GRADING SYSTEM

Written works- 25%

Performance Task- 45%
Quarterly Assessment- 30%
VOCABULARY LIST
 Bias - the action of supporting or opposing a particular person or thing in an unfair way, because of
allowing personal opinions to influence your judgment:
 Complementary - serves to fill out or to complete.
 Complexity - the state of having many parts and being difficult to understand or find an answer
 Consolidate - to bring together separate parts into a single or unified whole.
 Correlational - presenting observations about the characteristics of someone or something :
 Dataset - a collection of separate sets of information that is treated as a single unit by a computer
 Descriptive - presenting observations about the characteristics of someone or something.
 Empirical - provable or verifiable by experience or experiment.
 Experimental - something that is new or uses new ideas or methods relating to tests, especially
scientific ones:
 Hypothesis - a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a
starting point for further investigation.
 Insight - a clear, deep, and sometimes sudden understanding of a complicated problem,
 In-depth – done carefully and in great detail, covering many or all important points of a subject.
 Intuition - the ability to understand something immediately, without the need for conscious
reasoning.
 Methodology - a set of systems, methods, procedures or rules that is used to conduct a structured
research process.
 Phenomena - facts, occurrences, or circumstances which are observable or can be observed.
 Precautionary - intended to prevent something unpleasant or dangerous from happening:
 Preconceived - formed before having the evidence for its truth or usefulness:
 Quantitative Research - a systematic investigation of phenomena by gathering quantifiable data
and performing statistical, mathematical, or computational techniques.
 Quasi - having some resemblance usually by possession of certain attributes.
 Random Sampling - a part of the sampling technique in which each sample has an equal
probability of being chosen.
 Replicate - To reproduce or make an exact copy or similar copies.
 Research - the systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to
establish facts and reach new conclusions:
 Researcher’s Bias - the tendency to see what is expected to see, or what is wanted to see, with
prior knowledge and subjective feelings about the group being studied.
 Sample Size - a part of the population chosen for a survey or experiment.
 Spurious Conclusions - are results which are not true and are not based from the claimed or
proper source.
 Superficial - not complete and involving only the most obvious things.
 Variable – refers to something that may or does vary or change.

Research is a natural day-to-day activity of gathering information, research is widely recognized as an

important tool for solving man’s various problems and in making life more colourful and convenient. One
form of research which is more disciplined in its methodology and more scientific in its procedure is known
as quantitative research. This form of research is an objective, systematic empirical investigation of
observable phenomena which highlights numerical analysis of data and its relationship with events.

CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Quantitative research is the systematic empirical investigation of observable phenomena using
statistical, mathematical or computational techniques. It deals with numbers, logic, and an objective stance.
The objective of quantitative research is to develop and employ mathematical models, theories and/or
hypotheses pertaining to phenomena. The goal in conducting quantitative research study is to determine
the dependent or outcome variable within a population.
Quantitative research has the following main characteristics:
  Objective
The research aims for objectivity and is separated from the data. Quantitative research
seeks accurate measurement and analysis of target concepts. Prior to proposing a conclusion or
solution to a problem, data are gathered beforehand. It is not based on mere guesses and intuitions.
 Structured Research instruments.
Researcher uses tools, such as questionnaires or computer software, to collect numerical
data. The overarching aim of a quantitative research study is to classify features, count them, and
construct statistical models in an attempt to explain what is observed.

 Larger Sample Sizes

The results are based on larger sample sizes that are representative of the population in
order to come up with a more reliable data analysis. A large sample size is required, depending on
how the characteristics and the variations of the population. To avoid the researcher’s bias in
interpreting the results, Random Sampling is recommended in determining the sample size.

 Replicated or Repeated
Given its high reliability, quantitative research study can usually be replicated or repeated to
confirm or to verify the correctness of the results in a different or another setting. In this manner, the
validity of the findings is being strengthened in order to eliminate the possibility of spurious
conclusions.
 Clearly Defined Research Questions
Prior to the gathering of data, all aspects of the study are carefully designed by the
researcher. In quantitative research, the researchers know in advance what they are looking for.
Questionnaires are well defined for which objective answers are sought.

 Numerical Data
Data are in the form of numbers and statistics, often organized and presented using tables,
charts, graphs, figures, or other non-textual forms that consolidate large numbers of data to show
trends, relationships, or differences among variables.

 Future Outcomes
Research paper can be used to generalize concepts more widely, predict future results, or
investigate causal relationships. Future scenarios of the study maybe formulated by using complex
mathematical calculations and with the aid of computers, thus, predicting future outcomes.

STRENGTHS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

 Allows for a broader study, involving a greater number of subjects,
and enhancing the generalization of the results;
 Allows for greater objectivity and accuracy of results. Generally, quantitative methods are
designed to provide summaries of data that support generalization about the phenomenon under
study. In order to accomplish this, quantitative research usually involves few variables and many
cases, and employs prescribed procedures to ensure validity and reliability;
 Applying well -established standards which means that the research can be replicated, and
then analyzed and compared with similar studies;
 You can summarize vast sources of information and can make some comparisons across
categories and over time; and
 Personal bias can be avoided by keeping a 'distance' from participating subjects and using
accepted computational techniques.

WEAKNESSES

 Quantitative data is more efficient and able to test hypotheses,

but may miss contextual detail;
 Uses a static and rigid approach and so employs an inflexible process of discovery;
 The development of standard questions by researchers can lead to "structural bias" and
false representation, where the data actually reflects the view of the researcher instead of the
participating subject;
 Results provide less detail on behavior, attitudes, and motivation;
 Researcher may collect a much narrower and sometimes superficial dataset;
  Results are limited as they provide numerical descriptions rather than detailed narrative and
generally provide less elaborate accounts of human perception;

KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

There are four (4) main kinds of quantitative designs – descriptive, correlational, quasi-experimental, and
experimental.
1. Descriptive Research is a study designed to depict the participants in an accurate way. More
simply, descriptive research is all about describing people who take part in the study.
There are three ways a researcher can go about doing a descriptive research project, and
they are:
o Observational - defined as a method of viewing and recording the participants
o Case Study - defined as an in-depth study of an individual or group of individuals
o Survey - defined as a brief interview or discussion with an individual about a specific topic

Examples of Descriptive Research

 Comparing Students’ Performance
An academic institution may wish to compare the performance of its junior high school
students in English language and Mathematics. This may be used to classify students based on 2
major groups, with one group going ahead to study while courses, while the other study courses in
the Arts & Humanities field. Students who are more proficient in mathematics will be encouraged to
go into STEM and vice versa. Institutions may also use this data to identify student's weak points
and work on ways to assist them.

 Scientific Classification
During major scientific classification of plants, animals, and periodic table elements, the
characteristics and components of each subject are evaluated and used to determine how they are
classified. For example, living things may be classified into kingdom Plantae or kingdom animal is
depending on their nature. Further classification may group animals into mammals, pieces,
vertebrae, invertebrae, etc. All these classifications are made as a result of descriptive research
which describes what they are.

 Human Behavior
When studying human behaviour based on a factor or event, the researcher observes the
characteristics, behaviour, and reaction, then use if to conclude. A company willing to sell to its
target market needs to first study the behaviour of the market. This may be done by observing how
its target reacts to a competitor's product, then use it to determine their behaviour.

2. Correlational Research is a quantitative method of research in which you have 2 or more

quantitative variables from the same group of subjects, and you are trying to determine if there is a
relationship (or co variation) between the 2 variables (a similarity between them, not a difference
between their means). Theoretically, any 2 quantitative variables can be correlated (for example,
midterm scores & number of body piercings) as long as you have scores on these variables from
the same participants; however, it is probably a waste of time to collect & analyze data when there
is little reason to think these two variables would be related to each other.

Examples of Correlational Research

Activity: (From the given examples, write details that will show the relationships of the given information.
Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper which will serve as your answer sheet.)

 Example 1.
To find out if there is a relationship between vegetarianism and income, you send out a
questionnaire about diet to a sample of people from different income brackets. You statistically
analyze the responses to determine whether vegetarians generally have higher incomes.
 Example 2.
To find out if there is a correlation between gender and class participation, you observe
college seminars, note the frequency and duration of students’ contributions, and categorize them
based on gender. You statistically analyze the data to determine whether men are more likely to
speak up in class than women.
3. Quasi-experimental Research involves selecting groups, upon which a variable is tested, without
any random pre-selection processes. For example, to perform an educational experiment, a class
 might be arbitrarily divided by alphabetical selection or by seating arrangement. The division is often
convenient and, especially in an educational situation, causes as little disruption as possible. After
this selection, the experiment proceeds in a very similar way to any other experiment, with a
variable being compared between different groups, or over a period of time.

Examples of Quasi-Experimental Research

Activity: (From the given examples, write details to formulate a topic on quasi-experimental research
based from the given information. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper which will serve as
your answer sheet.)

 Example 1:
Imagine that two professors decide to test the effect of giving daily quizzes on student
performance in a statistics course. They decide that Professor A will give quizzes but Professor B
will not. They will then compare the performance of students in their two sections on a common final
exam. List five other variables that might differ between the two sections that could affect the
results.

 Example 2:
Imagine that a group of obese children is recruited for a study in which their weight is
measured, then they participate for 3 months in a program that encourages them to be more active,
and finally their weight is measured again. Explain how each of the following might affect the
results:
 regression to the mean
 spontaneous remission
 history
 Maturation

4. Experimental Research is commonly used in sciences such as sociology and psychology, physics,
chemistry, biology and medicine etc. It is a collection of research designs which use manipulation
and controlled testing to understand causal processes. Generally, one or more variables are
manipulated to determine their effect on a dependent variable. The experimental method is a
systematic and scientific approach to research in which the researcher manipulates one or more
variables, and controls and measures any change in other variables. The word experimental
research has a range of definitions. In the strict sense, experimental research is what we call a true
experiment. This is an experiment where the researcher manipulates one variable, and
control/randomizes the rest of the variables.

Examples of Experimental Research

 Example 1 - Administering Exams After The End of Semester

During the semester, students in a class are lectured on particular courses and an exam is
administered at the end of the semester. In this case, the students are the subjects or dependent
variables while the lectures are the independent variables treated on the subjects. Only one group
of carefully selected subjects are considered in this research, making it a pre-experimental research
design example. We will also notice that tests are only carried out at the end of the semester, and
not at the beginning.
 Example 2 - Employee Skill Evaluation
Before employing a job seeker, organizations conduct tests that are used to screen out less
qualified candidates from the pool of qualified applicants. This way, organizations can determine an
employee's skill set at the point of employment. In the course of employment, organizations also
carry out employee training to improve employee productivity and generally grow the organization.
Further evaluation is carried out at the end of each training to test the impact of the training on
employee skills, and test for improvement. Here, the subject is the employee, while the treatment is
the training conducted. This is a pretest - posttest control group experimental research example.

IMPORTANCE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Quantitative research is generally used in fields like political science, gender studies, community
health, marketing, sociology, economics, psychology, demography, and education. It’s objective is to
employ mathematical theories in relation to phenomena. The process offers a connection between
mathematical expression and empirical observation.
 Research plays a very important role in day-to-day life. Quantitative research is a method to measure
variables, analyze them and report relationships amongst the studied variables through a numerical
system. Its objective is to understand, analyze, describe and make future predictions of a specific study
because after understanding the numbers, it becomes easier for people to make suitable changes. It
deals in objective, logic, and numbers and puts its focus on convergent reasoning and detailed and
unchanging data.
Research is to see what everybody else has seen, and to think what nobody else has thought. The
life people enjoy now or the things that are done in minutes which earlier looked impossible are all
because of research. Research is the best and reliable way to understand and act on the complexities
of various issues that you as humans are facing. It leads in an expansion of knowledge and discoveries
to improve the individual’s quality of life.
Research is not limited to any one sector but has been done for almost every sector. Some of them
are technology, healthcare, defense, precautionary steps against natural calamities and many more. In
academic institutions, research can be a useful learning process, challenging students and teachers to
work together and grow intellectually while conducting their study. Aside from the numerous benefits
that research brings to the academic settings, its benefits can also be seen and felt in the different
fields.

 In the area of Accounting, Business, and Management (ABM), researchers can help in designing
new products and services, figuring out what is needed, and ensuring that the development of a
product is highly targeted towards demand. Businessmen can also utilize research results to
guarantee sufficient distribution of their products and decide where they need to increase their
product distribution. The primary function of research in ABM is to deliver quality goods and
services, to establish the enterprise in the most feasible location, to analyse what the competitors
are doing, to correctly determine its customers and their preferences, and to find ways on how to
continuously satisfy the growing and varied needs of the clients.

 In the discipline of Humanities and Social Sciences (HUMSS), research aims to provide solutions to
the social problems directly felt by people. Researchers in the field deal more on societal behaviors
and social issues such as stress, teenage pregnancy, workers’ ethics ,organizational commitment,
leadership style, child labor, human trafficking, to drug addiction and other forms of criminality.
Social Science researches lead to the understanding of social interactions that may lead to the
formulation of new theories and practices that contribute to societal welfare and development.
 In the field of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM), medical practitioners, for
instance, conduct researches to obtain significant information about disease trends and risk factors,
patterns of care and health care cost and use, and results of various heath interventions.
Researchers help in determining the effectiveness and even the side effects of drugs and therapies
in different population and varieties. It is also necessary in evaluating experiences. In clinical
practices, in order to develop mechanisms for best practices and to ensure high quality patient care.
Researchers in this field ultimately aim for man’s longevity. As for the engineers, architects and
other builders, research helps in providing designs which are creatively beautiful and at the same
time give more convenience and efficiency as they utilize modern technology to adapt to the ever
changing society. New materials and procedures may be developed so as to further strengthen the
structural materials that can withstand various calamities and disasters.