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The digestive system is responsible for breaking down food into absorbable nutrients through mechanical and enzymatic processes. It consists of the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs, with primary organs including the mouth, stomach, and intestines, while accessory organs aid in digestion. The GI tract has four layers and is innervated by intrinsic and extrinsic nerve supplies that regulate its functions.

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5 views

GIT.pptx

The digestive system is responsible for breaking down food into absorbable nutrients through mechanical and enzymatic processes. It consists of the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs, with primary organs including the mouth, stomach, and intestines, while accessory organs aid in digestion. The GI tract has four layers and is innervated by intrinsic and extrinsic nerve supplies that regulate its functions.

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rajputvijay22004
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Digestive System

Dr. Vaibhav Bhadane (M.D.)


Professor
Nootan Ayurvedic College & Research Centre
Visnagar
Introduction to Digestive System

Digestion is defined as the process by which food is broken down into


simple chemical substances that can be absorbed and used as nutrients
by the body.

Most of the substances in the diet cannot be utilized as such. These


substances must be broken into smaller particles, so that they can be
absorbed into blood and distributed to various parts of the body for
utilization.
Digestive process is accomplished by mechanical and enzymatic
breakdown of food into simpler chemical compounds.

A normal young healthy adult consumes about 1 kg of solid diet and


about 1 to 2 liter of liquid diet every day.
The functions of digestive system include

1. Ingestion or consumption of food substances


2. Breaking them into small particles
3. Transport of small particles to different areas of the digestive tract
4. Secretion of necessary enzymes and other substances for digestion
5. Digestion of the food particles
6. Absorption of the digestive products (nutrients)
7. Removal of unwanted substances from the body.
Functional Anatomy Of Digestive System

Digestive system is made up of gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) or


alimentary canal and accessory organs.
GI tract is a tubular structure extending from the mouth up to
anus, with a length of about 30 feet.

GI tract is formed by two types of organs:


1. Primary digestive organs.
2. Accessory digestive organs.
1. Primary Digestive Organs

Primary digestive organs are the organs where actual digestion


takes place.

Primary digestive organs are:


i. Mouth ,
ii. Pharynx ,
iii. Esophagus ,
iv. Stomach ,
v. Small intestine
vi. Large intestine.
2. Accessory Digestive Organs

Accessory digestive organs are those which help primary digestive


organs in the process of digestion.
Accessory digestive organs are:
i. Teeth ,
ii. Tongue ,
iii. Salivary glands ,
iv. Exocrine part of pancreas
v. Liver ,
vi. Gallbladder.
Wall Of Gastrointestinal Tract

Wall of the GI tract is formed by four layers which are from inside out:

1. Mucus layer
2. Submucus layer
3. Muscular layer
4. Serous or fibrous layer
1. MUCUS LAYER
It is Innermost layer of the wall of GI tract.
Mucosa has three layer of structures:
i. Epithelial lining ,
ii. Lamina propria ,
iii. Muscularis mucosa.

2. SUBMUCUS LAYER
It is present in all parts of GI tract, except the mouth and pharynx.
It contains loose collagen fibers, elastic fibers reticular fibers and few cells of
connective tissue.
Blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerve plexus are present in this layer.
3. MUSCULAR LAYER
Muscular layer present in lips, cheeks and wall of pharynx
contains skeletal muscle fibers.
The esophagus has both skeletal and smooth muscle
fibers. Wall of the stomach and intestine is formed by smooth
muscle fibers.
Auerbach nerve plexus is present .
4. SEROUS OR FIBROUS LAYER
Outermost layer of the wall of GI tract is either serous or fibrous in
nature.
The serous layer is also called serosa or serous membrane and it is
formed by connective tissue and mesoepithelial cells.
It covers stomach, small intestine and large intestine.
NERVE SUPPLY TO GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT

GI tract has two types of nerve supply:


1) Intrinsic nerve supply
2) Extrinsic nerve supply

1) Intrinsic nerves to GI tract form the enteric nervous system that controls
all the secretions and movements of GI tract.
Auerbach plexus
Meissner plexus
2) EXTRINSIC NERVE SUPPLY
Extrinsic nerves that control the enteric Nervous system are from
autonomic Nervous system.
Both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of autonomic nervous system
innervate the GI tract.

Sympathetic Nerve Fibers


Preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers to GI tract arise from lateral horns of
spinal cord between fifth thoracic and second lumbar segments (T5 to L2).
Functions of sympathetic nerve fibers
Sympathetic nerve fibers inhibit the movements and decrease the secretions
of GI tract by secreting the neurotransmitter noradrenaline. It also causes
constriction of sphincters.
Parasympathetic Nerve Fibers:

Parasympathetic nerve fibers to GI tract pass through some of the cranial


nerves and sacral nerves.

Functions of parasympathetic nerve fibers


Parasympathetic nerve fibers accelerate the movements and increase
the secretions of GI tract. The neurotransmitter secreted by the
parasympathetic nerve fibers is acetylcholine.
to be continued…

Thank you…

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