1. What is the smallest unit of an element?

A) Molecule
B) Atom
C) Ion
D) Compound
Answer: B
Rationale: An atom is the smallest unit of an element that retains its chemical
properties.
Which law states that mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction?
A) Law of Definite Proportion
B) Law of Conservation of Mass
C) Law of Multiple Proportions
D) Dalton’s Atomic Theory
Answer: B
Rationale: The Law of Conservation of Mass states that in a closed system, the mass
remains constant during a chemical reaction.
What is the molecular formula for glucose?
A) CH2O
B) C6H12O6
C) C3H6O3
D) C2H5OH
Answer: B
Rationale: The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6, indicating it contains six
carbon atoms, twelve hydrogen atoms, and six oxygen atoms.
Which of the following is a cation?

A) Cl⁻

B) Na⁺

C) O²⁻

D) SO₄²⁻
Answer: B

Rationale: A cation is a positively charged ion; Na⁺ is an example.

What does the atomic number represent?
A) Number of neutrons
B) Number of protons
C) Number of electrons
D) Total number of particles
Answer: B
Rationale: The atomic number is defined as the number of protons in the nucleus of
an atom.
Which type of bond involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms?
A) Ionic bond
B) Covalent bond
C) Metallic bond
D) Hydrogen bond
Answer: B
Rationale: A covalent bond is formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of
electrons.
If 10 grams of hydrogen react with 80 grams of oxygen, how many grams of water
are produced?
A) 10 g
B) 90 g
C) 80 g
D) 100 g
Answer: B
Rationale: The total mass before the reaction (10 g H + 80 g O = 90 g) equals the
mass after the reaction (90 g H₂O).
What type of compound is NaCl?
A) Molecular compound
B) Ionic compound
C) Metallic compound
D) Network solid
Answer: B
Rationale: NaCl (sodium chloride) is formed by ionic bonding between sodium and
chlorine ions.
Which statement about isotopes is true?
A) They have different atomic numbers.
B) They have different mass numbers.
C) They have different chemical properties.
D) They have different electron configurations.
Answer: B
Rationale: Isotopes are atoms with the same number of protons but different
numbers of neutrons, resulting in different mass numbers.
What is an empirical formula?
A) Shows actual number of atoms in a molecule.
B) Shows the simplest whole-number ratio of elements.
C) Represents only ionic compounds.
D) Indicates molecular geometry.
Answer: B
Rationale: An empirical formula gives the simplest ratio of elements in a compound.
Which element has the highest electronegativity?
A) Fluorine
B) Oxygen
C) Nitrogen
D) Chlorine
Answer: A
Rationale: Fluorine has the highest electronegativity on the Pauling scale.
What is formed when an acid reacts with a base?
A) Salt and water
B) Hydrogen gas
C) Carbon dioxide
D) Metal hydroxide
Answer: A
Rationale: The reaction between an acid and a base produces salt and water
(neutralization).
Which ion has a charge of +2?

A) Fe²⁺

B) Cl⁻

C) O²⁻

D) Na⁺
Answer: A

Rationale: Fe²⁺ indicates an iron ion with a +2 charge.

In which type of reaction does one element replace another in a compound?
A) Synthesis reaction
B) Decomposition reaction
C) Single replacement reaction
D) Double replacement reaction
Answer: C
Rationale: In single replacement reactions, one element displaces another from its
compound.
What does pH measure?
A) Concentration of hydroxide ions
B) Concentration of hydrogen ions
C) Temperature
D) Pressure
Answer: B
Rationale: pH measures the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.
Which law explains why water always contains two hydrogen atoms for every
oxygen atom?
A) Law of Conservation of Mass
B) Law of Definite Proportion
C) Law of Multiple Proportions
D) Dalton’s Atomic Theory
Answer: B
Rationale: The Law of Definite Proportion states that a compound always contains
its constituent elements in fixed ratios by mass.
What type of structure do metals typically form?
A) Molecular structures
B) Crystalline lattices
C) Amorphous structures
D) Ionic networks
Answer: B
Rationale: Metals typically form crystalline lattices, resulting in their characteristic
properties like malleability and conductivity.
Which particle determines an atom's identity?
A) Neutron
B) Electron
C) Proton
D) Ion
Answer: C
Rationale: The number of protons in an atom's nucleus defines its identity as an
element.
What is produced during photosynthesis?
A) Oxygen and glucose
B) Carbon dioxide and water
C) Oxygen and carbon dioxide
D) Glucose and nitrogen
Answer: A
Rationale: Photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide and water into glucose and
oxygen using sunlight energy.
How do you determine the number of valence electrons in an element?
A) By its atomic mass
B) By its group number on the periodic table
C) By its atomic number
D) By its density
Answer: B
Rationale: The group number indicates how many valence electrons are present in
main group elements.
Which type of reaction involves breaking down a compound into simpler
substances?
A) Synthesis reaction
B) Decomposition reaction
C) Single replacement reaction
D) Double replacement reaction
Answer: B
Rationale: Decomposition reactions involve breaking down compounds into simpler
substances or elements.
What do you call a negatively charged ion?
A) Anion
B) Cation
C) Proton
D) Neutron
Answer: A
Rationale: Anions are negatively charged ions formed when an atom gains
electrons.
In which state do ionic compounds conduct electricity best?
A) Solid state
B ) Liquid state (molten or dissolved)
– C ) Gas state
– D ) None
**Answer:**B
Rationale: Ionic compounds conduct electricity when they are molten or dissolved in
water because their ions are free to move.
What kind of bond forms between two nonmetals?
–A ) Ionic bond
–B ) Covalent bond
–C ) Metallic bond
–D ) Hydrogen bond
***Answer:*B
*Rationale: Covalent bonds occur when two nonmetals share electrons to achieve
stability.
Which type of energy change occurs during a chemical reaction?
–A ) Kinetic energy
–B ) Potential energy
–C ) Thermal energy
–D ) All types
***Answer:*D
*Rationale: Chemical reactions can involve changes in kinetic, potential, and
thermal energy.
What does it mean if a solution has a pH less than 7?
–A ) It’s neutral
–B ) It’s basic
–C ) It’s acidic
–D ) It’s saturated
***Answer:*C
*Rationale: Solutions with pH values below 7 are considered acidic.
Which gas is produced during cellular respiration?
–A ) Oxygen
–B ) Carbon dioxide
–C ) Nitrogen
–D ) Hydrogen
***Answer:*B
*Rationale: Cellular respiration produces carbon dioxide as a waste product.
What is the primary component found in organic molecules?
–A ) Carbon
–B ) Oxygen
–C ) Nitrogen
–D ) Hydrogen
***Answer:*A
*Rationale: Organic molecules primarily consist of carbon atoms.
Which type of radiation has the highest energy?
–A ) Alpha particles
–B ) Beta particles
–C ) Gamma rays
–D ) X-rays
***Answer:*C
*Rationale: Gamma rays have higher energy than alpha and beta particles.
What happens to energy during an endothermic reaction?
–A ) Energy is released
–B ) Energy is absorbed
–C ) Energy remains constant
–D ) Energy increases
***Answer:*B
*Rationale: Endothermic reactions absorb energy from their surroundings.
What does Dalton's Atomic Theory state about atoms?
–A ) Atoms can be created or destroyed
–B ) Atoms are indivisible
–C ) Atoms can change into other elements
–D ) Atoms are made up mainly of empty space
***Answer:*B
*Rationale: Dalton proposed that atoms are indivisible particles that make up
matter.
Which particle has no charge?
–A ) Proton
–B ) Electron
–C ) Neutron
–D ) Ion
***Answer:*C
*Rationale: Neutrons are neutral particles found in atomic nuclei.
What kind of mixture has uniform composition throughout?
–A ) Heterogeneous mixture
–B ) Homogeneous mixture
–C ) Colloid
–D ) Suspension
***Answer:*B
*Rationale: Homogeneous mixtures have uniform composition at any given sample.
Which process describes liquid turning into vapor?
–A ) Condensation
–B ) Evaporation
–C ) Sublimation
–D ) Freezing
***Answer:*B
*Rationale: Evaporation refers to liquid molecules gaining enough energy to become
vapor.
What do we call substances that speed up chemical reactions without being
consumed?
–A ) Catalysts
–B ) Reactants
–C ) Products
–D ) Inhibitors
***Answer:*A
*Rationale: Catalysts increase reaction rates without undergoing permanent
changes themselves.
Which law states that equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and
pressure contain equal numbers of molecules?
–A ) Avogadro's Law
–B ) Boyle's Law
–C ) Charles's Law
–D ) Dalton's Law
***Answer:*A
*Rationale: Avogadro's Law states that equal volumes contain equal numbers if
temperature and pressure are constant.
How many moles are in 32 grams of oxygen gas (O₂)?
Molar mass
=
32
g mol
Molar mass=32 g mol
Moles
=
mass
molar mass
=
32
g
32
g mol
=
1
mol
Moles=
molar mass
mass

=
32 g mol
32 g
=1 mol
Which answer corresponds to this calculation?
—A : 0 mol
—B : 1 mol
—C : 2 mol
—D : 4 mol
Answer :B
Rationale : The calculation shows there is exactly one mole present in 32 grams.
Which gas law describes how pressure varies inversely with volume at constant
temperature?
—A : Charles's Law
—B : Boyle's Law
—C : Gay-Lussac's Law
—D : Avogadro's Law
Answer :B
Rationale : Boyle's Law states that pressure decreases as volume increases at
constant temperature.
What type of hybridization occurs in methane (CH₄)?
—A : sp
—B : sp²
—C : sp³
—D : dsp³
Answer :C
Rationale : Methane exhibits sp³ hybridization due to four equivalent bonds formed
by carbon.

In which solution would you expect to find more hydroxide ions (OH⁻)?
—A : Acidic solution
—B : Neutral solution
—C : Basic solution
—D : Saturated solution
Answer :C
Rationale : Basic solutions contain higher concentrations of hydroxide ions
compared to acidic solutions.
Which process involves the conversion from solid directly to gas?
—A : Melting
—B : Condensation
—C : Sublimation
—D : Freezing
Answer :C
Rationale : Sublimation refers to direct transition from solid to gas without passing
through liquid phase.
What term describes the amount needed to raise temperature by one degree
Celsius?
—A : Heat capacity
—B : Specific heat
—C : Thermal conductivity
—D : Enthalpy
Answer :B
Rationale : Specific heat refers specifically to heat required per unit mass for
temperature change.
Which process releases energy as it occurs?
—A : Endothermic process
—B : Exothermic process
—C : Isothermal process
—D : Adiabatic process
Answer :B
Rationale : Exothermic processes release energy into surroundings during reactions
or phase changes.
How many total electrons can occupy the third shell (n=3)?
Total electrons
=
2
n
2
=
2
(
3
2
)
=
18
Total electrons=2n
2
=2(3
2
)=18
Which answer corresponds to this calculation?
—A : 8
—B : 18
—C : 32
—D : 2
Answer:B
Rationale:The formula indicates that third shell can hold up to 18 electrons based on
quantum mechanics principles.
45 . What kind(s), if any ,of intermolecular forces exist between water molecules ?
—A:H-bonds only
—B:Dipole-dipole only
—C:LDF only
—D:H-bonds & LDF
Answer:A
Rationale:H-bonds dominate due to polarity; LDFs exist but play minor role
compared to H-bonds .
46 . In terms related to chemical equilibrium , what does Le Chatelier’s principle
state ?
—A:The system will shift away from stress applied
—B:The system will shift towards stress applied
—C:The system remains unchanged
—D:The system will always reach completion
Answer:A
Rationale:The principle asserts systems at equilibrium respond by counteracting
imposed stresses .
47 . When two elements combine chemically , they form :
—A:A mixture
—B:A compound
—C:A solution
—D:A colloid
Answer:B
Rationale:A compound results when two or more elements chemically bond together
.
48 . Which type(s), if any ,of radiation can penetrate through human skin ?
—A:X-rays only
—B:Gama rays only
—C:X-rays & gamma rays
—D:X-rays , gamma rays & alpha particles
Answer:C
Rationale:X-rays & gamma rays possess high penetration capabilities unlike alpha
particles which cannot penetrate skin .
49 . In organic chemistry , what functional group characterizes alcohols ?
--A:-OH
--B:-COOH
--C:-NH₂
--D:-CHO
Answer:A
Rationale:The hydroxyl (-OH group defines alcohols within organic compounds .
50 . How does increasing temperature generally affect solubility for most solids ?
--A:Slightly increases solubility
--B:Slightly decreases solubility
--C:Goes unaffected
--D:Greatly increases solubility
Answer:D
Rationale:Higher temperatures usually enhance solid solubility due increased
molecular motion .