Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

🌟 Introduction to Python
Python is World’s most popular programming language. It is a beginner-friendly programming
language widely used in web development, artificial intelligence, data analysis, automation,
networking, and many other fields.

🚀 What Can You Do with Python?

- Web Development
- Automation
- Backend API Development
- AI and Machine Learning
- Data Analysis
- Web Scraping
- Game Development
- Cloud Computing
- Cybersecurity
- QA Testing
- Networking
- Internet of Things (IoT), etc.

🌟 Why Learn Python?

- Easy to Learn: Start coding quickly, even if you're a beginner
- Global Opportunities: Python skills are in demand worldwide
- Top Companies Use Python: Google, Facebook, NASA, and more
- Great Salary: Python developers earn an average of $126,952 annually in the US
(according to Indeed.com)

🌐 Python is Used By:

- Google
- Instagram
- Netflix
- NASA
- And almost every tech company you can think of!

🖥️ Installing Python
Let's get Python up and running on your machine!

On Windows:
Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

1. Download Python from the official website:

[python.org/downloads](https://www.python.org/downloads/)
2. Run the installer.
3. Check the box that says “Add Python to PATH”.
4. Click "Install Now".
5. Open Command Prompt and type `python --version` to check the installation.

On Mac:
1. Download Python from the official website:
[python.org/downloads](https://www.python.org/downloads/)
2. Run the installer.
3. Open Terminal and type `python3 --version` to check the installation.

On Linux:
1. Open Terminal.
2. Type `sudo apt-get update`.
3. Type `sudo apt-get install python3`.
4. Type `python3 --version` to check the installation.

💻 Installing Visual Studio Code (VS Code)

VS Code is a great code editor to write Python. Let's get it set up!
On Windows:
1. Download VS Code from the official website:
[code.visualstudio.com](https://code.visualstudio.com/)
2. Run the installer.
3. Open Visual Studio Code.
4. Click on Extensions.
5. Search for "Python".
6. Click "Install".

On Mac:
1. Download VS Code from the official website:
[code.visualstudio.com](https://code.visualstudio.com/)
2. Run the installer.
3. Open Visual Studio Code.
4. Click on Extensions.
5. Search for "Python".
6. Click "Install".
Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

On Linux:
1. Download VS Code from the official website:
[code.visualstudio.com](https://code.visualstudio.com/)
2. Run the installer.
3. Open Visual Studio Code.
4. Click on Extensions.
5. Search for "Python".
6. Click "Install".

🏃‍♂️ Running Python Code in VS Code

Let's write and run your first Python code in VS Code!
1. Create a folder named `python-course`.
2. Open Command Prompt at the folder location.
3. Type `code .` to open VS Code.
4. Create a new file with a `.py` extension (e.g., `hello.py`).
5. Write your Python code in the file:

print("Hello, World!")

6. Save the file.

7. Open Command Prompt and type `python hello.py` to run the code.

🎉 Python Examples
Example 1: Print Your Name

print("John Doe")

Example 2: Print Your Name and Address

print("John Doe")
print("123 Main Street")
print("New York, NY 10001")

🧙 Escape Characters in Python

Escape characters let you include special characters in strings. Here are some handy ones:
Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

Escape Character Description

\n New Line

\t Tab

\“ Double Quotes

\’ Single Quotes

\\ Backslash

💡 Challenge 1: Write About Yourself

Write a little about yourself using 10 different print statements.

🌟 Variables In Python
Variables are like containers that store data values. In Python, you don’t need to declare the
type of a variable, as the language is dynamically typed. This means you can just assign a value
to a variable, and Python will handle the rest.

Syntax
variable_name = value

🚀 Why Use Variables?

- Store Data: Variables allow you to store data that can be used and manipulated
throughout your code.
- Readability: They make your code more readable by giving meaningful names to data.
- Flexibility: Variables enable you to easily update and manage data values.

🚀 Rules For Variable Name

- Variable names are case sensitive, i.e., a and A are different.
- A variable name can consist of letters and alphabets.
- A variable name cannot start with a number.
Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

- Keywords are not allowed to be used as a variable name.

- Blank spaces are not allowed in a variable name.

🎉 Variable Examples
Example 1: Storing a Name

name = "John Doe"

print(name)

Example 2: Print Your Name and Address

name = "John Doe"

address = "California, USA"

print(f"My name is {name}")

print(f"My address is {address}")

Example 3: Print Your Full Name From First and Last Name
first_name = "Bishworaj"
last_name = "Poudel"
print(f"My full name is {first_name} {last_name}")

Example 4: Find Difference Between Income and Expenses

income = 70000
expenses = 41000

print(f"Income is Rs. {income}")

print(f"Expenses is Rs. {expenses}")
print(f"Balance is Rs. {income-expenses}")

Example 5: Basic Calculation in Python Session

num1 = 10
num2 = 3
Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

sum = num1 + num2

diff = num1 - num2
mul = num1 * num2
div = num1 / num2

# Mod is remainder after division

mod = num1 % num2
intdiv = num1 // num2
cube = num1 ** 3

print(f"Sum is {sum} and diff is {diff}")

print(f"Mul is {mul}")
print(f"Div is {div}")
print(f"Mod is {mod}")
print(f"Int div is {intdiv}")
print(f"Cube is {cube}")

💡 Challenge 2: Your Finance Manager

Write down what you spend each day from Sunday to Saturday, add them up to find the total for
the week, and figure out the average amount spent per day.

🌟 Data Types in Python

In Python, a data type defines the type of a value that a variable can hold. Python has several
built-in data types that allow you to store and manipulate different kinds of data. Understanding
these data types is fundamental to writing effective and efficient code.

🚀Common Data Types in Python

Data Type Description Example

int Positive and Negative numbers

without decimal parts. 15, -11, 0, 12, etc.
Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

float Positive and Negative numbers

with decimal parts. 12.5, 6.76, 0.0, -7.41, etc.

str Texts wrapped inside quotation

marks are called strings. “USA”, ‘Raj’, ‘Mountain View CA
390’, etc.

boolean Represents True or False.

is_married = False, is_voter =
True, etc.

list [] A collection of items in a specific

order. It is changeable and allows [1, 2, 3, 4], ["apple", "banana"],
duplicate items. [1, "apple", 3.14], etc.

set {} A collection of items that are

unordered, unchangeable, and {"apple", "banana", "cherry",
unindexed. No duplicates. "apple"}, {1,20,3}, etc.

tuple () A Collection of items that are

unordered, unchangeable, and ("apple", "banana", "cherry"),
unindexed. No duplicates. (1,2,50,100), etc.

None None of the types.

result=None, data=None, etc.

🎉 Real Life Example

Imagine you're managing a small library and need to keep track of the following:

Total number of books int

Average book rating float

Name of librarian str

Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

Wheather library is currently open bool

List of book names available list

Location coordinates of the library tuple

Contact details of the library staff dict

A set of unique genres available set

🎉 Example Demo
Here is the Python code demonstrating the above information:
# Variables representing library data
total_books = 500 # int
average_rating = 4.5 # float
librarian_name = "John Doe" # str
is_open = True # bool
book_names = ["Python Programming", "Introduction to Data Science",
"History of Art"] # list
location_coordinates = (40.7128, -74.0060) # tuple (latitude,
longitude)
contact_details = {
"phone": "123-456-7890",
"email": "[email protected]",
"address": "123 Library St, City, State"
} # dict
unique_genres = {"Fiction", "Non-fiction", "Science Fiction"} # set
# Printing out the library information
print("Library Information:")
print(f"Total number of books: {total_books}")
print(f"Average book rating: {average_rating}")
print(f"Librarian's name: {librarian_name}")
print(f"Is library open?: {'Yes' if is_open else 'No'}")
print(f"List of book names available: {book_names}")
print(f"Location coordinates: {location_coordinates}")
print(f"Contact details: {contact_details}")
print(f"Unique genres available: {unique_genres}")
Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

🎉 Using Type int

Here number_of_books represents the total count of books available in a library. It is an
integer (int) data type.
# Total number of books
number_of_books = 350
print(f"Total number of books: {number_of_books}")
print(f"Type of number_of_books: {type(number_of_books)}")

🎉 Using Type float

Here temperature represents the current temperature outside. It is a floating-point number
(double) data type, used for values that can have decimal points, such as temperatures,
measurements, or calculations involving fractions.
#Example: Temperature in Celsius
temperature = 28.5
print(f"Current temperature: $temperature degrees Celsius")
print(f"Type of temperature: ${type(temperature)}")

🎉 Using Type str

Here username stores the username of a user's social media account. It is a string (str) data
type, used for storing textual data like names, addresses, or any sequence of characters.
# Example: Username of a social media account
username = "johndoe85"
print(f"Username: {username}")
print(f"Type of username: {type(username)}")

print("This is String")
print('This is also String')

Note: Whether you choose single quotes or double quotes to create strings, the end result
remains the same.

🎉 Using Type bool

Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

Here is_subscribed indicates whether a user is subscribed to a service (True) or not (False). It
is a boolean (bool) data type, used for storing logical values, typically used for conditions or
flags.
# Example: Subscription status of a service
is_subscribed = True
print(f"Is the user subscribed?: {'Yes' if is_subscribed else 'No'}")
print(f"Type of is_subscribed: {type(is_subscribed)}")

🎉 Using Type list

Here student_grades contains the grades of students. It is a list (list) data type, used for storing
ordered collections of items, allowing easy access and modification.
# Example: Grades of students
student_grades = [85, 90, 75, 95, 88]
print(f"Student grades: {student_grades}")
print(f"Type of student_grades: {type(student_grades)}")

🎉 Using Type tuple

Here city_coordinates stores the latitude and longitude coordinates of a specific city. It is a
tuple (tuple) data type, used for fixed collections where the order and number of elements
should not change.
# Example: Geographic coordinates of a city
city_coordinates = (40.7128, -74.0060)
print(f"City coordinates: {city_coordinates}")
print(f"Type of city_coordinates: {type(city_coordinates)}")

🎉 Using Type dict

Here product_info contains various details about a product, such as its name, brand, price, and
availability. It is a dictionary (dict) data type, used for storing key-value pairs and enabling
efficient retrieval and manipulation of data based on keys.
# Example: Details of a product
product_info = {
"name": "Smartphone",
"brand": "Apple",
"price": 999.99,
Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

"in_stock": True
}
# Print product information
print("Product information:")
print(f" Name: {product_info['name']}")
print(f" Brand: {product_info['brand']}")
print(f" Price: ${product_info['price']}")
print(f" In Stock: {'Yes' if product_info['in_stock'] else 'No'}")
# Print type of product_info
print(f"Type of product_info: {type(product_info)}")

🎉 Using Type set

In this example, blog_post_tags represents unique tags associated with a blog post, such as
topics or keywords. It is a set (set) data type, used for storing unique and unordered collections
of items, ensuring each element is distinct.
# Example: Tags associated with a blog post
blog_post_tags = {"Python", "Data Science", "Machine Learning"}
print(f"Tags for the blog post: {blog_post_tags}")
print(f"Type of blog_post_tags: {type(blog_post_tags)}")

💡 Challenge 3: Your Finance Manager

Write down what you spend each day from Sunday to Saturday using a dictionary, add them up
to find the total for the week, and figure out the average amount spent per day.

🌟 Convert Data Types in Python

When working with Python, you'll often need to convert data from one type to another. This
process is known as type conversion or type casting.

Python offers several functions to convert data from one type to another. Here are some of the
most commonly used type conversion functions:
Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

Function Description

int() Converts data to an integer

float() Converts data to a floating-point number

str() Converts data to a string

bool() Converts data to a boolean

list() Converts data to a list

tuple() Converts data to tuple

set() Converts data to set

dict() Converts data to dictionary

🚀String Vs Numbers
Consider these two examples: 2024 and "2024". At first look, they might look the same. But in
Python, they represent two different types of data:

● 2024 is a number, specifically an integer.

● "2024" is a string because it is enclosed in double quotes.

Always remember: if something is inside quotes, it's a string.

String Examples Number Examples

"456" 485

"0" 0

"99.9" 600.85

"Hello, Technology Channel!" -212

🎉Example 1: User Input

When you take input from a user, it's always a string by default. You often need to
convert this input to the appropriate type for calculations or comparisons.
Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

# Taking user input for age and converting it to an integer

user_age = input("Enter your age: ") # e.g., user enters "25"
age = int(user_age)
print(f"Your age is: {age}")
print(f"Type of age: {type(age)}") # Output: Your age is: 25, Type of
age: <class 'int'>

The int() function converts a value to an integer.

🎉Example 2: Finance Manager

Imagine you are managing your finances and want to calculate your total expenses for the
week. You have a dictionary where each day is a key, and the value is the amount spent that
day as a string. You need to convert these string values to integers or floats to calculate the total
and average expenses.

# Expenses for each day of the week as strings

expenses = {
"Sunday": "45.50",
"Monday": "60.75",
"Tuesday": "39.90",
"Wednesday": "75.25",
"Thursday": "22.10",
"Friday": "58.40",
"Saturday": "33.85"
}

# Convert string values to float and calculate total and average

expenses
total_expenses = sum(float(value) for value in expenses.values())
average_expenses = total_expenses / len(expenses)

print(f"Total expenses for the week: ${total_expenses:.2f}")

print(f"Average daily expense: ${average_expenses:.2f}")
Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

💡 Challenge 4: Your Age Calculator

Write a program that takes user input for year of birth (as a string) in the format 'YYYY’ and finds
the age of the person.

🌟 Comments In Python
Comments are text in a program that are ignored by the interpreter or compiler during
execution. They are used to explain the code, making it more readable and maintainable.

# This is a comment. comment start with # symbol

print("I am proud python developer.")

🚀Advantages
● You can describe your code.
● Other people will understand your code more clearly.
● They help in understanding the code's logic and purpose.
● Comments provide context for easier maintenance and updates.
● They facilitate better collaboration by explaining complex logic and decisions.
● For beginners, comments are a valuable tool for learning and understanding
programming concepts and structures.

🎉Example 1: Comments
This code performs and prints the result of adding two numbers, num1 and
num2. The comments explain that result_add is calculated by adding num1 and
num2, and the result is printed using an f-string for formatted output.

# Define two numbers to perform operations on

num1 = 10
num2 = 5

# Addition
Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

# Adding num1 and num2

result_add = num1 + num2
# Printing the result of addition
print(f"Addition of {num1} and {num2} is: {result_add}")

💡 Challenge 5: Odd or Even Calculator

Write a program that checks if a given number is even or odd. Take user input for the number,
perform the check, and print the result. Include comments explaining each part of the code.

🌟 Operators In Python
Operators are used to perform mathematical and logical operations on the variables. Each
operation uses a symbol called the operator to denote the type of operation it performs.

Operands: It represents the data.

Operator: It represents how the operands will be processed to produce a value.

2 + 3

Note: Suppose the given expression is 2 + 3. Here 2 and 3 are operands, and + is the
operator.

🚀Arithmetic Operators
These are used to perform basic arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication,
etc.

Symbol Name Description

+ Addition For adding two operands

- Subtraction For subtracting two operands

Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

* Multiplication For multiplying two operands

/ Division For dividing two operands

// Integer Division Divides and returns the integer value

% Modulus Returns the remainder from division

** Exponentiation Raises one operand to the power of another

🎉Example 1: Arithmetic Operator

This code performs and prints the results of various arithmetic operations on
num1 and num2.

# Initialize the variables

num1 = 10
num2 = 3

# Performing Operations
addition = num1 + num2
subtraction = num1 - num2
multiplication = num1 * num2
division = num1 / num2
floor_division = num1 // num2
modulus = num1 % num2
exponentiation = num1 ** num2

# Displaying Results
print(f"Addition: {num1} + {num2} = {addition}")
print(f"Subtraction: {num1} - {num2} = {subtraction}")
print(f"Multiplication: {num1} * {num2} = {multiplication}")
print(f"Division: {num1} / {num2} = {division}")
print(f"Floor Division: {num1} // {num2} = {floor_division}")
print(f"Modulus: {num1} % {num2} = {modulus}")
print(f"Exponentiation: {num1} ** {num2} = {exponentiation}")
Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

🚀Comparison Operators
These are used to compare two values.

Symbol Name Description

== Equal Checks if the value of two operands are equal

!= Not Equal Checks if the value of two operands are not equal

> Greater Than Checks if the value of the left operand is greater
than the right operand

< Less Than Checks if the value of the left operand is less than
the right operand

>= Greater or Equal Checks if the value of the left operand is greater
than or equal to the right operand

🎉Example 2: Comparison Operator

This code performs and prints the results of various comparison operations on num1 and num2.
# Initialize the variables
num1 = 10
num2 = 3

# Performing Comparison Operations

equal = num1 == num2
not_equal = num1 != num2
greater_than = num1 > num2
less_than = num1 < num2
greater_or_equal = num1 >= num2
less_or_equal = num1 <= num2

# Displaying Results
print(f"Equal: {num1} == {num2} is {equal}")
print(f"Not Equal: {num1} != {num2} is {not_equal}")
print(f"Greater Than: {num1} > {num2} is {greater_than}")
Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

print(f"Less Than: {num1} < {num2} is {less_than}")

print(f"Greater or Equal: {num1} >= {num2} is {greater_or_equal}")
print(f"Less or Equal: {num1} <= {num2} is {less_or_equal}")

🚀Logical Operators
These are used to combine conditional statements.

Symbol Name Description

and AND Returns True if both statements are true

or OR Returns True if one of the statements is true

not NOT Reverses the result, returns False if the result is true

🎉Example 3: Logical Operator

This code performs and prints the results of various logical operations (AND, OR, NOT) on
boolean expressions involving num1 and num2.

# Initialize the variables

num1 = 10
num2 = 3

# Performing Logical Operations

and_operation = (num1 > num2) and (num1 < 20)
or_operation = (num1 < num2) or (num1 < 20)
not_operation = not(num1 > num2)

# Displaying Results
print(f"AND Operation: (num1 > num2) and (num1 < 20) is
{and_operation}")
print(f"OR Operation: (num1 < num2) or (num1 < 20) is {or_operation}")
print(f"NOT Operation: not(num1 > num2) is {not_operation}")
Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

🚀Assignment Operators
These are used to assign values to variables.

Symbol Name Description

= Assignment Assigns the right-hand operand to the left-hand operand

+= Add and Adds right operand to the left operand and assigns the result
Assignment to the left operand

-= Subtract Subtracts right operand from the left operand and assigns the
and result to the left operand
Assignment

*= Multiply and Multiplies the left operand with the right operand and assigns
Assignment the result to the left operand

/= Divide and Divides the left operand by the right operand and assigns the
Assignment result to the left operand

🎉Example 4: Assignment Operators

This code demonstrates various assignment operations on the variable num1 using num2 and
prints the results.
# Initialize the variables
num1 = 10
num2 = 3

# Performing Assignment Operations

initial_assignment = num1
num1 += num2
add_and_assign = num1
Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

num1 -= num2
subtract_and_assign = num1

num1 *= num2
multiply_and_assign = num1

num1 /= num2
divide_and_assign = num1

# Displaying Results
print(f"Initial assignment: num1 = {initial_assignment}")
print(f"Add and assign: num1 += num2 -> num1 = {add_and_assign}")
print(f"Subtract and assign: num1 -= num2 -> num1 =
{subtract_and_assign}")
print(f"Multiply and assign: num1 *= num2 -> num1 =
{multiply_and_assign}")
print(f"Divide and assign: num1 /= num2 -> num1 = {divide_and_assign}")

🚀Membership Operators
These are used to test if a value is available in a sequence or not.

Symbol Name Description

in In Returns True if a specified value is found in the sequence

not in Not In Returns True if a specified value is not found in the sequence

🎉Example 5: Membership Operators

This code demonstrates the use of membership operators to check for the presence of items in
a list.

# Initialize the list

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

# Performing Membership Operations

is_banana_in_fruits = "banana" in fruits
is_grape_in_fruits = "grape" in fruits
is_apple_not_in_fruits = "apple" not in fruits
is_grape_not_in_fruits = "grape" not in fruits

# Displaying Results
print(f'"banana" in fruits: {is_banana_in_fruits}')
print(f'"grape" in fruits: {is_grape_in_fruits}')
print(f'"apple" not in fruits: {is_apple_not_in_fruits}')
print(f'"grape" not in fruits: {is_grape_not_in_fruits}')

💡 Challenge 6: Solve this questions

1. Write a program that takes the ages of two people as input from the user. Compare their
ages using comparison operators (==, !=, >, <, >=, <=) and print messages indicating the
results (e.g., "Person 1 is older than Person 2").
2. Write a program that takes the age and citizenship status of a person as input from the
user. Use logical operators (and, or, not) to determine if the person is eligible to vote
(age >= 18 and is a citizen). Print an appropriate message based on the result.
3. Write a program that initializes a list of books available in a library. Take the name of a
book as input from the user and check if it is available in the library using membership
operators (in, not in). Print a message indicating whether the book is available or not.

🌟 User Input In Python

User input is when you type information into a computer program while it's running. This allows
the program to ask you questions and use your answers to do things. For example, a program
might ask for your name, your age, or any other information it needs to work.

Note: User input in Python is handled using the input() function.

🎉Example 1: Simple User Input

Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

This code takes one name as input and greets that name.

# Asking the user for their name

name = input("What is your name? ")

# Printing the user's name

print("Hello, " + name + "!")

🎉Example 2: Calculator Using User Input

This code asks the user to enter 2 numbers and find their sum.

# Asking for user input

number1 = int(input("Enter first number: "))
number2 = int(input("Enter second number: "))

# Calculation
total = number1 + number2

# Display the result

print(f"Total is {total}")

💡 Challenge 7
Create a program that finds cube numbers using user input.

🌟 String In Python
A string in Python is a sequence of characters. It can include letters, numbers, symbols, and
whitespace. Strings are used to represent text data.

Note: You can create a string by enclosing characters in either single quotes (') or double
quotes (").
Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

print("This is String")
print('This is also String')

🎉Example 1: Greeting Message

Imagine you are developing a chatbot that greets users.

user_name = "John"
greeting = "Hello, " + user_name + "! Welcome to our service."
print(greeting)

🚀Common String Method in Python

Method Description

str.upper() Converts all characters in the string to uppercase

str.lower() Converts all characters in the string to lowercase

str.capitalize() Capitalizes the first character of the string

str.title() Capitalizes the first character of each word

str.strip() Removes leading and trailing whitespace

str.replace(a, b) Replaces all occurrences of substring a with substring b

str.split(sep) Splits the string into a list using sep as the delimiter

🎉Example 2: String Methods

Here are real life examples of different string methods in Python

# Strings
user_input = "hello world"
email = "[email protected]"
sentence = "welcome to the party."
book_title = "to kill a mockingbird"
username = " alice "
Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

comment = "This is a bad example."

items = "apple,banana,cherry"

# 1. str.upper()
uppercase_input = user_input.upper()
print(f"Uppercase: {uppercase_input}")

# 2. str.lower()
normalized_email = email.lower()
print(f"Lowercase email: {normalized_email}")

# 3. str.capitalize()
capitalized_sentence = sentence.capitalize()
print(f"Capitalized sentence: {capitalized_sentence}")

# 4. str.title()
formatted_book_title = book_title.title()
print(f"Title Case: {formatted_book_title}")

# 5. str.strip()
cleaned_username = username.strip()
print(f"Stripped username: '{cleaned_username}'")

# 6. str.replace(a, b)
censored_comment = comment.replace("bad", "good")
print(f"Censored comment: {censored_comment}")

# 7. str.split(sep)
split_items = items.split(",")
print(f"Split items: {split_items}")

💡 Challenge 8
Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

Write a Python program that takes a user's full name as input and Convert the full name to title
case (capitalize the first letter of each word). Also remove trailing and leading space.

🌟 Randomisation In Python
Randomization is a powerful tool in programming, enabling the creation of random values. This
code generates a random float between 0.0 and 1.0.

import random
print(random.random())

🎉Example 1: Generate Random Number Between 1 to 10

The following code generates random numbers between 1 and 10. You can
change the value according to your need.

import random

randomnum = random.randint(1, 10)

print(randomnum)

🎉Example 2: Random Value From List

Shuffle function shuffles the sequence in place. Here is a code:

import random

cards = ['ace', 'king', 'queen', 'jack']

random.shuffle(cards)
print(cards)
Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

💡 Challenge 9
Write a number guess game which generates numbers from 1 to 6.

🌟 PIP In Python
PIP is a tool that helps you add new features to Python by downloading and installing additional
libraries (packages) from the internet. Think of it like an app store for Python libraries.

You can view all the packages from https://pypi.org/

🎉Example 1: Generate QR Code Using Python

First you need to install the qrcode package. For this course I am using
https://pypi.org/project/qrcode/. Go to your terminal and type the following code:

pip install qrcode

pip install pillow

Here is code to generate QR Code:

import qrcode
img = qrcode.make('Bishworaj Poudel')
type(img) # qrcode.image.pil.PilImage
img.save("bishworaj.png")

Run this program and you will see the qr code image.
Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

💡 Challenge 10
Create a QR code that stores URLs. https://technologychannel.org/

🌟 Condition In Python
Conditions allow you to execute certain pieces of code based on whether a condition is true or
false. In python this is often done using if, elif, and else statements. Here is the rule on how to
write conditions:

if condition:
# code to execute if condition is true
elif another_condition:
# code to execute if another_condition is true
else:
# code to execute if none of the above conditions are true
Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

🎉Example 1: Checking Temperature

This program finds what you should wear based on the temperature.
if temperature > 25:
print("It's hot outside! Wear shorts and a t-shirt.")
elif 15 <= temperature <= 25:
print("It's a pleasant day! Wear jeans and a t-shirt.")
else:
print("It's cold outside! Wear a jacket.")

🎉Example 2: Checking Age for Movie Tickets

This program checks if a person is eligible for a child, adult, or senior movie ticket.
age = 70

if age < 13:

print("You are eligible for a child ticket.")
elif 13 <= age <= 59:
print("You are eligible for an adult ticket.")
else:
print("You are eligible for a senior ticket.")

🎉Example 3: Grade Evaluation

This program assigns a grade based on a student's score
score = 85

if score >= 90:

grade = 'A'
elif score >= 80:
grade = 'B'
elif score >= 70:
grade = 'C'
elif score >= 60:
Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

grade = 'D'
else:
grade = 'F'

print(f"The student's grade is: {grade}")

💡 Points To Remember
- Use if to start a conditional statement.
- Use elif (short for "else if") to add additional conditions.
- Use else to specify what to do if none of the previous conditions are met.

💡 Challenge 11
Write a program that checks if a number is even or odd.

🌟 Assert In Python
The assert keyword checks if something is true, and if not, it stops the program and shows an
error message. Imagine you are building an online store and you want to make sure the price of
an item is never negative. You can use assert to check this:

price = -5
assert price >= 0, "Price cannot be negative"
print("After Price Negative")

If the price is negative, the program will stop and show the message "Price cannot be negative."

💡 Challenge 12
Write a program that uses assert to check if a person's age is positive.
Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

🌟 Loop In Python
In Programming, loops are used to repeat a block of code until certain conditions are not
completed. For, e.g., if you want to print your name 100 times, then rather than typing
print(“your name”) 100 times, you can use a loop.

🎉 Most Used Loop In Python

- For Loop
- While Loop

🌟 For Loop In Python

A for loop is used to repeat actions for each item in a sequence (like a list, string, or range).

Syntax:
for element in sequence:
# Code to be executed

🎉Example 1: Display Your Name 100 Times

Let's say you want to print your name 100 times. This can be easily done using a for loop in
Python:
for i in range(100):
print("Bishworaj Poudel")

🎉Example 2: Display 1 To 100

If you want to display numbers from 1 to 100, you can use either a for loop in Python:
for i in range(1, 101):
print(i)

🎉Example 3: Display Even Number Between 1 To 100

To display even numbers between 1 and 100 using a for loop, you can follow these steps:
Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

for i in range(1, 101):

if i % 2 == 0:
print(i)

🎉Example 4: Looping Over a List of Names

Suppose you have a list of names and want to print each name. Here's how you can do it using
a for loop:
names = ["Alice", "Bob", "Sadikshya", "David"]
for name in names:
print(name)

🎉Example 5: Calculating the Sum of Numbers

Consider a scenario where you need to calculate the sum of numbers in a list:
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
total = 0
for number in numbers:
total += number
print("Total:", total)

🌟 While Loop In Python

The while loop continues to execute a block of code as long as a specified condition is true.

Syntax:
while condition:
# Code to be executed

🎉Example 6: Countdown Timer

A practical example of a while loop is a countdown timer that starts from 10 and counts down to
1:
Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

countdown = 10
while countdown > 0:
print(countdown)
countdown -= 1
print("Countdown complete!")

🎉Example 7: Validating User Input

A while loop can also be used to validate user input. For instance, you may want to keep asking
for a valid password until the user provides one:
password = ""
while password != "python123":
password = input("Enter the password: ")
print("Access granted!")

💡 Challenge 13
Write a program that finds the total and average of the following list:

expenses = [889,788,5656,4455,455,45]

🌟Break and Continue In Python

In Python, the break and continue statements help control the flow of loops. These simple yet
powerful commands allow you to manage how loops behave in a more flexible way.

🎉 The break Statement

The break statement is used to exit a loop immediately. Imagine you're searching for a specific
book in a library. Once you find it, you stop searching. This is exactly what the break statement
does in a loop.
Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

break

🎉 The continue Statement

The continue statement skips the current iteration and moves to the next one. Think of it as
sorting through a basket of fruits and skipping over any rotten ones.

continue

🎉 Example 1: Display Numbers from 1 to 100, Skipping 10

If you want to display numbers from 1 to 100 but skip 10, you can use a for loop with a continue
statement in Python:
for i in range(1, 101):
if i == 10:
continue
print(i)

🎉 Example 2: Display Numbers from 1 to 100, Break At 10

If you want to display numbers from 1 to 100 but stop the loop entirely when it reaches 10, you
can use a for loop with a break statement in Python:
for i in range(1, 101):
if i == 10:
break
print(i)

🎉Example 3: Finding a Specific Book

If you want to find a specific book in a list and stop searching once you've found it, you can use
a for loop with a break statement in Python:
books = ["Book A", "Book B", "Book C", "Book D"]
for book in books:
if book == "Book C":
print("Found the book! Stopping search.")
Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

break
print(f"Checking {book}")

print("Search ended.")

💡 Challenge 14
Write a program that calculates the total and average of the following list of numbers, stopping if
a negative value is encountered (using break), and skipping any zero values (using continue).

values = [10, 0, 25, 0, 50, -1, 40]

🌟List in Python
If you want to store multiple values in the same variable, you can use List. E.g. to store the
names of multiple items, you can use a List. The List is represented by Square Braces[].

grocery_list = ["apples", "bananas", "milk", "bread"]

Here, we have created a list named grocery_list. It contains 4 items.

🎉 List Features
- Ordered: The items stay in the order you list them. If you write "milk" before "bread," that
order is remembered.
- Changeable: You can update your list. If you decide you want "orange juice" instead of
"milk," you can change it.
- Mixed Items: You can mix different things in a list, like numbers and words.

🎉 Using Lists in Everyday Life

Create a List. Just like making a to-do list.
Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

to_do_list = ["finish homework", "buy groceries", "go for a walk", "read

a book"]

Access List Items: Want to see what’s first on your list?

first_task = to_do_list[0] # "finish homework"

Change Item of List: If you decide to "call a friend" instead of "read a book":
to_do_list[3] = "call a friend"

Add Item to List: If you remember you need to "water the plants":
to_do_list.append("water the plants")

Delete Item from List: Once you’ve bought groceries, you can remove that task:
to_do_list.remove("water the plants")

Count the Items: To see how many tasks you have left:
tasks_left = len(to_do_list)

🎉 Example 1: Planning a Party

Imagine you’re planning a party and need to keep track of tasks:

# Step 1: Create a list of tasks

party_tasks = ["buy decorations", "send invitations", "order food"]

# Step 2: Add a new task to the list

party_tasks.append("set up music")
print("Updated Party Tasks:", party_tasks)

# Step 3: Check the first task you need to do

Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

first_task = party_tasks[0]
print("First task to do:", first_task)

# Step 4: Mark the task as done by removing it from the list

party_tasks.remove("send invitations")
print("Remaining Tasks:", party_tasks)

# Step 5: Add another task you remembered

party_tasks.append("clean the house")
print("Final Task List:", party_tasks)

# Step 6: Count how many tasks are left

tasks_left = len(party_tasks)
print("Number of tasks left to do:", tasks_left)

🎉Example 2: Monthly Expense Tracker

Imagine you want to keep track of your expenses for the month.
# Step 1: Create a list of expenses
monthly_expenses = [150, 200, 50, 75, 100]

# Step 2: Add a new expense to the list

monthly_expenses.append(60)
print("Updated Expenses:", monthly_expenses)

# Step 3: Calculate the total amount spent

total_expense = sum(monthly_expenses)
print("Total Expense:", total_expense)

# Step 4: Remove an unnecessary expense

monthly_expenses.remove(75)
print("Expenses after removing utilities:", monthly_expenses)

# Step 5: Calculate the new total after removing an expense

Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

total_expense = sum(monthly_expenses)
print("New Total Expense:", total_expense)

# Step 6: Find the highest expense

highest_expense = max(monthly_expenses)
print("Highest Expense:", highest_expense)

# Step 7: Find the lowest expense

lowest_expense = min(monthly_expenses)
print("Lowest Expense:", lowest_expense)

# Step 8: Calculate the average expense

average_expense = sum(monthly_expenses) / len(monthly_expenses)
print("Average Expense:", average_expense)

🎉 Example 3: Reverse a List

You can use the reverse method to reverse a list.

my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
my_list.reverse()
print(my_list)

🎉 Example 4: Display Last Item of List

You can use negative indexing to display the last item from the list. -1 for last, -2 for second last
and so on.

my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
last_item = my_list[-1]
print(last_item) # Output: 5
Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

💡 Challenge 15
1. Create an empty list of type strings called days. Use the add method to add names of 7
days and print all days.
2. Add your 7 friend names to the list. Use where to find a name that starts with the
alphabet a.

🌟Tuple in Python
If you want to store multiple values in the same variable but don't want them to change, you can
use a Tuple. For example, to store a collection of fixed values, you can use a Tuple. The Tuple
is represented by parentheses ().

coordinate = (10.0, 20.0)

Here, we have created a tuple named coordinate. It contains 2 items, representing the X and Y
coordinates.

🎉 Tuple Features
- Ordered: Just like lists, the items in a tuple maintain the order you put them in.
- Unchangeable: Once you create a tuple, you cannot change it. This makes tuples
useful for storing values that should not be modified.
- Mixed Items: You can store different types of data, like numbers and strings, together in
a tuple.

🎉 Using Tuples in Everyday Life

Create a Tuple: Just like a list, but use parentheses instead of square brackets.
colors = ("red", "green", "blue")

Access Tuple Items: Want to see what’s first in your tuple?

first_color = colors[0] # "red"
Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

Unchangeable Nature: If you try to change an item in a tuple, Python will raise an error:
colors[0] = "yellow" # Error

Tuple with Mixed Items: You can mix numbers, strings, and other types.
person = ("Alice", 30, "Engineer")

🎉 Example 1: Storing Days of the Week

Imagine you want to store the days of the week in a tuple, which shouldn’t change.

# Step 1: Create a tuple for the days of the week

days_of_week = ("Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday", "Thursday", "Friday",
"Saturday", "Sunday")

# Step 2: Access the first and last days of the week

first_day = days_of_week[0]
last_day = days_of_week[-1]
print("First Day of the Week:", first_day)
print("Last Day of the Week:", last_day)

🎉Example 2: Combining Tuples

You can combine two or more tuples using the + operator.
# Step 1: Create two tuples
odd_numbers = (1, 3, 5)
even_numbers = (2, 4, 6)

# Step 2: Combine the tuples

all_numbers = odd_numbers + even_numbers
print(f"Combined Tuple: {all_numbers}")

🎉 Example 3: Tuple Length

Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

You can find out how many items are in a tuple using the len() function.

# Step 1: Create a tuple

fruit_tuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")

# Step 2: Get the length of the tuple

num_fruits = len(fruit_tuple)
print(f"Number of Fruits: {num_fruits}")

💡 Challenge 16
1. Create a tuple of your favorite fruits and display all the fruits.
2. Access and print the first and last fruit in the tuple.
3. Attempt to change the second fruit in the tuple and observe what happens (this should
raise an error since tuples are unchangeable).
4. Combine this tuple with another tuple of your favorite vegetables, and print the resulting
combined tuple.
5. Find and print the length of the combined tuple using the len() function.

🌟Set In Python
If you want to store multiple unique values in the same variable without worrying about the order
or duplicates, you can use a Set. For example, to store a collection of unique items, you can
use a Set. The Set is represented by curly braces {}.

fruits = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}

Here, we have created a set named fruits. It contains 3 items.

🎉 Set Features
- Unordered: The items in a set do not have a defined order. Even if you print the set
multiple times, the order of items might change.
- Unchangeable Items: Once you add an item to a set, you cannot change it, but you can
add or remove entire items.
Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

- Unique Items: Sets do not allow duplicate items. If you try to add an item that already
exists in the set, it will be ignored.

🎉 Using Sets in Everyday Life

Create a Set: Just like making a list, but use curly braces instead of square brackets.
fruits = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}

Check for Item in Set: Want to see if an item exists in your set?
is_in_set = "banana" in fruits # True

Add Item to Set: You can add a new item to the set.
fruits.add("orange")

Remove Item from Set: You can remove an item from the set.
fruits.remove("banana")

Set with Mixed Items: You can store different types of data together in a set.
mixed_set = {1, "apple", 3.14}

🎉 Example 1: Unique Email Addresses

Imagine you're organizing a workshop and people are registering multiple times using the same
email address. You want to keep only unique email addresses.

# List of registered emails, with some duplicates

emails = ["[email protected]", "[email protected]", "[email protected]",
"[email protected]"]

# Convert the list to a set to keep only unique email addresses

unique_emails = set(emails)
print("Unique Emails:", unique_emails)
Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

🎉 Example 2: Finding Common Elements (Intersection)

Let's say you have two lists of students who enrolled in different courses, and you want to find
out which students are enrolled in both courses.

# Courses in sets

course_A_students = {"Alice", "Bob", "Charlie"}

course_B_students = {"Charlie", "David", "Alice"}

common_students = course_A_students.intersection(course_B_students)
print(common_students)

🎉 Example 3: Union, Difference, and Symmetric Difference

Suppose you are managing two different projects, and you want to know which tasks are shared
between them, which are unique to each project, and which tasks are in either project.

project_A_tasks = {"task1", "task2", "task3"}

project_B_tasks = {"task2", "task4", "task5"}

# Union: All tasks in either project

all_tasks = project_A_tasks.union(project_B_tasks)
print("Union:", all_tasks)

# Difference: Tasks in Project A but not in Project B

diff_tasks = project_A_tasks.difference(project_B_tasks)
print("Difference:", diff_tasks)

# Symmetric Difference: Tasks in either project, but not in both

sym_diff_tasks = project_A_tasks.symmetric_difference(project_B_tasks)
print("Symmetric Difference:", sym_diff_tasks)
Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

💡 Challenge 16
Create a set of your favorite hobbies. Add a few more hobbies to the set, then remove one.
Finally, perform a union with another set of hobbies and find the common ones using
intersection.

🌟Dictionary In Python
If you want to store data in key-value pairs, you can use a Dictionary. For example, to store a
collection of related data like a person's name and age, you can use a Dictionary. The
Dictionary is represented by curly braces {} with keys and values separated by a colon :.

person = {"name": "Alice", "age": 25, "city": "New York"}

Here, we have created a dictionary named person. It contains three key-value pairs: "name":
"Alice", "age": 25, and "city": "New York".

🎉 Dictionary Features
- Unordered: The items in a dictionary are stored without any specific order. The order of
items may vary.
- Changeable: You can change, add, or remove key-value pairs in a dictionary after it is
created.
- Key-Value Pairs: Each item in a dictionary consists of a key and a corresponding value.

🎉 Using Dictionaries in Everyday Life

Create a Dictionary: Just like making a list, but each item is a key-value pair.
car = {"brand": "Toyota", "model": "Corolla", "year": 2024}

Access a Value by Key: Want to see the value associated with a specific key?
car_model = car["model"] # "Corolla"
Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

Change a Value: If you want to update a value, simply use the key.
car["year"] = 2025

Add a New Key-Value Pair: You can easily add a new key-value pair to the dictionary.
car["color"] = "blue"

Remove a Key-Value Pair: You can remove a key-value pair from the dictionary.
car.pop("model")

🎉 Example 1: Storing Contact Information

Imagine you want to store the contact information of a person.

# Step 1: Create a dictionary with contact details

contact = {"name": "Bob", "phone": "555-1234", "email":
"[email protected]"}

# Step 2: Access the phone number

phone_number = contact["phone"]
print("Phone Number:", phone_number)

# Step 3: Update the email address

contact["email"] = "[email protected]"
print("Updated Contact:", contact)

# Step 4: Add an address

contact["address"] = "123 Main St"
print("Contact with Address:", contact)

# Step 5: Remove the phone number

contact.pop("phone")
print("Contact after Removing Phone:", contact)
Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

🎉Example 2: Language Translation

Imagine you want to create a simple dictionary to translate words from English to Spanish.
# Step 1: Create a dictionary for translation
translation = {"hello": "hola", "goodbye": "adiós", "please": "por
favor", "thank you": "gracias"}

# Step 2: Translate "hello" to Spanish

spanish_hello = translation["hello"]
print("Hello in Spanish:", spanish_hello)

🎉Example 3: Check if Key Available

Imagine you want to store the squares of certain numbers and check if specific numbers are
present in the dictionary.

# Step 1: Create a dictionary with numbers and their squares

squares = {2: 4, 4: 16, 6: 36, 8: 64, 10: 100}

# Step 2: Check if the number 2 is in the dictionary

is_two_present = 2 in squares
print("Is 2 in the dictionary?", is_two_present) # True

# Step 3: Check if the number 4 is in the dictionary

is_four_present = 4 in squares
print("Is 4 in the dictionary?", is_four_present) # True

# Step 4: Check if the square 64 is in the dictionary (as a key)

is_sixty_four_key = 64 in squares
print("Is 64 a key in the dictionary?", is_sixty_four_key) # False

💡 Challenge 16
Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

Create a dictionary of your favorite movies and their release years. Add a new movie to the
dictionary, update the release year of one of the movies, and then remove a movie.

🌟List Comprehension in Python

List comprehension means a simple way to create a list.

Syntax
[expression for item in iterable if condition]

Expression: This is the value that will be added to the list.

Item: Each element in the iterable.
Iterable: A collection you are looping over (like a list, range, etc.).
Condition (optional): A filter that only includes elements that satisfy the condition.

🎉 Example 1: Generating a List of Squares

Imagine you want to generate a list of squares for numbers from 1 to 5.

# Step 1: Use list comprehension to generate squares

squares = [x**2 for x in range(1, 6)]
print("List of Squares:", squares)

Explanation
- The list comprehension [x**2 for x in range(1, 6)] generates a list of squares
for each number in the range from 1 to 5.
- The resulting list is [1, 4, 9, 16, 25].

🎉Example 2: Filtering Out High-Scoring Students

Imagine you have a list of student scores, and you want to create a new list containing only the
scores that are above 80.
Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

# Step 1: List of student scores

scores = [65, 85, 90, 78, 88, 92, 56]

# Step 2: Filter out scores above 80 using list comprehension

high_scores = [score for score in scores if score > 80]
print("High Scores:", high_scores)

🎉Example 3: Filtering Words by Length

Imagine you have a list of words, and you want to create a new list containing only words that
have exactly 5 letters.

# Step 1: List of words

words = ["apple", "banana", "grape", "kiwi", "peach", "plum"]

# Step 2: Filter words with exactly 5 letters using list comprehension

five_letter_words = [word for word in words if len(word) == 5]
print("Five Letter Words:", five_letter_words)

🌟 Dictionary Comprehension in Python

Dictionary comprehension means a simple way to create a dictionary.

Syntax
{key_expression: value_expression for item in iterable if condition}

Key_expression: The expression that defines the key in the dictionary.

Value_expression: The expression that defines the value in the dictionary.
Item: Each element in the iterable.
Iterable: A collection you are looping over.
Condition (optional): A filter that only includes elements that satisfy the condition.
Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

🎉 Example 4: Generating a Dictionary of Squares

Imagine you want to create a dictionary where the keys are numbers from 1 to 5, and the values
are their squares.

# Step 1: Use dictionary comprehension to generate squares

squares_dict = {x: x**2 for x in range(1, 6)}
print("Dictionary of Squares:", squares_dict)

Explanation
- The dictionary comprehension {x: x**2 for x in range(1, 6)} creates a
dictionary where each number is a key, and its square is the value.
- The resulting dictionary is {1: 1, 2: 4, 3: 9, 4: 16, 5: 25}.

🎉 Example 5: Filtering a Dictionary by Value

Imagine you have a dictionary of student names and their scores, and you want to create a new
dictionary containing only the students who scored above 80.

# Step 1: Dictionary of student scores

student_scores = {"Alice": 85, "Bob": 76, "Charlie": 90, "David": 65,
"Eve": 88}

# Step 2: Filter out students who scored above 80 using dictionary

comprehension
high_scorers = {name: score for name, score in student_scores.items() if
score > 80}
print("High Scorers:", high_scorers)

💡 Challenge 19
1. Write a program that takes a list of numbers and creates a new list containing the
squares of all even numbers from the original list.
2. Write a program that takes a dictionary of student names and their grades, and creates a
new dictionary containing only the students who passed the exam (grade 50 or above).
Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

🌟ATM Project
This program simulates a simple ATM where a user can check their balance, deposit money, or
withdraw money. The user should be able to:

- Check their current balance.

- Deposit money into their account.
- Withdraw money from their account.

balance = 1000.0 # Initial balance

print("Welcome to Simple Bank ATM!")

while True:
print("\nPlease select an option:")
print("1. Check Balance")
print("2. Deposit Money")
print("3. Withdraw Money")
print("4. Exit")

choice = int(input("Enter your choice (1-4): "))

if choice == 1:
print(f"Your current balance is: ${balance:.2f}")

elif choice == 2:
deposit_amount = float(input("Enter amount to deposit: $"))
if deposit_amount > 0:
balance += deposit_amount
print(f"Successfully deposited ${deposit_amount:.2f}. Your
new balance is ${balance:.2f}.")
else:
print("Deposit amount must be positive.")

elif choice == 3:
withdrawal_amount = float(input("Enter amount to withdraw:
Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

$"))
if withdrawal_amount > balance:
print("Insufficient funds. Please try a smaller
amount.")
elif withdrawal_amount <= 0:
print("Withdrawal amount must be positive.")
else:
balance -= withdrawal_amount
print(f"Successfully withdrew ${withdrawal_amount:.2f}.
Your new balance is ${balance:.2f}.")

elif choice == 4:
print("Thank you for using Simple Bank ATM. Goodbye!")
break

else:
print("Invalid choice. Please try again.")

🌟Function In Python
Functions are the block of code that performs a specific task. They are created when some
statements are repeatedly occurring in the program. The function helps reusability of the code in
the program. The main objective of the function is DRY(Don’t Repeat Yourself).

Function Advantages

● Avoid code repetition

● Easy to divide the complex program into smaller parts
● Helps to write a clean code

Function takes input (called parameters), processes it, and returns an output.

🎉 Example 1: Greet User Using Function

Imagine you want to greet 3 people using a single function.
Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

# Function that greet the name

def greet(name):
print(f"Hello, {name}!")

# Calling function
greet("Hari")
greet("Mark")
greet("John")

Explanation
- Here, greet is the function name, and name is the parameter.
- greet(“Hari”) is calling a function. Once you've defined a function, you can call it to
use it.

🌟Function Types
● No Parameter And No Return Type
● Parameter And No Return Type
● No Parameter And Return Type
● Parameter And Return Type

🌟1. No Parameter and No Return Type

In this type of function, no parameters are passed to the function, and the function does
not return any value. It simply performs an action. Here is an example:
# Function that greet the name
def greet():
print(f"Hello, How are you!")

# Calling function
greet()
Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

- In this example, greet() is a function that doesn't take any parameters. When
you call greet(), it simply prints the message "Hello, How are you!" to
the screen.
- Notice that when calling greet(), no arguments are passed because the
function does not expect any.

🌟2. Parameter and No Return Type

In this type of function, parameters are passed to the function, but the function does not
return any value. It performs an action using the provided parameters. Here is an
example:
# Function that greets a user with their name
def greet(name):
print(f"Hello, {name}! How are you?")

# Calling the function with a parameter

greet("Hari")
greet("Mark")
greet("John")

- In this example, greet(name) is a function that takes one parameter, name.

- When you call greet("Hari"), the function prints "Hello, Hari! How are
you?".
- The function uses the value of the name parameter to perform its action, but it
does not return any value.

🌟3. No Parameter and Return Type

In this type of function, no parameters are passed to the function, but the function
returns a value after performing its task. Here is an example:
# Function that returns a greeting message
def get_greeting():
return "Hello, How are you!"

# Calling the function and storing the return value

Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

greeting_message = get_greeting()

# Printing the returned value

print(greeting_message)

- In this example, get_greeting() is a function that does not take any

parameters.
- The function performs its task and returns the string "Hello, How are
you!".
- When you call get_greeting(), it returns the greeting message, which is then
stored in the greeting_message variable.
- You can then print or use the returned value as needed.

🌟4. Parameter and Return Type

In this type of function, parameters are passed to the function, and the function returns
a value after performing its task. Here is an example:
# Function that takes two numbers and returns their sum
def add_numbers(a, b):
return a + b

# Calling the function and storing the return value

sum_result = add_numbers(5, 10)

# Printing the returned value

print(f"The sum is: {sum_result}")

- In this example, add_numbers(a, b) is a function that takes two parameters,

a and b.
- The function calculates the sum of a and b and returns the result.
- When you call add_numbers(5, 10), the function returns the sum, which is
then stored in the sum_result variable.
- You can then print or use the returned value as needed.
Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

🌟Useful Math Function

- math.sqrt(number)
- math.pow(number)
- math.factorial(number)
- math.floor(number)
- math.ceil(number)
import math

# Given number
number = 16

# Calculate square root

square_root = math.sqrt(number)
print(f"The square root of {number} is: {square_root}")

# Calculate power (number^2)

power = math.pow(number, 2)
print(f"{number} to the power of 2 is: {power}")

# Calculate factorial (5!)

factorial = math.factorial(5)
print(f"The factorial of 5 is: {factorial}")

# Given float number

float_number = 16.75

# Calculate floor and ceiling

floored_value = math.floor(float_number)
print(f"The floor of {float_number} is: {floored_value}")

ceiled_value = math.ceil(float_number)
print(f"The ceiling of {float_number} is: {ceiled_value}")

💡 Challenge 21
Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

1. Create a function that finds a cube of a number.

2. Create a function that finds age from birth year.

🌟OOP In Python
Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a popular technique to solve programming problems
by creating objects. It is one of the most popular programming paradigms and is used in many
programming languages, such as Python, Java, C++, etc..

🎇OOP Advantages
● It is easy to understand and use.
● It increases reusability and decreases complexity.
● The productivity of programmers increases.
● It makes the code easier to maintain, modify and debug.
● It promotes teamwork and collaboration.
● It reduces the repetition of code.

In OOP first you need to create a class and then an object.

🌟Class and Object In Python

In object-oriented programming, a class is a blueprint for creating objects. A class
defines the properties and methods that an object will have. For example, a class
called Dog might have properties like breed, color and methods like bark, run.

Class Syntax:

# create a class
class Classname:
pass
Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

As mentioned earlier, you need to create a class first before you can create objects from it. Each
class has attributes and methods.

🎉 Example 1: Student Class

In this example, the Student class allows you to create student objects with specific details and
provides methods to retrieve their information and check if they are passing their course.

class Student:

def __init__(self, name, age, grade):

# Attribute: Student's name, age, and grade
self.name = name
self.age = age
self.grade = grade

def get_details(self):
return f"Name: {self.name}, Age: {self.age}, Grade:
{self.grade}"

def is_passing(self):
# Method: Checks if the student is passing
return self.grade >= 60

You always need to use self as the first argument in a class method. It represents the
object that calls the method.

🌟Object
An object in programming is like a real-world thing or entity that you can work with in
your code. For example, a student object might have attributes like name, age, or
grade. It might have methods like checking if a student is passing which are the actions
the object can perform.

🎉 Example 2: Student Object

Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

In this example, you’ll see how to create and interact with Student objects. After defining
the Student class with attributes like name, age, and grade, and methods such as
get_details() and is_passing(), you can create your own student objects.

class Student:

def __init__(self, name, age, grade):

# Attribute: Student's name, age, and grade
self.name = name
self.age = age
self.grade = grade

def get_details(self):
return f"Name: {self.name}, Age: {self.age}, Grade:
{self.grade}"

def is_passing(self):
# Method: Checks if the student is passing
return self.grade >= 60

# Create 2 Student object

st1 = Student("Tom", 20, 75)
st2 = Student("Mark", 21, 45)

# Access the student's details

print(st1.get_details())
print(st2.get_details())

# Check if the student is passing

print(f"Student 1 is passed: {st1.is_passing()}")
print(f"Student 2 is passed: {st2.is_passing()}")

By creating these objects, you can easily manage and work with individual student data.
This example shows how you can access the details of each student and determine if
they are passing their course.
Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

💡 Challenge 22
Write a Python program to create a class Laptop with the properties id, name, and ram. Then,
create three objects of this class and print all their details.

🌟 Inheritance In Python
Inheritance is one of the core concepts of object-oriented programming (OOP) in Python. It
allows a class to inherit attributes and methods from another class, promoting code reusability
and making it easier to maintain and extend.

🎇Inheritance Advantages
● Code Reusability: Inheritance allows you to reuse existing code without
rewriting it.
● Improved Maintainability: Changes made to a base class automatically reflect
in all derived classes.
● Logical Representation: Inheritance models real-world relationships, making
the code more logical and easier to understand.
● Extensibility: You can add new features to a class without modifying its existing
code.

🌟 Base Class and Derived Class

In Python, the class that is being inherited from is called the base class (or parent
class), and the class that inherits from the base class is called the derived class (or child
class).

Syntax

# Base class
class ParentClass:
def method_in_parent(self):
Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

print("This is a method in the parent class")

# Derived class
class ChildClass(ParentClass):
def method_in_child(self):
print("This is a method in the child class")

# Example usage
child = ChildClass()
child.method_in_parent() # Inherited from ParentClass
child.method_in_child() # Defined in ChildClass

🎉Example 1: Basic Inheritance

In this example, the Student class inherits the name and age attributes, as well as the
get_details method from the Person class. The Student class also introduces a new attribute
grade and a method is_passing to check if the student is passing.

# Base class
class Person:
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age

def get_details(self):
return f"Name: {self.name}, Age: {self.age}"

# Derived class
class Student(Person):
def __init__(self, name, age, grade):
# Call the constructor of the base class
super().__init__(name, age)
self.grade = grade

def is_passing(self):
Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

return self.grade >= 60

Now, let's create objects using the Student class and see how inheritance works.

# Create a Student object

student = Student("Alice", 22, 85)

# Access inherited and new attributes and methods

print(student.get_details()) # Inherited method from Person
print(f"Is the student passing? {student.is_passing()}") # Method from
Student

🌟 Method Overriding
Inheritance also allows method overriding, where a method in a derived class has the
same name as a method in the base class. The derived class's method overrides the
base class's method.

🎉 Example 2: Method Overriding

In this example, both Dog and Cat classes override the sound method from the Animal
class. When you call sound on a Dog or Cat object, it returns the specific sound of that
animal instead of the generic sound from the base class.

# Base class
class Animal:
def sound(self):
return "Some generic sound"

# Derived class
class Dog(Animal):
def sound(self):
return "Bark"
Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

# Derived class
class Cat(Animal):
def sound(self):
return "Meow"

Let's see how method overriding works with objects of Dog and Cat classes.

# Create Dog and Cat objects

dog = Dog()
cat = Cat()

# Call the overridden method

print(dog.sound()) # Outputs: Bark
print(cat.sound()) # Outputs: Meow

💡 Challenge 23
Write a Python program to create a class Vehicle with properties make and model. Then,
create a derived class Car with an additional property year. Create objects of both classes and
print all their details.

🌟 Simple Bank Software

Here is a program using OOP to create a basic bank software. It includes a BankAccount class
with methods to withdraw, deposit, and check the balance.

class BankAccount:
def __init__(self, name, phone, balance=0.0):
self.name = name
self.phone = phone
self.balance = balance
Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

def deposit(self, amount):

if amount > 0:
self.balance += amount
print(f"Deposited ${amount:.2f} to {self.name}'s account.")
else:
print("Invalid deposit amount.")

def withdraw(self, amount):

if 0 < amount <= self.balance:
self.balance -= amount
print(f"Withdrew ${amount:.2f} from {self.name}'s account.")
else:
print("Invalid withdrawal amount or insufficient balance.")

def get_balance(self):
return f"{self.name}'s current balance: ${self.balance:.2f}"

# Create three bank account objects

account1 = BankAccount("Alice Smith", "123-456-7890", 500.0)
account2 = BankAccount("Bob Johnson", "987-654-3210", 1000.0)

# Demonstrate functionality
account1.deposit(200)
print(account1.get_balance())
account1.withdraw(100)
print(account1.get_balance())

account2.deposit(300)
print(account2.get_balance())
account2.withdraw(500)
print(account2.get_balance())
Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

🌟 GUI In Python
A Graphical User Interface (GUI) is a type of user interface that allows users to interact with a
software application visually. In a GUI, elements such as buttons, text fields, images, and
windows provide intuitive ways for users to interact with the application. Instead of typing
commands, users can simply click, drag, and drop using a mouse or touch input. Here are some
examples of GUI Elements:

- Buttons
- Labels
- Text Fields

Python offers several libraries for building GUIs, allowing developers to create desktop
applications with interactive components. Here are popular libraries for building GUI In Python.

- Tkinter [What we will study]

- PyQt
- Kivy
- wxPython

Learning Tkinter is a great way to get hands-on with GUI applications in Python. Let’s learn it.

🎉 Example 1: Simple GUI Application

This code creates a simple window using the tkinter library. It displays a message "Hello,
World!" in the center of the window, which stays open and responsive until manually closed.
# Import tkinter
import tkinter as tk
# Create window
root = tk.Tk()
# Set window title
root.title("Hello World GUI")
# Set window size
root.geometry("300x200")
# Create label with text
label = tk.Label(root, text="Hello, World!")
# Add label to window
label.pack()
# Start the GUI loop
Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

root.mainloop()

🎉 Example 2: Interactive GUI Application

This code creates an interactive window using tkinter. It shows a message and a button, and
when the button is clicked, the label changes to "Hello, Welcome to Tkinter!" to demonstrate
interaction.

import tkinter as tk

def greet():
label.config(text="Hello, Welcome to Tkinter!")

# Create the main window

root = tk.Tk()
root.title("Interactive GUI")

# Add a label
label = tk.Label(root, text="Click the button to get greeted",
font=("Arial", 14))
label.pack(pady=20)

# Add a button
button = tk.Button(root, text="Greet Me", command=greet)
button.pack(pady=10)

root.geometry("400x300")
root.mainloop()

🎉 Example 3: Calculator
This code creates a simple addition application using the tkinter library. It allows users to enter
two numbers, click a button to calculate the sum, and display the result in a message box.

import tkinter as tk
Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

from tkinter import messagebox

# Function to calculate sum and show result

def find_sum():
num1 = entry1.get()
num2 = entry2.get()

if num1.isdigit() and num2.isdigit():

result = int(num1) + int(num2)
messagebox.showinfo("Result", f"Sum: {result}")
else:
messagebox.showerror("Error", "Enter valid numbers")

# Create window
root = tk.Tk()
root.title("Addition App")

# Input fields
entry1 = tk.Entry(root)
entry1.pack(pady=5)
entry2 = tk.Entry(root)
entry2.pack(pady=5)

# Button to find sum

tk.Button(root, text="Find Sum", command=find_sum).pack(pady=10)

# Start app
root.geometry("200x150")
root.mainloop()

🎉 Example 4: Todo List App

Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

This code creates a simple to-do list using tkinter. Users can add tasks by typing in an entry box
and clicking "Add Task." They can also delete tasks from the list by selecting an item and
clicking "Delete Task."

import tkinter as tk

def add_task():
task = entry.get()
if task != "":
listbox.insert(tk.END, task)
entry.delete(0, tk.END)

def delete_task():
listbox.delete(tk.ANCHOR)

# Create the main window

root = tk.Tk()
root.title("To-Do List")

# Add widgets
entry = tk.Entry(root, width=30)
entry.pack(pady=10)

add_button = tk.Button(root, text="Add Task", command=add_task)

add_button.pack(pady=5)

delete_button = tk.Button(root, text="Delete Task", command=delete_task)

delete_button.pack(pady=5)

listbox = tk.Listbox(root, width=40, height=10)

listbox.pack(pady=10)

# Set window size

root.geometry("400x400")
root.mainloop()
Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

💡 Challenge 25
1. Create a GUI application that finds simple interest. Simple Interest (SI) = (P * R * T) /
100

Where:

● P = Principal amount
● R = Rate of interest
● T = Time period

🌟 Exception Handling In Python

In Python, an exception is an error that occurs during the execution of a program, disrupting
the normal flow of the program's instructions. Exceptions occur for various reasons, such as
invalid user input, a file not being found, or dividing by zero.

Python makes file handling easy with built-in functions and methods that help you work with
different types of files, such as text files (.txt), binary files (.bin), or CSV files (.csv).

🚀 Why Use Exception Handling?

● Prevents your program from crashing due to unexpected errors.
● Allows you to handle different error situations without affecting the entire application.
● Ensures that critical cleanup actions are performed (like closing files, freeing resources).

🎉 Basic Syntax of Exception Handling

Python uses the try and except blocks to handle exceptions. Here’s the basic structure:

try:
# Code that might raise an exception
risky_code()
except SomeSpecificException:
Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

# Code that handles the exception

handle_error()
finally:
# Optional block that will always be executed, regardless of an
exception
cleanup_code()

try: The block of code that might throw an exception.

except: The block of code that handles the exception if it occurs.
finally: A block that always executes, even if there is no exception. It is typically used for
cleanup tasks (e.g., closing files or database connections).

🎉 Example 1: Check For Number

This program prompts the user to enter two numbers. It raises an exception if the input is not a
valid number and then calculates the sum of the two numbers:
try:
num1 = float(input("Enter the first number: "))
num2 = float(input("Enter the second number: "))
print("The sum is:", num1 + num2)
except ValueError:
print("Invalid input. Please enter a number.")

🎉 Example 2: Handling a Specific Exception

In this example, we handle the ZeroDivisionError exception that occurs when dividing by zero.
try:
result = 10 / 0
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Error: Cannot divide by zero.")
Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

🎉 Example 3: Catching Multiple Exceptions

You can handle multiple types of exceptions by specifying different except blocks.
try:
value = int(input("Enter a number: "))
result = 10 / value
except ValueError:
print("Error: Invalid input. Please enter a number.")
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Error: Cannot divide by zero.")

This code handles two exceptions:

● ValueError: Raised when the input is not a number.

● ZeroDivisionError: Raised when dividing by zero.

🎉 Example 4: Raising Exceptions Manually

You can raise exceptions manually using the raise keyword if you want to trigger an exception
under certain conditions.
age = int(input("Enter your age: "))
if age < 18:
raise ValueError("You must be at least 18 years old.")

💡 Challenge 26
Create a Python program that asks the user to input a number. The program should then
determine if the number is odd or even and display the result. If the user enters a non-numeric
value, handle the exception and prompt the user to enter a valid number.

🌟 File Handling In Python

File handling is an essential part of programming that allows you to work with files stored on
your computer. In Python, file handling enables reading from and writing to files efficiently. You
can use it to store data, log information, or even save user inputs for future use.
Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

Python makes file handling easy with built-in functions and methods that help you work with
different types of files, such as text files (.txt), binary files (.bin), or CSV files (.csv).

🚀 File Handling Modes

- 'r': Open a file for reading (default mode).
- 'w': Open a file for writing. If the file exists, its content is erased. If the file doesn't exist, it
creates a new file.
- 'a': Open a file for appending. Data is written to the end of the file, and if the file does not
exist, it creates a new file.

🎉 Example 1: Reading from a File

This code opens an existing text file, reads its entire content, and prints it. After reading, the file
is closed manually to release system resources.
# Open the file in read mode
file = open("example.txt", "r")

# Read the file content

content = file.read()
print(content)

# Close the file

file.close()

🎉 Example 2: Writing to a File

This code opens a file in write mode and writes a string into it. If the file exists, its content will be
overwritten. If the file doesn't exist, it will be created. The file is then closed to save changes.
file = open("example.txt", "w") # Open the file in write mode
# Write some text to the file
file.write("Hello, this is a Python file handling example!")
# Close the file
file.close()

🎉 Example 3: Appending to a File

This code opens a file in append mode, adds new content to the end of the file without
modifying the existing data, and then closes the file to ensure the appended content is saved.
Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

# Open the file in append mode

file = open("example.txt", "a")

# Append text to the file

file.write("\nThis text is appended to the file.")

# Close the file

file.close()

🎉 Example 4: Using with Statement for File Handling

This code uses the with statement to read a file. The file is automatically closed once the block
of code is executed, making it a safer and more concise way to handle files.
# Open the file using 'with' statement
with open("example.txt", "r") as file:
content = file.read()
print(content)

🎉 Example 5: Creating a Directory

This code demonstrates how to create a new directory using the os module in Python. The
os.mkdir() function creates a directory with the specified name. If the directory already exists, it
will raise an error.
import os

# Directory name
directory = "new_folder"

# Create directory
try:
os.mkdir(directory)
print(f"Directory '{directory}' created successfully!")
except FileExistsError:
print(f"Directory '{directory}' already exists.")

🎉 Example 6: Deleting a Directory

Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

In this example, the os.rmdir() function deletes the directory named new_folder.
import os

# Directory name
directory = "new_folder"

# Remove directory
try:
os.rmdir(directory)
print(f"Directory '{directory}' deleted successfully!")
except FileNotFoundError:
print(f"Directory '{directory}' does not exist.")
except OSError:
print(f"Directory '{directory}' is not empty. Unable to delete.")

with open("example.txt", "r") as file:

# Read each line one by one
for line in file:
print(line.strip())

💡 Challenge 27
Create a Python program that reads a file containing a list of numbers (one number per line)
and writes the sum of those numbers to another file called sum.txt.

🌟 Datetime In Python
Python's datetime module helps you work with dates and times, making it simple to create,
manipulate, and format dates. Whether you want to get the current date, calculate time
differences, or convert strings into date objects, datetime has got you covered.
Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

🚀 Getting Started with Datetime

To use the datetime module, you need to import it first:

import datetime

🎉 Example 1: Get the Current Date and Time

This code gets the current date and time.
import datetime

# Get current date and time

now = datetime.datetime.now()
print("Current Date and Time:", now)

🎉 Example 2: Get the Current Date

This example gets only the current date (without the time).
import datetime

# Get current date

current_date = datetime.date.today()
print("Current Date:", current_date

🎉 Example 3: Get Specific Components of a Date

This code opens a file in append mode, adds new content to the end of the file without
modifying the existing data, and then closes the file to ensure the appended content is saved.
import datetime

# Get current date

today = datetime.date.today()

# Extract year, month, and day

Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

print("Year:", today.year)
print("Month:", today.month)
print("Day:", today.day)

🎉 Example 4: Creating a Date Object

You can create a date object by passing year, month, and day.
import datetime

# Create a specific date

my_birthday = datetime.date(1995, 5, 15)
print("My Birthday:", my_birthday)

🎉 Example 5: Time Differences with timedelta

You can calculate differences between dates using timedelta.
import datetime

# Get current date

today = datetime.date.today()

# Create a timedelta of 10 days

ten_days = datetime.timedelta(days=10)

# Calculate future and past dates

future_date = today + ten_days
past_date = today - ten_days

print("Date after 10 days:", future_date)

print("Date 10 days ago:", past_date)

🎉 Example 6: time.sleep() to Pause Your Program

Master Python By Bishworaj Poudel

Sometimes you might want to pause your program for a certain period. You can use time.sleep()
to do this. It pauses the execution for the specified number of seconds.
import time

# Print a message
print("This message will be followed by a 3-second pause...")

# Pause the program for 3 seconds

time.sleep(3)

# Print after the pause

print("3 seconds have passed!")

💡 Challenge 28
Create a Python program that asks the user for their birthdate (in YYYY-MM-DD format) and
calculates their age.