HNDIT1212:

System Analysis
and Design

Lecture 01
 Outline Syllabus
1. Introduction to System Analysis and Design
2. Software development lifecycles
3. Requirement elicitation and business analysis
4. System analysis and design tools
5. Logical Data flow Design
6. System testing
7. System conversion
8. System maintenance
Introduction to System Analysis and
Design
 Information system
• An arrangement of Computer
Technology (Hardware & Software) and
Telecommunication Technology (Data,
image, voice) to support and improve
day to day operations, problem solving
and decision making needs of
management and users.

4
 Main components of an Information
System
Information systems consist of four main components.
They are,
– Input (collects data)
– Processing (process data)
– Output (disseminates data)
– Feedback

5
 Main components of an Information
System
• Input: Captures raw data from organization or
external environment
• Processing: Converts raw data into meaningful
form
• Output: Transfers processed information to
people or activities that use it
• Feedback: Output that is returned to appropriate
members of the organization to help evaluate or
correct the input stage.
 Computer Based Information
Systems(CBIS)
• The resources of a CBIS include,
– hardware
– software
– databases
– telecommunications
– people
– procedures

7
System Development Environment
• Stakeholders
Any person who has an interest in an information system and its
outputs.
• Mainly, there are five types of stakeholders.
1. Systems User
2. Systems Owner
3. Systems Analyst
4. Systems Designer
5. Systems Builder

8
 Systems User
• A “customer” who will use an information system by,
– capturing
– validating
– entering
– responding to
– storing
– exchanging
• data and information on a regular basis. A common
synonym is client.
• Systems users define the business requirements and
performance expectations for the system to be built.

9
 Systems Owner
• Systems owner is an information system’s sponsor and
advocate and he owns the final system.
• They pay for the system to be built and maintained .
• They set the vision and the priorities for the system and
determine the policies for its use.
• Responsible for funding the project of
• Developing
• Operating
• Maintaining the information system.

10
 System builder
• System builders are technical specialists
involved with
– Constructing
– Testing
– Delivering the system into operation
• They construct the information system
components based on the design
specifications from the system designers.

11
 Systems Designer
• System designers are technical specialists
• Translate systems users business requirements
and constrains into technical solutions
• They design the system including
– Databases
– Inputs
– Outputs
– Screens
– Network
– Software to meet the users requirements

12
 Systems Analyst
• System analysts are people who understand
both business and computing

13
 Role of system analyst
1. Identify the problem
2. Analyze and understand the problem
3. Identify the solution requirements
4. Identify alternative solutions
5. Design and implement the best solution
6. Evaluate the result

14
 Types of Information Systems
• Information systems can be classified in many
ways,
1. Classification by mode of processing
2. Classification by System Objectives

15
 Classification by mode of processing
1. Batch processing systems:
The transactions are collected as they occur, but processed
periodically, say, once a day or week.
2. On-line batch systems:
The transaction information is captured by on-line data-entry
devices and logged on the system, but it is processed
periodically as in batch processing systems.
3. On-line Real-time systems:
The transaction data capture as well as their processing in
order to update records (and generate reports) is carried out
in real-time as the transaction is taking place.

16
 Classification by System Objectives
Type of information System
1. Transaction Processing System (TPS)
2. Management Information System (MIS)
3. Decision Support System (DSS)
4. Executive Information System (EIS)
5. Expert Systems (ES)
6. Communications and Collaboration Systems
7. Office Automation System
8. Geographic Information System (GIS) 17
 The use of information systems by
management level.

Executive information system

Tactical Level
Middle Management
Management information system

Operational Level
Line Management Transaction processing system
Office automation system

18
 Transaction Processing System (TPS)
• Information Systems that capture and process
data about business transactions.
• Used mainly by operational level employees

19
 Management Information
System
• MIS is an information system application that
provides for management oriented reporting.

• lower and middle management can control, organize

20
 Decision Support System (DSS)
• Provides its user with decision-oriented
information whenever decision making
situation arise.
• They are interactive systems that assist a
decision maker when faced with unstructured
or semi structured business problems.
• Interactive computer-based modeling process

21
 Executive Information System (EIS)
/Executive Support System(ESS)
• An information system designed for top-level
managers.
• They integrates data from all over the
organization into graphical indicators and
controls

22
 Executive Information System (EIS)..
ESSs serve to,
1. indicate issues of importance to the
organization
2. indicate new directions the company may
take
3. help executives monitor the company’s
progress

23
 Expert Systems (ES)
• An expert system is a programmed decision
making information system.
• It capture and reproduces the knowledge and
expertise of a decision maker and
• Simulates the “thinking “ of the expert.

24
 Communications and Collaboration
Systems
• An IS that enables more
effective communications
between,
– Workers
– Partners
– Customers
– Suppliers
• Enhance their ability to
collaborate

25
 Office Automation System
• It supports the wide
range of business office
activities.
– Work group computing
– Work group scheduling
– E-mail
– Electronic document

26
 Geographic Information System (GIS)
• A system designed to capture, store,
manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all
types of spatial or geographical data.
 Legacy Systems
• Legacy system is an "antiquated" system.
– potentially problematic
– often run on obsolete hardware
– spare parts for such computers become
increasingly difficult to obtain
– hard to maintain, improve and expand
– The designers of the system may have left the
organization, leaving no one left to explain how it
works.

28
 Upgrading a Legacy System
Many complex legacy systems are yet to be
upgraded to new technologies because of
– Cost
– Skills
– People required
Force to change – to reflect new or changing
business requirements.
– Year 2000 problem (Y2K)
– Euro conversion

29
 Questions
• Define the term information system.
• List four main components of information system.
• List four resources in Computer Based
Information System (CBIS).
• Information System can be classified according to
the management levels in an organization.
Mention those classification levels with one
example information system for each level.
 Questions
• Define term stakeholders in Information
systems and give four examples.
• Briefly explain “System analysis” role and state
four skills of system analysis.
• Legacy systems are potentially problematic.
Do you agree? Justify your answer?