DATA COMMUNICATION

LAB MANUAL

VI SEMESTER

Page 1
 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

S. No NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT Page No.

1. To study different types of transmission media. 2

2. To study quadrature phase shift keying modulation. 5

3. Study & analysis of QAM modulation. 10

4. To study serial interface RS– 232. 14

5. To study pc to pc communication using parallel port. 17

6. To study LAN using star topology. 19

7. To study LAN using bus topology. 22

8. To study LAN using tree topology. 25

9. To study configure modem of computer 27

10. To configure hub/switch. 30

11 To study interconnections of cables for data communication 32

 EXPERIMENT NO. 1

AIM: - To Study Different Types of Transmission Media

THEORY: -
Transmission Media - Guided
There are 2 basic categories of Transmission Media: Guided and Unguided.
Guided Transmission Media uses a "cabling" system that guides the data signals along a specific path.
The data signals are bound by the "cabling" system. Guided Media is also known as Bound Media.
Cabling is meant in a generic sense in the previous sentences and is not meant to be interpreted as
copper wire cabling only.
Unguided Transmission Media consists of a means for the data signals to travel but nothing to guide
them along a specific path. The data signals are not bound to a cabling media and as such are often
called Unbound Media.
There 4 basic types of Guided Media:
 Open Wire
 Twisted Pair
 Coaxial Cable
 Optical Fiber
Coaxial cables have a copper wire running through the middle encased in plastic insulation. The
plastic insulation is itself encased in a metal braid which is covered by an outer layer of plastic
insulator. The electrical signals run through the central wire and the metal braid acts as both an earth
and as a shield against electromagnetic interference.

DIAGRAM

A BNC connector on a network card

Coaxial cables are connected to devices by means of a special plug with a bayonet connection. This is
called a BNC plug.
Fiber optic cables have a thin strand of glass in the centre that carries the light pulses.

Cable Type Bandwidth

Open Cable 0 - 5 MHz
Twisted Pair 0 - 100 MHz
Coaxial Cable 0 - 600 MHz
Optical Fiber 0 - 1 GHz
Transmission Media - Unguided
Unguided Transmission Media is data signals that flow through the air. They are not guided or bound
to a channel to follow. They are classified by the type of wave propagation.
RF Propagation
There are 3 types of RF (Radio Frequency) Propagation:
 Ground Wave, 
 Ionospheric and
 Line of Sight (LOS) Propagation.
Ground Wave Propagation follows the curvature of the Earth. Ground Waves have carrier
frequencies up to 2 MHz AM radio is an example of Ground Wave Propagation.
RESULT: - Thus different types of transmission media are studied
 EXPERIMENT NO – 2

AIM: - To Study Quadrature Phase Shift Keying Modulation.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: - CRO, experimental kit, power supply, connecting leads.
BRIEF THEORY:-
PSK: - PSK involves the phase change at the carrier sine wave between 0 to 180 in accordance with
the data stream to be transmitted.
PSK modulator is similar to ASK modulator both used balanced modulator to multiply the carrier with
balanced modulator signal. The digital signal with applied to modulation input for PSK generation is
bipolar i.e. equal positive and negative voltage level.
When the modulating input is positive the output at modulator is a line wave in phase with the carrier
input whereas for positive voltage level, the output of modulator is a sine wave which is switched out
of phase by 180 from the carrier input.
Quadrature Phase-shift Keying (QPSK)
QPSK: - In QPSK each pair at consecutive data bit is treated as a two bit code which is switch the
phase of the carrier sine wave between one at four phase 90º apart. The four possible combinations at
bib it code are 0º, 01, 10, and 11 each code represents either a phase of 45º, 185º, 225º, and 315º
lagging, relative to the phase at the original un modulated carrier QPSK offers an advantage over PSK
is a no carrier that how each phase represents a two bit code rather than a single bit. This means that
either we can charge phase per sec. or the same amount of data can be transmitted with.

Constellation diagram for QPSK with Gray coding. Each adjacent symbol only differs by one bit.
Sometimes known as quaternary or quadriphase PSK or 4-PSK, QPSK uses four points on the
constellation diagram, equispaced around a circle. With four phases, QPSK can encode two bits per
symbol, shown in the diagram with Gray coding to minimize the BER — twice the rate of BPSK.
Analysis shows that this may be used either to double the data rate compared to a BPSK system while
maintaining the bandwidth of the signal or to maintain the data-rate of BPSK but halve the bandwidth
needed.
Although QPSK can be viewed as a quaternary modulation, it is easier to see it as two independently
modulated quadrature carriers. With this interpretation, the even (or odd) bits are used to modulate the
in-phase component of the carrier, while the odd (or even)
bits are used to modulate the quadrature-phase component of the carrier. BPSK is used on both
carriers and they can be independently demodulated
BLOCK DIAGRAM:-

Carrier
Generator

Carrier
Modulation
Circuit

Data Unipolar to
Generator Bipolar
Converter Summing
CRO
amplifier

Quadrature
Carrier
Generator Carrier
Modulation
Circuit

Data Unipolar to
Generator Bipolar
Converter

Block diagram of QPSK

PROCEDURE:-
1. Keep pins SW3, SW5, SW6, SW7, and SW9 in off mode
2. Switch on the power supply
3. Connect the Test point TP6 on Channel 1& TP7 on Channel 2 of Oscilloscope
4. Set I&Q Channel data with the help of DIP switch SW5, SW6, SW7.
5. Switch on all the DIP switches on SW3.
6. Press SW8 (reset) Switch and then Press SW4 (start) Switch
7. Connect channels of oscilloscope to TP2 & TPI
8. Observe the wave form on the CRO

WAVE FORM:-

RESULT: - QPSK output is obtained on CRO

 EXPERIMENT NO – 3

AIM: - Study & Analysis of QAM Modulation.

APPARATUS: - QAM kit, DATA GENERATOR kit, connecting leads and power cord
THEORY:
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
The QAM is a digital modulation where the information is contained into the phase as well as the
amplitude of the transmitted carrier.

8-QAM:
In the 8-QAM the data are divided into groups of 3 bits (Tribit), one of which varies the amplitude
of the carrier, the last two the phase. The modulated signal can take 4 different phases and 2
different amplitudes, for a total of 8 different states.
16-QAM:
In the 16-QAM the data are divided into groups of 4 bits (Quad bit). The 16 possible combinations
change amplitude and phase of the carrier, which can take 16 different states .At the moment we
reach to a data subdivision into groups of 9 bits, obtaining constellations with 512 modulation
points.
Main aspects
The main aspects characterizing the QAM are:
Applications in modems for high speed data transmission (ITU-TV22bis, V29, V32, V32bis, V33,
V34, V34bis, BELL 209) and digital radio transmission. It needs circuits of high complexity
Possibility of error higher than the PSK called Fb the bit transmission speed and "n" the number of
bits. Considered for the modulation, the minimum spectrum BW of the modulated signal is equal to
Ft/n

Page 10
 The transmission efficiency, defined as the ratio between Fb and B w, is equal to "nil
Modulator QAM:
The functional diagram of a 8-QAM modulator,

Input I Q QAM
24 bit Channe Channe Output
Data l l

The 8-QAM signal can be seen as 4-PSK signal whose amplitude can take 2 different
values. In this way, each "modulation interval" depends on the state of 3 data bits ("I", "Q",
"C"): the first 2 ("I" and "Q") determine the phase of the output signal, the third ("C") the
amplitude.
PROCEDURE:
1. Ensure the following initial conditions on ST2112 trainer:
2. SW3, SW5, SW6, SW7, SW9 should be in the OFF mode.
3. Power supply should be OFF.
4. Switch on the power supply.
5. Connect Test point TP6 on Channel 1 & TP7 on Channel 2 of Oscilloscope; you will
observe 1 KHz sine & cosine wave.
6. Set I, Q & C Channel data with the help of DIP switch SW5, SW6, SW7. As there are 24
bits data available on the trainer so, first bit is I bit then second bit is Q bit then third bit
is C bit. In this experiment you have to use I bit & Q bit & C bit so you can select
combination according to your requirement.
7. Switch ON all the DIP switches on SW3.
a) ClOCK AND DATA:-

TP2

TP3

b.) I CHANNEL AND MODULATED SIGNAL:-

TP2

TP3

RESULT: QAM has been studied and waveform has been drawn
 EXPERIMENT NO – 4
AIM: - To Study Serial Interface using Rs - 232.
APPRATUS REQUIRED: - Data Communication Kit
THEORY: -
Introduction to Serial Communications
All IBM PC and compatible computers are typically equipped with two serial ports and one
parallel port. Although these two types of ports are used for communicating with
External devices, they work in different ways

A parallel port sends and receives data eight bits at a time over 8 separate wires. This allows
data to be transferred very quickly; however, the cable required is more bulky because of the
number of individual wires it must contain. Parallel ports are typically used to connect a PC to
a printer and are rarely used for much else. A serial port sends and receives data one bit at a
time over one wire. While it takes eight times as long to transfer each byte of data this way,
only a few wires are required. In fact, two-way (full duplex) communications is possible with
only three separate wires - one to send, one to
Receive and a common signal ground wire.
RS-232 stands for Recommend Standard number 232 and C is the latest revision of the
standard. The serial ports on most computers use a subset of the RS-232C standard. The full
RS-232C standard specifies a 25-pin "D" connector of which 22 pins are used.
RS-232-C is divided into four groups
 Data Signal
 Control Signal
 Timing Signal
 Ground Signal

DIAGRAM:
25 Pin Connector on a DTE device (PC connection)

Male RS232 DB25

Pin Number
9 Pin Connector on a DTE device (PC connection)

Male RS232 DB9

PIN DIAGRAM OF RS-232

ADVANTAGES: It is applicable for long distance.

DISADVANTAGE: - Comparatively low speed.

RESULT: Thus studied RS – 232 standards.

 EXPERIMENT NO – 5

AIM: - To Study PC to PC communication uses Parallel port.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
ST5001 Trainer Kit, ST5001 Software, 11 Patch Cords (2mm), 2 Parallel Port Cables,
Mains Power Cord

PROCEDURE:-

1. Connect mains power cord to the trainer and switch ON the trainer.
2. Connect the parallel port cables to both node l & node 2.
3. To open the window, follow the steps. Run ST5001 software on both PCs
Click "Parallel Port Interface" image/press "Ctrl + P"/click "Options" on menu bar.
4. The very first· step is to select the port address of parallel port. Choose one correct
option from the given three options.
5. Generally the address is "378", so the window will open with this option selected.
6. To send data to other node enter the text in the window titled as "Enter Data to
Transmit". Click on "Send" button to transmit.
7. Transmitted data will be displayed in the "Received Data" window and the ASCII codes
of each byte received is displayed in "Received Data in ASCII" window.
8. A small window at sender side is given for transmission of ASCII code. Enter
an ASCII code in the window and then click "Send" button.
9. "Clear" buttons are given to clear all windows.

RESULT: - The parallel port has been studied.

 EXPERIMENT NO – 6
AIM: - To Study LAN using Star Topology.
APPRATUS REQUIRED: - Four to Five computers, cables
THEORY: -
LAN: When two or more computers are connected directly within the small well defined area
such as room, building etc. The physical topology of a network refers to the configuration of
cables, computers, and other peripherals.
Main Types of Network Topologies
In networking, the term "topology" refers to the layout of connected devices on a network.
Network topologies are categorized into the following basic types:
 Star Topology
 Ring Topology
 Bus Topology
 Tree Topology
 Mesh Topology
 Hybrid Topology
More complex networks can be built as hybrids of two or more of the above basic topologies.

Star Topology
Many home networks use the star topology. A star network features a central connection point
called a "hub" that may be a hub, switch or router. Devices typically connect to the hub with
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Ethernet.
Compared to the bus topology, a star network generally requires more cable, but a failure in
any star network cable will only take down one computer's network access and not the entire
LAN. (If the hub fails, however, the entire network also fails
DIAGRAM: -

PROCEDURE:-
1. Create folder of source name in both PC in C or D drive
2. Write text document in one PC (sender)
3. Open Star topology on both PC
4. Write destination IP address on both PC
5. Share folder
6. Open the folder
7. Save the parameters
8. Open the text document
9. Sent data
10. Received data on another PC

Advantages of a Star Topology

 Easy to install and wire.
 No disruptions to the network then connecting or removing devices.
 Easy to detect faults and to remove parts.
Disadvantages of a Star Topology
 Requires more cable length than a linear topology.
 If the hub or concentrator fails, nodes attached are disabled.
 More expensive than linear bus topologies because of the cost of the concentrators.
The protocols used with star configurations are usually Ethernet or Local Talk. Token Ring
uses a similar topology, called the star-wired ring.

RESULT: - Star Topology is studied.

 EXPERIMENT NO – 7

AIM: - To Study LAN using Bus Topology.

APPRATUS REQUIRED: - Four to Five computers, cables
THEORY: --
LAN: When two or more computers are connected directly within the small well defined area
such as room, building etc. The physical topology of a network refers to the configuration of
cables, computers, and other peripherals.
Bus Topology:
A bus topology consists of a single cable connecting all nodes on a network without
intervening connectivity devices .The single cable is called a bus and can support one channel
for communication. Each node shares the bus’s total capacity
On bus topology network devices share the responsibility for getting the data from one point
to another. Ethernet bus topologies are relatively easy to install and don't require much cabling
compared to the alternatives. 10Base-2 ("ThinNet") and 10Base-5 ("ThickNet") both were
popular Ethernet cabling options many years ago for bus topologies. However, bus networks
work best with a limited number of devices. If more than a few dozen computers are added to
a network.

DIAGRAM: -
PROCEDURE:-

1. Create folder of destination node (ECE COM 1, ECE COM 2) name in both PC.
2. Click IPX protocol to enable it
3. Select server on one PC.
4. Select connect to network on another PC
5. Open the text document
6. Type the data on one PC
7. Sent data
8. Data is received on another PC

Advantages of a Linear Bus Topology

 Easy to connect a computer or peripheral to a linear bus.
 Requires less cable length than a star topology.
Disadvantages of a Linear Bus Topology
 Entire network shuts down if there is a break in the main cable.
 Terminators are required at both ends of the backbone cable.
 Difficult to identify the problem if the entire network shuts down.
 Not meant to be used as a stand-alone solution in a large building

Result: - Data is transferred from one PC to another PC.

 EXPERIMENT NO – 8

AIM: - To Study LAN using Tree Topology.

Apparatus Required: Four to five Computers, cables.
Theory: --
Main Types of Network Topologies
In networking, the term "topology" refers to the layout of connected devices on a network.
Network topologies are categorized into the following basic types:
 Star Topology
 Ring Topology
 Bus Topology
 Tree Topology
 Mesh Topology
 Hybrid Topology
Tree Topology
Tree topologies integrate multiple star topologies together onto a bus. In its simplest form,
only hub devices connect directly to the tree bus and each hub functions as the "root" of a tree
of devices. This bus/star hybrid approach supports future expandability of the network much
better than a bus (limited in the number of devices due to the broadcast traffic it generates) or
a star (limited by the number of hub connection points) alone.
DIAGRAM: -
Advantages of a Tree Topology
 Point-to-point wiring for individual segments.
 Supported by several hardware and software venders.

Disadvantages of a Tree Topology

 Overall length of each segment is limited by the type of cabling used.
 If the backbone line breaks, the entire segment goes down.
 More difficult to configure and wire than other topologies.

RESULT: - Thus Tree Topology is studied.

 EXPERIMENT NO – 9
AIM: - To Study Configure Modem of Computer.

APPRATUS REQUIRED: - MODEM and Data communication kit

THEORY: -A modem is a device or a program that enables a computer to transmit data e.g.
Telephone or cable lines. Computer information is stored digitally whereas information
transmitted in the form of analog waves

Types of Modem
Internal
Internal modems are Compact, Inexpensive but difficult to set-up (if not pre-installed with
computer package).
External
External modems are - Simple to set up, allow flexible usage but are more expensive than
internal modems.
In a configuration like this, a dumb terminal at an off-site office or store could "dial in" to a
large, central computer. A dumb terminal is simply a keyboard and a screen. A very common
dumb terminal at the time was called the DEC VT-100, and it became a standard of the day
(now memorialized in terminal emulators worldwide). The VT-100 could display 25 lines of
80 characters each. When the user typed a character on the terminal, the modem sent the
ASCII code for the character to the computer. The computer then sent the character back to
the computer so it would appear on the screen.
People got along at 300 bps for quite a while. The reason this speed was tolerable was because
300 bps represents about 30 characters per second, which is a lot more characters per second
than a person can type or read. Once people started transferring large programs and images to
and from bulletin board systems, however, 300 bps became intolerable.
Modem speeds went through a series of steps at approximately two-year intervals:
 300 bps - 1960s through 1983 or so
 1200 bps - Gained popularity in 1984 and 1985
 2400 bps
 9600 bps - First appeared in late 1990 and early 1991
 19.2 kilobits per second (Kbps)
 28.8 Kbps
 33.6 Kbps
 56 Kbps - Became the standard in 1998
 ADSL, with theoretical maximum of up to 8 megabits per second (Mbps) - Gained
popularity in 1999
DIAGRAM: -

PROCEDURE:-

1. Connect the main power cord to the trainer and switch on the trainer
2. Connect the serial port cable between the two ports of the PC
3. Open the window and click on “Modem Communication image” press “CTRL+M”
4. Select the desired band rate
5. Open the port by clicking open port button
6. Transmit data
7. Data trans mitted will be received in ASCII window
8. Small window at sender side is given for transmission of ASCII code

RESULT: - Transmission of data using modem

 EXPERIMENT NO – 10

AIM: - To Study Configure Hub/Switch.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: - Hub, Switch and Cables

THEORY: -
The Hubs are the physical hardware devices placed in central locations. The Hubs can be
either multi-port repeaters or concentration. The Hubs can be of two types:-
a) The Hubs with minimum intelligent (i.e. no microprocessors).
b) Intelligent Hubs which can perform the basic diagnostics and task the nodes to see if
they are operating correctly or not.
The third category can be smart Hubs which can be polled and managed remotely
Purpose of Hub
Hubs are used to provide star topology. At the center of a star is the Hub or the switch with the
n/w nodes located on the tips of the star. The hub is installed in a central wiring clost with all
the cables extending out to the n/w nodes. The advantage of having a central wiring location
i.e. it is easier to maintain to troubleshoot large n/w. All n/w cables come to the central hub.
So it is especially easy to detect and fix the cable problems. The user can easily move a
workstation in a star topology by changing the connection to the Hub at the central wiring
closet.

BLOCK DIAGRAM: -

RESULT: - Thus Hub is studied

 EXPERIMENT NO –11
AIM: - To Study Interconnections of Cables for Data Communication.

APPRATUS REQUIRED: - Different types of cables

THEORY: -
Ethernet Cables
Comparison between CAT5, CAT5E, CAT6, CAT7 Cables

In the context of the 100-ohm UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) type of cable used for Ethernet
wiring the only categories of interest are Cat3, Cat4, Cat5, Cat5e, Cat6, and Cat7. CATx is an
abbreviation for the category number that defines the performance of building
telecommunications cabling as outlined by the Electronic Industries Association (EIA)
standards. Up until the late 1980s thick or thin coaxial cable was typically used for 10-Mbps
Ethernet networks, but around that time, UTP cabling became more commonly used because it
was easier to install and less expensive. UTP CAT3 and CAT4 were used for a quite limited
time since the emergence of 100Base-TX networks meant a quick shift to CAT5. By the year
2000, moves to gigabit (1000Base-TX) Ethernet LANs created a need for another
specification, CAT5e. CAT5e is now being superseded by CAT6 cable and there is a
developing standard for CAT7.

Specifications for Cat3, Cat4, Cat5, CAT5E, Cat 6, and Cat 7 Cables

Category Type Spectral Length LAN Applications Notes

B/W
Cat3 UTP 16 MHz 100m 10Base-T, 4Mbps Now mainly for telephone
cables
Cat4 UTP 20 MHz 100m 16Mbps Rarely seen
Cat5 UTP 100MHz 100m 100Base-Tx,ATM, Common for current LANs
CDDI
Cat5e UTP 100MHz 100m 1000Base-T Common for current LANs
Cat6 UTP 250MHz 100m Emerging
Cat7 SCTP 600MHz 100m

It might seem that CAT5 and CAT5e are the same. Pretty much they are, the CAT5e
specification simply included some additional limits over the CAT5 specification. The reality
is that most CAT5 cable is in fact CAT5e cable just not certified as such. Here is a comparison
of those extra specifications.
CAT5, CAT5E, and CAT6 UTP Solid Cable Specifications Comparison
Category 5 Category 5E Category 6
Frequency 100 MHz 100 MHz 250 MHz
Attenuation (Min. at 100 MHz) 22 dB 22 dB 19.8 Db
Characteristic Impedance 100 ohms ± 15% 100 ohms ± 15% 100 ohms ± 15%
NEXT (Min. at 100 MHz) 32.3 dB 35.3 dB 44.3 dB
PS-NEXT (Min. at 100 MHz) no specification 32.3 dB 42.3 dB
ELFEXT (Min. at 100 MHz) no specification 23.8 dB 27.8 dB
PS-ELFEXT (Min. at 100 MHz) no specification 20.8 dB 24.8 dB
Return Loss (Min. at 100 MHz) 16.0 dB 20.1 dB 20.1 dB
Delay Skew (Max. per 100 m) no specification 45 ns 45 ns

Some modern hubs don't care if you use crossover cables or straight through cables, they work
out what you're using and configure themselves accordingly.
As stated at the outset, the actual difference is in the wiring. Inside the UTP patch cable there
are 8 physical wires although the network only uses 4 of them (the other 4 are simply wasted).
The 8 wires are arranged in what's known as pairs and one pair is used to send information
whilst the other pair is used to receive information.
On a PC, the pair on pins 1 and 2 of the connector sends information, whilst the pair on pins 3
and 6 receives the information. To make PCs talk to each we therefore need to connect the
send pair of one PC to the receive pair of the other PC (and vice-a-versa). That means we need
a crossover cable. If we used a straight through cable the both be listening on the one pair -
and hearing nothing, and sending on the one pair - achieving nothing.
The most common cable is the straight through cable. In a home or small office network you
might only have one crossover cable used - perhaps from the cable or DSL modem to the
distribution hub.
Color Codes
If a cable has 568A color wiring on both ends then it's a straight through cable.
If a cable has 568B color wiring on both ends then it's also a straight through cable.
If a cable has 568A color wiring on one end and 568B color coded wiring on the other
end, then it's a crossover cable.

In fact, while the colors are standardized and usually followed, that's not the important part.
What's more important is that one "pair" (wires that are twisted together inside the cable
sheath) is used for the transmit side and another pair for the receive side. If pairs aren't used
then it's likely your cable will not work. Pairs are identified by the colors. The orange wire and
the orange with white stripe (or sometimes white with orange stripe) wire are a pair. The
brown wire and the brown with white stripe wire are a pair. Etc.

DIAGRAM: -

RESULT: - CAT types of cables are studied.