ASSIGNMENT NO

1
STUDENT NAME : SYEDA HAJRA
REGESTRATION #: 0000054304
PROGRAM: BS ENGLISH
SEMESTER: 6TH , SPRING,
2024

COURSE TITLE
MODERN DRAMA
COURSE CODE : (9070)

ALLAM IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD

Q.1 What Do You Mean by Drama?
Definition of Drama

Drama is a genre of literature that presents a story through the dialogue and actions of
characters. It is designed for performance, typically on a stage, and encompasses a wide
range of human emotions and experiences. The term "drama" originates from the Greek word
"dran," which means "to do" or "to act." Therefore, drama captures the essence of human
actions and interactions, conveying complex themes and ideas through performance.

Chief Components of Drama

Several key components define drama, contributing to its unique structure and impact:

1. Plot: The plot is the sequence of events that make up the story. It typically follows a
structure of exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution. The plot
creates tension and engages the audience, driving the narrative forward.
2. Characters: Characters are the individuals who inhabit the drama. They can be
protagonists, antagonists, or supporting figures. The development of characters is
essential for conveying themes and emotions, allowing the audience to connect with
their journeys and struggles.
3. Setting: The setting encompasses the time and place in which the drama occurs. It
establishes the context for the characters' actions and influences the mood and
atmosphere of the play. The setting can be physical, historical, or cultural, and it often
plays a crucial role in shaping the narrative.
4. Dialogue: Dialogue is the spoken communication between characters. It reveals their
personalities, motivations, and relationships, serving as a primary means of conveying
the plot. Effective dialogue enhances the realism of the characters and helps to convey
underlying themes.
5. Theme: The theme is the central idea or message of the drama. It explores universal
human experiences and issues, prompting reflection and engagement from the
audience. Themes can range from love and loss to power and morality, providing
depth to the narrative.
6. Conflict: Conflict is the struggle between opposing forces, driving the action and
creating tension. It can be internal (within a character) or external (between characters
or societal forces). Conflict is essential for character development and propelling the
plot.

Dramatic Conventions

Dramatic conventions are the techniques and rules that govern the structure and presentation
of drama. These conventions guide the audience's understanding of the play and shape their
experience. Key conventions include:

1. Stage Directions: These are instructions within the script that guide actors'
movements and interactions. Stage directions provide context and help to create visual
imagery for the audience.
2. Monologues and Soliloquies: A monologue is a long speech delivered by a character
to express thoughts or emotions. A soliloquy is a type of monologue where a
 character speaks their inner thoughts aloud, often when alone on stage. Both
conventions allow insight into characters’ motivations and internal conflicts.
3. Asides: An aside is a brief comment made by a character to the audience that other
characters on stage do not hear. Asides create a sense of intimacy and provide
additional context or commentary on the action.
4. Symbolism: Symbolism involves using objects, actions, or characters to represent
broader ideas or themes. Symbols enrich the narrative by adding layers of meaning
and encouraging interpretation.
5. Flashbacks and Foreshadowing: These techniques alter the temporal flow of the
narrative. Flashbacks provide context by revealing past events, while foreshadowing
hints at future developments, creating suspense.

Application to Two Plays

1. Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller

Death of a Salesman exemplifies the components of drama through its exploration of the
American Dream and personal failure. The plot revolves around Willy Loman, a struggling
salesman, as he confronts his unrealized aspirations and the disintegration of his family. The
characters are richly developed, with Willy’s internal conflict driving the narrative. The
setting, primarily in the Loman home, reflects Willy's mental state and societal pressures.
Miller’s use of dialogue reveals the complex relationships between characters, and themes of
illusion versus reality resonate throughout the play. Dramatic conventions like flashbacks
provide insight into Willy's past and his disillusionment.

2. A Streetcar Named Desire by Tennessee Williams

In A Streetcar Named Desire, the components of drama are woven intricately to explore
themes of desire, decay, and the clash between illusion and reality. The plot centers on
Blanche DuBois, who moves in with her sister Stella and brother-in-law Stanley in New
Orleans. The setting creates a vibrant yet oppressive atmosphere, reflecting the characters'
emotional turmoil. Williams employs rich dialogue to reveal the complexities of the
characters, particularly the fraught relationship between Blanche and Stanley. The theme of
the destructive nature of desire is evident, and conventions like symbolism (the streetcar
itself) and monologues (Blanche's reflections) enhance the emotional depth of the narrative.

Conclusion

Drama is a multifaceted genre characterized by its exploration of human experiences through

components such as plot, characters, setting, dialogue, theme, and conflict. Dramatic
conventions enrich the storytelling process, allowing for deeper engagement with the
audience. The examination of plays like Death of a Salesman and A Streetcar Named Desire
demonstrates how these components and conventions work together to create compelling
narratives that resonate with universal themes.
Q.2 Compare and Contrast Modern Drama with Classical
Drama
Introduction

Modern drama and classical drama represent two distinct yet interconnected eras in theatrical
history. Classical drama, rooted in ancient Greek and Roman traditions, established
foundational principles of storytelling, character development, and thematic exploration.
Modern drama, emerging in the late 19th and 20th centuries, reflects a shift in societal values,
artistic expression, and the exploration of the human condition. This analysis compares and
contrasts these two forms of drama, highlighting their characteristics, thematic concerns, and
structural elements.

Characteristics of Classical Drama

1. Structure and Form: Classical drama is characterized by a strict adherence to

structure, often following the unities of time, place, and action. Plays typically consist
of five acts, with a clear exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and
denouement. The classical structure emphasizes order and balance.
2. Themes and Content: Classical dramas often explore grand themes related to fate,
morality, and the human condition. They frequently address the struggles between
individuals and the gods, societal expectations, and moral dilemmas. Tragedy and
comedy were common forms, with a focus on noble characters facing significant
challenges.
3. Characterization: Characters in classical drama are often archetypal figures
representing broader concepts, such as heroism, honor, or hubris. Their actions are
motivated by fate or divine intervention, and they often serve to convey moral
lessons.
4. Language and Style: Classical dramas employ elevated language and poetic forms,
reflecting the cultural and artistic values of their time. The dialogue is often structured
in verse, enhancing the lyrical quality of the performance.

Characteristics of Modern Drama

1. Structure and Form: Modern drama often deviates from the rigid structures of
classical forms. While some modern plays retain traditional five-act structures, others
experiment with fragmented narratives, nonlinear timelines, and open endings. This
flexibility allows for greater exploration of complex themes.
2. Themes and Content: Modern drama reflects contemporary issues, including social
justice, identity, existentialism, and psychological complexity. The focus shifts from
grand moral dilemmas to the intricacies of everyday life and personal struggles, often
highlighting the absurdities of modern existence.
3. Characterization: Characters in modern drama are more psychologically nuanced
and complex, often grappling with internal conflicts and moral ambiguities. They
represent a diverse range of experiences, reflecting the multiplicity of human identity
and societal influences.
4. Language and Style: Modern drama employs naturalistic dialogue, often mirroring
everyday speech patterns. This emphasis on realism allows for a deeper connection
 between the characters and the audience, making their struggles more relatable and
immediate.

Comparison of Modern and Classical Drama

1. Themes: While both forms explore the human condition, classical drama often
centers around grand themes of fate and morality, whereas modern drama focuses on
personal experiences, identity, and societal issues. For example, classical tragedies
like Oedipus Rex grapple with fate and moral choices, while modern plays like A
Raisin in the Sun address issues of race, identity, and socio-economic struggles.
2. Characterization: Classical characters are often noble and archetypal, embodying
societal ideals, while modern characters are more relatable, flawed, and complex. This
shift reflects a move towards realism and psychological depth in modern drama.
3. Structure: Classical drama adheres to structured forms and strict rules, while modern
drama embraces experimentation with form and structure. This flexibility allows for
greater creativity and innovation in storytelling.

Formation Elements of Modern Drama

The formation elements of modern drama include:

1. Realism: Modern drama emphasizes realistic portrayals of life, character motivations,

and dialogue. It seeks to reflect the complexities of human experiences.
2. Psychological Depth: Modern plays explore the inner lives of characters, delving into
their thoughts, emotions, and conflicts. This psychological exploration adds layers to
character development.
3. Social Commentary: Modern drama often serves as a vehicle for social critique,
addressing issues such as inequality, identity, and existential crises. It encourages
audiences to reflect on contemporary societal challenges.
4. Experimentation: Modern playwrights often experiment with form, structure, and
style, challenging traditional conventions to create innovative theatrical experiences.

Conclusion

The evolution from classical to modern drama reflects broader shifts in societal values,
artistic expression, and the exploration of the human experience. While classical drama
adheres to strict structures and explores grand themes, modern drama embraces complexity,
realism, and social commentary. The characteristics of modern drama, including its focus on
psychological depth and experimentation, signify a departure from classical traditions,
marking a significant development in the history of theater.
Q.3 How is Classical Tragedy Different from Modern
Tragedy?
Introduction

Classical tragedy and modern tragedy represent two distinct approaches to exploring the
theme of human suffering, moral dilemmas, and the complexities of existence. Classical
tragedy, rooted in ancient Greek traditions, follows specific conventions and themes, while
modern tragedy reflects contemporary concerns and a more individualized understanding of
the human experience. This analysis examines the differences between classical and modern
tragedy through the lens of two plays: Oedipus Rex by Sophocles and Death of a Salesman by
Arthur Miller.

Classical Tragedy: Characteristics and Themes

1. Structure and Form: Classical tragedies typically follow a structured form, adhering
to the unities of time, place, and action. The narrative often consists of five acts,
culminating in a cathartic resolution. The protagonist usually faces a tragic flaw
(hamartia) that leads to their downfall.
2. Themes of Fate and Divine Will: Classical tragedies often explore themes of fate,
divine intervention, and moral order. The characters are often caught in a struggle
against fate or the gods, leading to inevitable tragedy. For example, in Oedipus Rex,
Oedipus’s fate is predetermined, and his attempts to escape it ultimately lead to his
destruction.
3. Noble Characters: The protagonists in classical tragedies are typically noble figures,
embodying the ideals of their society. Their suffering evokes pity and fear in the
audience, creating a sense of catharsis.

Modern Tragedy: Characteristics and Themes

1. Structure and Form: Modern tragedies may deviate from classical structures, often
employing fragmented narratives, nonlinear timelines, and open endings. This allows
for greater exploration of themes and character development.
2. Themes of Alienation and Existential Crisis: Modern tragedies often explore
themes of alienation, identity, and the absurdity of existence. They reflect
contemporary concerns about the human condition, such as economic hardship,
personal failure, and societal disintegration. In Death of a Salesman, Willy Loman's
struggles with the American Dream and his sense of worth highlight the existential
crises faced by modern individuals.
3. Everyday Characters: Modern tragedy often features ordinary characters rather than
noble figures, allowing for a more relatable exploration of human suffering. The
protagonists grapple with personal and societal challenges, making their struggles
resonate with contemporary audiences.
Comparative Analysis of Oedipus Rex and Death of a Salesman

1. Protagonist and Tragic Flaw

In Oedipus Rex, Oedipus is a noble king whose tragic flaw is his hubris, leading him to defy
the prophecy of his fate. His attempts to escape his destiny ultimately result in his downfall.
The tragedy lies in his realization that he has fulfilled the prophecy he sought to avoid,
evoking pity and fear in the audience.

Conversely, Willy Loman in Death of a Salesman represents the modern tragic hero. He is an
ordinary man struggling to achieve the American Dream, yet his tragic flaw lies in his
delusions and refusal to confront reality. Willy's failure to adapt to changing societal values
leads to his ultimate demise. While Oedipus faces divine forces, Willy grapples with societal
expectations and personal failure.

2. Themes of Fate versus Free Will

Classical tragedy often emphasizes the tension between fate and free will. In Oedipus Rex,
the prophecy dictates Oedipus's fate, leading to his inevitable downfall. The theme
underscores the limitations of human agency when confronted with predetermined destiny.

In contrast, Death of a Salesman explores the idea of free will within the context of societal
pressures and personal delusions. Willy's belief in his ability to shape his destiny ultimately
leads to his tragic end, highlighting the complexities of choice and the impact of external
forces on individual lives.

3. Catharsis and Emotional Resonance

Classical tragedy evokes catharsis through the suffering of noble characters, allowing the
audience to experience fear and pity. The downfall of Oedipus elicits a profound emotional
response, leading to reflection on the nature of fate and human limitations.

In modern tragedy, the emotional resonance often stems from the relatability of ordinary
characters. Willy Loman's struggles resonate with contemporary audiences facing similar
challenges, prompting reflection on societal values and the consequences of individual
choices. The tragedy lies not only in his personal failure but also in the broader societal
critique of the American Dream.

Conclusion

Classical and modern tragedy represent distinct approaches to exploring human suffering and
moral dilemmas. Classical tragedy, exemplified by Oedipus Rex, emphasizes fate, divine
intervention, and noble characters, while modern tragedy, as seen in Death of a Salesman,
reflects contemporary concerns of alienation, identity, and societal pressures. The evolution
of tragedy from classical to modern forms illustrates the changing nature of the human
experience and the complexities of existence in different historical and cultural contexts.
Q.4 Discuss the Character of Nora as a Spokesperson of
the Modern Woman
Introduction

In Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House, the character of Nora Helmer emerges as a groundbreaking
figure, representing the struggles and aspirations of modern women. Written in the late 19th
century, the play challenges the traditional gender roles and societal expectations placed on
women. Nora's journey from subservience to self-awareness embodies the feminist ideals that
resonate with contemporary audiences. This analysis explores how Nora serves as a
spokesperson for modern women through her quest for identity, autonomy, and equality.

1. Nora’s Role in a Patriarchal Society

Nora Helmer is initially presented as the quintessential "happy housewife," conforming to the
societal norms of her time. She is portrayed as childlike, playful, and dependent on her
husband, Torvald. However, beneath this facade lies a woman constrained by societal
expectations and her husband's controlling nature.

 Symbol of Conformity: Nora’s character embodies the traditional roles assigned to

women in the 19th century. Her actions are often motivated by her desire to please
Torvald and fulfill the expectations of a dutiful wife and mother.
 Illustration of Dependence: Nora's dependence on Torvald is highlighted through
her financial situation, as she secretly borrows money to save her husband's life,
demonstrating the limitations placed on women regarding financial independence.

2. Awakening and Self-Discovery

As the play progresses, Nora undergoes a profound transformation, awakening to her own
desires and ambitions. This awakening serves as a powerful commentary on the need for
women to assert their individuality and break free from societal constraints.

 Realization of Self: Nora's epiphany occurs when she recognizes that her marriage is
built on illusion rather than genuine partnership. She realizes that she has been treated
as a "doll" rather than an equal, prompting her to question her identity and purpose
beyond being a wife and mother.
 Symbol of Liberation: The famous line "I must stand on my own two feet" signifies
Nora's desire for independence. Her decision to leave Torvald and her children
symbolizes a radical departure from traditional gender roles, making her a symbol of
women's liberation.

3. Challenge to Traditional Gender Roles

Nora's journey challenges the conventional gender roles that confine women to domestic
spheres. Her character represents a new archetype of women who aspire for autonomy,
intellectual fulfillment, and equality.
  Rejection of Sacrifice: Throughout the play, Nora grapples with the notion of
sacrifice. She initially believes that her sacrifices for Torvald are noble; however, she
ultimately rejects the idea that a woman's identity should be tied solely to her roles as
a wife and mother.
 Assertion of Individuality: By choosing to leave her family, Nora asserts her right to
self-determination. Her departure challenges societal norms and invites women to
seek their own paths and identities.

4. Representation of Feminist Ideals

Nora's character resonates with feminist ideals that advocate for women's rights,
empowerment, and equality. Her journey reflects the struggles faced by women in their
pursuit of autonomy and self-discovery.

 Critique of Marriage: Nora's experience serves as a critique of the institution of

marriage, exposing the power dynamics and limitations that often accompany it. Ibsen
critiques the romantic idealization of marriage by portraying the emotional and
psychological toll it takes on women.
 Empowerment Through Choice: Nora's choice to leave her marriage is a radical act
of empowerment. She prioritizes her own happiness and self-fulfillment over societal
expectations, encouraging women to embrace their individuality and agency.

5. Impact and Legacy

Nora Helmer's character has left a lasting impact on literature and feminist discourse. She
continues to serve as a symbol of the struggle for women's rights and self-identity.

 Cultural Relevance: Nora's story resonates with contemporary audiences,

highlighting ongoing issues related to gender inequality and the quest for self-
fulfillment. Her character has inspired numerous adaptations and interpretations in
modern contexts, reinforcing her relevance.
 Inspiration for Feminist Movements: Nora's journey has influenced feminist
movements, encouraging women to challenge societal norms and advocate for their
rights. Her story serves as a reminder of the importance of self-discovery and
empowerment in the face of societal pressures.

Conclusion

Nora Helmer's character in A Doll's House represents the struggles and aspirations of modern
women. Her journey from conformity to self-awareness challenges traditional gender roles
and advocates for women's empowerment and autonomy. As a spokesperson for modern
women, Nora's story continues to resonate, inspiring individuals to embrace their identities
and pursue their own paths, free from societal constraints.
Q.5 Elaborate the Functions of Different Literary
Movements in Two Dramas of Your Choice
Introduction

Literary movements shape the thematic and stylistic elements of dramas, influencing the
portrayal of characters, conflicts, and societal issues. This analysis will explore the functions
of different literary movements—specifically Realism and Expressionism—in two dramas: A
Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen and Waiting for Godot by Samuel Beckett. Both plays
exemplify the distinct characteristics of their respective movements and their impact on the
portrayal of human experience.

1. Realism in A Doll’s House

Realism emerged in the mid-19th century as a reaction against Romanticism, emphasizing the
depiction of everyday life and the struggles of ordinary people. Ibsen’s A Doll’s House is a
quintessential example of Realist drama.

 Focus on Social Issues: Ibsen addresses social issues such as gender roles, marriage,
and individual identity. The play presents a realistic portrayal of Nora’s struggles as a
woman confined by societal expectations, making it a commentary on the limitations
placed on women in the 19th century.
 Authenticity of Characters: The characters in A Doll’s House are portrayed with
psychological depth and complexity. Nora and Torvald represent realistic individuals
grappling with their desires and societal pressures, allowing audiences to connect with
their struggles on a personal level.
 Critique of Social Norms: Ibsen employs Realism to critique the institution of
marriage and the roles assigned to women. The play reveals the harsh realities of
Nora’s life, emphasizing the need for women to assert their individuality and seek
autonomy.

2. Expressionism in Waiting for Godot

Expressionism emerged in the early 20th century as a response to the anxieties and
disillusionment of modern life. Beckett’s Waiting for Godot embodies the principles of
Expressionism through its focus on existential themes and the human condition.

 Exploration of Existentialism: The play delves into existential questions about

meaning, purpose, and the human experience. The characters, Vladimir and Estragon,
engage in repetitive dialogues that reflect their sense of hopelessness and the
absurdity of existence.
 Distortion of Reality: Expressionism often distorts reality to convey emotional
truths. In Waiting for Godot, the minimalistic setting and the lack of a traditional plot
structure create an atmosphere of uncertainty and confusion, emphasizing the
characters’ existential struggles.
 Symbolic Representation: The characters in Beckett’s play can be seen as symbolic
representations of the human condition. Their waiting for Godot serves as a metaphor
for the search for meaning and the desire for connection in an indifferent universe.
3. Comparative Analysis of Functions

a. Thematic Exploration

 In A Doll’s House, Realism allows Ibsen to explore themes of gender roles, identity,
and societal expectations. The play critiques the limitations placed on women,
emphasizing the importance of self-discovery and empowerment.
 In contrast, Waiting for Godot utilizes Expressionism to explore existential themes
and the absurdity of human existence. The play raises questions about meaning,
purpose, and the human condition, reflecting the anxieties of the modern era.

b. Character Development

 Ibsen’s Realist approach in A Doll’s House emphasizes the psychological complexity

of characters, making them relatable and authentic. Nora’s journey from conformity
to self-awareness is a central focus, allowing audiences to empathize with her
struggles.
 Beckett’s Expressionist techniques in Waiting for Godot result in characters who
embody broader existential themes rather than individual depth. Vladimir and
Estragon represent the human experience, grappling with the absurdity of life and the
search for meaning.

c. Stylistic Elements

 A Doll’s House employs realistic dialogue and situations to create a believable

portrayal of life in the 19th century. The play’s focus on social issues and personal
relationships highlights the struggles faced by individuals within societal constraints.
 Conversely, Waiting for Godot features fragmented dialogue and non-linear narratives
characteristic of Expressionism. The play’s minimalistic setting and repetitive actions
emphasize the absurdity of existence and the characters’ sense of futility.

Conclusion

The functions of different literary movements play a significant role in shaping the thematic
and stylistic elements of drama. In A Doll’s House, Realism allows Ibsen to explore social
issues and the complexities of gender roles, while Waiting for Godot employs Expressionism
to delve into existential themes and the absurdity of human experience. Both plays
demonstrate how literary movements influence the portrayal of characters and societal issues,
enriching the audience's understanding of the human condition.
Q.6 Detailed Notes on Types of Plays
i. Problem Plays

Definition: Problem plays are a genre of drama that addresses social, political, or moral
issues, presenting a specific problem faced by society or individuals. These plays often
highlight injustices and advocate for change, prompting audiences to reflect on contemporary
issues.

Characteristics:

 Focus on Social Issues: Problem plays tackle relevant social concerns, such as gender
inequality, class struggles, and moral dilemmas. They aim to raise awareness and
provoke discussions among audiences.
 Character-Centric: These plays typically feature complex characters grappling with
moral choices or societal expectations. The character’s journey often serves as a
vehicle for exploring the central problem.
 Realistic Approach: Problem plays often employ realistic dialogue and situations to
create relatable scenarios, encouraging audiences to engage with the issues presented.

Examples:

1. A Doll's House by Henrik Ibsen: This play addresses the societal constraints placed on
women, exploring themes of identity, marriage, and self-discovery. Nora's journey
from conformity to independence highlights the struggles faced by women in a
patriarchal society.
2. The Father by August Strindberg: This play explores the conflict between a father and
his wife over the upbringing of their child, reflecting on the struggles of gender roles
and societal expectations. The father's descent into madness serves as a critique of
traditional family dynamics.

ii. Plays of Ideas

Definition: Plays of ideas focus on philosophical concepts, intellectual debates, and the
exploration of abstract themes. These plays often feature characters engaging in discussions
that reflect broader societal or existential questions.

Characteristics:

 Intellectual Discourse: Plays of ideas prioritize dialogue and discussions over action,
allowing characters to articulate their beliefs, values, and philosophies. The emphasis
is on intellectual engagement rather than plot-driven narratives.
 Exploration of Themes: These plays often delve into complex themes such as
morality, ethics, human nature, and societal norms. The exploration of ideas
encourages audiences to think critically about the subject matter.
 Non-Realistic Elements: While some plays of ideas incorporate realistic characters,
they may also utilize symbolic or allegorical elements to convey deeper meanings.
Examples:

1. The Chairs by Eugène Ionesco: This absurdist play features an elderly couple
preparing for a speech to convey their ideas to an invisible audience. The play
explores themes of existence, communication, and the futility of human endeavors.
2. The Debate by M.J. A. Fagan: This contemporary play presents a formal debate
between two characters representing opposing viewpoints on a societal issue. The
focus is on the intellectual engagement of ideas rather than traditional plot
progression.

iii. Romantic Plays

Definition: Romantic plays are characterized by their emphasis on emotion, imagination, and
individualism. They often explore themes of love, passion, and the conflict between societal
norms and personal desires.

Characteristics:

 Emphasis on Emotion: Romantic plays prioritize emotional expression and the

exploration of human feelings. Characters often experience intense passions, leading
to conflicts with societal expectations.
 Idealization of Love: These plays frequently depict love as a transformative and
transcendent force, highlighting the power of romantic relationships to overcome
obstacles.
 Conflict between Individual and Society: Romantic plays often explore the tension
between individual desires and societal constraints. Characters may struggle against
societal norms in pursuit of their passions.

Examples:

1. Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare: This iconic play explores the passionate
love between two young lovers from feuding families. The conflict between their love
and societal expectations leads to tragic consequences, emphasizing the power of love
and the constraints of society.
2. Pygmalion by George Bernard Shaw: This play examines themes of class and identity
through the relationship between Professor Higgins and Eliza Doolittle. While it
explores romantic elements, it also critiques societal norms, particularly concerning
language and class distinctions.