CHAPTER 1 Fundamental Concepts of Chemistry

Chapter 1 Visual Summary

1.1 Atoms, Molecules, and Compounds 1.3 Chemical Problem Solving

Macroscopic Atomic view Solving Quantitative Problems

Atom Molecule
Step 1. Determine what is asked for.
Microscopic Step 2. Visualize the problem.
Chemical
O formula H2O Step 3. Organize the data.
Element Compound Step 4. Identify a process to solve the problem.
Step 5. Manipulate the equations.
L E A R N I N G O BJ E CTI VE : Recognize elemental symbols Step 6. Substitute and calculate.
and names of the elements, and name compounds from molec-
Step 7. Does the result make sense?
ular pictures.

S K I L LS TO MASTE R : Recognizing elemental symbols and

LEARNING OBJECT IV E: Analyze and solve problems in a
names of the elements
consistent, organized fashion.
Naming compounds from molecular pictures
1.4 Counting Atoms: The Mole
K E Y CO N C E PTS: Properties of molecules (the microscopic
level) translate into properties of materials (the macroscopic One mole is the number of atoms in exactly 12 g of pure carbon-12.
level).
Molar mass (M)
1.2 Measurements in Chemistry Avogadro’s number (N A )

Precision Accuracy Elemental molar mass is the sum of the contribution of its isotopes.
Significant figures
M = Σ (Fractional abundance)(Isotopic M)
Time (t) Volume (V)
Temperature (T) Length Chemical calculations are built around the mole.
Scientific notation Mass (m)
# m
n= n=
NA M
T (K) = T (°C) + 273.15
T (°C) = T (K) – 273.15
Multiply by Multiply by
Number Moles Mass
Avogadro’s N of Molar of
of atoms Number A Mass M
substance , element,
#
Divide by
n Divide by
m
L E A R N I N G O BJ E CTI VE : Recognize the SI units com-
monly used in chemistry, and perform some common unit LEARNING OBJECT IV E: Solve mass–number–molar
conversions. mass-type problems.
S K I L LS TO MASTE R : Working with unit conversions S KILLS TO M AST ER: Determining elemental molar masses
Determining the correct number of significant figures in the KEY CONCEPTS : Chemical calculations are built around
result of a calculation the mole.
K E Y CO N C E PTS: The correct conversion ratio leads to One mole is the number of atoms in exactly 12 g of the pure
cancellation of unwanted units. isotope carbon-12.
Proper use of significant figures is important to tell the reader The molar mass of any naturally occurring element is the sum
what the accuracy and precision of the measurement are. of the contributions from its isotopes.

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 1.5 Amounts of Compounds 1.7 Writing Chemical Equations
MCompound = Σ(# Atoms)(MElement) Stoichiometric coefficients Balanced chemical equation

Reagents
Element # M (g/mol) Sum (g/mol) Reactants Products
N 2 14.007 28.014 N2 + 3 H2 2 NH 3
H 4 1.008 4.032
O 3 15.999 47.997
NH 4 NO 3 M = 80.043 g/mol
Atoms are conserved.

Multiply by
LEARNING OBJECT IV E: Balance chemical reactions.
Moles Moles
of
Molar Ratio of each KEY CONCEPTS : Molecules of reagents react in whole
substance element number ratios to form products.
Divide by
The number of atoms of each element is conserved in any
chemical reaction.

L E A R NI N G O BJ E CTI VE : Perform mole–mass–number 1.8 The Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions

conversions.

(
S K I L LS TO MASTE R : Drawing line structures of nB =
Coeff B
( nA
Calculations centre on the mole.

Coeff A
compounds 68 g
NH3
4.0 mol
NH3
6.0 mol
H2
12 g
H2

Calculating molar masses of compounds Stoichiometric ratio

Stoichiometry
K E Y CO N CE PTS: A molecule is a combination of two or
more atoms held together in a specific shape by attractive LEARNING OBJECT IV E: Calculate the amount of a prod-
forces. uct from the amounts of the reactants and a balanced chemical
equation.
The molar mass of a compound is found by adding together
the molar masses of all of its elements, taking into account the S KILLS TO M AST ER: Using stoichiometric ratios
number of moles of each element present.
Molar masses are used to convert between moles of substance
1.9 Yields of Chemical Reactions
and mass.

(
Yield (
Theoretical yield Actual amount
Actual yield Percent yield = 100%
Theoretical amount
Percent yield
1.6 Aqueous Solutions
LEARNING OBJECT IV E: Calculate yields of chemical
Solvent reactions.
Solute
Aqueous
1.10 The Limiting Reactant
Limiting reactant Smallest value of moles divided by coefficient
Polyatomic ions remain intact.
Reaction: N2 + 3 H2 2 NH3
n Concentration (c)
c= c iV i = c fV f Molarity Dilution Starting amount (mol) 3.00 12.0 0
V Change in amount (mol) – 3.00 – 9.00 +6.00
Final amount (mol) 0 3.0 6.00

L E A R NI N G O BJ E CTI VE : Calculate concentrations of LEARNING OBJECT IV E: Solve limiting-reagent-type

solutions and of diluted solutions. problems.

K E Y CON C E PTS: Concentration is the amount of substance S KILLS TO M AST ER: Constructing tables of amounts
per unit volume of solution. KEY CONCEPTS : The limiting reactant is the one whose
Polyatomic ions remain intact when a salt dissolves in number of moles divided by its stoichiometric coefficient has
water. the smallest value.
Diluting a solution decreases the concentrations of the The quantity of the limiting reactant determines how much
solutes. products are formed.

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