INDEX

SR.NO TITLE

1 INTRODUCTION

2 DIFFERENT TYPES OF CEMENT

1.Portland cement
2.Low heat blast furnace Portland cement
3.Rapid hardening cement
4.Sulphat resisting cement
5.High alumina cement
6.ferro cement

3 CONCLUSION

4 BIOGRAPHY
 INTRODUCTION

A cement is a binder, a substance used for construction that sets,

hardens, and adheres to other materials to bind them together.
Cement is seldom used on its own, but rather to bind sand and
gravel (aggregate) together. Cement mixed with fine aggregate
produces mortar for masonry, or with sand and gravel, produces
concrete.

Cements used in construction are usually inorganic, often lime or

calcium silicate based, and can be characterized as either hydraulic
or non-hydraulic, depending on the ability of the cement to set in the
presence of water (see hydraulic and non-hydraulic lime plaster).

\ Non-hydraulic cement does not set in wet conditions or under

water. Rather, it sets as it dries and reacts with carbon dioxide in the
air. It is resistant to attack by chemicals after setting.

Hydraulic cements (e.g., Portland cement) set and become

adhesivedue to a chemical reaction between the dry ingredients and
water. The chemical reaction results in mineral hydrates that are
not very water-soluble and so are quite durable in water and safe
from chemical attack. This allows setting in wet conditions or
under water and further protects the hardened material from
chemical attack.
 DIFFERENT TYPES OF CEMENT

2.1 PORTLAND CEMENT

Portland cement is the most common type of cement in general use

around the world as a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar, stucco,
and non-specialty g!.Q.Lt. It was developed from other types of
hydraulic lime in England in the mid 19th century', and usually
originates from limestone. It is a fine powder, produced by heating
limestone and clay minerals in a kiln to form clinker, grinding the
clinker, and adding 2 to 3 percent of gypsum. Several types of
Portland cement are available. The most common, called ordinary
Portland cement (OPC), is grey in colour, but white Portland cement
is also available. Its name is derived from its similarity to Portland
stone which was quarried on the Isle of of Portland in Dorset,
England.
Manufacturing
❖ Raw Materials:-

l. Calcareous (material having content of lime)

2. Argillaceous (material having contents of silica & alumina)
3. Gypsum

❖ Process:-

Cement is usually manufactured by two processes:

l. Wet process
2. Dry process

These two processes differ in operation but fundamentals of both

these processes are same. In Pakistan, most of the factories use Wet
Process for the production of cement. There are five stages in
manufacturing of cement by wet process:

Crushing and grinding of raw material

2. Mixing the material in proportion

3. Heating the prepared mixture in rotary kiln

4. Grinding the heated product known as clinker

5. Mixing and grinding of cement clinker with gypsum

❖ Uses of OPC (Ordinary Portland Cement):-

It is used for general construction purposes where special properties

are not required. It is normally used for the reinforced concrete
buildings, bridges, pavements, and where soil conditions are normal.
It is also used for most of concrete masonry units and for all uses
where the concrete is not subject to special sulfate hazard or where
the heat generated by hydration of cement is not objectionable. It has
great resistance to cracking and shrinkage but has less resistance to
chemical attacks

2.2 LOW HEAT BLAST FURNACE PORTLAND CEMENT

Blast furnace slag cement is the mixture of ordinary Portland cement

and fine granulated blast furnace slag obtained as a by product in the
manufacture of steel with percent under 70% to that of cement.
Ground granulated blast furnace slag cement (GGBFS) is a fine
glassy granules which contain cementatious properties.
Manufacture and Constituents of Blast-Furnace Slag Cemen

for

Fig I : Extraction of molten Slag from Blast Furnace.

 Constituents of the Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag

Constituents % by mass

Si02 27-39%

A1203 8- 20%

CaO 38-50%

Mgo <10%

❖ Uses of Blast-Furnace Slag Cement:-

1. Used in ready mix concrete plants.
2. Used for structure meant for water retaining such as retaining
3. wall,rivers,ports,tunnels for imprument in impermeability.
4. Used in mass concreting works such as dams,foundation which
require low heat of hydration.
5. Used in the places susceptible to chloride and sulphate attacks
such as sub-structure,borde piles, pre-case piles and marine
structures.
2.3 RAPID HARDENING CEMENT:-

Rapid Hardening Cement (RHC) are also called high early

strength cement. The prime difference between the rapid
hardening cement and ordinary Portland cement is the lime
content. Large proportion of lime is the distinguishing feature
of rapid hardening cement.
❖ Manufacture of Rapid Hardening Cement

The manufacture of rapid hardening cement is done dry process of

cement manufacture. In this cement, lime stone and shale are used as
raw material and heated at extremely high temperature to form
clinkers. The lime and shale clinker is then mixed with small amount
of gypsum and grinded very finely to form rapid hardening cement.

All the difference of rapid hardening cement to that of ordinary

portland cement is the quantity of lime stone (tri-calcium silicate
)used as raw material, which gives the high early strength to the
cement.

❖ Properties:-

❖ Initial Setting Time: 30 minutes

❖ Final Setting Time: 600 minutes
❖ The specific surface is greater than 3250 cm2/gm.
❖ RHC is lighter than OPC.
❖ The curing period for RHC is less.
 ❖ Uses:-

Rapid hardening cement is mostly used in construction of road

where the traffic cannot be halted for long period of time. Besides,
RHC is used where the formwork need to be removed early for
reuse. It is also used on those circumstances where sufficient
strength for further construction is wanted as quickly as practicable.
These are also used in manufacturing precast slabs, posts, electric
poles.

2.4 SULPHATE RESISTING CEMENT

Sulphate Resisting Cement is a type of Portland Cement in which the

amount of tricalcium aluminate (C3A) is restricted to lower than 5%
and (2C 3A +C4AF) lower than 25%, which reduces the formation
of sulphate salts. The reduction of sulphate salts lowers the
possibility of sulphate attack on the concrete

LUCKY
CEMENT
❖ Characteristics of Sulphate Resisting Cement:-

1. This cement provides maximum resistance to chloride ions

minimising the risk of corrosion of reinforced steel.
2. It also provides high level of concrete performance and
structural integrity in highly aggressive sulphate and acidic
environments.
3. It also has increased workability and pumpability.
4. This cement has significantly improved later-age concrete
strengths.

❖ Uses of Sulphate Resisting Cement:-

Sulphate Resisting Cement is recommended for following type of
constructions:

1. Foundations.
2. Piling works.
3. Construction in contact with soils or ground water having more
than 0.2% or 0.3 % g/l sulphate salts respectively.
4. Concrete surfaces subjected to alternate wetting and drying
such as bridge piers, concrete surface in tidal zone, apron etc.
5. Effluent treatment plans.
6. Chimney, cooling towers.
7. Coastal protective works such as sea walls, break waters,
tetrapods etc.
 2.5HIGH ALUMINA CEMENT:-

High Alumina Cement is manufactured by grinding the clinkers of

alumina and calcareous material such as lime by fusing or sintering
process. This cement is also known as calcium aluminum cement.

❖ Manufacture of High Alumina Cement

The process of manufacture of High Alumina Cement is different

compared to that of ordinary portland cement. Bauxite and lime are
used as the raw material. The raw materials are mixed in the required
proportion and grinded into small fragments of 100 mm. These
lumps are fed in kiln and heated up-to their fusion point which is
16000 C. The molten material fall down on the steel plate and it is
send to cool down in rotary kiln.

These clinkers are then grounded finely in tube mills unto the
fineness not less than 2250 cm2/gram is achieved.
❖ The characteristics of this cement are:-

1. It is very resistant to chemical attacks.

2. The pH level is low.
3. High resistant to chemical corrosion, due to which it is used for
construction of water pipes, sewage pipes, factory drains,
coastal constructions and in factory chimneys.
4. The refractive index of this cement is high.
5. It has high durability in sulphuric acid.
6. Hardening property of this cement is fast.
7. It acts as a bonding material when added in refractory castables
because it forms ceramic bond at high temperatures.

❖ Uses of High Alumina Cement:-

1. Due the property of rapid hardening and strength, it is widely

used in marine construction and sewer infrastructure.
2. High alumina cement is also used in refractory concretes where
it requires more strength at very high temperature.
 2.6 FERRO CEMENT:-

Ferrocement is a construction material consisting of wire meshes and

cement mortar.

Applications of ferrocement in construction is vast due to the low

self weight, lack of skilled workers, no need of framework etc

❖ Properties of Ferrocement

Highly versatile form of reinforced concrete.

It's a type of thin reinforced concrete construction, in which
large amount of small diameter wire meshes uniformly
throughout the cross section.
Mesh may be metal or suitable material.
Instead of concrete Portland cement mortar is used.
Strength depends on two factors quality of sand/cement
mortar mix and quantity of reinforcing materials used.
❖ Advantages:-

Basic raw materials are readily available in most countries.

Fabricated into any desired shape.
Low labour skill required.
Ease of construction, low weight and long lifetime.
Low construction material cost.
Better resistance against earthquake.
Miscellaneous.

❖ Applications of Ferrocements in Construction:-

Housing
Marine
Agricultural
Rural Energy
Anticorrosive Membrane Treatment.
 3.CONCLUSION

From above information about 'Types of cement' we can conclude

that. . .

Different types of cement is possess different chemical constituents,

initial setting time , final setting time, compressive strength, & have
different mixing proportion ,also, their fineness & consistency varies
from each other.
Therefore they can be used for particular construction , depending
on type of construction ,required strength for structure & climatic
conditions present at sight. But studying types of cement, we can
select suitable cement type..so, study of 'Types Of Cement' is
important.
 4.BIBLIOGRAPHY

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