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The document discusses the piezoelectric effect, which involves charge redistribution in certain crystals under external loads, leading to electrical output. It highlights the importance of non-centrosymmetric materials and the process of poling to induce piezoelectric behavior. Additionally, it covers energy harvesting from ambient vibrations using piezoelectric cantilevers, including their structural configurations and the types of materials used.

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arjunkcet
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6 views

final project report(without)-2

The document discusses the piezoelectric effect, which involves charge redistribution in certain crystals under external loads, leading to electrical output. It highlights the importance of non-centrosymmetric materials and the process of poling to induce piezoelectric behavior. Additionally, it covers energy harvesting from ambient vibrations using piezoelectric cantilevers, including their structural configurations and the types of materials used.

Uploaded by

arjunkcet
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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7 Conclusion 23

8 References 25

iv
List of Figures

1.1 Crystal material is at rest; no force is applied and hence net current
flowing is zero . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Crystal material with forces applied in direction of arrows . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Crystal material with forces applied in direction of arrows . . . . . . . 3
1.4 Arrangement of piezoelectric layers in unimorph and bimorph config-
uration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

5.1 Model wizard of COMSOL Multiphysics software . . . . . . . . . . 9

6.1 Piezoelectric energy harvesting cantilever model...................................... 11


6.2 Cross section of the cantilever: (a) for Unimorph, (b) for Bimorph ........... 11
6.3 Effect of various materials on voltage developed ...................................... 12
6.4 Effect of length of beam on voltage developed ......................................... 12
6.5 Effect of thickness of beam on voltage developed..................................... 13
6.6 Effect of width of beam on voltage developed .......................................... 13
6.7 Effect of tip load on voltage developed ..................................................... 14
6.8 Graphical representation of electrical response for different piezoelec-
tric materials ............................................................................................ 15
6.9 Electrical response for different piezoelectric materials ............................ 15
6.10 Effect of length of cantilever on electrical response .................................. 16
6.11 Effect of thickness of cantilever on electrical response ............................. 17
6.12 Effect of width of cantilever on electrical response ................................... 17
6.13 Effect of acceleration of external vibrations on electrical response............ 18
6.14 Variation of natural frequency of cantilever with thickness and length
with PZT as material ................................................................................ 19

v
6.15 Variation of natural frequency of cantilever with thickness and length
with AlN as material ................................................................................ 19
6.16 Variation of natural frequency of cantilever with thickness and length
with BT as material .................................................................................. 20
6.17 Variation of natural frequency of cantilever with thickness and length
with ZnS as material ................................................................................ 20
6.18 Variation of natural frequency of cantilever with thickness and length
with ZnO as material................................................................................ 21
6.19 Variation of natural frequency of cantilever with thickness and length
with PVDF as material ............................................................................. 21
6.20 Comparison of various material’s variation of natural frequency of
cantilever with thickness and length ......................................................... 22

vi
List of Abbreviations

PZT : Lead Zirconate Titanate

PVDF : Polyvinylidene fluoride

BT : Barium Titanate

ZnO : Zinc Oxide

ZnS : Zinc Sulphide

AlN : Aluminium Nitride

CdS : Cadmium Sulphide

LiNb : Lithium Niobate

LiTa : Lithium Tantalate

BaNaNb : Barium Sodium Niobate

vii
Chapter 1

Introduction

The piezoelectric effect is the phenomenon of charge redistribution across certain


crystals on the application of external loads. The materials that can generate an
electrical output under the action of external loads are known as piezoelectric materials.
Usually, the materials that exhibit the piezoelectric effect also exhibit the converse
piezoelectric effect, which produces vibrations of the crystal on the application of
electric field across them. The piezoelectric effect is due to the presence of electric
dipoles within the materials. All polar materials will not exhibit piezoelectric
behaviour, for that, the crystal structure of the material should be non-centrosymmetric.
That is the material should not have an axis of symmetry. In the case of symmetry, the
bond dipole moments get cancelled by each other. Some materials inherently are
symmetric that is not exhibiting the piezoelectric effect. But special techniques like
poling, stretching, etc. can be done to make them polar. Poling is the process of
applying an electric field across a crystal, as a result, all the bond dipole moments get
aligned with the direction of the applied electric field and the crystal will get a net
dipole moment in that direction. Then even after the removal of the applied field the
crystal will retain the polarization direction due to the retentivity. In the absence of
external forces, the charges in the crystal will be balanced and there will not be any
current through the external circuit as shown in Figure 1.1. When a force is applied
externally the charge redistribution occurs in the crystal. Figure 1.2 shows the
redistribution of charges across the crystal if the applied load is compressive and
Figure 1.3 shows the redistribution of the charges if the applied load is tensile.

1
Figure 1.1: Crystal material is at rest; no force is applied and hence net current flowing
is zero

Figure 1.2: Crystal material with forces applied in direction of arrows

Energy harvesting from low frequency ambient vibrations using piezoelectric effect
is an active area of interest, even though the power output is in the ranges of nanowatts
to milliwatts. The power thus generated is sufficient enough to develop self-powered
electronic equipments like active sensors. There are a lot of structural configurations
used in energy harvesting, including cantilevers, cymbal, diaphragm, stack, films. The
most commonly used structural configuration for piezoelectric energy harvesting is the
cantilever configuration. The piezoelectric cantilevers are of two types, unimorph and
bimorph. In both of them one end will be rigidly fixed to a support and the other end
will be free to move. In unimorph, the piezoelectric material will be coated only in one

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