. Dr. Adams volunteers her time to the Vidocq Society, a nonprofit group of
forensic professionals who offer their services to help solve cold case homicides.

Richard L. Ault Jr., served in the U.S. Marine Corps, and for 24 years he was a special
agent in the FBI. In 1994, he was the deputy chief of the Behavioral Science Unit (BSU)
at the FBI Academy. He earned a bachelor of science in psychology from Huntingdon
College, Montgomery, Alabama; a master’s in counseling and guidance from the University
of Alabama; and a PhD in counseling psychology and student development from the
American University, Washington, DC.
Dr. Ault has lectured at Patrick Henry College on the psychology of espionage and
indirect assessment in intelligence. In the FBI, he worked on criminal, organized crime,
and domestic terrorism cases. He was assigned to the BSU from 1975 to 1994, where he
conducted thousands of assessments of violent crimes and for the intelligence commu-
nity. When he retired, Dr. Ault was placed on contract to the FBI as the pioneer mem-
ber and senior advisor of the FBI’s Behavioral Assessment Program in counterintelligence
and counterterrorism. In July 2003, while working with the Office of the National
Counterintelligence Executive, he was awarded the National Intelligence Meritorious Unit
Citation for his assistance on the Robert Hanssen damage assessment team. He has par-
ticipated in damage assessments in numerous other spy cases and currently works as a
consultant to the Defense Intelligence Agency. Dr. Ault is a vice president of the Academy
Group Inc. He is a consultant to private industry, law firms, and federal, state, and local
government agencies in all areas of violence and violent crimes.

Jo Anne Brewster is a licensed clinical psychologist in the Commonwealth of Virginia. She

is a full professor in the Department of Graduate Psychology at James Madison University,
primarily teaching abnormal psychology, forensic psychology, and police psychology. Her
main research interests are the selection of police officers, the police personality, and police–
community relationships. She enjoys teaching abnormal psychology for law enforcement

xvii
xviii Contributors

as part of a regional CIT program. She has served as president of the Society for Police
and Criminal Psychology (SPCP) and has been Secretary and Membership Chair of that
organization for several years. She serves on the editorial board of the Journal of Police
and Criminal Psychology. She is also a member of the American Psychological Association
(APA), the Virginia Psychological Association (VPA), and the Psychological Services
Section of the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP-PPSS). She is board
certified in police and public safety psychology and is a board member of the American
Board of Police and Public Safety Psychology (ABPPSP). She is also past-president of the
American Academy of Police and Public Safety Psychology (AAPPSP) and serves as the
AAPPSP representative to the Council of Organizations in Police Psychology (COPP).

Andrea Vargas Cencich is a Spanish professor and consulting member with the
Pennsylvania Center for Criminological and Forensic Sciences, where she specializes in
Spanish for law enforcement and legal interpreting. She earned a BA in Spanish, a master’s
in education, and a certificate in forensic science and law from Duquesne University. She
has provided assistance on a number of criminal and civil cases to include the examination
and analysis of Spanish documents in wrongful conviction claims. She has also provided
relevant assistance to a legal team seeking justice under international law and the U.S. Alien
Tort Claims Act for the murders of civilians which constituted crimes against humanity.
She teaches at Washington & Jefferson College and the Center for Talented Youth at Johns
Hopkins University.

John R. Cencich is a professor, criminologist, and legal scientist with more than 25 years’
experience as a police officer, special agent, and international war crimes investigator. As
the senior American investigator with the United Nations International Criminal Tribunal
headquartered at The Hague, he led one of the largest and most complex international
criminal investigations in history, which involved extermination, murder, sexual assaults,
torture, and other forms of persecution. He has conducted hundreds of interviews and
interrogations including those of murderers, rapists, spies, and terrorists, often involv-
ing the use of simultaneous, consecutive, and polylingual interpreting. He holds a mas-
ter’s in criminal justice, a law degree, and a research doctorate in juridical science from
the University of Notre Dame. Dr. Cencich’s teaching, research, and service focus on
areas related to behaviorally based applied criminology. He serves as the director of the
Pennsylvania Center for Criminological and Forensic Sciences at California University
of Pennsylvania, and is currently chair of the International Section of the Academy of
Criminal Justice Sciences.

Jon D. Cromer earned a bachelor of science in criminal justice from Radford University
(1990), and is presently enrolled in The Graduate School of Psychology at James Madison
University pursuing an MA in applied psychology. Currently Jon is a senior special agent
serving with the Virginia State Police. The majority of his career has been devoted to the
investigation of death, missing persons, and sexually motivated crimes. He is a Fellow with
the International Criminal Investigative Analysis Fellowship (ICIAF) and is board certi-
fied as a criminal profiler. Agent Cromer also serves as vice-chair of the National Advisory
Board for the FBI Violent Criminal Apprehension Program (ViCAP). Special Agent
Cromer routinely provides instruction to law enforcement officers, medical professionals,
prosecutors, and students at various academic institutions. While his primary duty is to
Contributors xix

the western district of Virginia, Agent Cromer routinely consults on the behavioral aspects
of violent crime throughout the United States.

Josephine DeCarlo has worked in child welfare services for over 15 years. She earned
bachelor of arts in psychology from The Pennsylvania State University. Later, she earned
her master’s in applied criminology at California University of Pennsylvania where she
focused on the behavioral science behind interviewing victims and suspects.

John C. Hall is a Supervisory Special Agent (ret). Hall is a proud native of Kentucky and a
graduate of the University of Louisville Law School. He served as legal counsel for the uni-
versity for almost 2 years before joining the FBI in 1970. In the course of a 32-year career
with the FBI, he served as an investigator in the Oklahoma City and St. Louis divisions. In
addition to his investigative responsibilities, he served as the principal legal advisor, prin-
cipal firearms instructor, and a member of the St. Louis SWAT team. John served 1 year in
the Legal Counsel Division at FBI headquarters in Washington, DC. The last several years
of his career were spent at the FBI Academy, Quantico, Virginia, where he served in the
prestigious legal unit as a legal instructor and later as the chief of the Firearms Training
Unit. In the last assignment, he was responsible for the creation of the widely acclaimed
Ammunition Testing Program of the FBI and supervised the transition of the FBI from
revolvers to pistols. He has published numerous articles in the FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin
on constitutional law, criminal procedure, and related topics. Nationally recognized as an
expert in the legal and practical issues relating to the use of force by law enforcement
officers, he coauthored a book on the use of deadly force by law enforcement officers, In
Defense of Self and Others.

Tracy Harpster is the deputy chief of the Moraine (Ohio) Police Department. Since 1984
he has served as street officer, undercover narcotics officer, sergeant, detective sergeant,
and lieutenant. He is a graduate of the 216th Session of the Federal Bureau of Investigation
National Academy and was Task Force Director in the Ohio Organized Crime Investigations
Commission. Deputy Chief Harpster earned a BS in criminal justice from Bowling Green
State University and an MS from the University of Cincinnati. His masters’ thesis exam-
ined the indicators of innocence and guilt of 911 homicide callers. He travels extensively,
presenting his research at international, national, and regional homicide conferences.
Tracy Harpster and Dr. Susan Adams coauthored “Analysis of 911 homicide calls for indi-
cators of guilt or innocence,” published in Homicide Studies, 2009, and “911 Homicide calls
and statement analysis: Is the caller the killer?” published in the Law Enforcement Bulletin,
2008. Deputy Chief Harpster is a member of the Vidocq Society, a nonprofit, crime-solving
organization that meets monthly at the Union League of Philadelphia. Members of the
Vidocq Society apply their collective forensic skills and experience to solve “cold case”
homicides.

Robert R. Hazelwood is a retired FBI supervisory special agent and served 11 years in
the U.S. Army, achieving the rank of major. He earned a master’s in counseling psychol-
ogy and attended a 1-year fellowship in forensic medicine at the Armed Forces Institute
of Pathology. He has published more than 45 articles, authored or coauthored 10 book
chapters and 5 books, and is a member of the editorial review board of four professional
journals. He has testified as an expert in city, county, state, and federal courts and before
xx Contributors

special committees of the U.S. House and Senate. He has lectured and consulted on violent
crimes throughout the United States, Canada, Europe, and the Caribbean. He is currently
senior vice president of the Academy Group Incorporated in Manassas, Virginia.

R. Stephen Mardigian served 31 years as an FBI supervisory special agent, regional field
office program manager, violent crime assessor, and administrator for the FBI’s NCAVC.
He has conducted detailed evaluations of violent crime cases for criminal justice agencies
faced with the most baffling and vicious crimes. He participated in and directed NCAVC
violent crime research projects such as the Crime Classification Manual and the child
killer–infant abductor and serial rapist studies. He has provided investigative analysis on
hundreds of cases involving homicide; sexual assault; child abduction and molestation;
arson; bombing; extortion; product tampering; stalking; workplace violence; domestic
and international terrorism; and threat assessment. Mardigian is currently the president
of The Academy Group Inc., the world’s largest privately owned forensic behavioral sci-
ence firm. As a consultant to corporations, he specializes in providing human resources,
employee assistance programs, security, corporate, and legal professions with behavioral
threat assessments and analyses of aberrant and criminal behavior and incidents that affect
workplace safety and security. He has lectured extensively in the United States and abroad
concerning violent crime assessment, offender characteristics, and threat assessment. In
addition, he has offered expert witness testimony on decisive crime analysis issues in state
criminal trials.

Peter A. Smerick earned a bachelor of arts in political science from Pennsylvania State
University and a master of education from the University of Virginia. In the 1960s, he
served as a U.S. Army combat photography officer in Vietnam and a special agent for
the Naval Investigative Service. Smerick became an FBI special agent in 1970 and spe-
cialized in surveillance and crime scene photography. In 1976, he was promoted to the
FBI Laboratory as a supervisory special agent and a questioned document examiner and
examiner of photographic evidence. In 1985, Peter was assigned to the FBI Academy as
an instructor in forensic science and crime scene management techniques. He became a
criminal profiler and violent crime analyst (1988) for the FBI’s NCAVC, where he focused
on crimes of homicide, rape, child molestation, kidnapping, extortion, and product tam-
pering. He chose to specialize in the assessment of anonymous and threatening commu-
nications. Smerick testified before both houses of Congress regarding his profile of David
Koresh, leader of the Branch Davidians, during that group’s 1993 standoff with the FBI in
Waco, Texas. He currently serves as a vice president of the Academy Group Inc., Manassas,
Virginia, the largest privately owned forensic behavioral science firm in the world.
Introduction

MICHAEL R. NAPIER

To “introduce” a book is to set the expectations of the reader about what is waiting for him.
Therefore, an invitation is extended to select a place at the table as the second edition of
Behavior, Truth, and Deception (BTD) is rolled out.

Methodology

BTD is designed for police officers, patrol officers, newly appointed detectives, those intend-
ing to become detectives, and any officer who has difficulties in being successful in the
interview room. This book is written with the intention that it reach the hands of law-
enforcement officers who are in contact with victims, witnesses, and suspects. Therefore, it
is designed to be practical and functional. The reader will not be burdened with hypotheti-
cals but will encounter information and suggestions based on practical experience. He or
she will find a blending of all the ingredients involved in the interview and interrogation
process.
BTD is as close to a “how to” book as you will find anywhere. The scope of this text is
comprehensive. Just so you are not surprised, the lessons for you to profit from are not ele-
mentary. But with observance of the provided guidelines, the regular and frequent applica-
tion of the techniques, and a reasonable amount of practice time you will find progress and
comfort in their use.
With its broad set of users, the text needed some thread to link like subjects and to pull
it all together. I chose, where possible, to cite examples from real interviews that illustrated
the style and technique best suited to the case and the offender.
Therefore, my style aimed to provide easy-to-read and easy-to-understand procedures
and explanations for those situations that officers are likely to encounter on the job. In
many places, I intended the book to read as if we were having a conversation. BTD is about
the business of interviewing and interrogating individuals who have little, if any, regard for
society. They are a destructive element that needs to be restrained and sent away to places
where they cannot reach our youth, the elderly, the weak, and the vulnerable. To reach
that point, a large amount of space given over to interviewing theory is not the appropriate
approach. I have saved that material for study in the academic setting. What you will find
here is practical and an updated view of techniques that have been proven with prior usage
all of which fall within the scope of decisions by the U.S. Supreme Court and lesser bodies.

The Full Picture

There are many parts that comprise an investigation. Combined they all add up to a chal-
lenge and mandate understandings so they are capable of bringing together a proper per-
spective of the entire crime as it is presented for solution. That conclusion will likely come

xxi
xxii Introduction

about in the interview room. Knowing that truism brought about the decision to cover each
problem likely to be encountered in an investigation start to finish. The interviewer that is
most likely to succeed is equipped to evaluate and digest the entire case, plus have the abil-
ity to deal psychologically with personalities of every stripe. He is required to possess the
entire picture before entering the interview room. Such is the path laid out within the pages
of BTD.
The technique of analysis and a detailed explanation of the psychopathology of the
offender are included here for the investigator/interviewer to master and take into the
interview room and utilize expertly in his questioning. Practical analysis problems are
included for the officer to self-evaluate his level of his competence.

Cadre of Experts

Assistance in dealing with the entire ball of wax is provided by a cadre of experts who were
chosen to present material enabling the interviewer to work with individuals from differ-
ent cultures and secure information they possess. The fact of life is that a new and mark-
edly different world from that found by officers’ predecessors awaits.
Many of the “lessons learned” are based on the experiences of FBI (Federal Bureau of
Investigation) agents who conducted extensive and detailed face-to-face interviews with a
variety of violent criminals. In that setting those individuals were questioned closely about
how they planned their activities before, during, and after the criminal acts. That data have
been tested, and met the challenges of the hard realities of today’s policing.
Interviewing is hard work, both mentally and physically. A sense of satisfaction is
found like no other when an interviewer leaves the interview room knowing his efforts met
the test of “a job well done.” A great deal of responsibility rests on the shoulders of the offi-
cer who is undertaking a search for a conclusion also sought by those directly impacted by
violence, often from strangers, so some measure of regularity in their life may be restored.
That accomplishment is found at the end of a long road filled with many opportunities to
misstep due to entering a combat zone at a disadvantage because across from him is the
only one who knows exactly what happened in the crime.
The techniques described herein are based heavily on human psychology. When prop-
erly used these techniques do not involve, and should not involve, an approach where
screaming, pounding on the desk, blatant use of threats, and swearing are the full sub-
stance of your style or reflective of your regular pattern of interviewing.
The message that can be delivered with any of those techniques can be more effectively
presented with a calm, professional, and dignified approach that represents the best in
police interviewing.
An officer’s arrival at that destination is also greeted by challenges and questions,
sometimes attempts to denigrate and twist his effort into a personal attack on his character
and honesty.

What May Be Discovered

This text represents many hours of thought and preparation and its final version is condu-
cive to meet its intended use. Most of the written text grew from personal experiences and
Introduction xxiii

training received from many sources. Speaking for myself, I recognized early in my career
the value of engaging “the old timers” with requests for assistance, however, I endeavored
to lure them into telling “war stories” about how they approached their work and situations
inside and outside of the office. Mostly, they were pretty easy targets because recounting
their dedication, persistence, and cleverness was a pleasant trip. Plus, they enjoyed recount-
ing to the new kid their victories, and a few setbacks they had to overcome. Through my
career I followed that practice and as a result my approach to people and work took many
different tracks. Those years were mostly enjoyable and productive because of their will-
ingness to share so openly.
I rarely drink coffee but they taught me at least six bases to cover so as to not get caught
by the boss while meeting outside the office, a forbidden practice at the time. They even
worked with several waitresses to serve as their lookouts so they knew when to scramble
because the boss was on his way to have his coffee. Time spent over the coffee was my
classroom.

The Book

A fair ratio of the text in this book has been lifted from my experiences but I am proud to
be assisted by 11 professionals known as being exceptional in their area of expertise.
In certain chapters you will find some sentences or phrases highlighted for the purpose
of flagging your attention. The goal is that the reader will give special attention to not just
the accented words but the concepts and explanations which surround them. By using the
highlighted data, the author is signaling the reader to slowdown and spend a little extra
time on the surrounding concepts.

New Chapters

Several entirely new chapters have been added to expand the reader’s knowledge base
of details that affect the interviewer’s skill and ability to maximize the effectiveness of
his efforts. In addition, at two locations relevant material precedes and introduces a
collection of related chapters. The author has placed a selection of “special text” in the
appendices for two purposes. First, the intent was to speed up the reading of the regular
chapter by removing some of the very basic data but at the same time including the infor-
mation for those desiring to build their foundation or to prepare to testify in open court.
The second thought was that some of the finer details on which certain practices are based
should be available to those who are just curious and/or those desiring the complete pic-
ture with all the details.

Questioning Trust in Nonverbal Gestures

The author has become a true believer in the complaint that reliance on interpreting non-
verbal gestures using the traditional, commonly trained methods is a primary enemy of
the complete and bias-free investigation. Not only does that process provide false guid-
ance concerning truth and deception leading to misplaced investigative effort, time, and
xxiv Introduction

resources but is often destructive of innocent lives of genuinely blameless parties. Many
times it is a close family member or a romantic interest who is on the wrong end of those
decisions. Naturally, the police focus and intense questioning of the person wrongly
selected as the likely offender reaches his employer and close associates and extends well
past the initial phase of the investigation. The cloud of suspicion and supposed guilt will
forever leave doubt in the minds of many as to his real innocence.
Because of those strong doubts, the reader is requested to spend time studying and
absorbing what is related about the use of nonverbal gestures to focus and guide an inves-
tigation. The corrective measure is a simple step placed between the suspicion and conclu-
sion of guilt. That single step will save a lot of grief and will steer the police effort to safer
and productive ground.
I am pleased to present the contributing authors whose work is of the quality and
diversity seldom found in a book like Behavior, Truth, and Deception.
Brick by Brick

Just as the twig is bent, the tree’s inclined.

I
Alexander Pope, 1734, Epistle to Cobham, 149–150

A couple of centuries ago, 1734 to be more precise, this Pope fellow made quite an observa-
tion. The above thought was likely regarding sociological concerns, but the truth it contains
applies to a much broader spectrum. His observation hit upon a major piece of philosophy
about the “bricks” necessary to be successful in personal relationships, or in establish-
ing the foundation on which to find achievement in life, and in building corporations or
organizations, or in solving crimes. Foundations require the bricks to be set in mortar and
“square” with all the corners making 90-degree turns. Launching an investigation with the
best underpinning increases the likelihood of it ending well.
So, just how does that darn twig get tilted and off square? I have examined hundreds of
major cases partially in search of the answer to why an investigation is stymied, or stalled,
or unable to get over the final hump. After spending time with investigators and by reading
their files on the case, major pieces of the puzzle begin to form. For what it is worth, almost
every time, the bricks in the foundation were not laid straight and “square.” It is difficult
to straighten and adjust the bricks when the investigation has already passed the first floor.
So, let us get every case off to a decent start, allowing the investigators to “get ’er done.”
First, it rarely comes down to lazy or uninspired cops. They want to produce the best
investigative product possible, one that takes the criminal element off the street and out
of the lives of citizens. They are motivated and ready to go. Several times, the foundation
is off-kilter because officers were turned loose before the land was surveyed. That rush of
jumping in with both feet ends with a “rush to judgment” featuring poorly selected sus-
pects. Leadership in those cases is tasked with insuring that officers are adept at “founda-
tion tools” and that they take just a few minutes to develop an analysis that points to a
logical beginning. The second critical element is to be prepared to alter the analysis as new
data arrive. Altering the theory and the direction of the inquiry in increments avoids hav-
ing to start over 2 weeks into the job. Any number of cases can be found where key leaders
lacked the courage to publicly state they have been chasing the wrong solution.
A well-constructed foundation will include a fully developed study of the life, habits,
and lifestyle of the victim with no holds barred in the asking of necessary questions. So all
of the vital data is on hand when the crime is assessed, it is wise to ask victimology type
questions simultaneously with the area canvass. The forensic exams will not be in for some
period of time; so start with what is available, relying heavily on a close examination of the
crime scene.
An accurate reading of the scene will likely reveal criminal motivation, strong clues
about who should be interviewed first, how that ought to happen, and a myriad of other
clues. This book provides what I intended to be a clear vision as to how to apply those
talents and the steps available to construct interviews, identifying the vulnerabilities and
weaknesses of targeted individuals.
2 Brick by Brick

Chapters 1 through 3 get the ball rolling by helping interpret the crime scene and
supply the first bricks for the foundation. The additional chapters are packed with experi-
ence-based information, starting with the tips and descriptions for honing the best talents
that square up the foundation and then going after the hundreds of pieces of data that will
come with the development of the investigation.
Analysis
Taking the Blinders Off
MICHAEL R. NAPIER
1
Contents
Crime Types 4
Analysis Is Undervalued 4
Principles of Analysis 4
Expectations 5
Source of Instruments 5
Background Analytical Discovery 6
Location of Evidence 6
Analyze Every Item 6
Developing Appropriate Descriptors 7
Motive 8
Secret Desires 8
Three-Step Analysis Process 9
Caution 9
Divide Paper 9
Column One 9
Column Two 9
Column Three 9
Language 10
Critical Information 11
Additional Analytical Points 11
Behavioral Choices 12
Environmental Cues 13
Open Exchanges 14
Role-Playing 15
Additional Information 15
Bibliography 15

The ideal reasoner would, when he has once been shown a single fact in all its bearing,
deduce from it not only all the chain of events which led up to it but also all the results
which would follow from it.
Arthur Conan Doyle, The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes

3
4 Behavior, Truth and Deception

Mr Holmes, it seems, has provided the perfect definition for a crime analyst and police
investigator—the primary targets for this book. If the book was read or a Holmes movie
was watched, Sherlock made it all look easy because it is.
For the usual investigator, crime analysis is readily within his skill set. However, even
when adapted to his work, there is a tendency to underutilize his skills. There are a number
of investigative locations where its use can advance an inquiry. Any difficulty will go away
the more it is tried out. He has provided the outline and this book will fill in the remainder.

Crime Types

Some crimes are readily recognized as fitting a pattern.

Some crimes have a smoking gun.
Some crimes are baffling.
Some cases are never formally solved.
Some cases “drift” without the anchor of a full analytical examination.
Without mastery of a solid analytical tool, an investigator is working with a severe
handicap when solving crimes of violence. Analysis is employed from the notification of
the crime through every step of investigation. It is the analytical process that guides the
investigative plan, prioritizes witnesses, and suspects and determines which questions are
the most meaningful to ask.
Each type of case presented to an investigator should be thoroughly filtered through an
analytical process to validate the crime theory, to pick up on minute details, to reduce the
details and ramification to an explainable proportion for the jury, and so on. An analytical
process is an ongoing work in progress until the pieces of the riddle have been accounted for
and understood. The product may change with the addition of each new investigative effort.

Analysis Is Undervalued

One area where crime analysis is largely ignored is during the critical crime scene process-
ing. Generally, a department is adequately trained to properly collect and preserve evi-
dence but that duty may take on a pro forma feel. That process yields tremendous evidence.
However, a second exam of the same evidence, but from a different perspective, may estab-
lish a better-informed launch for an investigation.
The crime scene will benefit from a “behavioral processing” which requires the investi-
gator to question “why” specific items are located within the crime scene and why they are
situated as found in relationship to other elements of the crime scene this analysis sets the
stage for a crime theory encompassing suspect prioritization, question format, etc.

Principles of Analysis

The analytic theory that anchors this investigative process rests on a very few principles. In
an oversimplified explanation of how analysis works, the investigator will begin with these
very basic behavioral theories and beliefs: (1) we behave according to the way we think
Analysis 5

(what we think); (2) the mind keeps track of our thoughts; (3) behavioral traces are left
behind at the scene and with victims of violence; (4) traces of behavior can be read (inter-
preted); (5) that reading provides clues (deductive reasoning) as to one’s thoughts; and (6)
the investigator has come full circle from the mind-controlling behavior to commencing
an appreciation of rationally assembling how the crime behavior unfolded. With that last
linkage, there should be a strong sense of how the offender thinks.

Expectations
Much is expected of police officers today and only a few mistakes are tolerated. Of all the
talents anticipated to be firmly in the hands of each officer, none outranks the ability and
skill to disassemble and reassemble a complex investigation and locate the tiniest element of
a crime and then follow the story it tells all the way to the suspect.
Sometimes the analytical talent required resembles an “art” form and sometimes it
seems closer to a scientific process. Sometimes it is pure intuition, inspiration, and “gut
feelings.” Each of those skills results from the ability to recall, sometimes unconsciously,
prior experiences and training.

Case 1.1
A young, white female was assaulted and murdered in her middle-class townhome in
a Midwestern city. Her body had been displayed in a manner to shock and to offend.
She had been subjected to unspeakable brutality, both antemortem and postmortem.
Her killer had repeatedly “carved” on her chest, and the letters “W H O R E” were
visible. The carving tool was the bolt protruding from the leg of a disassembled table
found at the crime scene. A sharp cutting instrument was also used to inflict postmor-
tem wounds. She had been strangled with a ligature, bound, and anally assaulted with
a foreign object.
Her body had been “cleansed” with a facial cream. A handwritten note had been
placed on her pubic mound suggesting that the murder was a payback to her employer,
a judge, for a sentence handed down on the offender.
All of the instruments of the crime appeared to have originated within the crime
scene. However, no material or device consistent with the ligature marks on the body
was found inside the residence. Liquid dish soap had been forced inside her vagina and
anus. Great care was taken by the offender in the anal insertion of an unbroken light-
bulb. There were no evident defensive wounds.
There was no evidence of a physically forced entry to the residence, and the offender
likely spent up to 5 hours with the victim. The victim’s telephone answering tape had
been removed, and the residence revealed signs of someone recently vacuuming the
upstairs carpet. The vacuum bag was missing. No foreign fingerprints of value were
located. The telephone answering tape was removed and taken.

Source of Instruments
What can the discerning investigator find in this scene that will allow him to theorize
motivation, to describe sequentially the events leading to death, and to prepare for the
6 Behavior, Truth and Deception

prosecutor an investigative package demonstrating each element of the crime in a way that
the common juror can comprehend? Did the offender leave behind any clues allowing the
investigator to deduce the offender’s prior relations with the victim or his personal traits
that may lead to his identification, arrest, and conviction? What has the offender revealed
to the investigator about himself through his crime behaviors?

Background Analytical Discovery

After processing the crime scene by identifying and logging all probable evidence, what is
the next step? Let’s see if the mythical Sherlock Holmes can offer any sage advice.

“It has long been an axiom of mine that the little things are infinitely the most important.”
Sherlock Holmes

Location of Evidence

Logically, the case will build beginning with a detailed inventory of the crime scene. In the
inventory of tangible items, each piece of physical evidence, its location, and its location
in relation to other pieces of evidence and fixed reference points are noted. The inventory
will also focus on the behaviors associated with the type and placement of each piece of the
evidence. It will also reveal evidence that would rightly be expected to be present but has
been removed. The investigator should be asking himself “why was this evidence located
at this spot? Why was each item selected to be part of the crime and why was it left behind
or taken by the offender?”

Analyze Every Item

The operative concepts in performing an analysis in any violent crime are to (1) conduct an
analysis of individual items to discern behavioral patterns, (2) consciously keep the inves-
tigator’s mind open to any possible explanation for their existence, and (3) make analytical
adjustments as new information is developed.
From examining many hundreds of sexually violent crimes in close association with
the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s (FBI) Behavioral Science Unit and the National
Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime, I have discerned several analytical points that
can aid greatly in placing new investigations on a firm footing and a path to success. The
primary focus of this chapter is on the analysis of the behaviors of the offender and the
victim as they will intertwine during the commission of violent and sexually deviant acts.
Absent processing the crime scene and obtaining reliable forensic results from the labo-
ratory, nothing has more impact on the proper foundation and course of an investigation
than the ever-evolving process of analyzing the crime from first discovery to successful
prosecution. Interviews of surviving victims, witnesses, and suspects are affected by the
original analysis of the crime scene. Hand in hand, they set the investigative strategy.
Experienced investigators will confirm that the original analysis is unlikely to resemble
subsequent analyses simply because of the new evidence or information gleaned as the
investigation progresses.
Analysis 7

I read the depositions and testimony in a case of the murder of a young mother and
her two children. I was amazed and astounded when the case officer swore that his duty
when processing a crime scene was solely to log items into evidence. He clearly enunci-
ated his responsibilities and eliminated noting where items were located and making any
notation of its placement among other items. His testimony came down to a denial of any
responsibility when collecting potential evidence other than to log the item as “one screw
driver—garage.” He emphatically stated that it was not his duty to analyze any piece of
evidence. Having read this account by the officer who was going to direct the investigation,
I was not surprised that the crime scene was poorly processed. A hand/palm print was not
forwarded for matching prints in any database and a stained cloth was not examined for
DNA. Either forensic examination would have solved the case. Laxity breeds carelessness
and unprofessional execution of an officer’s duties.
The meaningful examination of behavior-indicating evidence left at the crime scene
should be a skill of first rank for investigators, an act that is second nature to him. Once the
investigator has developed the talent of recognizing and assessing the criminal’s behavior,
he will quickly appreciate the significance of that behavior as it has an impact on the qual-
ity of the interpretation of the total crime scene.

Developing Appropriate Descriptors

The thought of undertaking an analysis may be intimidating because the term is sugges-
tive of commencing an elaborate academic undertaking. In its elemental form, analysis is
the scrutiny of every known piece of the puzzle to envision the completed picture (Rabon,
2003). The emphasis, as so clearly stated by Sherlock Holmes, is on “every in known piece,”
as the smallest details often tell the larger tale.
In sexual assaults, the examination of the minutia is for the purpose of finding a pat-
tern of behaviors that reveal criminal sophistication, use of ritual (Hazelwood and Warren,
2001), or the exercise of behaviors that unconsciously express or demonstrate the offender’s
search for power or his degree of anger. This aspect of the analysis relies heavily on the
surviving victim recounting the behaviors of the offender and her behaviors in response to
his demands. (Hazelwood and Burgess, 2001).
Similarly, the purpose of analysis in a sexual homicide is to find a pattern of behavior,
or the lack of a pattern of behavior, reflective of the offender’s methodology, his use of or
the absence of ritual, criminal intelligence, and systematized approach to the victim and
the crime. Hazelwood and Douglas (1980) selected two words to classify homicide offend-
ers: organized and disorganized. Through research, Ressler et al. (1988) determined that
offenders actually fell into one of three categories: organized, disorganized, or “mixed.”*

* Years later, at a conference hosted by the FBI, the attendees consisted of a selection of premier, nationally
recognized, crime analysts, and several violent crime issues were discussed. I was assigned to a discus-
sion group searching for readily understood descriptors that categorized homicidal types of criminals.
Hours into the meeting, a review of the terminology and related concepts deemed viable by the room
full of specialists and experts, several appropriate and workable suggestions were posted on the walls.
Each idea, while correct, viable, and descriptive, was not an improvement on the existing terminology
of organized or disorganized. The strongest terminology was that which had arisen from the face-to-face
interrogatories of the murderers themselves. No substitution was necessary and new terms might well
dilute the effectiveness as an aid to analysis.
8 Behavior, Truth and Deception

People generally behave in ways with which they are most comfortable, and therefore com-
patible with their personality and motives (Hazelwood and Burgess, 2001). Accordingly,
if a person’s crime behavior can be observed and interpreted, certain attributes of that
person may be cautiously surmised. The attributes deduced early in the investigation should
remain in a state of conjecture until a pattern is discerned.
The information in hand at that stage is useful; however, a fuller description and use-
fulness becomes available when these attributes are combined with research findings about
various categories of offenders. That “read” of the behaviors derived from close observation
and examination of the crime scene and subsequent investigative findings can, as noted,
assist in guiding the investigation and interviewing processes as well as the development
of a viable suspect.

Motive

What a person does (behavior) and how that behavior is brought into play in the crime is
most likely guided by the offender’s goal, that is, his motive. Remember, another way to say
“motive” is to answer the question “what’s in it for me?” Therefore, the early analysis of the
crime behavior may identify the offender’s motivation in selecting a particular victim and
explain why he exhibited specific behaviors with that victim. With that accomplished, a
suspect or suspect profile may be developed early in the investigation.

Secret Desires
It is a personal belief that most people have desires and thoughts about themselves that
they hold secret from all but their very closest associates. Perhaps such secrets are never
related to anyone. An offender is more likely to feel sufficient anonymity when commit-
ting a crime that he submits to his secret yearnings and unleashes the hidden side of his
personality.
Is such a discovery the main purpose of criminal investigative analysis or more of a
profitable by-product? In either case, armed with that knowledge, the interviewer/inter-
rogator is in the best position to guide his contact with a suspect and to implement specific
tactics. To ensure that the interviewer gains the fullness of this asset, I believe the careful
use of the most powerful psychological technique available are the tactics I have labeled
“mind reading” and “planting seeds.” That the most inner and private thoughts, which they
have closely secreted and guarded, are now revealed makes possible their usage to create
strong psychological inroads in an interview situation.
These heretofore secret fantasies are identified by reading the scene, but a more pro-
active approach is available. When deemed “safe,” the investigator may make a discreet
advance to former intimates. The officer must be convinced that the bond between the two
has been completely severed. The wives and girlfriends most likely have shared “pillow
talk” with the suspect or have been more directly the recipient of his acting out of those
true desires. If intelligent, the former intimate may supply her perspectives, those arrived
at via her “listening and observing post.” The insights obtained in this manner and can be
of immeasurable value in the interviews of the suspect.
Analysis 9

Three-Step Analysis Process

This concept is again explained in Appendix C so it will be fresh when the crime analysis
problem is attempted. Other vital information is also included at only that location. To find
answers to questions arising from early contacts but predominantly from the crime scene,
the recommended analytical process is simple and involves a pencil-and-paper exercise.
The process may seem cumbersome until it has been used several times and has become
second nature to the officer. It has valid usage on any type of investigation.

Caution
A word of caution: Do not allow yourself to become sloppy or short-circuit the process.
When this occurs, an incorrect end product will cast the entire investigation off course.
Every significant piece of case data, no matter how small, needs to be considered and evalu-
ated for validation/confirmation that the analysis of each investigative product points in
the same direction.

Divide Paper
Begin by dividing a sheet of paper into three columns. The heading of the first column
is “Behavioral Act,” the second column is headed “Why Done,” and the third column is
“Impact on Analysis.” Similar captions may be used if they do not create any confusion as
to the manner in which the analysis is used. The results of a behavioral act fit the purpose
of column one and therefore may be listed.

Column One
In column one, each separate piece of crime scene and investigative product will be listed
individually and examined one at a time. In column two, directly across from that single
entry in column one, the officer is asked to list every reason he can think of as to why an
offender would have committed that act.

Column Two
This column is partially designed to assist the investigator in keeping his mind receptive to
all ideas, even some that may be a bit off the wall. His job is to keep his mind open and to
not omit any conceivable reason.

Column Three
The last step is to use column three by selecting the single concept or item in column two.
Then the officer should search his investigative knowledge database from all of his prior
training, education, and experience. In column three, he is to list across from each item in
column two his decision as to what that piece of the investigative puzzle could mean, how
it impacts the eventual decision of how it fits into the overall crime.
10 Behavior, Truth and Deception

Table 1.1 Three-Step Analysis Process

Behavioral Act Why Done Impact on Analysis
Door kicked in V. stubborn, O. has little knowledge of victim
security conscious
Seen as best option Assumes he considered other means
Emotionally Confused thinking. Disorganized thinking. Couldn’t think of
overwhelmed any other way to reach V.
Unprepared. Not know V. well.
O. not under rational/self-control.
O. impulsive. No or little planning
Panic Confused thinking. Disorganized thinking
Couldn’t think other way to reach victim. Not know V.
Unprepared. O. not under rational/self-control. O. impulsive.
No or little planning
Show off Immature thinking. Limited thinking. Couldn’t think any
other way to reach victim. V. Unprepared.
Not know V. well. O. not under rational/self-control. O. is
impulsive. Not successful with/uncomfortable with other
approaches. No or little planning
Intimidate Could not think of another way to reach V. Unprepared. Not
know V. well. O. not under rational/self-control. O. impulsive.
No or little planning
V = victim; O = offender.

Language
In column three, the officer should use simple and basic terminology learned from his
training, education, and experience. Another source is the terminology presented about
various investigative subjects found throughout this book to indicate the impact and
interpretation of every item in column two. The wording in Table 1.1 may be used to
illustrate the type of terms that are useful. The search in this process seeks a pattern of
similar concepts or terms in column three for every behavioral act in column one. That
pattern, if found, will summarize the offender’s thought process, criminal sophistication,
basis for victim choice and relationship to the offender, and motivation. If a pattern is not
found, the officer should (1) check his use of the process, perhaps utilizing a neutral party
to verify his conclusions and/or (2) consider the possibility of the mixed pattern as indica-
tive of two or more offenders whose behaviors are being revealed. This process is shown
in Table 1.1. A single offender who begins the crime relatively “sober” but who increases
his intake of drugs and/or alcohol during the commission of the acts can leave differing
imprints on the crime scene.
The first entry(s) for most items in column two should reflect the investigator’s knowl-
edge of the victim, as the victim’s personality and reaction to the crime influences the
offender’s subsequent behaviors. From this brief example, the interpretation of the every-
day terms in column three is that the offender was underprepared, disorganized, impul-
sive, and not under personal restraint. Other possible conclusions are that he lacks the
ability to confront women face-to-face, is continually angry (possibly with women in gen-
eral), came to the victim with a purpose that victim rejected before admitting offender,
and so forth.
Analysis 11

As each piece of behavior in column one is examined, and the conclusions are listed
in column three, it is expected that the conclusions and analysis will result in similar find-
ings; however, all entries should be “honest” and not chosen to create a pattern. When a
pattern is naturally developed, it will provide a basis for commencing or continuing the
investigation.

Critical Information

This concept is again explained in Appendix C so it will be fresh when the crime analysis
problem is attempted. Other vital information is also included at only that location.
In Case 1.1, many of the likely initial theories would prove out in the end. The sex-
ual interest of the criminal in this victim is unquestioned, but his behaviors go beyond
interest to expressions about the victim’s overall sexuality, an indication that he was more
than a casual acquaintance. In homicides, the historic pattern is that crimes are predomi-
nantly committed intraracially (i.e., whites assaulting whites, blacks assaulting blacks, etc.)
(Schlesinger, 2003). In that case, the victim’s dating habit of several years was to date black
male athletes exclusively. Combining these data with the suspected closeness of the victim
and offender, it would now be postulated that this killer was likely a black male athlete. The
assumption that people date within their age range is also generally accurate (Schlesinger,
2003). Following this line of thinking, the offender’s age would be estimated in an age
range bracketing the age of the victim. These thoughts are all tentative but useable data
awaiting confirmation and proof from the investigation.
Case 1.1 illustrates several analytical points: (1) offenders tell many things about them-
selves by the behaviors they leave behind; (2) motive may be revealed by a careful exami-
nation of crime scene behaviors; (3) what is missing from a scene is important; and (4)
victimology information is essential. As the following cases are briefed, you are encour-
aged to further try your hand at analyzing them.

Additional Analytical Points

Case 1.2
In a small southern town, an elderly black female was strangled to death in her resi-
dence with a belt believed to have been hers. The handle of an umbrella was inserted
vaginally near the time of death. The umbrella was absent of the material cover and
supporting ribs, exposing a pointed tip. A second umbrella was present and fully intact.
One breast was partially uncovered, and she was nude from the waist down. There was
no evidence of penis penetration. Her face had been covered with a pillow from the
scene. A jar of generic petroleum jelly was beside the body, and photographs indicated
the presence of petroleum jelly on her thighs. Beside the jar of petroleum jelly was a
working desk-type lamp that was missing its shade. Her pants and panties had been
cut off, likely with a pair of scissors, with the cuts beginning at the leg cuff and mov-
ing upward, across the crotch portion and through the waist. Partially eaten orange
and orange peels were found in and beside a waste can. Her residence was somewhat
unkempt but in keeping with the victim’s personal habits. While there was no evidence
12 Behavior, Truth and Deception

of forced entry, her front door was locked and the outside screen door was closed. A
cinder block that she always placed against the screen door to hold it closed when she
left was nearby but not used to hold the screen door closed.

What analytical principles apply in Case 1.2? Many of the same principles exhibited in
Case 1.1 are appropriate in Case 1.2; however, other principles may also be observed. This
offender left impressions of many of his personal characteristics through his crime scene
behaviors. My interpretation of the crime scene behavior was that he was sexually inexpe-
rienced but sexually curious. This was evidenced by the victim’s bare breast, exploratory
insertion of the umbrella handle, the use of the petroleum jelly, and the need for the pres-
ence of a light nearby so that he could see what he was doing and observe the female body’s
response to his behaviors.
Did the offender bring the metal umbrella to the scene for the purpose of sexually
exploring the victim? Victimology again reveals many details that assist the investigator.
According to her victimology, she used a grocery cart to collect aluminum items that she
sold at a recycling location. It was likely the victim had picked up the partial umbrella dur-
ing her routine collection of aluminum. This analysis is supported by the offender’s other
weapon, a belt used as a ligature, which was also from the scene. The seemingly impromptu
use of weapons of opportunity is one indicator that the motive for the initial contact was
not a sexual assault and homicide. By using the handle portion of the umbrella and the
table lamp, the offender clearly indicates his sexual inexperience, which is also suggestive
of social inexperience, both characteristics of a loner.

Behavioral Choices

When examining a scene, the investigator may observe a point at which the offender faced
behavioral choices in the commission of the assault. His choice was in a competition with
other possibilities which would have reflected alternate behavior paths. Because one was
chosen over the other, the rejected option emphasizes the meaning of the behavior which
was selected by the offender. Given the principle that behavior reflects personality, choos-
ing one behavioral path over another provides more in-depth insight into the offender’s
personality. In Case 1.2, although the vaginal insertion of the umbrella handle is a graphic
display of sexual curiosity, it is not an anger-based behavior. This aspect of the crime is
consistent with other characteristics that also feature low-level violence. Had the offender
been angry with this female victim, or women in general, he most likely would have chosen
to insert the sharper, pointed end of the umbrella to display his anger and hatred.*
In Case 1.2, the offender’s behavior was sufficiently bizarre to be suggestive of a men-
tal impairment. This descriptor, coupled with other traits derived from an analysis of the
scene, led to his identification. He confessed to this homicide and to a prior double homi-
cide of a young mother and her infant child. Both had pillows placed over their faces.
Investigators should keep in mind that offenders make behavioral choices during their
crimes. The options selected speak of their personality and are reflective of their motives,

* For contrast, a murder of a young woman on a military base included the use of a broom handle which
was vaginally inserted and penetrated vertically through the victim’s entire body to the collar bone, a
clear display of personalized anger and violence.
Analysis 13

criminal sophistication, and socialization. The behaviors which are rejected when the
offender is making his choice also speak to his personality. Ask yourself “What did he
have time to do?” What could he have done that would be in keeping with the crime but
he chose to not inject?

Case 1.3
Four adult males were discovered murdered at the same scene, a state-owned shoot-
ing range used by deer hunters for sighting their rifles. Three of the victims sustained
through-and-through gunshot wounds of a caliber consistent with a hunting-type fire-
arm. In examination of the scene, blood in front of the shooting bench directed the
investigators to drag marks that led to the discovery of two bodies loaded in the back
seat of one of the victim’s vehicle. Left at the scene were two firearms owned by the vic-
tims. One firearm was inside the car with the bodies, along with debris consistent with
a shooting range, and the other rifle was on the shooting bench.
The body of the third victim, an unarmed state game warden, was located on the
brass-casing-strewn parking area behind the shooting bench. The pockets of these three
victims were turned out, and the offender took several hundred dollars. The fourth vic-
tim, although wounded, had an opportunity to flee a short distance before he fell down
a ravine. He was executed from the roadway above but was not searched for valuables.

Case 1.4
The bodies of a male and female were found near a sandy beach maintained by the fed-
eral government. The recreation season had ended. The concession stand was closed,
and the parking lot was barricaded. Both victims were in their early 20s and had been
executed with gunshots to the back of the head. The male was completely dressed, but
the female was nude, and her body was posed in a sexually suggestive position. She had
also sustained a penetrating but nonfatal gunshot wound to her face. They had been
missing for several days prior to their discovery by a young man jogging on the beach
as part of his conditioning program prior to joining the military. He was accompanied
by his dog that explored the area where the bodies were located and did not return,
causing the owner to search for him and consequently find the bodies.

Environmental Cues

These two cases are presented to illustrate that seemingly random killings may be the result
of some environmental cue or stressor recently experienced by the offender. In Case 1.3,
victims 1 and 2 were lifelong friends but did not know victims 3 and 4. Victims 3 and 4 had
met just the morning of their murder. Both groups were visiting the range as a matter of
chance. Victims 1 and 2 stopped by the range to adjust the sights of their rifles in advance
of joining their wives to start a vacation. Victims 3 and 4 were on a spur-of-the-moment
guided tour. Seemingly, there was no obvious motive to kill any of the victims because
there is little logic in committing an armed robbery on victims at a shooting range. That
these victims had considerable cash on their person was an unforeseeable and an unpre-
dictable occurrence.
14 Behavior, Truth and Deception

Case 1.4 involves two young victims who had just met the weekend of their deaths and
had no known prior association with the area of the crime. Most probably, they were just
two young lovers who stopped for a private late night walk on the beach.
Cases 1.3 and 1.4 share the randomness of their occurrence, which was precipitated
by personal stressors experienced by their murderers. In Case 1.3, the offender was facing
constant financial pressures, which were made more intense by being laid off work that day.
On his return home, he discovered his wife loading their truck with personal belongings.
She announced their separation. This offender, similar to others, did not feel empowered
to strike out at the source of his frustration but chose instead to kill four people who were
unknown to him. He went to the shooting range full of rage and ready to vent that rage
on anyone who appeared. Money was important to him, but robbery was unequivocally a
secondary motive. He scored a financial gain beyond what he could have imagined before
the murders.
In Case 1.4, the shooter had attended church earlier in the evening, where he had been
subjected to 2 hours of insults and taunts by his girlfriend, who was late in her term of
pregnancy. Her friends joined in deriding the boyfriend for his failure to marry her as
promised and for having a second girlfriend who was also pregnant. The humiliation he
experienced was on his mind when he escaped to the beach to be alone. At the beach, he
spotted the young, amorous couple, and he returned to his vehicle to obtain his weapon.
The convergence of three parties who were unknown to each other led to two of them being
executed.
An investigator should always be alert to and in search of a triggering cue that began
the offender’s movement to violence. Very likely, a triggering cue will be a disruption in
the life of the murderer that involves details of his life which are personal. For example, the
disturbance could be a financial loss or setback, the breakup of a relationship, a death in
the family, or some equivalent incident which carried a personal impact. The potential for
a stressor to seemingly be minor in the eyes of the investigator may have a major impact on
a person who is already struggling to maintain a balance to his life.

Open Exchanges

In policing, daily conversation and trading opinions about the most recent violent crime
are as common as coffee and donuts. This give and take is the testing ground of investi-
gations. I would venture a judgment that such discussions are healthy and essential to
crime solutions. Keep in mind that an analysis is also called an opinion, and everyone
is entitled to develop one. The element that distinguishes differing analyses is the case
details found in support of each theory. So, this admonition is offered: Evidence leads
and trumps.
A commonly heard basis for discarding or minimizing crime information is the
expression, “I wouldn’t have done it that way.” The investigator who approaches an analy-
sis of crime from this perspective will be fooling himself. He is substituting his values, fan-
tasies, and criminal knowledge for those of the offender. It is more reliable to assume the
part of the offender, guided by the behaviors left at the scene or with a surviving victim,
and role-play or reenact the crime. To make this process more beneficial, the inclusion
of information about the victim and the victim’s likely reaction to the offender’s acts is
essential.
Analysis 15

Role-Playing

Role-playing is the process of crime reconstruction. At critical decision points in the con-
duct of the investigation, it is recommended that a crime reconstruction be undertaken.
Like the theorizing already discussed, the crime reconstruction is a dynamic function and
should be ongoing with the inclusion of additional investigative results. One of the pur-
poses of the reconstruction is to attempt to sequence the events as they occurred, thereby
walking in the footprints of both the offender and the victim. Forensic findings and the
investigator’s knowledge and experiences are valid inclusions in the reconstruction. The
purpose for reconstructing a crime is to use all the small pieces to see the whole picture
and to test the investigator’s analytical theories. Reconstruction may include trying out a
theory with others familiar with the case and allowing them to play devil’s advocate and
find unexplained evidence or errors in the analysis. If the overall picture and the analysis
are congruent, the behavioral analysis is more likely correct.

Additional Information

Additional information concerning the analysis of violent crimes is found in Appendix C,

including your opportunity to analyze a case from the real world.

Bibliography
Hazelwood, R. R., and A. W. Burgess. Practical Aspects of Rape Investigation: A Multidisciplinary
Approach. 3rd edn. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2001.
Hazelwood, R. R., and J. E. Douglas. The lust murderer. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 49(4): 18–22,
April 1980.
Hazelwood, R. R., and J. I. Warren. The sexually violent offender: Impulsive or ritualistic. In
Practical Aspects of Rape Investigation: A Multidisciplinary Approach, ed. R. R. Hazelwood
and A. W. Burgess, 97–112. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2001.
Napier, M. R. An analytical process for crimes of violence. Magazine of the FBI National Academy
Associates, ed. Sutton, A., FBI National Academy Associates, 6(4): 18−25, July/August 2004.
Napier, M. R. Behavior, Truth and Deception. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, 2010.
Napier, M. R. Police Interview and Interrogation Techniques. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis,
2014.
Napier, M. R., and K. P. Baker. Criminal personality profiling. In Forensic Science, An Introduction
to Scientific and Investigative Techniques, ed. S. H. James and J. J. Nordby, 615–636. Boca
Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2005.
Napier, M. R., and K. P. Baker. Criminal personality profiling. In Forensic Science: Introduction to
Scientific and Investigative Techniques, ed. S. H. James and J. J. Nordby, 531–550. Boca Raton,
FL: CRC Press, 2002.
Rabon, D. Investigative Discourse Analysis. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2003.
Ressler, R. K., A. W. Burgess, and J. E. Douglas. Sexual Homicide; Patterns and Motives. Lexington,
MA: Lexington Books, 1988.
Schlesinger, L. Sexual Murder: Catathymic and Compulsive Homicides. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press,
2003.
Psychology of the
Police Interview
The Criminal Use of Fantasy 2
MICHAEL R. NAPIER

Contents
Introduction 17
Psychology 18
Personality 18
Self-Esteem Influences Criminal Acts 18
Ego Protection 19
Basic Psychology in Action 20
Criminal Use of Fantasy in Violent Crimes 21
Why You Should Know 22
Not All Fantasies Are Equal 22
Mechanics of Fantasy Development 22
Experiencing Fantasies 23
Do Fantasies Cause Violent Crime? 24
The Crime Template 24
Personalities 25
The Inadequate Personality 26
The Psychopathic Personality 27
Bibliography 30

Introduction

Law enforcement personnel cannot avoid the influence of psychology on how effectively
they perform their daily routines and those periods of extraordinary pressure. The pres-
sure may originate in the demands for success by the chain of command. Or the source
may be from the public when an incident makes headlines that spread personal fear and
concern for their loved ones. The proper use of psychological data can make an officer’s
job easier and more productive. This is especially true for any officer who finds himself
engaged in the interview room in life-shaping activities.
With all of that said, there is no reason for a foray into the psychological world to
be difficult. So, let’s keep this simple. After all we are observers of human behavior, not
clinicians.

17
18 Behavior, Truth and Deception

Psychology

Psychology may be viewed as a person’s mind controlling his behavior, ergo behavior orig-
inates in the mind. It is well established that people behave according to the way they
think, that is, their acts follow previously entertained ideas. The thought always precedes
the act. This concept has guided in developing analytical and profiling models. Research has
staunchly validated this concept.
Beginning with the officer’s “read” of the offender’s crime behavior, the officer can
appreciate how that behavior expresses who he is, why he is offending at this place and
time, and how he selected his victim for the criminal acts. This knowledge serves as a sys-
tem to guide how a particular crime is investigated and how the suspect should be handled
in an interview and interrogation setting.

Personality

A word with which we are all familiar is personality. The use of that descriptor often reflects
our value judgment of a person based solely on his exterior appearance and behaviors.
Offenders are often skilled at concealing aspects of who they truly are and what their value
systems include. However, in the commission of a crime for which he does not anticipate
being caught, the offender unleashes his hidden nature via his criminal behavior and in his
interaction with the victim. The Federal Bureau of Investigation’s (FBI) Behavioral Science
Unit has demonstrated that an offender’s personality, including the hidden component, is
imprinted on a crime scene. For the rape victim, it is indelibly imprinted on her conscious
and unconscious memory.
Using the methods stressed in this book enhances the proper processing of a crime
scene to capture most of the behaviors employed during the offense and provides a basis
for taking a read on the personality of the lawbreaker. To be clear, behavior is left at a
crime scene and can be read for the traits of the criminal, which in turn will be used by the
investigator for guidance in each aspect of his investigation.

Self-Esteem Influences Criminal Acts

How a person views himself and all his personal qualities lays the foundation for his self-
esteem, the hard core of personality. Self-esteem (ego) is not just a package we all carry
around. It is helpful to plot on a continuum the degree of self-esteem possessed by an
individual. Recognize that we all are different and unique, and those qualities are reflected
in our ego which is a function of self-esteem. They come in different sizes and individu-
als may score close to the zero end of the scale or their value and abilities may be rated at
the upper end of the scale. Those points are important. Those are the extremes and most
people will be distributed all along the continuum with most located more toward a central
position. The extent to which he sees himself as competent, valid, valued, and acceptable to
society will set the stage for his ability, or lack of ability, to communicate meaningfully, to
interact in socially acceptable ways, and to relate to others.
Building from that thought, self-concept determines how a criminal will behave. Each
of those behaviors apply to a healthy and unhealthy personality equally in terms of one’s
Psychology of the Police Interview 19

self-image. How a person views himself establishes, generally speaking, a course or a set of
boundaries he will follow as he maneuvers through life. That is not to say that the future
is predetermined but society values specific traits for success. Also, some individuals will
alter their standing through coaching, personal drive, good fortune, education, and so
on. We all take stock periodically of how we measure up by examining our successes and
failures in everyday life.
When some are taking stock, their personal evaluation includes the recognition of their
routine and repeated blunders, of which others remind them on a continuing basis. It is on
those “facts of life” that his self-esteem rests. His competency, worth, and value as a person
governs his status in his noncriminal life as well as his competent approach to crime.
The same elements are present in his personal life with much the same results as
he pursues his criminal endeavors, that is, how far he will travel, time of day he is most
comfortable, whether he has the self-confidence to openly engage people in a dialogue,
and so on.
Consider that a rapist only has three methods for gaining control of a victim. One is
“smooth talking” and using a con approach to trick the victim. To use the con, he must
have self-confidence. On the other hand, consider the rapist who uses the surprise method
of gaining control of a victim, which involves lying in wait for a victim or entering her resi-
dence under the cover of darkness. His confidence in his ability to interact face-to-face with
the victim is near its lowest point; therefore, he rejects other methods and reverts to behav-
iors with which he is comfortable, all in keeping with his self-esteem. The third option of
the rapist is to immediately administer disabling force sufficient to stun the victim, possi-
bly knocking her unconscious, so that she does not have any opportunity or ability to cope
with the assault. This method is called a blitz attack and by using it he avoids interaction
with the victim while skipping personal contact even when the victim is asleep.
An offender’s level of self-esteem influences the timing of his assault, his verbal and
physical strategies, the time between assaults, and the levels of his sexual violence. Armed
with the case data on those points, an interviewer can make decisions about the esteem of
his subject and plan the interview accordingly.

Ego Protection
The criminal personality does not stand alone regarding possessing a self-esteem that can
be very fragile. Many in our society have the same weak ego which is readily damaged or
reduced because as “people” we continually make errors. Those with the positive trait we
call “character” have the strength to move past foul ups that may harm the esteem of oth-
ers. That is accomplished with the ability to recognize our attributes that are positive and
which serve to balance the scales leaving our ego with a positive balance. Even those with
healthy self-esteem find it convenient to gloss over occurrences that could put a dent in
their pride. They make use of three psychological techniques to prop up themselves (self-
esteem) and not slip into self-doubt or depression. In brief, everyone makes use of the same
techniques which protect our internal image. The techniques really just amount to lying to
ourselves. The three psychological operations are:

(R) Rationalization—Protecting self-image by rethinking an event or personal behav-

ior by removing (forgetting) our personal, unpleasant, precipitating behaviors to
enable denial of responsibility.
20 Behavior, Truth and Deception

(P) Projection—Protecting self-image by placing blame for your evil deeds onto some-
one or something (bank, business, employer).
(M) Minimization—Protecting self-image by using less offensive language to down-
grade the seriousness of an offense or lessens the subject’s participation in the
event.

If our missteps are followed by success, and praise, even if in small doses, the ego may
be rebuilt. Criminals with lesser abilities in planning and execution of their criminal acts
are prone to develop a poor plan, or have no scheme at all and just stumble through their
endeavor. That lack of ability results in errors of varying proportions. On a very basic level,
many soothe their egos and dodge accepting responsibility for their actions, errors, and bad
behaviors through their oft-used habit of invoking RP and M’s.

Basic Psychology in Action

Case 2.1
You will recall the powerful bomb that exploded in Oklahoma City at the Murrah
Federal Building with known loss of life exceeding 150 souls. A little later, the Highway
Patrol stopped Timothy McVey who was driving a car without a driver’s license, and
with an unregistered semiauto Glock on the front seat. They notified the FBI and when
McVey was approached by the lead interviewer and asked “Why do you think I want
to speak with you?” McVey replied, “I guess because of that thing that happened in
Oklahoma City.”*

What do those eleven words signal? An officer’s alert listening skills will detect a
suspect’s attempt to psychologically preserve or shore up his ego. Was McVey’s answer
such as to cause a warning flag to go up? A natural characterization would have been
along the lines of having a reference to the horror, loss of life, and a condemnation of
the evil person who would have done such a cowardly act. Certainly, they would not
have called an event of that significance a trivial “thing.” By referring to the horrific
destruction of human life as a “thing,” McVeigh softened and placed distance between
himself and his responsibility for murdering 168 people, some of whom were infants
and small children.
Later when his guilt has been established, he will verbally “beat his chest” clearly stat-
ing that the deaths of the children were of minor consequence but earlier he was more
concerned with protecting his self-esteem. Examples of that nature represent a warning
signal the interviewer ought to regard as a signal that the person is not speaking in a natural
way. What has been revealed to the officer is an affirmation that he is on the right track in
his need to interview that person.

“a mental rehearsal for a desired event.”†

* From personal conversation with SA Jim Norman, the agent speaking and instrumental investigator in
“Okbomb.”
† This quote is from Roy Hazelwood, one of the foremost authorities on sexual violence. It captures the

essence of fantasies which separate the criminal approach of many criminals and defines their criminal
sophistication and criminal intelligence.
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
 “You must have fancied there was some prospect that I would
play with you?”
“I did.”
“Why so?”
“Because you have the reputation of being ready for almost
anything in the way of honest, straightforward sport, and several of
my team assured me that there was not the least doubt but you
would meet us when you understood the matter fully.”
“You say there are a number of college men on your team who
know me?”
“Yes, sir.”
“Do I know them?”
“You do.”
“Who are they?”
Jack Hazard smiled in a mysterious manner.
“I had rather not state, Mr. Merriwell,” he said, “but I assure you
that there is a big surprise in store for you if you accept my
proposition. My men know you like a book, and they feel confident
that they can defeat your team.”
“Merriwell,” said Ready solemnly, “it behooves us to remove some
of their confidence. We must get against the festive Mysteries and
bump ’em hard.”
“Then you will play the game?” questioned Hazard.
“If I find your references satisfactory,” said Frank, “we will play the
game to-morrow, which shall be our last game for the season.”
“Good!” laughed the visitor. “You’re beaten!”
“Nit!” chuckled Ready.
 CHAPTER XXVII.

A HOMESICK B O Y.

The sights of New York filled Dick Merriwell with wonder and awe.
Brought up in the peace and quietude of Pleasant Valley, under the
shadow of the snow-capped Rockies, the rush and roar of the great
city overwhelmed the boy at first. The tall buildings filled him with
fear, the rush and racket of the elevated trains shocked him, the
whiz of the clanging surface cars sent cold shivers over his body.
Although he did not confess it, he was seized by a great longing to
fly from the mighty city and return to his quiet home near Lake
Sunshine. The feeling smote upon his heart with a pain that took
away his strength and made him sick. He thought of Felicia far away,
and longed to look into her bright eyes again—longed to feel her
caressing arms flung about him.
But he had given up everything that once was his to go with Frank
and do what Frank desired, and he fought against the terrible
homesickness. No one seemed to read him like Old Joe Crowfoot,
the withered Indian, who loved him with the affection of a devoted
animal.
If Old Joe sickened and longed for the mountains and plains, he
kept the fact concealed beneath a calm demeanor and a stoical
countenance. But he found the boy quite alone in the solitude of his
room in the hotel, and placed a wrinkled hand on his shoulder,
saying with surprising softness:
 “Heap bad feel now—git over him bimeby. Old Joe him know. You
wait.”
“Oh, Joe!” gasped the boy, starting and trembling. “I did not hear
you come in.”
“Injun Heart lose all Joe he teach um to know. Always must hear.
Never be ketched surprise.”
“But I was thinking, and I——”
“Better not think more of that. Heap bad. Forget.”
“You, Joe—you tell me to forget?” cried the boy, in amazement.
“Why, it was not long ago you tried to make me remember. You
would not let me forget. You told me of the sunlight playing on the
bosom of the lake I love—of the moonshine making a silver path
across the water. You told me of the birds, and squirrels, and wild
things I used to call round me. You told me of the silent mountains
piled against the sky. And then you told me of Felicia, Little Star
Eyes, whom I heard calling to me night after night in my dreams. It
was you who aroused my mad longing to go back to my home—and
to Felicia!”
Gravely Old Joe squatted on the carpeted floor, taking out his
black pipe and beginning to fill it.
“Heap so,” he confessed.
“But now——”
“Heap diffrunt.”
“You want me to forget those things—you, you?” panted Dick,
starting up and staring at the cool redskin. “It’s not like you, Joe!”
“Ugh!” grunted the old fellow, as he stuffed the tobacco into the
bowl of the pipe. “No git excite’.”
“I can’t help it! This city lays on me like an awful load. It is more
terrible than anything of which I ever dreamed! Sometimes, when
on the street, I feel that I am being crowded and smothered, and I
have hard work to breathe.”
“Bad for you,” said Crowfoot, producing a match; “heap wuss for
me. You young; me old. I live heap long time where plent’ room.
City crowd big much.”
“Yet you make no murmur; offer no complaint!”
“What use? Joe him come with Injun Heart. Him know it be hard
for Injun Heart. Why him make it wuss?”
“Joe, Joe! you are so good! You think of me, not of yourself! And
still you tell me to forget Felicia and my dear home!”
Crowfoot gravely lighted his pipe, puffing forth big whiffs of
smoke, and then threw the burning match upon the carpet. Dick
quickly picked it up and tossed it in a cuspidor.
“Joe him your friend,” said the old fellow. “You know.”
“I have thought you my friend—I know, Joe. You have been my
friend. But you love the great West, where there is plenty of room.
You feel the awful crowding of the city.”
“Steady Hand him your broder.”
“Yes, but he is used to all this; I am not. With me it is different.
And what you told me is true, Joe—what you told me of the men of
the East. They are not big, and strong, and healthy; they dress in
fine clothes, wear high collars, and look weak. They are all striving
to become rich. That is all they think about. And it costs so much
money to live here!”
“Heap big lot,” nodded Joe.
“My brother wants to make me like them! I do not wish to live
that way.”
“Him different,” said Old Joe.
“Yes,” admitted Dick, “he does seem different in many ways, and
yet——”
 “White man different from red man. Steady Hand him know what
best for Injun Heart.”
“How you have changed, Joe! Once you told me he would spoil
me, but now——”
“That when Joe him think Steady Hand not do right thing. Joe him
think odder way now. Steady Hand him no fool; him know what best
for Injun Heart. You do what him say. Joe hate him once. Think him
take Injun Heart away.”
“But now Frank has won even you for a friend, and there was a
time when you longed to kill him! He seems to have a way of
making friends of everybody.”
The old Indian nodded gravely, continuing to puff at his pipe.
“Right,” he admitted. “Joe he know it. He know it all the time. Him
see how ev’rybody think Steady Hand be heap smart.”
“And you advise me to do as he wishes me to?”
“That so.”
“But Felicia—am I to see her no more?” cried the boy, in a heart-
broken way.
“Some time.”
“When?”
“Soon mebbe.”
“How can I? I am not to go to her.”
“Mebbe she come.”
“No, no! I shall never see her any more! And Frank says I am to
begin going to school very soon.”
“Make you like him, heap good school.”
More than ever was the boy amazed.
 “Why, you told me many times that no school was good! You have
changed, Joe.”
“Mebbe some. I know Steady Hand now much better. Good school
make man like him.”
“And you think it will do me good to go to school there?”
“Guess so some.”
Dick made a despairing gesture.
“Then I’ll have to go!” he said dejectedly. “I’ll have to do it, even if
it kills me!”
“No kill; make man. Mebbe you not be like Old Joe thought you be
some time; you be like Steady Hand, that much good.”
“When you say that I know what it means. I shall do it, Joe. But
you will stay near, won’t you? Promise that you will.”
“Stay long as can stand him. Steady Hand say Joe can stay.
Bimeby Joe him git much sick for mountains and prairies. Then him
go ’way.”
“And never come back?” cried Dick.
“Mebbe so some time.”
“Oh, you never will! If you go away, Joe, I’ll never see you again!”
“Not gone yit.”
“But you said you might.”
“Wait. Trouble him come soon if not hurry um. Joe him go with
you to place where school be. Him want to see um place.”
“But if I do not wish to stay there, Joe—what if it makes me sick
and I want to get away?”
“Then mebbe we do somethin’.”
“You will help me run away, Joe?” panted the lad.
 The old redskin smoked in silence for some moments, finally
answering:
“No.”
“You won’t? Why not?”
“Promise Steady Hand.”
“But it is for me, Joe—for me!”
“Joe him give Steady Hand promise; never break it. Steady Hand
him say Joe may go with you, but him must never git you run away.
Joe him promise.”
“It’s no use!” Dick murmured. “I see that I’ll have to do as he
wishes me to. I must give up! Oh, I wish he had never found me!
Sometimes I think I hate him!”
“Bad mistake. Injun Heart no hate Steady Hand. He ready to fight
for Steady Hand. Only think him hate some time. Somebody hurt
Steady Hand, him fight heap much.”
Deep down in his heart Dick Merriwell knew this was true. Still,
the homesickness that had seized him would not depart, and not
even the words of Old Joe could banish it.
 CHAPTER XXVIII.

BEFORE THE GAME.

Mr. Jack Hazard proved an adept advertiser. The morning papers

on the following day were “worked” scientifically for space, and a
number of them told how Merriwell’s team had been challenged by
the manager of another team made up mainly of fast college men,
many of them knowing Merriwell well and being able to bat him
hard. Still, in relation to the challenging team an air of mystery was
maintained, and the name of not one player was mentioned.
Merriwell and his team reached the Polo Grounds early and
entered their dressing-room, where they proceeded to change their
street attire for baseball uniforms, taking their time about doing so.
“This is the first time in baseball,” said Merry, “that I ever went up
against a team I knew absolutely nothing about. It’s a very
remarkable affair, to say the least.”
“It has piqued my curiosity till I feel decidedly peaked,” put in
Ready. “I wouldn’t be a bit surprised to find out we were up against
a lot of old leaguers.”
“Perhaps it is the New York team,” rumbled Browning.
“There are lots of college men on the New Yorks!” laughed Frank.
“One, anyhow,” said Carson.
“And they have nearly witched his ping off—I mean pitched his
wing off,” from Rattleton.
 “It is not the Giants,” decided Merry. “But it’s a hot team, and I’ll
bet almost anything on it. I understand there is betting on the game.
Somebody must know the kind of a bunch we’re up against, else
there’d be no taking chances.”
“I understand,” said Carson, “that the odds are against us.”
“Who is flashing all the boodle?” inquired Ready. “If I can find the
sports, I may venture a mere bagatelle of eight or ten thousand
dollars.”
“Gambling is a vicious thing,” declared Greg Carker. “It is the
cause of no end of poverty and suffering. The rich man gambles,
and the poor man follows his example. Thus the rich man pushes
the poor man still lower. It is the duty of all who have at heart the
welfare of their fellow creatures to frown on the vice.”
“Lecture by G. Carker, promoter of earthquakes!” chirped Ready.
“Unplug your ears and listen.”
“How is your arm, Merry?” asked Hodge, in a low tone.
“Rather poor,” confessed Frank. “I’ve never recovered from that
sprained wrist.”
“But you can pitch to-day?”
“If absolutely necessary. We’ll find out first what sort of a
gathering we are to encounter.”
“You must pitch! It’ll never do to run Dick against a powerful
Eastern team.”
“There are just as fast teams in the West.”
“Perhaps, but there is something the matter with Dick. Haven’t
you noticed it?”
“He’s a trifle rattled by New York.”
“It’s worse than that.”
“Worse? How?”
 “I believe he is homesick.”
“Perhaps so; but he’ll get over that. Wait till the game starts and
he gets into it. He’ll forget everything but baseball.”
Still Bart urged Frank to go into the box. Hodge had the utmost
confidence in Merry, even though Frank’s wrist was lame.
The time came for them to go out onto the field. Old Joe had been
silently smoking in the dressing-room, but, at the last moment
before going out, he spoke to Dick.
“Play heap smart to-day,” he said. “Show what um can do. You
give um big s’prise.”
“I do not feel like playing baseball,” confessed the boy. “I cannot
forget Pleasant Valley and home.”
“Great warrior him forgit ev’rything. You got Injun heart. No forget
it.”
Then he touched the boy in a queer way with his hand, and Dick
straightened up, saying:
“I’ll not forget it, Joe. I’ll try not to make you ashamed of me, see
if I don’t.”
“Much good!” grunted Crowfoot.
“You are to sit on the bench with us,” said Dick. “Frank said you
were.”
“Joe him be there.”
“When I feel like quitting I shall look to you. I shall think of the
things you have taught me. That will make me play.”
“Injun Heart do that same as if him life be on game and him make
um much wonder.”
“I will! I will!”
“Are you ready, fellows?” called the voice of Merriwell.
“All ready.”
 “Then we’ll go out. Come on.”
They followed him, and soon discovered that a great throng of
people had gathered on the bleachers and in the grand stand, while
a steady stream was coming through the gate.
As Merry’s team appeared a shout went up.
“There they are!”
“There’s Merriwell!”
“Hooray for Frank Merriwell!”
“’Rah! ’rah! ’rah!”
Round the field ran the cheering. It was a surprising reception for
Merriwell to receive there in New York, and he afterward confessed
that it “bumped” him.
But when the general shouting had ceased there came another
sound from the bleachers on the right of the field. It was the Yale
cheer, ending with Merriwell’s name, and it was shouted through
more than a hundred megaphones in perfect chorus.
Frank looked, and there, gathered in a body, were a great throng
of Yale men. Where they had come from he could not understand,
but they were there, and they cheered for the hero of Old Eli, led by
several men, who wildly flourished their arms.
But what surprised Frank more than aught else was the fact that
in the midst of these men were two girls, dressed in white, wearing
the Yale blue and flaunting Yale banners.
At sight of them Frank almost staggered. Then he stood quite still
and stared hard.
“Good Lord!” he gasped. “Can it be?”
He found it difficult to believe the evidence of his eyes, but a
moment later he joyously muttered:
“Inza and Elsie! They are here together!”
 He grasped Bart and turned him toward the group, saying
hoarsely:
“Look there, Hodge! It will do your eyes good!”
Bart saw them, and his dark face flushed, while his eyes gleamed
with untold pleasure.
“Elsie!” he breathed. “At last!”
“Talk about surprises!” said Merry. “Isn’t this one?”
“Rather!” Hodge admitted, waving his hand to the girls.
They waved back, both of them almost beside themselves with
delight.
“Where are our antagonists?” inquired Jack Ready, looking around.
“They will be ready to practise directly,” said the smooth voice of
Mr. Hazard, as that individual appeared. “You may take the field first,
gentlemen.”
“Let’s get out, fellows,” said Frank, recovering himself.
At a signal Merry’s team trotted onto the field for practise. Dick
Merriwell went out at short, which made it apparent that Frank
intended to pitch.
The practise of the team was sharp and snappy from the very
first, and it brought frequent bursts of applause from the witnesses.
Old Joe Crowfoot was on the bench, still pulling at his pipe, after
his usual calm manner.
Dick quickly entered into the work, and his cleverness in handling
everything that came his way showed that he was pretty fast, in
spite of his years.
After nearly fifteen minutes of practise Frank called his team in.
Barely had the men walked in to the bench, when out from the
dressing-room came the other team. They were dressed in yellow
uniforms, and they trotted straight out onto the field.
 Then from the Yale crowd came another cheer. Frank Merriwell
was, indeed, surprised.
“What’s this?” he gasped. “What have they sprung on us? Will you
look at that crowd?”
“I will,” nodded Jack Ready. “But I’m nearly knocked stiff with the
blow. There’s Gene Skelding on third!”
“And Starbright on first!” from Hodge.
“Mason at short!” rumbled Browning.
“Oliver Packard on second!” ejaculated Carson.
“Dud-dud-Dismal Jones in left field!” stammered Gamp.
“Hans Dunnerwurst in right!” said Frank.
“Barney Mulloy catching!” gasped Rattleton.
“Ephrum Gug-gug-gug-Gallup out in center!” said Gamp.
“And Dade Morgan for a pitcher!” muttered Hodge.
The Mysteries were made up of Frank Merriwell’s former comrades
and college friends.
When he had recovered from his astonishment Merry began to
laugh.
“This is a fine old joke!” he said. “It’s a put-up job! Now I begin to
understand the meaning of that collection of Yale fans. This thing
was cut and dried in advance. Well, there will be warm doings
around here to-day.”
“And we propose to do your team, Mr. Merriwell,” said Jack
Hazard, who had approached Frank. “These fellows know you, and
they say you will be easy, as your team is not nearly as strong as
ours.”
This caused Frank to laugh again.
“It’s a good thing to have plenty of confidence,” he observed, “but
I think I’ll take a turn at surprising somebody.”
 “What do you mean?”
“If you wait a while you will find out.”
The practise of the Mysteries was quite as sharp and snappy as
that of Merriwell’s team had been, setting the crowd to speculating
once more.
Morgan began to warm up to pitch, but Frank tossed a ball to
Dick, saying:
“Loosen up your wing a trifle, Richard, while I flip with Mr. Hazard
to see who starts the game.”
They drew aside, and Hazard spun a coin, which twinkled in the
afternoon sunshine when it fell to the ground.
“Heads!” Merry had said.
“Heads it is,” said Hazard. “Your choice.”
“We’ll take our outs.”
“Good! We’ll fall on you in the first inning hard enough to give you
some worriment.”
Dick was throwing to Hodge, and Merry passed him on his way to
speak to Mulloy and Morgan.
“Frankie, it’s a soight fer sore oies to see yez!” exclaimed Barney,
who had grown stocky and muscular. “Oi’m glad to grasp yer fin
again, me bhoy.”
Merry shook hands with Barney.
“I am glad to see you,” he declared. “How did you fellows patch
up this piece of business?”
The Irish youth grinned and winked.
“It’s watchin’ yez we’ve been,” he confessed; “an’ we loaded a gun
fur yez whin ye got this way. Oi hate t’ do it, Frankie, but we’ll have
t’ beat yez this day.”
“Don’t lose any sleep over that,” returned Merry.
 He met Morgan, extending his hand.
“Dade, I presume you’re going to pitch against us?” he said.
“I believe so,” said Morgan, with that sweet smile, his eyelids
drooping. “But it’s to be clean sport.”
“I should hope so, with these teams playing. Still, I can
understand that it will be for blood.”
“Of course.”
After the regular practise, the Mysteries came in from the field.
Some little time was spent in handshaking, while the great bunch of
Yale men on the bleachers sang, “Here’s to Good Old Yale.”
Hans Dunnerwurst toddled up to Merry, extending his pudgy hand,
as he cried:
“How you vos, ain’d id? You vos glatness to seen me, I pelief. Yaw!
I’d peen a regular surprising barty. Yaw!”
“And you still have the idea that you can play ball?” said Merry.
“Why, Hans, you know better!”
“Vait!” squawked the Dutch lad. “Vait till I show you vot I can
dood! You vill peen so surbrised dot your eyes vill sdick oudt uf mine
headt.”
“You always did have a barrel of luck,” said Merry, “but luck will
not win this game.”
“The Lord be with us!” droned Dismal Jones, his face as long as
ever. “How are you, Merriwell?”
“Gol-darn my squash!” cried Ephraim Gallup, as he came
straddling up. “I’m glad I’m not to hum on the farm, b’gosh!”
Starbright was on hand to grasp Merry’s hand in both his own
broad palms, his blue eyes beaming. Mason came round quietly, and
Oliver Packard made no demonstration.
“Play ball!” called the voice of the umpire.
 Out onto the field trotted Merriwell’s team.
And, to the astonishment of everybody, Frank Merriwell did not go
into the pitcher’s box.
He sent Dick in!
 CHAPTER XXIX.

HITTING ’EM SOME.

“Pwhat’s this?” cried Barney Mulloy, in amazement. “It’s a choild

ye put agin’ us? It’s no joke, ye’ll foind it.”
“Don’t let that worry you,” laughed Frank. “When you’ve batted
him out of the box, I’ll hand you up a few twisters.”
“Thin ye’ll have a chance roight away,” returned the Irish youth
confidently.
There was a hush after the cheering, and the game was about to
begin.
“Battery for the Merries, Merriwell and Hodge,” announced the
umpire.
There was a volley of applause, and Dick Merriwell toed the slab.
He looked slender and out of place there, his face pale and his dark
eyes gleaming, while there was a set expression about his somewhat
wilful mouth. Up among the clustered Yale men there was a buzz of
comment.
“It’s a shame to drive such a gentle lamb to the slaughter!” said
one.
“That’s what it is,” agreed another. “Why, that boy can’t hold down
Morgan’s team!”
“Merriwell must be daffy to put his brother into such a position,”
asserted a third. “Can it be that he is afraid to face Morgan’s men?”
 “No!” exclaimed Inza Burrage at once. “Anybody here knows
better than that. When was Frank Merriwell ever afraid of anything?
Dick Merriwell is his brother, and he will win this game.”
On the edge of the gathered Yale men a man arose and said:
“If there are any betting men present, I’ll chance a few dollars
that the boy does not remain in the box four innings.”
“Bow-wow-wow!” barked a huge St. Bernard dog at the side of the
speaker.
“Correct, Nero!” cried the man approvingly. “You agree with me, I
see. That settles it. The boy will be batted out within four innings. I’ll
bet five, ten, twenty, fifty, or a hundred on it.”
“Why doesn’t somebody take him?” breathed Inza, her cheeks
flushed. “Frank Merriwell knows what he is about, and he would not
put his brother into the box to be batted out in four innings. If I
were a man, I’d bet just as much as that gentleman wants to
wager!”
Those words seemed to arouse some of the Yale crowd, and there
was a low buzzing of voices.
“She’s right,” said more than one. “Merriwell knows what he is
about. The kid will stay in more than four innings. Let’s call the
gentleman with the long green.”
Whereupon there was a hasty plunging into pockets, and the
students quickly formed a pool, handing their money over in fives
and tens to one of their number.
“Come, come!” cried the man with the dog; “will no one take me?
Then I’ll make it three innings. The boy will not be in the box for
Yale at the end of the first half of the third inning. Here is a cool
hundred that says so.”
A Yale man pushed his way through, saying:
“I think I’ll have to cover your century, sir. Will you be good
enough to nominate the stakeholder?”
 “You?” sneered the man with the dog, looking at the beardless
student. “Why, when did you ever see a hundred?”
“If you’ll put your money up, I’ll guarantee to cover it.”
“Then let’s make it something worth while!” exclaimed the fellow,
who had heavy black eyebrows and a deeply lined face. “A hundred
is too small. Let’s make it two hundred.”
Now it happened that the Yale men had placed very nearly two
hundred dollars in the hands of the man deputized to place the bet,
and he at once said:
“That is quite satisfactory to me.”
“What?” cried the man.
“Put up your money,” said the Yale man quietly, “or close up your
countenance. Here is a gentleman who will hold the stakes. It is
Robert Harding, of New Haven, known to everybody. You cannot
object to him as a stakeholder.”
The man with the dog hesitated, frowning blackly. The dog barked
again.
“All right, Nero,” said the fellow. “It seems a shame to rob this
tender young lamb of his boodle, but he wants to give it away, and I
need it. Mr. Harding, here is my money.”
“Ah-ha!” cried the man with the dog. “A fine job? See them bump
the kid now!”
Just then Dick Merriwell sent the first ball over, and it seemed slow
enough for the batter to hit it easily. Packard missed it clean,
however, and Jack Ready cried:
“Why, it’s just as easy, Richard! You’ll keep that lad swatting the
ozone all day, my boy.”
“Give him another, Dick,” urged Carson from right field.
“That’s pitching ’em some,” rumbled Browning.
 “He has hu-hu-hu-holes in his bat!” came from Gamp. “Don’t be
afraid of him.”
“Put ’em right over,” urged Frank.
Nearly the whole team was talking to Dick, and the boy needed it,
for he felt himself quivering all over. In vain he had tried to fling
aside that shaking feeling, but it clung to him most persistently.
Somehow, his heart was not in the game, and he felt that he was
going to be batted hard.
The next ball was wild, and the umpire called a ball. Then Dick
tried a high one, which Packard let pass.
“You’ll have to get it down, me bhoy,” said Barney Mulloy.
Dick sent in a swift in shoot, and Packard fanned again.
“That is doing pretty well!” roared the Yale crowd, while Inza
Burrage clapped her hands.
“Let him hit it!” urged Frank. “He won’t do any damage.”
“Put it right over the pan,” came from Ready.
“Ram it over the slubber—I mean slam it over the rubber!”
Rattleton cried.
“Yes, put it over,” muttered Packard.
Dick did not intend to put the next one right over, but he made a
miscalculation and did so.
Packard hit it, driving out a clean single between first and second.
“I knew it!” shouted the man with the dog.
“Bow-wow!” barked the dog.
Something seemed to smite Dick’s heart like a blow. A haze rose
before his eyes, across which he brushed his hand. He thought of
the peace and quietude of Pleasant Valley, far away, with the mighty
mountains heaped against the sky, and he longed for the sound of
the wind through the trees and the gentle murmur of Felicia’s voice.
With this feeling upon him, he was tempted to walk off the diamond
and refuse to pitch another ball.
That was not all, for something within him seemed crying:
“I hate baseball—I hate it!”
The ball was thrown in to him, but he did not see it, and it
bounded past.
Fortunately Hodge was watching and got the ball at once,
preventing Packard from taking second on the throw.
“All right, Dick,” said Bart, as he tossed the ball to the boy. “Don’t
let that jar you. They can’t do a thing with you.”
Bart had confidence in the lad, built of observation. At first he had
fancied it folly when Frank wished to pitch Dick in an important
game, but the work of the clever youngster had gradually won
Hodge. Still, Bart considered Frank far superior to any pitcher, and it
was Merry he wished to see in the box.
Dick took the ball and stood facing Mason, the next batter. These
fellows were Frank’s college mates and friends, and something told
Dick that they could bat against him with confidence.
“What’s the use to play ball?” flashed through the brain of the boy.
“If I couldn’t play at all would Frank care so much about me?”
“Make him pitch, make him pitch!” cried Morgan.
“The batter is ready,” said the umpire.
Still Dick stood there like one dazed.
“One ball!” exclaimed the umpire, making the decision as a
penalty for the delay.
“All right, Dick—all right,” said the calm voice of Frank. “Don’t
mind anything. Drop one over the rubber.”
The word “drop” was a signal, giving Dick the cue that Mason
could not hit a drop ball very well. The boy started, looked at Hodge,
nodded, and swung his arm.
 Packard had obtained a good lead off first, and he scooted for
second.
Bart gathered himself, and Mason swung his bat to bother the
catcher, Hodge, however, was not at all disturbed by the bat, and he
sent the ball down with a snapping short-arm throw.
“Slide!” shrieked the coacher.
Packard slid, Rattleton took the ball, and put it onto him hard.
“Out!” cried the umpire.
The crowd shouted.
“You should know better than to try that with Hodge behind the
plate, Packard!” yelled a Yale man. “Haven’t you seen him throw
enough to find out you can’t steal on him?”
Packard walked off with his head down. He had fancied his lead
off first was enough to let him down to second safely.
One strike had been called on Mason.
Frank saw that Dick was unsteady, but he fancied the putting out
of Packard might brace him up. This did not seem to be the result,
for the boy put the next one straight over and Mason smashed it
hard.
Gamp made a great run for it but could not get under the ball.
Mason went over first at his best speed and turned for second, being
told to go along by the coacher.
Gamp got the ball and lined it in to second, but Hock was there
safely, having made a clean two-bagger.
“Well, what do you think about it now?” cried the sporting man
with the dog. “Everybody hits him hard! He won’t last an inning!”
Starbright stepped out to the plate.
“High and close, Dick,” said Frank, in a low tone, having run in till
he was near his brother.
 Starbright’s weak point was a high in shoot, which was known
very well to Frank.
Dick nodded in a mechanical manner, and then proceeded to send
over one that was just waist-high.
Starbright smashed it. The ball went straight at Rattleton with
fearful velocity. Harry stood up to it, but it struck in his hands and
dropped out.
A shout went up.
Harry, however, recovered quickly, got the ball, and threw to
Browning, who held it just in time.
“Out at first!” cried the umpire.
“Dead lucky!” exclaimed the man with the dog. “If it had gone
through him, then the chap on second would have scored. Oh, they
will pound that kid to death!”
“I hope they won’t!” breathed Elsie, “but I’m afraid they will.”
“I’m not!” came from Inza. “Frank knows what to do, and his
brother must be all right, else he wouldn’t let him pitch.”
“But see how hard they have hit.”
“They haven’t scored yet.”
Mulloy was the next hitter, and Merriwell knew he was a bad man
for any pitcher to face, therefore he called to Dick and gave a sign
for an out drop, as that was Barney’s one weak point.
The heart of the boy had jumped into his throat when Starbright
hit the ball, but it fell back, and a feeling of relief came over him as
Rattleton saved himself on the play. Dick nodded to Frank, but shook
his head when Bart called for an in shoot. Hodge changed the sign
and Dick nodded.
The boy started the ball straight at Barney, who drew back a little
and then swung poorly, as he saw it was an out curve, succeeding in
fouling the ball.
 “One strike,” said the umpire, as they were playing under National
League rules.
“That’s the stuff, Richard!” chirped Ready. “You’ve got him down
pat.”
“Pat is not me name,” said Barney.
“It’s going to be Dennis in a minute,” chuckled Ready.
The next ball was high, and Barney came near going after it, but
held back just in time.
Another out drop was tried. This time, however, Mulloy saw it
must curve beyond the plate and refrained from swinging.
The second ball was called. Dick tried one on the inside corner,
but the umpire refused to give it.
“Now he must put it over!” shouted Packard, who was coaching.
Dick grew nervous, and failed to find the plate, which gave the
Irish youth a pass to first.
Gallup strode out to the plate, a grin on his homely face.
“Gosh-darn if I ain’t glad I left the farm!” he said. “Put the ball
over the old dishpan an’ I’ll wallop it.”
Dick looked toward Merry, but, knowing Gallup had no real weak
point, Frank hesitated. Then he gave a sign for the boy to use the
jump ball.
Dick’s delivery was short and sharp, and he sent the next one in
with great speed. Gallup fancied it was coming about shoulder-high,
which led him to swing to meet it.
The ball took an awful jump, such as not even Hodge was
prepared for, struck the end of Bart’s mitt, and went past.
The runners merrily moved up a bag each.
Hodge was angry with himself, for he realized this was not Dick’s
fault.
 Again the boy grew nervous, for now there were two coachers
jabbering away, and a hit meant a score—perhaps two.
With great deliberation Dick put the ball straight over the plate,
whereupon Gallup drove it hard and far into right field.
The coachers sent both runners, seeing at a glance that Carson
had little show of getting the drive before it struck the ground.
Berlin picked it up clean on the bound and threw to second,
stopping Gallup from going down, but both Mason and Mulloy came
home, giving the Mysteries two runs.
“Don’t mind that, Dick,” said Frank, seeing that there was a
strained look on the face of his brother. “Two scores can’t win this
game. We’ll hold ’em now.”
The man with the big dog laughed his satisfaction.
“Take the boy out!” cried several voices. “Take him out! Take him
out! Give us a pitcher! What did we pay our money for?”
Such cries might have dispirited a less determined lad, but not so
Dick Merriwell. There was something in the sound that caused the
lad’s teeth to clench like a vise, while his eyes glittered with an
inward fire and he stiffened up. Not a word did he say, but into his
heart leaped a sudden mad resolve to show them what he could do.
Opposition and ridicule did not unman him; instead, it put him on his
mettle.
Dismal Jones walked out with his club, sadly saying:
“It’s too bad! I hate to do it.”
Dick began with the jump ball, and Hodge took care to get up for
it. Jones struck at least a foot under the first one.
Bart called for a drop, but Dick shook his head and gave the batter
another exactly like the first.
Again the ball rose above Jones’ bat, and the second strike was
called.
 “That’s pitching, Dick!” came the encouraging voice of Frank. “You
can keep it up.”
Now Dick had decided to use a drop next time, but the word “up”
from Frank was a signal for him to continue with the high ball, which
he did.
The third jump fooled Dismal just as the others had, and he
fanned out, the sphere plunking into Bart’s big mitt and remaining
there.
The third man was out.
 CHAPTER XXX.

DICK SHOWS W H AT HE CAN DO.

The Yale men gave a cheer, ending with the name of Dick
Merriwell, while Elsie and Inza flaunted their flags.
“An accident,” sneered the man with the dog. “It won’t happen
again.”
Dick looked angry as he came walking in to the bench, where Old
Joe calmly smoked away.
“A little hard luck, that’s all,” said Hodge. “Don’t mind it, Dick.”
“No hard luck about it!” flashed Dick. “It was my wretched work
that gave them their runs!”
“Ugh!” grunted Crowfoot. “Um ball-players hit Injun Heart heap
cracko. No let um do so some more.”
“Not if I can help it,” said Dick.
“Don’t worry over it a bit,” smiled Frank. “I’ve been hit lots harder
than that in my day, and won my game, too. There’s nothing serious
about it yet.”
But Dick was wholly displeased with himself, and he showed it in
his angry manner.
Ready chose a bat and ambled out to the plate, chirping:
“It’s your funeral now, Morgan. Oh, Dadie, my boy, we won’t do a
single thing to you!”
 Dade smiled in his sweetest manner. He was a handsome fellow,
and he made a graceful appearance in his suit. He looked around to
make sure every man was in position.
Then Morgan broke loose and sent over a ball that whistled
through the air. His speed was something surprising, even to those
who knew him well.
“Strike!” called the umpire, although Jack had not swung.
“La! la! what steam!” Ready exclaimed. “You must have
gunpowder in your wing, Dadie!”
Morgan’s next one was a beautiful in shoot, and, thinking it
another straight, swift one, Ready fanned.
“Two strikes!”
“There is a pitcher for you!” exclaimed the man with the dog.
“He’ll make that Merriwell aggregation look like twenty-nine cents.”
“How the wind blows!” came from Ready. “That nearly trimmed
my whiskers.”
Morgan used the same delivery on the next ball, but it proved to
be a sharp drop, and Ready did not come within a foot of it.
“Batter is out!” rang the clear voice of the umpire.
The general crowd shouted with satisfaction.
“Dade,” said Ready, “you’re a lucky dog. I had decided to make a
home run at the very start, but I changed my mind. That’s what
saved you.”
Again Morgan smiled. He knew Carson well, and he started with a
high in shoot, at which Berlin fanned. Then followed a high one,
which pulled the youth from Colorado, and the second strike was
called.
Having this advantage, Morgan deliberately wasted two balls.
Carson waited for a good one, which he fancied he had finally
found. He hit the ball hard on the ground, and it went straight at
Mason. Just as it reached Hock it took a bad bound, and Mason did
not get his hands on it fairly.
Carson was sprinting to first with all the speed he could muster,
which led Mason to snatch up the ball and throw quicker than he
had intended.
The throw was high for even tall Dick Starbright to reach, and
Berlin continued on to second, which he safely reached.
“Well, well, well!” cried Ready, as he capered down toward third.
“You’ll have to get a step-ladder, Starbright, old boy. The gentleman
from South Carolina is wilder than mountain scenery.”
“Don’t mind that, Hock,” said Morgan, who was captain of the
team. “Get it down next time.”
Mason took such things hard, and Morgan knew it would not do to
“jump on him.”
Hodge walked out, his lips pressed together. Morgan realized that
he was facing one of the hardest batters on Merriwell’s team, and he
at once resorted to all the strategy he could command.
Hodge was anxious to hit, but he waited till two balls were called.
Then Dade put over a high straight one, and Hodge smashed it.
The ball went along the ground to Packard, who got in front of it
and gathered it up. It was too late to stop Carson from reaching
third, but Oliver easily threw Hodge out at first.
“Now a Texas leaguer!” cried Ready, as Browning came up. “Move
the outfielders back.”
Browning longed to smash the ball, but, to his dismay, Merriwell
gave him the sign to bunt. Carson saw the sign also and knew what
to do.
The first ball was shoulder-high, and high balls are hard to bunt
successfully, so Bruce let it pass.
“Strike one!” said the umpire.
 Carson had played down on the pitch, but he went back to third in
a lively manner.
The next ball was too wide, and the umpire called it a ball. Then
came one that suited Bruce, who did his best to drop it inside the
line toward third.
To Browning’s astonishment, the bunt was almost perfect. Bruce
did not start quickly, however, and Morgan came in for the ball like a
leaping panther.
Carson tore down the line to the plate, and Dade realized that the
only way to stop the score was to throw Browning out at first.
Morgan gathered the ball and threw hastily. It happened that
Browning was between Dade and Starbright, so that Morgan did not
make a good throw. Starbright stopped the ball with his big mitt, but
it dropped to the ground, and he could not get it up before Browning
went over the sack.
A cheer went up from the Yale men on the bleachers.
“Well, that’s hard luck!” exclaimed the fellow with the dog. “They
got that run without making a hit off Morgan.”
This was true.
The smile had vanished from Dade’s face as he returned to the
pitcher’s position. Gamp was up, and Morgan again burned the ball
over with great speed. He was seeking to strike Gamp out, and he
failed to hold Browning close to first, thinking Bruce too slow and
lazy to steal.
But, when thoroughly awakened, Browning was anything but slow.
He started for second on the second ball pitched, and seemed to
gather momentum with every stride.
Mulloy lined the ball down, the throw being a trifle high. However,
it seemed that Packard would get it in time. Browning slid feet first
for the bag.
 Packard was not anxious to get in the way of the big fellow’s
spikes, and he failed to get the ball onto Bruce quite soon enough.
“Safe!” said the umpire.
“Rotten!” cried the man with the dog. “He was out! Shoot the
umpire!”
“Oh-h-h, go choke yourself!” cried several of the Yale men.
One strike and one ball had been called. Dade gave Gamp a drop,
and Joe met it. The ball sailed away into deep center, while
Browning sprinted to bring in the score that would tie.
Ephraim Gallup made his long legs fly in his run to get under the
ball. It did not seem that he could reach it by many feet, but he
hurled himself forward in a last furious effort, and got his hands on
it. Then he went whirling end over end and held fast to the ball till
he could rise and hold it up.
“Out!” was the decision of the umpire.
“Ah-h-h!” shouted the man with the dog. “Even that wasn’t a hit!
Now they’ll get after the boy!”
The crowd applauded Gallup’s remarkable catch, even Inza
Burrage being led to clap her hands, although she declared she was
sorry he held the ball.
“Don’t know when I’ve worked as hard as that before,” grumbled
Browning, “and all for nothing. It makes me very tired.”
“Heap good work now,” said Old Joe to Dick, as the latter rose
from the bench. “Joe, him lookin’.”
The boy said nothing, but there was determination in his manner
as he walked onto the diamond. For the time he forgot his home far
away under the shadow of the eternal Rockies, he forgot Felicia and
her calling voice, and he thought of nothing save the game in which
he was taking part.
 “They will bat him out of the box this inning,” said the man with
the dog.
“They will not!” murmured Inza firmly.
“I hope not!” whispered Elsie. “He is handsome! Don’t you think
he is, Inza?”
“Yes; but not as handsome as Frank.”
“He is much younger.”
“He never can be as handsome as Frank!” exclaimed the loyal
Inza.
“Somehow he reminds me of Bart,” said Elsie. “He is dark, and
there is something like Bart in his manner.”
“I have noticed it.”
Dick warmed up by throwing a few to Browning on first.
Gene Skelding, once the uncompromising enemy of Frank
Merriwell, was the first man to strike in this inning. Skelding had
changed and reformed, having quit his former vicious associates,
and he was proving to be quite a decent fellow.
Skelding, however, was not a heavy hitter, and Hodge knew it.
Bart called for the jump ball at the start, which Dick sent whistling
over.
Skelding went after it.
“Strike!” said the umpire.
An out drop followed, and Gene fouled it.
“Two strikes!”
Then Dick sent in another rise. Gene fouled that, but, as two
strikes had been called, it did not count against him.
Then came one over his head, which he let pass.
 Bart signed for an out drop. It came up slowly and looked pretty
to Gene, but he missed it cleanly, Hodge holding it.
“Batter is out!” announced the umpire.
A shout rose from the spectators.
“Pretty pitching!” cried Hodge approvingly.
Dick betrayed no sound of elation, nor did he notice the shouting
crowd.
Hans Dunnerwurst came toddling out with a bat.
“You vill had to put der plate righdt ofer der pall, my poy,” he
announced. “Der pad vons nefer hit at me. I haf an eye like an
eagles. Yaw!”
Then he proceeded to swipe at the very first one, although it was
so high that it seemed almost out of reach.
“What in the world have they got that chump on the team for?”
angrily exclaimed the man with the dog. “He couldn’t knock a corner
off a house if somebody threw it over the plate!”
“Here! here! what you doin’, Dutchy?” cried Ephraim Gallup. “Why
don’t you let that kind go, you big, fat chump?”
“You vas a pig, vat chumps myseluf!” snorted Hans angrily. “Don’d
you shooted off your mouth some more or I vill hit you in my eye!
Dot’s vot vos der madder mit Hannah!”
The next ball was so low that it almost hit the plate, yet Hans
seemed to shut his eyes and swipe at it wildly, missing it by about
two feet.
“Oh!” roared the crowd. “Where did he ever play ball?”
“None uf my pusiness!” squawked Hans, apparently very angry.
“Shust you vait an hour und I vill knock der pall off der cover!”
Dick Merriwell had been serious enough, but now the comical
Dutch youth proved too much for the boy, and he broke into a peal
of laughter.
 “Ha! ha! ha!” he laughed. “Oh, ha! ha! ha!”
“Maype you vill nod laugh so hardness britty quickness,” said Hans
hotly. “Shust you pay attendance to my business und bitch der pall!”
Dick received the ball from Bart, but he could not recover from his
amusement at once, and Morgan called for the umpire to make him
pitch.
Thinking the umpire might call a ball on him again for delaying the
game, Dick sent it over.
How it happened no one could tell, but Hans slashed at it and hit
it fairly, driving it over the infield and away into the outfield.
“Yow!” whooped the Dutch boy, as he made his short legs twinkle.
“Didn’d you told me so! I knewed vot der pall vould done to me!”
Packard saw there was a chance for Hans to reach second, and so
he sent him along. Never in all his life had the Dutch youth run
faster, and the sight was a most ludicrous one.
Swiftwing overtook the ball and turned to throw it to second. He
was a good thrower, and he lined it straight into the waiting hands of
Rattleton.
Just before reaching second Hans seemed to trip over his own
feet, and down he went, turning over and over on the ground, like a
ball. When he stopped he was sitting on second base, and he had
reached it in time to be safe.
How the crowd shouted.
“Dunnerwurst’s usual luck!” laughed Frank Merriwell. “He can
blunder into more things like that than any fellow I ever saw play
baseball.”
Dick Merriwell had not stopped laughing, for the sight of Hans
running like a frightened duck and turning over and over to sit up on
the bag was so comical the boy found it impossible not to be
amused.
 “Well,” said the man with the dog, “that settles it! When a fat slob
like that can make a two-bagger off Merriwell’s brother, everybody
can hit him. Hey, Nero?”
“Bow-wow!” barked the dog.
Dade Morgan was well satisfied, and he wore his sweetest smile
when he walked out to the plate. He assumed an easy batting
position, swinging handsomely at the first one pitched, but failing to
hit it.
“There’s a batter!” exclaimed the man with the dog.
Dick Merriwell steadied down now, giving Morgan the jump ball
the next time, which caused Dade to miss again.
Then Bart signed for a drop, but Dick shook his head, having been
given a tip from Frank. A high in shoot drove Dade back from the
plate, and an out followed. Morgan hit the ball foul.
“You’ll lace it next trip, Dade!” cried Packard.
“Und I vill get indo a score,” declared Dunnerwurst. “I vos a
recular chain-lightnings running pases!”
Dick took the time limit on Morgan, and gave him the jump ball
once more. Morgan missed it.
“You’re out!” said the umpire.
The man with the dog muttered something to himself, while the
Yale crowd cheered.
“Beautiful work, Dick!” exclaimed Frank. “Now you are pitching
your game!”
Packard ran in from the coach-line, and stepped out with his
special bat.
“Put it over good,” he invited. “I’ll hit it a mile.”
“All right,” said the boy coolly. “Here you have it.”
He threw the ball with a good rise on it, and Packard hit it.
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