Aristotelian and Galilean

Concepts of Motion
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
Motion
• isthe action of changing
location or position.
 Aristotle’s Concepts
of Motion
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
Aristotle
•a Greek philosopher, student
of Plato and teacher of
Alexander the Great.
• who lived from 384 BC to 322
BC
Vertical Motion
• is referred to as natural motion
• natural motion, the object will move and
will return to its natural state based on
the object's material or composition -
earth, water, air, and fire.
Vertical Motion
• Aristotle believed that
because a ball fell
when thrown upward,
its element was earth.
Vertical Motion
• Smoke goes up the air
because it seeks its
natural place in the
atmosphere.
Horizontal Motion
• Aristotle classified any motion that required a force
as a "violent motion".
• Violent motion is imposed motion caused by
pushing or pulling.
• Motion continues only so long as there is an applied
force to an object. When the force is removed,
motion stops.
Horizontal Motion
• The example at the right
shows piled boxes of food
donations. The boxes will
remain on the floor unless a
push or a pull force is
applied.
• Aristotle believed that the projectile motion
of an object is parallel to the ground until it
Projectile
is the object's time to fall back into the Motion
ground.
• A movement will be kept by the object until
such time that the initial force is forgotten,
and the object returns to its natural state to
stop moving and fall to the ground.
Projectile Motion
• He viewed projectile motion as natural
and violent motion.
• He said that heavy objects fall faster
than light ones
Projectile Motion
 Galileo’s Concepts
of Motion
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
Galileo Galilei
• who lived from 1564BC-
1642BC
• An Italian scientist, credited
as the inventor of the
telescope.
Vertical Motion
• In the absence of a resistance, objects would fall not
depending on their weight, but in the time of fall.
• ifthe object encountered a resistive force from a fluid
equal or greater than its weight, it will slow down and
reaches a uniform motion until it reaches the bottom
and stops
Vertical Motion
• Without any resistance, a 1-kg object will be as fast as a
10-kg object when falling because they fall with the same
amount of time, given that they are released from the
same height.
Horizontal Motion
• An object in motion, if unimpeded, will continue to be
in motion, and an external force is not necessary to
maintain the motion.
• If the Earth’s surface is very flat and extended infinitely,
objects that are pushed will not be impeded. Thus, the
objects will continue to move.
Horizontal Motion
• This kind of motion, however,
is not evident in nature.
• Example, if a ball is pushed on
an infinitely flat plane, the ball
will continue to roll if
unimpeded.
Projectile Motion
• Galileo performed experiments on uniformly accelerated
motion using an inclined plane, and used the same
apparatus to study projectile motion.
• He correctly measured motion in two independent directions
(horizontal and vertical) and deduced that the “rate of fall” is
better measured in terms of downward acceleration.
Projectile Motion
• By varying the ball's horizontal velocity and vertical
drop, Galileo was able to determine that the path of
a projectile is parabolic.
• Projectilemotion is a combination of uniform
motion in the horizontal direction and uniformly
accelerated motion in the vertical direction
Projectile Motion
How Galileo inferred that objects in
vacuum fall in uniform acceleration
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
• Object in vacuum will fall at the same
time because in a vacuum there is
nothing. Since there is no air or anything
in space, objects that are heavy or light,
will fall at the same time.
Experiment 1
• Galileo dropped two different weights
of cannon ball to the Leaning Tower
of Pisa and they fell at the same time
but could not measure the distance
travelled therefore he proceeded to
another experimentation.
Experiment 2
• Galileoused the inclined ramp in
order to measure the acceleration of
an object. He used a rolling ball to
measure the changes. He measured
that objects accelerates at the same
time regardless of their size and mass.
Experiment 2
• The speed of a rolling ball was found to increase by 2
m/s every second. This means that the rolling ball
would have the following speeds for every given
second
Galileo’s conclusion after his experiments:
Vertical Motion
• Freely falling bodies undergo constant acceleration in which it is
referred to as free fall. The free fall acceleration represent a symbol
g which means gravity.
• At the surface of the earth, gravity (g) is approximately 9.8 m/s2.
• Gravity leads the object to accelerate in a constant rate.
Galileo’s conclusion after his experiments:
Horizontal Motion
• Motion will continue without friction
 Difference between Galileo and
Newton’s idea on Inertia
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
Galileo and Inertia
• Objects in motion eventually stop because of a force
called friction.
• Frictionis a force that opposes motion between any
surfaces that are touching.
• Hypothesizedthat if friction could be eliminated, a
ball moving horizontally will never stop moving
Horizontal Motion
• What stops the ball in horizontal motion in all practical
situations is friction. Without it, the ball would just keep on
rolling to a particular direction unless stopped by force.
• He also added that the ball would progress at a constant
speed
• Galileo called the property of an object to resist change in its
motion inertia.
Inertia
• The tendency of an
object to resist
change when in
motion or when at
rest.
Balanced Force
• A balanced force is a force in which the net force is equal to zero.
• A net force is the total combination of forces (in opposite direction
or the same direction) acting on an object
Unbalanced Force
• An unbalanced force is a force in which the net force is greater than
zero
Unbalanced Force
• Unbalanced forces cause
acceleration. Only
unbalanced force can
change the motion and
direction of an object.
Isaac Newton and his first law of Motion
Newton’s first law of motion states
that an object at rest stays at rest
and an object in motion stays in
motion with the same speed and in
the same direction unless acted
upon by an unbalanced force.
Inertia of rest- an object will stay in place unless
something or somebody moves it.
Inertia of motion- an object will continue at the
same speed until a force acts on it.
Inertia of Direction- an object will stay moving in
the same direction unless a force acts on it.
Mass and Inertia
• An object with a
greater mass has a
greater inertia and an
object with a lesser
mass will also have a
lesser inertia