TOPICS

WORK EQUIPMENT

HAZARD &
CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES
CONTROL
ELECTRICAL
MEET THE TEAM
 WORK
EQUIPMENT
HAZARD &
CONTROL
 11.1 INTRODUCTION
WORK EQUIPMENT HAZARDS AND CONTROL COVERS KEY REQUIREMENTS FROM:

Provision and Use of Work The Supply of Machinery (Safety)

Equipment Regulations (PUWER) Regulations
11.1 Typical machinery safety notice.
 Borcelle
Company

11.2 SUITABILITY OF WORK

EQUIPMENT AND CE MARKING
Work equipment needs to be safe for its intended use:

➤its initial ➤ the place ➤ the purpose

integrity where it will for which it
be used will be used
There are two main laws for
work equipment safety:

01 02
Supply Law User Law
(Supply of Machinery (PUWER 98)
Regulations 1992)
11.2.1 CE mark.
 When buying new equipment, especially machinery, look for the "CE" marking. This signifies the
manufacturer's claim that it meets safety regulations. Here's what proper CE marking entails:

4. Implementing
safeguards (guards,
2. Assessing the
noise enclosures) if
risks involved.
elimination isn't
possible.

1. Identifying 5. Using warning

3. Prioritizing
potential hazards signs for
hazard elimination
(e.g., noise, unavoidable
through design.
crushing, hazards.
electrical).
Manufacturers also have to:
Technical File:
Maintain a technical file containing details of maintenance
performed and the rationale behind it.

CE Marking and Declaration of Conformity:

Ensure the machine has the CE marking to indicate compliance
with relevant safety regulations.
Issue a "Declaration of Conformity" stating:
Manufacturer/importer name and EU address
Machine description (make, type, serial number)
Applicable European directives the machine complies with
Involvement of any notified body (if applicable)
Standards used in manufacturing (if any)
Authorized signature
Safe installation, use, and maintenance instructions for the buyer
11.2.2 Typical certificate of conformity.
Besides ensuring safety through design
and safeguards, manufacturers must also:
Maintain a technical file documenting their safety
considerations.
Affix CE marking to the machine.
Issue a "Declaration of Conformity" that details:
Manufacturer/importer information
Machine description (make, type, serial number)
Relevant EU directives it complies with
Notified body involvement (if any)
Manufacturing standards used (if any)
Signed by authorized personnel
Provide safe use instructions for installation,
operation, and maintenance.
 Borcelle
11.3 USE AND MAINTENANCE Company

OF EQUIPMENT WITH
SPECIFIC RISKS
For situations where physical measures alone cannot
eliminate risks associated with work equipment. The
preferred approach is to:

➤ eliminating the ➤ taking physical measures to ➤ taking appropriate

risks or, if this is control the risks such as software measures, such
not possible guards, but if the risks cannot as a safe system of work.
be adequately controlled
11.4 Using a bench-mounted abrasive wheel.
11.4 INFORMATION,
INSTRUCTION AND TRAINING
The instructions for work equipment should be
comprehensive and cover all safety aspects. This includes:

All potential health and Limitations of the

safety risks. equipment's use.

Sharing past experiences to

Anticipating problems and
improve safety and risk
outlining safe solutions.
reduction.
The amount of training provided for work
equipment operation and maintenance
depends on two factors:

01 02
The experience and
The complexity and
skills of the person
risk involved in using
doing the work,
or maintaining the
whether it is normal
equipment.
use or maintenance.
 Besides initial training for new hires, refresher training
on work equipment is necessary in several situations:

Changes in work Introduction of Modifications to Updates to legal Regularly to refresh

tasks, especially if new technology or established work requirements. and maintain
risk levels differ. equipment. procedures. knowledge and
skills.
11.5 MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION
11.5.1 Maintenance
The maintenance schedule for work equipment hinges on three main factors:

Manufacturer's Usage: Equipment Environment:

instructions: used heavily will Harsh
These provide require more environments like
he baseline for frequent saltwater can
maintenance maintenance. necessitate more
needs. frequent
maintenance.
11.5.1 Typical machinery safety notice.
There are three main maintenance management schemes to address
equipment deterioration and prevent safety hazards:

Preventative Condition-Based Breakdown

Planned Maintenance Maintenance
Maintenance (CBM) (BM)
(PPM)
11.5.2 Inspection under PUWER
The inspection must be done:

Usage:
➤ after ➤ after ➤ at suitable ➤ each time
Equipment
installation for assembly at a intervals and exceptional
used heavily
the first time new site or in a circumstances
will require new location occur which
more and thereafter could affect
frequent safety
maintenanc
e.
11.5.3 Examination of boilers and air receiver
The Pressure Systems Safety Regulations 2000 (PSSR) focus on ensuring safe use of pressure
vessels and systems through examinations by competent persons. Here’s the employer's duties
under PSSR for specific equipment like steam boilers, hot water plants, and air receivers:

Information and Installation: Operation and Maintenance:

Verify the equipment has Operate the equipment within its designated limits.
the correct instructions Establish a written scheme for periodic examinations,
Usage:
and markings. certified by a competent person (often provided by the
Equipment manufacturer for standard models).
Ensure proper installation.
Ensure a competent person conducts examinations
used heavily
according to the scheme within the specified
will require timeframe.
more Maintain records of examination reports with details.
frequent Address any actions recommended in the reports.
Perform other safety-critical maintenance work, even if
maintenanc
not identified in the examination report.
e.
11.5.3 Typical compressor and air receiver..
11.6 OPERATION AND WORKING ENVIRONMENT
The Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 (PUWER 98) outlines safety requirements for operating
work equipment. Here are the key points for safe equipment operation:

Control Panel Design Principles:

General Equipment Conditions:
Accessible from operating positions
Easily reachable and operable
Prevent accidental startup
controls
Control movement aligned with equipment motion (e.g.,
Stable positioning
forward control for forward movement)
Proper lighting
Distinct controls to minimize operating the wrong function
Unobstructed workspace
Clearly marked emergency stop buttons (red mushroom head
Adequate markings and
with lock-off)
warnings
Green start buttons with shrouds or recessed design to avoid
accidental activation
Clear labels for all control functions
11.6 Emergency stop buttons..
 Borcelle

11.7 USER RESPONSIBILITIES Company

➤ Employee ➤ Self-Employed
Responsibilities: Responsibilities:
Self-care and Care for Others Similar to a combination of
(HSW Act Section 7) employer and employee duties:
Cooperation (HSW Act Section 7) They are responsible for their own
Proper Use of Equipment safety and the safety of others,
using equipment properly, and
(Management Regulations 12)
addressing any safety hazards.
Reporting Hazards
(Management Regulations 12)
11.8 HAND-HELD TOOLS 1. Broken Handles

2 .Slipping Tools

3. Poor Quality Handles

4. Loose or Chipped Hammer Heads

5. Incorrectly Sharpened Chisels

6. Flying Particles

7. Electrical Hazards

8. Poor Insulation
Work equipment includes hand tools and hand-
held power tools. These tools need to be correct
for the task, well maintained and properly used. 9. Improper Extension
Hazards from the misuse or poor maintenance of
hand tools include: 10. Flammable Atmosphere
11.8 HAND-HELD TOOLS 01
Specially protected and insulated
tools for electricians
11.8.1 HAND TOOLS
Non-sparking tools for flammable
Hand tools should be properly
02 atmospheres and the use of non-
controlled including those tools percussion tools and cold cutting
owned by employees. methods

Tools made of suitable quality

The following controls are important. 03 materials which will not chip or splay
in normal use

The correct tools for the job, for

1. Suitability – all tools should be 04 example, using the right-sized
suitable for the purpose and location spanner and the use of mallets on
in which they are to be used. This will chisel heads
include:
Safety knives with enclosed blades for
05 regular cutting operations

Scissors with blunted ends

06
11.8 HAND-HELD TOOLS The regular inspection of hand tools
01
11.8.1 HAND TOOLS

2. Training – all users of hand tools should Discarding or prompt repair of

be properly trained in their use. This may
02 defective tools
well have been done through
apprenticeships and similar training. This
will be particularly important with Taking time to keep tools in the
specialist working conditions or work 03 proper condition and ready for use
involving young people.

Proper storage to prevent damage

3. Inspection - all tools should be 04 and corrosion
maintained in a safe and proper
condition.
This can be achieved through:
Locking tools away when not in use
05 to prevent them being used by
unauthorized people.
11.8.2 HAND-HELD POWER TOOLS

This section deals with other physical hazards relating to

this type of equipment, particularly a drill and sander.
Other hazards involve:

1. Mechanical entanglement in rotating spindles or

sanding discs
2. Waste material flying out of the cutting area
3. Coming into contact with the cutting blades or drill
bits
4. Risk of hitting electrical, gas or water services when
drilling into building surfaces
5. Manual handling problem with a risk of injury if the
tool is heavy or very powerful
6. Hand–arm vibration especially with petrol strimmers
and chainsaws
7. Tripping hazard from trailing cables or power supplies
8. Eye hazard from flying particles
11.9 MECHANICAL MACHINARY
Machinery movement basically consists of rotary, sliding or reciprocating action, or a
combination of these. These movements may cause injury by entanglement, friction
or abrasion, cutting, shearing, stabbing or puncture, impact, crushing, or by drawing
a person into a position where one or more of these types of injury can occur.

A person may be injured at machinery as a result of:

through being trapped between

Crushing Hazard a moving part of a machine and a
fixed structure, such as a wall or
any material in a machine
which traps part of the body,
typically a hand or fingers, Shearing Hazard
between moving and fixed parts
of the machine
Cutting or Severing through contact with a cutting
Hazard edge, such as a band saw or
with the machinery which grips rotating cutting disc
loose clothing, hair or working
material, such as emery paper,
Entanglement
around revolving exposed parts Hazard
of the machinery
 11.9 MECHANICAL MACHINARY

Drawing-in or such as between in-

Trapping Hazard running gear wheels or
when a moving part directly rollers or between belts
strikes a person, such as and pulley drives
with the accidental Impact Hazard
movement of a robot’s
working arm when
through ejection of
maintenance is taking place Stabbing or particles from a machine
Puncture Hazard or a sharp operating
component like a needle
for example, on grinding on a sewing machine
wheels or sanding Abrasion Hazard
machines
for example, from a
Ejection Hazard
hydraulic system leak
11.10 MOBILE WORK EQUIPMENT
11.10.1 HAZARDS OF MOBILE EQUIPMENT
Injuries from mobile equipment are predominantly related to:
1. Poor maintenance with defective brakes, tyres and steering
2. Poor visibility because of dirty mirrors and windows or loads
which obstruct the drivers’ view
3. Operating on rough ground or steep gradients which causes
the mobile equipment to turn on its side 90º plus or roll over
180º or more
4. Carrying of passengers without the proper accommodation for
them
5. People being flung out as they overturn and being crushed by
the vehicle
6. Being crushed under wheels as the vehicle moves
7. Being struck by a vehicle or an attachment
8. Lack of driver training or experience
9. Underlying causes of poor management procedures and
controls, safe working practices, information, instruction,
training and supervision.
11.10 MOBILE WORK EQUIPMENT
11.10.1 HAZARDS OF MOBILE EQUIPMENT

The machines most at risk of roll over according to

the HSE ( Health and Safety Executive) are:

Compact Dumpers

Agricultural Tractors

Variable reach rough terrain

trucks (telehandlers)
11.10 MOBILE WORK EQUIPMENT
11.10.2 EMPLOYEES CARRIED ON MOBILE WORK EQUIPMENT–REGULATION 25

No employee may be carried on mobile work equipment

unless:

01 It is suitable for carrying persons

It incorporates features to reduce risks as

02
low as is reasonably practicable, including
risks from wheels and tracks

03 Where there is a significant risk of falling

materials fit falling-object protective
structures (FOPS)
11.10 MOBILE WORK EQUIPMENT
11.10.3 ROLLOVER AND FALLING OBJECT PROTECTION (ROPS AND FOPS)

Rollover protective structures are now becoming much more

affordable and available for most types of mobile equipment where
there is a high risk of turning over. There use is spreading across most
developed countries and even some less well developed areas. A ROP
is a cab or frame that provides a safe zone for the vehicle operator in
the event of a rollover.

Falling object protective structures (FOPS), are required where

there is a significant risk of objects falling on the equipment
operator or other authorized person using the mobile equipment.
Canopies that protect against falling objects (FOPS) must be
properly designed and certified for that purpose. Front loaders,
working in woods or construction sites near scaffolding or
buildings under construction and high bay storage areas are all
locations where there is a risk of falling objects.
 11.11 NON-MECHANICAL MACHINERY HAZARDS
Non-mechanical hazards include:

1.Access: slips, trips and falls; falling and moving objects;

obstructions and projections
2.Lifting and handling
3.Electricity (including static electricity): shock, burns
4.Fire and explosion
5. Noise and vibration
6. Pressure and vacuum
7. High/low temperature
8. Inhalation of dust/fume/mist
9. Suffocation
10.Radiation: ionising and non-ionising
11. Biological: viral or bacterial.
12.Physiological effects (e.g. Musculo-skeletal dis - orders)
13.Psycho-physiological effects (e.g. mental overload or
underload)
14.Human errors
15.hazards from the environment where the machine is used
(e.g. temperature, wind, snow, lightning
11.12 EXAMPLES OF MACHINERY HAZARDS

The following examples are given to demonstrate a small range of

machines found in industry and commerce, which are included in the
Certificate syllabus.

Office – photocopier Office – document shredder Retail – compactor

The hazards are: The hazards are:
The hazards are:

Contact with moving parts when Drawing in between the rotating

cutters when feeding paper into Crushing hazard between the
clearing a jam ram and the machine sides
Electrical – when clearing a jam, the shredder
contact with the rotating cutters Trapping between the ram and
maintaining the machine or machine frame (shear action)
when emptying the waste
through poorly maintained plug
container or clearing a jam Crushing when the waste unit is
and wiring
Electrical through faulty plug and being changed if removed by
Heat through contact with hot
wiring or during maintenance truck
parts when clearing a jam
Noise from the cutting action of
Health hazard from ozone or lack
the machine
of ventilation in the area
11.12 EXAMPLES OF MACHINERY HAZARDS

The following examples are given to demonstrate a small range of

machines found in industry and commerce, which are included in the
Certificate syllabus.

Retail – checkout conveyor system Construction – cement/concrete .Construction – bench-mounted circular

The hazards are: mixer saw
The hazards are: The hazards are:
Entanglement with belt fasteners if Contact with the cutting blade above
fitted Contact and entanglement with
moving parts of the drive motor and below the bench
Drawing in between belt and Ejection of the work-piece or timber as
Crushing between loading
rollers if under tension it closes after passing the cutting blade
hopper (if fitted) and drum Drawing-in between chain and sprocket
Drawing in between drive belt and
Drawing-in between chain and or V belt drives
pulley
sprocket drives Contact and entanglement with moving
Contact or entanglement with
Electrical, if electrically powered parts of the drive motor
motor drive Burns from hot parts of engine Likely noise hazards from the cutting
Electrical from faulty wiring and/or Fire if highly flammable liquids action and motor
earthing or during maintenance used as fuel Health hazards from wood dust given
off during cutting
Electric shock from faulty wiring and/or
earthing or during maintenance
 11.13 PRACTICAL SAFEGUARDS
PUWER requires that access to dangerous parts of machinery should be
prevented in a preferred order or hierarchy of control methods. The
standard required is a ‘practicable’ one, so that the only acceptable reason
for non-compliance is that there is no technical solution.
The levels of protection required are, in order of implementation:

1. Fixed enclosing guarding

2. Other guards or protection devices, such as interlocked guards and
pressure sensitive mats
3. Protection appliances, such as jigs, holders and push-sticks and
4. The provision of information, instruction, training and supervision

Since the mechanical hazard of machinery arises principally from someone coming into
contact or entanglement with dangerous components, risk reduction is based on
preventing this contact occurring. This may be by means of:

1. A physical barrier between the individual and the component (e.g. a fixed enclosing
guard)
2. A device which only allows access when the component is in a safe state (e.g. an
interlocked guard which prevents the machine starting unless a guard is closed and acts
to stop the machine if the guard is opened) or
3. A device which detects that the individual is entering a risk area and then stops the
machine (e.g. certain photoelectric guards and pressure-sensitive mats)
 11.13 PRACTICAL SAFEGUARDS
11.13.1 FIXED GUARDS

Fixed guards have the advantage of being simple,

always in position, difficult to remove and almost
maintenance free. Their disadvantage is that they do
not always properly prevent access, they are often
left off by maintenance staff and can create
difficulties for the operation of the machine.

An alternative fixed guard is the distance fixed guard,

which does not completely enclose a hazard, but
which reduces access by virtue of its dimensions and
its distance from the hazard. Where perimeter-fence
guards are used, the guard must follow the contours
of the machinery as far as possible, thus minimizing
space between the guard and the machinery
11.13 PRACTICAL SAFEGUARDS
11.13.2 ADJUSTABLE GUARDS

User Adjusted Guard :

These are fixed or movable guards,
which are adjustable for a particular
operation during which they remain
fixed. Adjustable guards may be the
only option with cutting tools, which
are otherwise very difficult to guard, but
they have the disadvantage of requiring
frequent readjustment. By the nature of
the machines on which they are most
frequently used, there will still be some
access to the dangerous parts, so these
machines must only be used by suitably
trained operators.
11.13 PRACTICAL SAFEGUARDS
11.13.3 INTERLOCKING GUARD

This is a guard which is movable (or

which has a movable part) whose
movement is connected with the power
or control system of the machine.
An interlocking guard must be so
connected to the machine controls
such that:

1. Until the guard is closed the

interlock prevents the machinery
from operating by interrupting the
power medium
2. Either the guard remains locked
closed until the risk of injury from
the hazard has passed or opening
the guard causes the hazard to be
eliminated before access is possible
 11.14 OTHER SAFETY DEVICES
11.14.1 TRIP DEVICES Borcelle
Company

A trip device does not physically keep people away

but detects when a person approaches close to a
danger point. It should be designed to stop the
machine before injury occurs. A trip device depends
on the ability of the machine to stop quickly and in
some cases a brake may need to be fitted. Trip devices
can be:

1. Mechanical in the form of a bar or barrier

2. Electrical in the form of a trip switch on an
actuator rod, wire or other mechanism
3. Photoelectric or other type of presence-sensing
device
4. Pressure-sensitive mat
 11.14 OTHER SAFETY DEVICES
11.14.2 TWO-HANDED CONTROL DEVICES Borcelle
Company

These are devices which require the operator to have

both hands in a safe place (the location of the
controls) before the machine can be operated. They
are an option on machinery that is otherwise very
difficult to guard but they have the drawback that
they only protect the operator’s hands

1. The controls should be so placed, separated and protected as to prevent

spanning with one hand only, being operated with one hand and another
part of the body, or being readily bridged
2. It should not be possible to set the dangerous parts in motion unless the
controls are operated within approximately 0.5 seconds of each other.
3. Movement of the dangerous parts should be arrested immediately or,
where appropriate, arrested and reversed if one or both controls are
released while there is still danger from movement of the parts
4. The hand controls should be situated at such a distance from the danger
point that, on releasing the controls, it is not possible for the operator to
reach the danger point before the motion of the dangerous parts has been
arrested or, where appropriate, arrested and reversed.
 11.14 OTHER SAFETY DEVICES
11.14.3 HOLD-TO-RUN CONTROL Borcelle
Company

This is a control which allows movement of the

machinery only as long as the control is held in a set
position. The control must return automatically to the
stop position when released. Where the machinery
runs at crawl speed, this speed should be kept as low
as practicable.

Hold-to-run controls give even less protection to the

operator than two-handed controls and have the
same main drawback in that they give no protection
to anyone other than the operator.
APPLICATION OF SAFEGUARDS TO THE RANGE OF MACHINES
OFFICE – PHOTOCOPIER

All-Enclosing Case
Interlocked Access Doors
Insulated Electrics
Regular Inspection
Portable Appliance Testing Schedule
Good Ventilation

OFFICE – DOCUMENT SHREDDER

Enclosed Fixed Guards

Interlocks
Trip Device
Portable Appliance Testing Schedule
Ventilation
Noise Management
APPLICATION OF SAFEGUARDS TO THE RANGE OF MACHINES
MANUFACTURING AND MAINTENANCE –
BENCH TOP GRINDER
Wheel Enclosure Regular Maintenance
Adjustable Tool Rest Dust Extraction
Eye Protection
Proper Training
Speed Marking
Noise Control

MANUFACTURING AND MAINTENANCE –

PEDESTAL DRILL

Fixed Guard for Motor and Drive

Adjustable Spindle Guard
Workpiece Clamp
Regular Maintenance
Cutting Fluid Containment
Eye Protection
APPLICATION OF SAFEGUARDS TO THE RANGE OF MACHINES

AGRICULTURAL/HORTICULTURAL –
CYLINDER MOWER

Grass Collection Box Safe Refueling

Automatic Blade Stop on Pedestrian-Controlled Covering Hot Surfaces
Machines cv Engine Fumes
Automatic Blade Stop on Ride-On Machines Noise Control
Encased Drives and Motor Dust and Allergens

AGRICULTURAL/HORTICULTURAL –
BRUSH CUTTER/STRIMMER

Enclosed Moving Parts Safe Refueling

Fixed Drive Shaft Cover Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Fixed Drive Shaft Cover Hearing Protection
cv
Line Changes Vibration Control
Health Precautions
Engine Operation
Proper Harness
APPLICATION OF SAFEGUARDS TO THE RANGE OF MACHINES

RETAIL – COMPACTOR

Interlocked Access Doors Mechanical Restraints

Hydraulic Ram Pressure Dumping Emergency Stop Buttons
Proper Guarding of Motor Drives
Interlocked Ram Mechanism
Regular Inspections

RETAIL – CHECKOUT CONVEYOR

Fixed or Interlocked Guards

Guarded Motor and Drive Unit
Emergency Stop Buttons
Regular Electrical Inspections
Auto Stop System
 CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION –
BENCH-MOUNTED
CEMENT MIXER CIRCULAR SAW

Operator Visibility and Restricted Use Fixed Guard for Blade Below Bench
Enclosed Drives and Rotating Parts Fixed Guards for Motor and Drives
Enclosed Drum Gearing Adjustable Top Guard
No Standing on Machine Riving Knife
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Noise Attenuation
Safe Handling of Flammable Liquids Weather Protection
Engine Operation Regular Electrical and Mechanical Checks
Electrical Safety Extraction Ventilation
Noise Control Dust Masks
 CHAINSAW Detailed guidelines for
operating chainsaws safely.
Maintenance and Inspection:
Operational Requirements: Regular maintenance is crucial, including checks on
Chainsaws should only be operated by fully trained and safety devices, guards, and components like the chain
competent individuals. Training and certification are brake and anti-vibration mounts.
required for those engaged in tree work, unless specific Fueling and Lubrication Safety:
exemptions apply under agricultural operations. Proper fueling practices should be followed.

Competence Assessment: Kickback Prevention:

Operators must be assessed for competence under Measures to prevent kickback include proper handling
PUWER 98 regulations. Training should include techniques, using low-kickback chains, and keeping the
procedures for raising alarms in case of emergencies saw below chest height during operation
when working alone. .
Safety During Operation:
Engineering Controls: Operators should maintain safe distances, ensure
Moving engine parts must be enclosed, and electrical clear chainsaw paths, and be aware of overhead
units should be double insulated with residual hazards like power lines and underground services.
current devices on cables.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Safety Features: PPE includes safety helmet, hearing protection, eye
Chainsaws must be equipped with a top handle and protection, chainsaw jackets, gloves, leg protection,
an effective brake mechanism to ensure operator and chainsaw boots as per EN standards. PPE selection

safety. should be based on risk assessments for the task and

environment.
 GUARD CONSTRUCTION

Guard construction is the process of designing and building protective covers for
machinery to prevent access to dangerous areas, ensuring safety during
operation.

Key considerations for guard construction:

Strength: Guards must withstand operational forces and impacts.
Weight and Size: Should facilitate easy maintenance.
Compatibility: Must work with processed materials and lubricants.
Hygiene and Safety: Should comply with food safety regulations.
Visibility: Ensure visibility for operational and safety needs.
Noise Attenuation: Guards can reduce machine noise.
Air Flow: Allow proper ventilation where needed.
Hazards: Guards should be free of sharp edges.
Maintenance: Easy to clean and maintain.
Openings: Sized to prevent access to dangerous parts as per standards.
CONSTRUCTION
ACTIVITIES
HAZARD &
CONTROL
 Importance for Health and Safety Practitioners
CONSTRUCTION Given the industry's pervasive impact, health and safety practitioners need a
ACTIVITIES HAZARD basic understanding of construction hazards and legal requirements, as most
workplaces will involve some construction-related activities.
& CONTROL
INTRODUCTION
Historical Safety Record
The construction industry
includes a wide range of 1966: 292 fatalities
STATISTIC 70%
activities, from large civil 1995: 62 fatalities
engineering projects to small 2000/2001: 106 fatalities
house extensions. It is composed
of about 200,000 firms, with most
The majority of these fatalities (over 70%) were due
employing fewer than seven
people. The use of to falls from height, and the figures include deaths
subcontractors is common at all of both workers and members of the public, such as
levels of the Industry. children playing on construction sites.
CONSTRUCTION HAZARDS AND CONTROL
THE SAFE PLACE OF WORK
Unsafe Access:
Ensure pathways, ladders, and scaffolds are regularly inspected
and well-maintained to prevent slips and falls.
Unsecured Excavations:
Fence off and cover open excavations securely when not in use to
prevent falls and entrapment.
Site Condition Risks:
Maintain a tidy site to reduce accidents caused by clutter and
ensure proper waste disposal practices.
Security Measures:
Secure gates, maintain perimeter fences, and consider additional
security like patrols and CCTV to prevent unauthorized access and
theft.
Hazardous Substances Storage:
Safely store flammable materials with proper signage and
ventilation to minimize fire hazards and health risks.
Safety Around Children:
Educate local schools about site dangers and implement measures
to prevent children from entering the construction site.
CONSTRUCTION HAZARDS AND CONTROL
WORK AT HEIGHT
Fall Risks: PROTECTION AGAINST FALLS FROM
Control measures include thorough WORK AT HEIGHT
risk assessment, prioritizing The Work at Height Regulations mandate
avoidance of work at height where guard rails on scaffolds to be at least 950
possible, and implementing fall mm high, with gaps not exceeding 470
protection systems such as mm. Intermediate guard rails, toe boards,
guardrails and harnesses. or screening may be used for additional
Planning Issues: protection.
Control through comprehensive
planning, ensuring stable platforms Falls from Height
like scaffolds and with proper the key hazards associated with
guardrails, and regular equipment working at height and the
maintenance. corresponding control measures as
Training Deficits: outlined by the Work at Height
Control by providing thorough Regulations.
training in safe practices and
emergency procedures.
CONSTRUCTION HAZARDS AND CONTROL
PROTECTION AGAINST FALLING
FRAGILE ROOFS AND SURFACES
OBJECTS
Risk Assessment: Before starting work on pitched roofs, Ensuring safety for both workers and the
conduct a specific risk assessment and method public.
statement.
Preventive Measures:
Watch out for fragile roofing materials, exposed Use covered walkways, netting, chutes, or
edges, unsafe access equipment, and potential hoists to manage falling debris and minimize
falls from girders or ridges. material storage on working platforms.

Access and Protection: Head Protection Requirement:

Use safe access methods like scaffolding, Employers must provide and maintain hard
ladders, and crawling boards. Install barriers, hats for workers at risk of head injuries;
guard rails, and warning signs where necessary. exceptions apply for Sikhs wearing turbans.

Safety Measures: Mandatory signage on site

Only allow trained and competent personnel to
work on roofs. Ensure they wear appropriate
footwear for good grip, and avoid working alone
whenever possible.
CONSTRUCTION HAZARDS AND CONTROL
DEMOLITION Provide appropriate PPE to workers based
on identified hazards:
Demolition operations are governed by the Hard hats, gloves, and eye protection
Construction (Design and Management) to protect against falling debris.
Regulations. Respiratory protection for dust and
hazardous substances like
Requires a planning supervisor and a health asbestos.Hearing protection for noise
and safety plan. generated by demolition activities.

Site Investigation:
Conducted before demolition to assess
risks to workers and the public.
Includes examination of structure details,
hazardous substances, and nearby
public areas.
CONSTRUCTION HAZARDS AND CONTROL
EXCAVATIONS PREVENTION OF DROWNING
Excavations must be constructed so Where construction work takes
that they are safe environments for place over water, steps should
construction work to take place.
be taken to prevent people
falling into the water and rescue
They must also be fenced and suitable
equipment should be available at
notices posted so that neither people
nor vehicles fall into them as required
all times
by the Work at Height Regulations.
CONSTRUCTION HAZARDS AND CONTROL
VEHICLES AND TRAFFIC ROUTES FIRE AND OTHER EMERGENCIES
three main causes of such accidents are:
➤ overturning on slopes and at the edges of
excavations Emergency procedures relevant to the site should
➤ poorly maintained braking systems, and be in place to prevent or reduce injury arising from
➤ driver error due to lack of training and/or fire, explosions, flooding or structural collapse.
inexperience.
These procedures should include the location of
The following site controls should also be in place: fire points and assembly points, extinguisher
➤ designated traffic routes and signs provision, site evacuation, contact with the
➤ speed limits emergency services, accident reporting and
➤ stop blocks used when the vehicle is stationary investigation and rescue from excavations and
➤ proper inspection and maintenance procedures confine spaces.
➤Check
➤ provision of roll-over protective structures (ROPS)
and seat restraints
➤ provision of falling-object protective structures
(FOPS) when there is a risk of being hit by falling
materials
CONSTRUCTION HAZARDS AND CONTROL
WELFARE FACILITIES ELECTRICITY
Voltage Use:
The Health and Safety Executive has been concerned
Use 110 V equipment in wet conditions to
for some time at the poor standard of welfare facilities
reduce electric shock risks.
on many construction sites.

Sanitary and washing facilities(including Residual Current Devices (RCDs):

showers if necessary) with an adequate supplyof Install RCDs with all mains electrical equipment
drinking water should be provided for everybody to quickly cut off power in case of faults.
working on the site.
Working Near Power Lines:
Accommodation will be Deactivate power or use 'goal
required for the posts' or tape to prevent
changing and storage of contact with overhead power
clothes and rest lines by workers or tall vehicles.
facilities for break times.
Underground Lines:
There should be adequate first-aid provision (an accident Locate and mark underground
book) and protective clothing againstadverse weather supply lines before any digging
conditions. to avoid damage or accidents.
CONSTRUCTION HAZARDS AND CONTROL
NOISE HEALTH HAZARDS
Dust Exposure:
Generated from cutting, grinding, or demolition,
Silencers:
containing hazardous substances like silica,
Install silencers on noisy machinery to lower asbestos, or wood dust, leading to respiratory
noise emissions. diseases.
Chemical Exposures:
Workshop Noise: Handling solvents, adhesives, paints, and coatings
can cause respiratory issues, dermatitis, or
Conduct noise surveys in workshops, like
systemic toxicity through inhalation, skin contact, or
those with woodworking machines. If noise ingestion.
levels surpass the second action level,
Biological Hazards:
workers must wear ear defenders. Activities like excavation may
expose workers to biological
hazards such as mold, bacteria, or
animal waste.
Psychosocial Hazards:
High-pressure environments, long
hours, and demanding labor can
contribute to stress, fatigue, and
mental health issues among
workers.
CONSTRUCTION HAZARDS AND CONTROL
WASTE DISPOSAL
Skip Placement:
Position skips on stable, level
ground away from main construction
activities for easy access and
removal.

Skip Inspection:
Check skip integrity upon arrival to Skip Management:
ensure it's suitable for use. Avoid overfilling skips; cover them with nets or
sheets once full to prevent spillage.
Filling Methods:
Use chutes or mechanical means to Hazardous Waste:
fill skips whenever possible. Hand Segregate and handle hazardous waste
filling should follow safe handling .Adhere to specific disposal procedures for
practices. hazardous materials
 THE MANAGEMENT OF CONSTRUCTION
ACTIVITIES
Construction activities under CDM 2007:
1. CDM 2007 Overview:
Scope: Applies to all construction projects, emphasizing health and safety integration from
feasibility to project completion.

Key Duty Holders:

Client: Responsible for appointing competent parties, ensuring adequate project timeframes,
and coordinating project safety.
Designer: Prepares construction designs, eliminates hazards where possible, and shares
health and safety information.
CDM Coordinator: Advises clients on health and safety risks, coordinates design health and
safety aspects, and prepares the health and safety file.
Principal Contractor: Manages construction phase health and safety, ensures site welfare
facilities, and implements the construction phase health and safety plan.
 16.5 WORKING
ABOVE GROUND
LEVEL OR
WHERE THERE IS A
RISK OF FALLING
 The significance of injuries resulting from
Hazards and falls from height, such as fatalities and

controls other major injuries, have been dealt with

earlier in the tingchapter from falls from as has the
associated height, such as fatalities and other major injuries, have
importance and legal requirements for
been dealt with earlier in the chapter as has the import-

with head protection.

many hazards
Alsofor head
nd legal requirements

covered were theinvolved

covered were the
protection. Also

in inworking
many hazards involved working at
working above at height, including fragile roofs and the deterioration
height, ofincluding fragile
materials, unprotected edges androofs and the
falling materials.

ground level deterioration of materials, unprotected

edges and falling materials.
 Materials that
can prevent falls
Access Equipment
There are many different types of access equipment, but
only the following four categories will be considered here:

01 02 03 04

Prefabricated Mobile
Ladder Scaffold mobile scaffold elevated
towers work
platforms
Ladder
The main cause of accidents
involving ladders is ladder
movement while in use. This
occurs when they have not
been secured to a fi xed point,
particularly at the foot.
Three common materials used
1 2 3
Aluminum Timber Glass Fibre
The following factors should be Certain work should not be attempted using
ladders. This includes work where:
considered when using ladders:
ensure that the use of a ladder is the safest a secure hand hold is not available
means of access given the work to be done and the work is at an excessive height
the height to be climbed where the ladder cannot be secured or made
the location itself needs to be checked. stable
the ladder needs to be stable in use. the work is of long duration
there should be at least 1 m of ladder above the the work area is very large
stepping off point the equipment or materials to be used are heavy
the work activity must be considered in some or bulky
detail. the weather conditions are adverse
workers who are to use ladders must be trained there is no protection from passing vehicles.
in the correct method of use and selection.
ladders should be inspected (particularly for
damaged or missing rungs) and maintained on a
regular basis and they should only be repaired
by competent persons
the transportation and storage of ladders is
important since much damage can occur at
these times.
 Scaffolds

also called scaffolding or staging,

is a temporary structure that
allows people to stand on a
stable platform for work at
height or in hard-to-reach places.
There are two basic types of external scaffold:

1 2
Independent Tied Putlog
this form of scaffolding is usually used
these are scaffolding structures
during the construction of a building. A
which are independent of the building
putlog is a scaffold tube which spans
but tied to it
horizontally from the scaffold into the
often using a window or window
building – the end of the tube is
recess. This is the
flattened and is usually positioned
most common form of scaffolding
between two brick courses.
The following factors must be addressed if a scaffold is
being considered for use for construction purposes:

regular inspections of the scaffold must be made

and recorded.
the public must be protected at all stages of the
work
overloading of the scaffold must be avoided
the scaffold should be properly braced, secured
to the building or structure
lower level uprights should be prominently
marked in red and white stripes
the scaffold should be sited away from or
protected from traffic routes so that it is not
damaged by vehicles
work platforms should be fully boarded with no
tipping or tripping hazards
the scaffold must have safe access and egress
Prefabricated
mobile
scaffold
towers
provide convenient access to
elevated areas and can freely
move around on site without the
need to dismantle the entire set.
The following points must be considered when
mobile scaffold towers are to be used:
the selection, erection and dismantling of mobile
scaffold towers must be undertaken by
competent and trained persons with maximum
height to base ratios not being exceeded
diagonal bracing and stabilizers should always
be used
access ladders must be fi tted to the narrowest
side of the tower or inside the tower and
persons should not climb up the frame of the
tower
all wheels must be locked while work is in
progress and all persons must vacate the tower
before it is moved
the tower working platform must be boarded,
fitted with guardrails and toe boards and not
overloaded
towers must be tied to a rigid structure if
exposed to windy weather or to be used for work
such as jet blasting
 Mobile
elevated
work
platforms
is a mobile machine. It is used to
move persons to working
positions where they are carrying
out work from the work platform
The following factors must be considered when
using mobile elevated work platforms:

the mobile elevated work platform must only be

operated by trained and competent persons
it must never be moved in the elevated position
it must be operated on level and stable ground
with consideration being given for the stability
and loading of floors
the tyres must be properly inflated and the
wheels immobilized
outriggers should be fully extended and locked
in position
due care must be exercised with overhead
power supplies obstructions and adverse
weather conditions
warning signs should be displayed and
barrierserected to avoid collisions
 Excavations
is the process of moving earth, rock, or other materials using tools,
equipment, or explosives. It includes earthwork, trenching, wall shafts,
tunneling, and underground.
Hazards associated with excavations

The specific hazards associated with excavations are as follows:

➤collapse of the sides

➤ materials falling on workers in the excavation
➤ falls of people and/or vehicles into the excavation
➤ workers being struck by plant
➤ specialist equipment such as pneumatic drills
➤ hazardous substances particularly near the site of
current or former industrial processes
➤ influx of ground or surface water and entrapment in
silt or mud
➤ proximity of stored materials, waste materials or plant
➤ proximity of adjacent buildings or structures and
their stability
Electrical Hazards and Control
INTRODUCTION
Electricity is a widely used,
efficient and convenient, but
potentially hazardous method of
transmitting and using
energy. It is in use in every
factory, workshop, laboratory
and office in the country. Any use
of electricity has the
potential to be very hazardous
with possible fatal results.
PRINCIPLE OF ELECTRICITY
AND SOME DEFINITIONS
Electricity is the flow or movement of electrons
through a substance which allows the transfer of
electrical energy from one position to another. The
substance through which the electricity flows is
called a conductor. ThE flow or movement of
electrons is known as the electric current.

There are two forms of electric current – direct

and alternating.
The flow rate of water through the pipe
(measured in litres/s) is similar to the
current flowing through the conductor
which is measured in amperes, normally
abbreviated to amps. Formula

THE VOLTAGE (V), THE CURRENT (I)

AND THE RESISTANCE (R) ARE
The electrical “pressure difference” or RELATED BY THE FOLLOWING
potential difference is measured in volts. FORMULA, KNOWN AS OHM’S LAW:

V = I X R (VOLTS)
electricity, the poorer the conductor, the
higher the resistance is to electrical AND, ELECTRICAL POWER
(P) IS GIVEN BY:
current and the lower the current
becomes. Electrical resistance is P = V X I (WATTS)
measured in ohms.
 CONDUCTOR AND
INSULATOR
Conductors are nearly always metals, copper being a
particularly good conductor, and are usually in wire form but
they can be gases or liquids, water being a particularly good
conductor of electricity. Very poor conductors are known as
insulators and include materials such as rubber, timber and
plastics.

SHORT CIRCUIT
A short circuit happens when electricity takes an
unintended shortcut, usually because wires touch
or insulation is damaged, leading to too much
current flowing through the circuit.
 EARTHING
Earthing, also known as grounding, is the process
of connecting electrical systems or devices to the
ground (earth). This is done to provide a safe path
for excess or fault electrical current to flow into
the ground, preventing electric shocks and
protecting equipment from damage. Earthing helps
stabilize voltage levels, ensures safety, and
improves the overall performance of electrical
systems.
 SOME DEFINITIONS

Low voltage – a voltage normally not High voltage – a voltage normally

exceeding 600 V ac between exceeding 600 V ac between
conductors and earth or 1000 V ac conductors and earth or 1000 V ac
between phases. Mains voltage falls between phases.
into this category.

Mains voltage – this is the common Maintenance – a combination of any

voltage available in domestic actions carried out to retain an item
premises and many workplaces and is of electrical equipment in, or
normally taken from three pin socket restore it to, an acceptable and safe
points. condition.
 SOME DEFINITIONS
Testing – a measurement carried out
to monitor the conditions of an item Inspection – a maintenance action
of electrical equipment without involving the careful scrutiny of an
physically altering the construction item of electrical equipment, using, if
of the item or the electrical system necessary,
to which it is connected.

Competent electrical person – a

person possessing sufficient
electrical knowledge and experience
to avoid the risks to health and safety
associated with electrical equipment
and electricity in general.

Examination – an inspection together

Isolation – involves cutting off the
with the possible partial dismantling
electrical supply from all or a
of an item of electrical equipment, in
discrete section of the installation
order to arrive at a reliable
by separating the installation or
conclusion as to its condition and
section from every source of
safety.
electrical energy.
ELECTRICAL HAZARD
AND INJURIES
Electricity is a safe, clean and quiet method of transmitting
energy. However, this apparently safe source of energy when
accidentally brought into contact with conducting material,
such as people, animals or metals, permits releases of energy
which may result in serious damage or loss of life.

The principal hazards associated with electricity are:

➤ electric shock ➤ electric burns
➤ electrical fires and explosions ➤ arcing
➤ portable electrical equipment ➤ secondary hazards.
 Electrical Shock Treatment of Electrical
and Burns Shock and Burns
Electric shock is the convulsive reaction 1. On finding a person suffering from electric
by the human body to the flow of electric shock, raise the alarm by calling for help from
current through it. This sense of shock is colleagues (including a trained first aider).
accompanied by pain and, in more severe
cases, by burning. The shock can be 2. Switch off the power if it is possible and/or
produced by low voltages, high voltages or the position of the emergency isolation switch
lightning. is known

3. Call for an ambulance

4. If it is not possible to switch off the power,

then push or pull the person away from the
conductor using an object made from a good
insulator, such as a wooden chair or broom.
 Treatment of Electrical
Shock and Burns
5. If the person is breathing, place them in 8. If the person regains consciousness, treat
the recovery position so that an open for normal shock
airway is maintained and the mouth can
drain if necessary. 9. Remain with the person until they are
taken to a hospital or local surgery.
6. If the person is not breathing apply
mouth-to-mouth resuscitation and, in the
absence of a pulse, chest compressions.
When the person is breathing normally
place them in the recovery position

7. Treat any burns by placing a sterile

dressing over the burn and secure with a
bandage. Any loose skin or blisters should
not be touched nor any lotions or
ointments applied to the burn wound
ELECTRICAL FIRES AND
EXPLOSION

Electrical fires are often caused by a lack of

reasonable care in the maintenance and use of
electrical installations and equipment.

The most common causes of fire in electrical

installations are short circuits, overheating of
cables and equipment, the ignition of flammable
gases and vapours, and the ignition of combustible
substances by static electrical discharges.
ELECTRIC ARCING

A person who is standing on earth too close to a

high voltage conductor may suffer flash burns
as a result of arc formation, and such burns
may be extensive and lower the resistance of
the skin so that electric shock may add to the
ill effects. The risk of arcing can be reduced by
the insulation of live conductors, and strong
electromagnetic fields induce surface charges
on people, which may cause localized pain or
bruising.
STATIC ELECTRICITY
Static electricity is produced by the
➤ THE RISK OF A STRIKE
build-up of electrons on weak OCCURRING
➤ THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE
electrical conductors or insulating LIKELY TO BE AFFECTED
materials. The generation of static may ➤ THE LOCATION OF STRUCTURE
AND THE NEARNESS OF OTHER
be caused by the rapid separation of TALL STRUCTURES IN THE
VICINITY
highly insulated materials by friction or ➤ THE TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION,
by transfer from one highly charged INCLUDING THE MATERIALS
USED
material to another in an electric field ➤ THE CONTENTS OF STRUCTURE
OR BUILDING (INCLUDING ANY
by induction. FL AMMABLE SUBSTANCES)
➤ THE VALUE OF THE BUILDING
AND ITS CONTENTS.
Portable electrical tools often present
a high risk of injury, which is frequently
caused by the conditions under which
they are used. These conditions include
the use of defective or unsuitable
equipment and, indeed, the misuse of
equipment. Many accidents are caused by
faulty flexible cables, extension leads,
plugs and sockets, particularly when
these items become damp or worn.
SECONDARY HAZARD

Secondary hazards are those

additional hazards which present
themselves as a result of an
electrical hazard. It is very
important that these hazards are
considered during risk assessment.
 GENERAL CONTROL MEASURES FOR
ELECTRICAL HAZARD
The principal control measures for electrical hazards are contained in
the statutory precautionary requirements covered by the Electricity at
Work Regulations.

➤ the design, construction and maintenance of ➤ the suitability of joints and connections used in
electrical systems, work activities and protective electrical systems
equipment ➤ means for protection from excess current
➤ the strength and capability of electrical ➤ means for cutting off the supply and for
equipment isolation
➤ the protection of equipment against adverse and ➤ the precautions to be taken for work on
hazardous environments equipment made dead
➤ the insulation, protection and placing of ➤ working on or near live conductors
electrical conductors ➤ adequate working space, access and lighting
➤ the earthing of conductors and other suitable ➤ the competence requirements for persons
precautions working on electrical equipment to prevent danger
➤ the integrity of referenced conductors and injury.
 THE SELECTION AND SUITABILITY OF
EQUIPMENT
Many factors which affect the selection of suitable electrical equipment, such as flammable, explosive
and damp atmospheres and adverse weather conditions, have already been considered. The equipment
selected must be suitable for the task demanded or either it will become overloaded or running costs
will be too high. The equipment should be installed to a recognized standard and capable of being
isolated in the event of an emergency. It is also important that the equipment is effectively and safely
earthed.

FUSE INSULATION ISOLATION

1.
PROS: 1.
PROS: 1.
PROS:
1.OVERCURRENT PROTECTION 1.ENHANCE SAFETY
1.ENHANCE SAFETY
2. FIRE HAZARD PREVENTION 2. CONTROLLED ACCESS
2.FIRE AND EXPLOSION
3. CLEAR PROCEDURES
PREVENTION
CONS:
3.PROTECTION OF EQUIPMENT
1.SLOW RESPONSE TIME CONS:
2.REPLACEMENT NEEDEd 1.TIME CONSUMING
CONS:
3.POTENTIAL FOR 2.PRONE FOR HUMAN ERROR
1.BREAKDOWN RISK
DANGEROUS SITUATION 3.ECCESS RESTRICTION
 THE SELECTION AND SUITABILITY OF
EQUIPMENT

REDUCE LOW VOLTAGE RESIDUAL CURRENT DOUBLE INSULATION

SYSTEMS DEVICES
1. 1. 1.
PROS: PROS:
PROS: 1.ELIMINATE NEEDS FOR
1.SHOCK PREVENTION
1.INCREASE SAFETY EARTHINGS
2.FIRE PREVENTION
2. APPLICATION VERSATILITY 2. ENHANCE SAFETY
3.HIGH SENSITIVITY
3. SAFER LIGHTING 3. EASY TO USE
4. SAFETY STANDARDS
4. BATTERY OPERATED TOOLS

CONS: CONS:
CONS: 1.REGULAR MAINTENANCE
1.NOT A COMPLETE SOLUTION
1.REDUCED POWER REQUIRED
2. MAINTENANCE REQUIRED
2. LIMITED RANGE 2.DISCARD IF DAMAGE
3. DEPENDENT ON PROPER
3.INCREASED EQUIPMENT COST 3. LIMITED PROTECTION
INSTALLATION
 INSPECTION AND
MAINTENANCE STRATEGIES
MAINTENANCE STRATEGIES
Regular maintenance is required to
➤ THE CLEANLINESS OF INSULATOR
ensure that a serious risk of injury or AND CONDUCTOR SURFACES
fire does not result from installed
➤ THE MECHANICAL AND
electrical equipment. Maintenance ELECTRICAL INTEGRITY OF ALL
JOINTS AND CONNECTIONS
standards should be set as high as
➤ THE INTEGRITY OF MECHANICAL
possible, with inspection periods MECHANISMS, SUCH AS
SWITCHES AND RELAYS
determined by manufacturer
recommendations and operating conditions. ➤ THE CALIBRATION, CONDITION
AND OPERATION OF ALL
The mechanical safety of driven machinery PROTECTION EQUIPMENT, SUCH AS
CIRCUIT BREAKERS, RCDS AND
is vital, and electrical maintenance and SWITCHES.

isolation of powered drives are essential

for overall safety.
 INSPECTION AND
MAINTENANCE STRATEGIES
INSPECTION STRATEGIES
Regular inspection of electrical equipment is an essential component of
any preventative maintenance programme and, therefore, regular
inspection is required.

➤ a means of identifying the equipment to be tested

➤ the number and type of appliances to be tested
➤ the competence of those who will undertake the testing
➤ the legal requirements for portable appliance testing (PAT) and other
electrical equipment testing and the guidance available
➤ organizational duties of those with responsibilities for PAT and other
electrical equipment testing
➤ test equipment selection and re-calibration
➤ the development of a recording, monitoring and review system
➤ the development of any training requirements result-
ing from the test programme.
 PORTABLE ELECTRICAL
APPLIANCES TESTING
Portable appliances should be subject to three levels of inspection; a suers check a formal
visual inspection and a combined inspection and test.

User checks
➤ is there a recent portable appliance test label attached to the equipment?
➤ are any bare wires visible?
➤ is the cable covering undamaged and free from cuts and abrasions ?
➤ is the cable too long or too short?
➤is the plug in good condition, for example, the casing is not cracked and the pins are not
bent?
➤ are there no taped or other non-standard joints in the cable?
➤ is the outer covering of the cable gripped where it enters the plug or the equipment?
➤ is the outer case of the equipment undamaged or loose and are all screws in place?
➤ are there any overheating or burn marks on the plug, cable, sockets or the equipment?
➤ are the trip devices (RCDs) working effectively ?
PORTABLE ELECTRICAL
APPLIANCES TESTING
FORMAL VISUAL INSPECTION AND
TEST
There should be a formal visual
➤ THAT THE POLARITY IS CORRECT
inspection routinely carried out on
➤ THAT THE CORRECT FUSES ARE
all portable electrical appliances, BEING USED

and faulty equipment should be ➤ THAT ALL CABLES AND CORES

ARE EFFECTIVELY TERMINATED
taken out of service as soon as the
➤ THAT THE EQUIPMENT IS
damage is noticed. A programme of SUITABLE FOR ITS ENVIRONMENT.

testing and inspection will be

necessary to identify problems that
visual inspections cannot spot.
 PORTABLE ELECTRICAL
APPLIANCES TESTING
frequency of inspection and testing records of inspection and testing
The frequency of inspection and testing Records of inspection and testing must
should be based on a risk assessment which is include both individual items of equipment
related to the usage, type, and operational and a description of the complete system
environment of the equipment. It is very or section of the system, and they should
important to stress that there is no ‘correct’ always be kept up-to-date with an audit
interval for testing – it depends on the procedure in place to monitor the records
frequency of usage, type of equipment, how
and any required actions.
and where it is used.
 PORTABLE ELECTRICAL
APPLIANCES TESTING
advantages limitations
➤ an earlier recognition of potentially serious ➤ some fixed equipment is tested too often leading
equipment faults, such as poor earthing, frayed and to excessive costs
damaged cables and cracked plugs ➤ some unauthorized portable equipment, such as
➤ discovery of incorrect or inappropriate electrical personal kettles, are never tested since there is no
supply and/or equipment record of them
➤ discovery of incorrect fuses being used ➤ equipment may be misused or over-used between
➤ a reduction in the number of electrical accidents tests due to a lack of understanding of the meaning
➤ the misuse of portable appliances may be monitored of the test results
➤ equipment selection procedures can be checked ➤ all faults, including trivial ones, are included on
➤ an increased awareness of the hazards associated the action list so that the list becomes very long
with electricity and the more significant faults are forgotten or
➤ a more regular maintenance regime should result. overlooked
➤ the level of competence of the tester can be too
low
THANK YOU