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Sets Week 3.1-3.2

This document introduces the concept of sets, defining them as well-defined collections of distinct objects and providing examples of different types of sets, such as whole numbers, integers, and professions. It explains set notation, cardinality, and methods for representing sets, including the roster and rule methods. Additionally, it covers concepts like null sets, universal sets, subsets, and operations on sets such as intersection, union, and complement.

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Lou Wenn Palmaria
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12 views

Sets Week 3.1-3.2

This document introduces the concept of sets, defining them as well-defined collections of distinct objects and providing examples of different types of sets, such as whole numbers, integers, and professions. It explains set notation, cardinality, and methods for representing sets, including the roster and rule methods. Additionally, it covers concepts like null sets, universal sets, subsets, and operations on sets such as intersection, union, and complement.

Uploaded by

Lou Wenn Palmaria
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SETS

Lesson 1.1
A set is a well-defined collection of distinct
objects.
• The elements that a set comprises can be
any kind of thing: people, letters of the
alphabet, numbers, shapes, variables, etc.
• In denoting sets, we use capital letters of
the English alphabet.
REAL NUMBERS (ℝ) Imaginary

RATIONAL (ℚ) 𝟖 𝟑𝟓
− , , 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓, −𝟏. 𝟓𝟕 IRRATIONAL
𝟐 𝟏

INTEGERS (ℤ) −𝟓, 𝟎, 𝟑𝟗


𝝅, 𝟐, 𝒆

WHOLE 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, …
NUMBERS
The set of professions the students of Grade 7 St.
Aloysius Gonzaga want in the future.

ENGINEER

DOCTOR PRIEST

BUSINESSMAN

REAL ESTATE OWNER/AGENT


The set of professions the students of Grade 7 San
Pedro Calungsod want in the future.

ENGINEER

DOCTOR PRIEST

BUSINESSMAN

REAL ESTATE OWNER/AGENT


Here are some examples of set:
A = Set of whole numbers

Z = Set of integers

B = Set of cities in Region V

C = Set of planets in the solar system

D = Set of vowels in the alphabet


Example 1

A = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, …
D = 𝑎, 𝑒, 𝑖, 𝑜, 𝑢
• The objects in a set are called elements.
• To denote that an element is contained in a set,
the symbol '∈' is used.
• If an element is not a member of set, we denote
them as ∉.
Cardinality of a set.
The cardinal number, cardinality, or order of a set denotes
the total number of elements in the set. It can be denoted as
n(A), where A is the name of the set.

A = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, …

D = 𝑎, 𝑒, 𝑖, 𝑜, 𝑢
Ways in denoting or representing a set

Roster Method Rule Method

Elements are listed and separated by Elements are described using


commas 𝑥|𝑥 𝑖𝑠 …

A = 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 ; n(A) = A = 𝑥| x 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 10

B = 𝑆𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑑𝑎𝑦, 𝑆𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑦 ; n(A) = B = 𝑥|𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑘𝑒𝑛𝑑

C = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, … C = 𝑥|𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟


Let’s Try!
Represent the set using both Roster Method and Rule Method.

Roster Method Rule Method


All positive integers
less than or equal to
15 in set P.
All integers in set Z.
Null set, Universal
Set, Subset, Power
Sets
Example 2.
A = {x | x is a whole number
between 0 and 1}

Null Set A = { } or A = Ø

Example 3.
A set that contains no The number of outcomes for
element is a null set getting a number greater than
6 when rolling a die in set K.
or an empty set,
denoted as { } or Ø. K = { } or K = Ø

• The cardinality of an empty set is


0 or n(A) = 0.
Example 4.
If P = { 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, … } ,
N = { 0, 1} , and
C = { 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, … }
Universal Set Then the universal set is

The universal set is the U = { x | x is a whole number }.


totality of all the Example 5.
elements under U = {p, l, a, y, e, r, s}
consideration. It is A = {p, l, a, y}
usually denoted as U. B= {e, a, r]
C = {p, l, y}
Example 6.
A = { 4, 5, 1, 2, 3 }
B = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }

A⊆B Equality of Sets


Subset Example 7.
R = { x | x is an even number }
A is a subset of B,
denoted as A ⊆ B, if J = { x | x is a whole number }
every element of A
R ⊂J
belongs to B.
• Every set is a subset of itself.
Hence, A ⊆ A.
• An empty set is always a subset
of every set. Therefore, Ø ⊆ A.
Example 8.
List all the subset of M = { 2, 3, 4 }.
2n = 23 = 2 × 2 × 2 = 8.
Taking one element at a time:

Subset
The number of subsets of Taking two elements at a time:

a given set is 2n,


where n is the Taking all three elements:
number of elements
in a set.
Taking no elements:
Write all the subsets of each set and
Proper Subset identify all the proper subsets.

Set A is a proper subset a. 𝑸 = 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛


of set B, 𝐴 ⊂ 𝐵, if Subsets:
𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵 and A ≠ 𝐵.
Proper Subsets:

Power Sets a. 𝑸 = 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛

If P is a set, then the power 2𝑄 =


set of P consists of all the
subset P denoted by 2𝑃
OPERATIONS ON SETS
Intersection, Union and Complement
Example 9.

Intersection
Given: A = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
B = {3, 6, 9, 12}

The intersection of two sets A∩B=


A and B is the set
composed of the
Example 10.
common elements that
belong to both A and B. Given: L = {c, o, m, p, u, t, e, r}

It is denoted by A ∩ B, M = {m, o, u, s, e}
read as “A intersection L∩M=
B.”
Example 11.

Union
Given: A = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
B = {3, 6, 9, 12}

The union of sets A and B is A∪B=


the set composed of
elements, which belong Example 12.
to A and B. It is denoted Given: C = {p, i, k, a}
by A ∪ B, read as “A D = {c. h, u}
union B.”
C∪D=
Example 13.

Complement U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}

D = {3, 6, 9}
The complement of set D is
the set of all elements in F = {1, 9}

set U not found in D. It is D’ =


denoted by D’ read as “D F’ =
complement” or “D
prime.”

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