SET - 4

NEET

Gravitational field is a conservative field. or x 1=2 x2 or

1 (4) 2
d x1
2
2 d x2
=
Therefore work done in moving a particle
2 2

∴ a1=2a 2…(iv)
dt dt
from A to B is independent of path
chosen After solving Eqs. (i), (iii) and (iv),
2 (4) m2 g
a 2=
3 =
128 kg 125 (50 g ) (20) 4 m1 +m2

f =μ m g=0.8 × 4 ×10=32 N
m 3
(25 cm) (4)
3 7 (1)

= (20)units Applied force F< f therefore, answer will

128
be (a)
=40 units
64

Density of cork ¿ d , Density of water ¿ ρ

8 (2)
3 (2)
Resultant upward force on cork ¿ V ( ρ−d ) g
d
F= ( p)
dt
F= (a+bt+ c t ) or F=b+ 2ct
d 2

Clearly, the force is time-dependent

dt Cork

Acceleration of the body down the rough

4 (2)

inclined plane ¿ g sin θ This causes elongation in the spring.

∴ Force applied on spring balance When the lift moves down with
acceleration a , the resultant upward force
on cork ¿ V (ρ−d )(g−a) which is less than
¿ mg sin θ=5 ×10 × sin 30°

the previous value. So the elongation

1
¿ 5 ×10 × =25 N
decreases
2

Direction of second force should be at

5 (3)

Block B will come to rest, it force applied

9 (1)

to it will vanish due to frictional force

180 °

acting between block B and surface ie ,

6 (1)

force applied=frictional force

ie , μ mg=ma
¿ μ mg=m
v
t ()
v
¿ t=
μg

P= x +y
10 (4)

From force diagram, Q= y . x = y+ x

…(i) O/P= P+Q
To make O/P
T 1=m1 a 1
T 2=2 T 1…(ii)
P+Q must ‘O’
So, y=0
m2 g−T 2=m2 a 1
m2 g−2 T 2=m2 a1 …(iii)
x=1
Total work done by tensions should be
zero,
11 (2)
; For maxima,
Gm( M −m)
∴ T 1 x 1−T 2 x 2=0 F=
or T 1 x 1=T 2 x 2 or T 1 x 2=2 T 1 x 2
x2
dF G
= ( M −2 m )=0
dm x 2
 Dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii) we get
or
m 1
=
M 2

Escape velocity of the body from the

12 (4)
ve
'
ve
=
√8 Gπ R2 ρ
3
×
3
√
'2
8 Gπ R ρ
R2
= '2
R √
surface of earth is v=√ 2 gR
11.2 R
Escape velocity of the body from the
¿ ' = '

platform
ve R

Potential energy + Kinetic energy = 0

11.2 R
¿ ' =
v e 2R
GMm 1 GM
√
−1
⇒− + m v 2p=0 ⇒ v p= . R= √ gR ∴ v ' e =22.4 kms
2R 2 R2 17 (3)
1 1 1 I 1 ω 1=I 2 ω 2
¿ √2 gR= ; ∴ f =
√2 √2 √2
( ) ( )
2
2 2 2π 2 R 2π
MR = M∙ 2
Gravitational force provides necessary
13 (2) 5 T1 5 n T2
centripetal force T 1 24
T 2= 2 = 2
n n
18 (3)

√
m

√ √
m R R 5 2
GM gR
2
10 × ( 64 ×10 )
v 0= = = 3
r r 8000 ×10
2
¿ 71.5 ×10 m/s=7.15 km/ s

Heat required to convert 10 g of ice at 0

2 2 19 (3)
Gm mv
℃ to water at 0℃
2
=
(2 R ) R
Q1 mL=10× 80 cal
⟹v=
Gm
4R √ Heat required to raise the temperature of
water from 0℃ to 20℃
Q1=cmθ=1× 10× 20=200 cal
14 (2)
N−mg =
mg 3 mg
Total heat required
⇒N=
2 2
= Q 1 +Q2=800+ 200=1000 cal
Now, work done W=⃗
N ⃗S = ( 3 mg )( 2 )
12
¿
As V =L3
2 20 (1)

⇒W=
2 2
3 mg t
4 ∆ V × 100 ∆ L× 100
∴ =3
Telecommunication satellites are = 3× 0.2%=0.6 %
15 (4) V L

geostationary satellite 21 (3)

Modulus of elasticity =
Escape velocity from the earth
16 (4) Force l
×
Area ∆ l
−1

Let the mass, radius and density of earth

( v¿ ¿ e)=11.2 kms ¿ 11 33000 l
3 ×10 = −3 ×
be M , R∧ρ respectively and for given
10 ∆l

planet mass, radius and density are

∆ l 33000 1
= −3 ×
M , R ∧ρ , respectively.
l 10 3 ×10
11

∴ Escape velocity from the earth

' ' '
−5
¿ 11×10
Change in length,
∆l

√
=α ∆T
2 G× ( 43 π R ρ)
3

11×10 = 1.1 ×10 × ∆ T

l

∆ T = 10K or 10℃
−5 −5
v e= ⇒
R

Moment of inertia of a rod,

√
2 22 (1)
8 Gπ R ρ
v e= …. ( i )
Similarly, escape velocity from the given
3 1 2
I=
planet
ML … (i)
Where M is the mass of the rod and L is
12

the length of the rod

v ' e=
√ 8 Gπ R ' 2 ρ
3
… . ( ii )
 1 2 2
d x /d t =−kx ;
∴∆ I= 2 ML ∆ L ( ∵ M is a constant ) … (ii)
Divide (ii) by (i), we get √
12 displacement
T =2 π
acceleration
So T =2 π
∆I ∆L
=2
As ∆ L=Lα ∆ t
I L
… (iii) x
kx
=2 π
1
k √ √
Or When block (C) strikes the block ( A),
30 (1)
∆L
then it begins to oscillate, whose time
=α ∆ t
L
Substituting the value of in (iii), we period
∆L

get
L

∆I
=2 α ∆ t
T =2 π
√ m
2k
I

As is clear from figure.

23 (3)

Compression x=vT =v ×2 π
dQ d Q 1 d Q2
dt
=
dt
+
dt √ m
2k
K ( A 1+ A 2 ) dT
dx
K1 A1+ K2 A2
=K 1 A1
dT
dx
+ K2 A2
dT
dx
∴
31 (3)
x∝v
√ m
2k

K= AC=l cos θ
A1+ A2 ∴ OC=OA −AC
When a piece of glass is heated, due to
24 (1)
Max. KE of bob at O=¿ Max. PE of bob at
¿ l−l cos θ=l(1−cos θ)
low thermal conductivity it does not
conduct heat fast. Hence unequal
B
expansion of it’s layers crack the glass
¿ mg ×OC =mgl(1−cos θ)

At mean position, the kinetic energy is

32 (1)
25 (1)
F− . Hence graph maximum
C F−32
= ⇒ C=
5 20
()
between ℃ and ℉ will be a straight line Hence
5 9 9 3 1 2 2
m a ω =16
with positive slope and negative intercept On putting the values we get
2

In vacuum heat flows by the radiation

26 (1) 2π π
mode only
ω=10 ⇒ T = = s
ω 5
33 (2)
Thermal conductivity is independent of
27 (1)
Comparing it with the equations
x=3 sin ωt + 4 sin( ωt+ π /3)
temperatures of the wall, it is a constant
for the material, so it will remain x=r 1 sin ωt +r 2 sin(ωt + ϕ)
unchanged We have, r 1=3 cm, r 2=4 cm and ϕ=π /3
The amplitude of combination is
Time period of a simple pendulum of
28 (1)
√
length l is given by
r = r 21+ r 22+ 2r 1 r 2 cos ϕ
¿ √ 3 +4 + 2× 3× 4 × cos π /3
¿ √ 37=6 cm
2 2

T =2 π
l
√
where g is acceleration due to gravity.
g
Let x be the maximum extension of the
34 (2)

On moon spring. From energy conservation

g
gm =
6
K
∴ '
T =2 π
T =√ 6T
l
√
g /6
=2 π
6l
g √
=√ 6 .2 π
l
g √ v=0 m

Hence, time period increases on the

⇒ '
x

surface of moon.
Loss in gravitational potential energy
v=0 m

29 (3)
 ¿ Gain in potential energy of spring Frequency of a stringed system is given
1 2 by
Mgx= K x

⇒ x=
2
2 Mg n=
p T
√
⇒n∝
√T
Hence, to get higher frequency (higher
2l m l

pitch) tension should be increase and

K

Energy stored= work done length should be shorten

35 (3)

So
n A =¿ Known frequency ¿ 256 Hz , n B=?
1 2 42 (2)
E= k r
x=4 bps , which is decreasing after loading
2
or r =
2E
k
=
√ √2 ×2 1
= m
400 10 (i .e . x ↓) also known tuning fork is loaded
so n A ↓
(√ ) Hence n A ↓−nB =x ↓ → correct …(i)
2
2 k 1
a=ω r = ×
n B−n A ↓=x ↓ → Wrong …(ii)
m 10
¿ ( )
400
1
1
× =40 m s−2
10
⇒ n B=n A −x=256−252 Hz

From v=2 n(l 2−l 1 )

43 (4)
36 (3)
Spring constant(K )∝
1
v 340
n= =
as length becomes half, k becomes twice
Length of the spring(l)
2 ( l 2−l 1 ) 2 ( 0.84−0.50 )
is 2 K
340
The frequency is a characteristic of
37 (4) ¿ =500 Hz
source. It is independent of the medium.
2× 0.34

Hence the correct option is (d).

44 (2)

( )
√ I 1 +1
2

(√ ) = 4
2
9
Frequency of sonometer wire is given by
38 (3) +1
I max √I2 1
= =

√ √ ( ) (√ 1 )
2
1 T 1 T I min √ I 1 −1 9 1 2

v= = −1
2l m 2 l π r 2 p √I2
v 1=
1
√
T1
2 l 1 π r 21 ρ1 Frequency of second overtone (fifth
45 (1)

harmonic) of close pipe

v 2=
1
√ T2
2 l 2 π r 22 ρ2
¿
5v

Frequency of first overtone (second

fl

√ harmonic) of open pipe

2
v 1 l 2 T 1 r 2 ρ2
∴ = × ×
v 2 l 1 T 2 r 21 ρ1 2v
¿

√ Accordingly,
v 1 35 8 1 2 2l
= × ×
v 2 36 1 16 1
∵ v 1 < v 2∧v 2=360 Hz 5v 2 v
Therefore,
− =100
Or
4 l 2l
35
v=360 × v
v 1=350 Hz
36 =100
Or
4l
So, number of beats produced = v 1−v 2
=360-350=10 Fundamental frequency of open pipe
v=400 l
39 (1) v 400 l −1

√
K ¿ = =200 s
v= ∴ K =v 2 ρ=2.86 × 1010 N /m3 2l 2l
ρ 46 (3)

In closed pipe only odd harmonics are

40 (1) h
λ=
present
mv
−34
6.626 × 10
Higher pitch means higher frequency
−27
41 (4) ∴ mv= −10
=1.274 × 10
5200× 10
 For electron, m=9.1×10−31kg
Examine the positions in Periodic Table.
57 (4)

v=1400 m/s BCNOF

−31 −27
9.1 ×10 × v=1.274 × 10
P S
In H -atom subshell of a shell possess Phosphorus is having stable half-filled
47 (3)

same energy lavel. configuration.

Hence, order is B< S< P< F
Two glasses “A” and “B” have BOD values 58 (1)
48 (3)

10 and “20”, respectively. Halogen F2 C l2

Follow assumptions of Bohr ' s model. Bond dissociation 158.8 242.6

49 (4) B r2 I2

192.8 151.1
Acidic strength is inversely proportional Energy (kJ mo l 1)
50 (4)

to pKa. The bond dissociation energy of F 2 is less

than C l 2 due to inter electronic repulsions
present in small atom of fluorine.
The order of bond energy is C l 2 > F 2 > B r 2
> I 2 and
C l 2 has maximum bond energy.

Only P has d -orbitals.

59 (2)
51 (3)
1. Si F 4 has regular tetrahedral geometry.
+1 60 (3)
n=4 ,l=0 , m=0 , s=
→ 4 s energy level.
2
A decrease in s-character increases bond
61 (1)

2. length.
+1
n=3 ,l=1 ,m=−1, s=
→ 3 p energy level.
2
Strongest H-bonds are formed in between
62 (3)

3. HCOOH and C H 3 COOH . This is because

+1
H- bonding increases with
n=3 ,l=2 ,m=−2 , s=
→ 3 d energy level.
2
electronegativity and decreases with size
4. of atom
+1
n=3 ,l=0 , m=0 , s=
→ 3 s energy level.
2
Intramolecular H —bonding in salicyl
63 (3)

According to aufbau principle, the energy

aldehyde prevents its test with FeC l 3 (aq).
of orbitals (other than H-atom) depend
upon n+1 value.
Dipole moment of C H 4=0 .
64 (1)

So, it is highest energy level (in the given

n+l for 3 d=3+2=5
s-orbitals always lead head on
65 (1)
options).
overlapping.
Follow Stark effect.
52 (2)
Oxygen cannot expand its octet due to
66 (3)

Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and Rn are diamagnetic in absence of d -orbitals in its valence shell.
53 (3)

nature.
At A → temperature ¿ T , volume ¿ V ,
67 (2)

Since, the d -orbital of the element is pressure ¿ p1

54 (3)

incompletely filled, it is a d -block element At C → temperature ¿ 2 T volume ¿ 2 V ,

pressure ¿ p2
Proton ¿ can only accept a lone pair from
55 (4)

donor atom.
p 1 V p 2 × 2V
=
p1= p2 , ie, system is isobaric
T 2T
CaI 2 has maximum covalent character due 68 (2)
56 (4)

to large size of anion and possesses

lowest lattice energy. Thus melting point
a
d hkl = 2 2 2
is lowest. √ h +k +l
 a H H O −H H −H O =−ve
d (111) = 2 2 2

√( 1 ) + ( 1 ) + ( 1 )
∆ S=16 J mo l−1 K −1
2 2 2
79 (3)
a
¿ ∆ H vapour 6 ×1000
√3 T b . p= =
318 ∆ S vapour 16
d (111) = =184 pm
√3 ¿ 375 K
69 (3) 80 (2)
Pm ∆ H vap 37.3 kJ mol −1 −1 −1
d= ∆ S vap= = =0.1 kJ mol K
RT T 373 K

6.4 g of SO 2 at 0 ℃ and 0.99 atm pressure 81 (2)

−1 −1
70 (1) ¿ 100 J mol K

occupies a volume of 2.241 L. It indicates

that the gas is ideal.
1 1
H + C l → 2 HCl
2 2 2 2

V −T plot representing the behavior of 1

71 (3)

mole of an ideal gas at 1 atm pressure.

1
2
1
[
∆ H f =−e H — Cl + e H — H + eCl — Cl
2 ]
Volume of 1 mole of an ideal gas at 273 K [ ]
1 1
and 1 atm pressure is 22.4 L.
¿−431+ × 434 + ×240
2 2
Volume of 1 mole of an ideal gas at 373 K
−1

and 1 atm pressure will be

¿−93 kJ mol

Follow definition of heat of formation.

82 (2)
RT 0.0821 ×373
V= = =30.58 L 83 (2)
p 1
72 (3) [Conjugate base ]
pH =−log K a+ log

√
V A tB MB [ Acid ]
× = 84 (2)
tA V B MA
y A= = °
PA P° A X A
10
20
=
MB

49
49√ =
P Total P A X A × P ° B X B
3
7 ×10 ×0.4
M B = =12.254 3
7 ×10 ×0.4 +12× 10 × 0.6
3

= =0.28
4
2.8
In liquid state, van der Waals’ forces
73 (3)

y B =0.72
10
becomes appreciable.
74 (2) 85 (1) −¿¿
2+¿+2 OH ¿
28 x=70 ×2 ; Ca (OH )2 ⇌ Ca
∴ x=5 K sp =¿

q=∆U −W , if adiabatic process q=0 , then

75 (2) 2 3
¿ ( s ) ( 2 s ) =4 s
−∆ U =−W , i. e ., a decrease in free energy
86 (1)
brings in work done by the system (−W ).
A+2 B ⇌ 2 C+ D
a b o o
Given, 2 x=0.2 , Also, a=1.1
76 (1) ¿(a−x) ¿(b−2 x) ¿2 x ¿ x
C H 4 +2O2 →C O2+ 2 H 2 O; ∆ H=−x
3 x=0.1 b=2.2
C H 3 OH + O2 →C O2+ 2 H 2 O; ∆ H=− y 2
2 2x
−−−−+¿ ∴ K c=
¿ ( a−x )( b−2 x )
1
C H 4 + O2 →C H 3 OH ; ∆ H= y−x ( 2× 0.1 )2 × 0.1
2 ¿ 2
=0.001
∵ y−x=−ve ( 1.1−0.1 ) ( 2.2−0.2 )
∴ x> y 87 (1)
77 (1) [ C ]3 (4 /2)3
3 Q= = =16 ;
[ A ] [ B ] (1/2)(2/2)
Given, K c =20 ;
∆ H 1.435 × 10 −1 −1
∆ S= = =5.260 cal mole K
Thus, to have Q=K c ;
T 273
78 (3)
∆ H =H P −H R The concentration of C must increase,
 i.e., reaction should proceed from left to based on floral characters.
right
Linnaeus classified all the living
96 (4)

Electrophiles are electron deficient organisms into two large kingdoms, i .e . ,

88 (1)

compounds and accept pair of electron. Plantae and Animalia. The descending
order of Linnaean hierarchy is
Kingdom→Phylum→Class→Order→
89 (2)

Family → Genus → Species.

2
[ NO ]
K 1= ;
[ N 2 ] [O2]
Taxonomy is applicable for both plants
97 (3)
1 /2 ;
[ NO ]
and animals.
K 2= 1/ 2
[ N 2 ] [ O2 ]
∴ K 1=K 2 .
2 98 (4)
Growth also occur in unicellular organisms by cell
90 (4) division. It can be observed in vitro culture by
PC l 3 ( g )+C l 2 ( g ) ⇌ PC l 5 (g)
According to Le-Chatelier’s principle, on 99 (4)
counting the number of cell under microscope

increasing volume of a reactant, the The phylogenetic system classifies the

reaction proceeds in forward direction. plants according to their evolutionary and
Hence, on addition of C l 2 to above genetic relationships, e.g., classification
reaction, the equilibrium will shift to the system proposed by Eicher, Engler and
right. Prantl John Hutchinson etc.

Botanical garden allows ex situ Mycobacterium leprae causes leprosy.

91 (2) 100 (4)

conservation of gerplasm.
Ustilago and Puccinia are the common
101 (1)

Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a parasites of Basidiomycetes.

92 (4)

species or individual. It plays a great role Puccinia graminis tritici belongs to class-
in classification. It is the appropriate Basidiomycetes. It causes black rust of
theoretical background for taxonomy and wheat.
is quite essential in explaining all the Ustilago is an economically important
associations involved in classification. member as it causes destructive smut
Cladistics is exclusively based on diseases in most of the cereal plants
phylogenetic characters.
The mode of nutrition in Amoeba is
102 (4)

holozoic and involves the following

93 (2)

processes:
Reproduction by fragmentation can be best

(a) Phagocytosis, i .e . , intake of food in

observed in protonema of mosses, filamentous

solid form.
algae and in the fungi

(b) Pinocytosis, i .e . , intake of food in

94 (3)

liquid or solution form.

Hierarchial classification is

(c) Exocytosis, i .e . , egestion of residual

Kingdom

undigested food.
↓

Figure in the question shows all the three

Division/Phylum

process stated above.

↓
Class

Eubacteria is also called true bacteria.

↓ 103 (1)

They are characterised by the presence of

Order

a rigid cell wall and if motile, a flagellum

↓
Family

Bacteria are prokaryotic microscopic,

↓ 104 (1)

unicellular cell wall bearing organisms,

Genus

which contain bacteriochloropyll.

↓

Majority of the bacteria multiply by

Species

transverse binary fission, in which a

Class occupy a position between division/phylum

single cell is divided into two equal sized

and order

The system of classification proposed by cells by developing a cell wall.

95 (3)

Linnaeus was artificial. It was mainly 105 (2)

 The plant cell have an eukaryotic earth. The difference in size between
structure with prominent chloroplast. microspore and megaspore is 1:2000
Chloroplast contains chlorophyll which is female gametophyte of Selaginella mostly
responsible for the plant’s green colour have single archegonium
and imparts the ability to absorb energy
from sunlight. This energy is used to Fusion of morphologically dissimilar
112 (3)

convert water plus atmospheric carbon gametes, which may be motile or non-
dioxide into metabolisable sugars by the motile. The female gamete is usually
biochemical process of photosynthesis. larger and non-motile and male gamete is
Kingdom includes algae, bryophytes, smaller. They fusion of large and small
pteridophytes, gymnosperms and gametes is called anisogamy e . g . ,
angiosperms. Life cycle consists of Chlamydomonas
alternating haploid gametophyte and
diploid sporophyte generations The pollen sac in Cycas is called
113 (4)

microsporangium. Each mature

Lomasomes are the invagination either in microsporangium is an oval body
106 (2)

the form of an infolded convoluted pocket attached by a short stalk at one end. It
or pouch enclosing granular or vesicular produces a large number of microspores
material. These structures are found in (pollen grains).
fungal membrane and named lomasomes
by Moore and McLear (1961). Gymnosperms are characterised by
114 (3)

presence of naked ovules, which develop

The siliceous cell walls of diatoms are into seeds. The ovular integuments form
107 (2)

indestructible (i.e., do not decay easily). the seed coat.

They were collected over millions of years
on the sea floors, called diatomite or Sclerenchyma cells are thick walled,
115 (3)

diatomaceous earth or silica gel. These lignified and dead at maturity. These
deposits may extends for several hundred provide mechanical support to the Pinus
metres in certain areas needle. Sclerenchyma may be fibrous or
sclereid.
R H Whittaker (1969) classified living
108 (3)

organisms into five kingdoms based on In green algae vegetative reproduction

116 (3)

cell structure, body organization, takes place by cell division,

nutrition and life style. The five kingdoms fragmentation, stolons tubers and
are Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and different types of spores
Animalia.
Gametophyte refers to haploid plant that
117 (1)

Cycads possess top-shaped, multiciliate produces gametes. In ferns, haploid spore

109 (2)

male gametes and he mature seed, which on germination gives rise to

bears only one embryo with two gametophyte, which is also called,
cotyledons. prothallus. It bears both globose
antheridia (male reproductive structure)
Bryophyte is a group of embryo and flask shaped archegonia (female
110 (4)

producing plants, which do not bear reproductive structure).

fruits, seeds and any vascular tissue.
They are known as ‘amphibians of plant Many bacteria have small circular DNA
118 (1)

kingdom’. Body is thalloid and green outside the genomic DNA. These smaller
(due to presence of chloroplast). Male DNA are called plasmids
sexual organ is antheridium and female
sexual organ is archegonium. The phosphate is found in both DNA and
119 (4)

RNA.
Hydropterids are only plant among the
111 (3)

heterosporous. Pteridophytes that are Bacterial cells have a chemically complex

120 (2)

leptosporangiate. Leptosporangiate in cell envelope. The cell envelope consists

which the sporangium origin from of a tightly bound three-layered structure,
epidermal cell Heterosporous ie . , the outermost glycocalyx followed by
pteridophytes were the first land flora of the cell wall and then the plasma
membrane. The glycocalyx is made up of
sugar and proteins. 50 S subunit of 70 S ribosome is
121 (2)

composed of 23S r RNA and 5 S m RNA

+32 different proteins.
 Ribosomes are large non-membranous The base ratio A+T/G+C may vary from
122 (1) 123 (3)

RNA protein complexes, which are one species to another, but is constant for
necessary for protein synthesis. a species. It is rarely equal to one end
varies between 0.4 and 1.9.
 A eukaryotic flagellum is a bundle of 9 Certain proteins form enzymes, some
124 (3) 132 (2)

fused pairs of microtubule doublets, coenzymes and many hormones (insulin,

surrounding two central single parathormone) and regulate metabolism.
microtubules They are called functional proteins
The so called 9 + 2 structure is the
characteristic of core of eukaryotic In 1953, James Wateson and Francis
133 (4)

flagellum called an exoneme Crick based on the X-ray diffraction data

produced by Maurice, Wilkins and
The actual values of sedimentation Rosalind Franklin, proposed a very simple
125 (2)

coefficients of eukaryotic ribosomes are but famous double helix model for the
79-80 S in fungi and 80 S in mammals. structure of DNA.
The sedimentation coefficients of two
subunits is 40S (small) and 60S (large). Primary structure of proteins is due to
134 (1)

the present of peptide bond

Proline is not present in the cell
126 (3)

membrane. Enzymes are thermolabile and their

135 (4)

activity increases rapidly from 0 ℃−35 ℃.

When the inhibitor closely resembles the In most of the animals, the optimum
127 (1)

substrate in its molecular structure and temperature is between 25 ℃−40 ℃ for

inhibits the activity of the enzyme, it is most of the enzymes. Many enzymes stop
known as competitive inhibitor. Due to its activity at 60 ℃ and are denaturated.
close structural similarity with the
substrate, the inhibitor competes with the I. Spindle microtubules that extends from
136 (3)

substrate for the substrate-binding site of the two poles of a dividing cell are called
the enzyme. polar fibres
Consequently, the substrate cannot bind II. A centromere that connects two
and as a result, the enzyme action identical copies of single chromosome.
declines, e . g ., inhibition of succinic These two copies are called sister
dehydrogenase by malonate which closely chromatids
resembles the substrate succinate in III. In ‘X’ phase, the paired chromosomes
structure. Such competitive inhibitors are separate and begin moving to opposite
often used in the control of bacterial ends of the cell. This ‘X’ phase is called
pathogens anaphase

Amino acids are organic amino acids Synapsis is the pairing of homologous
128 (2) 137 (1)

containing an amino group and an acidic chromosomes during meiosis. While

group pas substituents on the same autosomes undergoes synapsis during
carbon, i.e., the α -carbon. Hence, they meiosis, sex chromosomes often remain
are called α -amino acids unpaired. A consequence of recombinant
synapsis is to increase genetic variability
Acidic amino acids have two carboxyl within both the offsprings and population
129 (2)

groups and one amino groups per

molecule. They are called monoamino The reciprocal exchange of chromosomal
138 (4)

dicarboxylic amino acids. They include material between homologous

aspartic acid and glutamic acid chromosome is termed as crossing over.

Amino acids which occurs in proteins are The M-phase represents the phase when
130 (1) 139 (1)

mainly of 21 types the actual cell division or mitosis occurs

and the interphase represents the phase
Malonate inhibits succinate between two successive M-phases. It is
131 (3)

dehydrogenase is an example of significant to note that in the 24 hour

competitive inhibition, which closely average duration of cell cycle of a human
resembles the substrate succinate in cell, cell division proper lasts for only
structure. Such competitive inhibitors are about an hour. The interphase lasts more
often used in the control of bacterial than 95% of the duration of cell cycle
pathogens 140 (3)
 The cell cycle is controlled by enzymes glucose to glycogen, while glycogenolysis
like cyclin dependent kinases (CdKs). involves conversion of glycogen to
CdKs phosphorylate amino acids like glucose.
serine and threonine which initiates or
blocks the activities related to cell cycle. Stomach is located in the upper left
147 (1)

The other check points involved in cell portion of abdominal cavity. It is a J-

cycle are shaped structure and is the widest organ
5. G 1check point (Enter S or or alimentary canal or human gut.
synthesis) is controlled by Cd K 4 Caecum, a small blind sac host symbiotic
/Cyclin D, Cd K 6 /Cyclin D microbes and it is a part of large
intestine. Oesophagus is a thin, long tube,
6. G2 check point (Enter M or
which extends posteriorly, passing
maturation promoting factor) by is through the neck, thorax and diaphragm
controlled Cd K 2/cyclin B and leads to stomach
7. Metaphase check point is
controlled by cyclin B degradation In the process of digestion and
148 (1)

absorption, masticated food (bolus)

A-Nuclear division; B-Karyokinesis; C-
141 (2)
enters into oesophagus and is pushed
Cytokinesis further into the stomach by involuntary
muscle movements. This involuntary
G 1-phase is the longest phase of the cell
142 (1)
muscle movement is responsible for food
cycle and is also called as presynthetic or transfer from food pipe to rectum and is
post mitotic phase. During it, the called peristalsis. The muscular coat of
synthesis of biochemicals like RNAs, alimentary ( I I nd from outside and II I rd
proteins, enzymes (DNA polymerase) for from lumen) is composed of outer
DNA synthesis, amino acids for histone longitudinal and inner circular muscle
formation, nucleotides and ATP, takes fibres.
place. Both muscle fibres of muscularis
(unstriped or smooth) are responsible for
Maximum percentage of lipoprotein is
143 (1)
peristalsis. Between these two muscle
found in chylomicron. Lipoproteins fibres of muscular coat, a network of
transport lipids in the blood, carry nerve fibre is present, which is known as
triglycerides and cholesterol to tissues plexus of auerbach, (controls peristalsis)
and remove excess cholesterol from the
blood. Pepsinogen - Zymogenic cells
149 (1)

HCl - Oxyntic cells

There are three pair of salivary gland in
144 (3)
Mucus - Goblet cells
human being. They are, a pair of parotids Pancreatic juice - Acinar cells
gland, a pair of sublingual glands and a Ptyalin - Salivary glands
pair of submaxillary gland. Zymogen cell
are one type of gastic glands secretes The third molar teeth appear very late
150 (1)

zymogens or proenzyme – pepsinogen and are called wisdom teeth.

and prorennin along with, a small amount
of gastric lipase and amylase Mucous neck or goblet cells secrete
151 (4)

mucus. It protects stomach wall against

Vitamins-CE and provitamin-A ¿-carotene)
145 (1)
HCl action and protein digesting
are known as antioxidant vitamins enzymes.
because their inactive oxygen free
radicals are highly reactive particles Expiratory reserve volume is the extra
152 (1)

amount of air that can be expired forcibly

The synthesis of glucose from non-
146 (2)
after a normal expiration. It is about
carbohydrate sources, such as amino 1000-1500 mL. Inspiratory Reserve
acids, proteins, fatty acids, glycerol, etc is Volume = 2000 mL.
called gluconeogenesis. This occurs Vital capacity = 4000mL
when the glycogen supply in the liver is Total lung capacity = 5000mL
exhausted.
Glycogenesis involves the conversion of C O2 transport in blood : Transport of C O2
153 (1)
 by blood is must easier/simple than that Ketoacidosis is a type of metabolic
of O 2 due to high solubility of C O2 in acidosis, which is caused by the high
water. concentration of ketone bodies formed by
Most of theC O2 , i. e . , 70% of C O2 is the breakdown of fatty acids and the
transported as bicarbonate ¿ in blood. deamination of amino acids. Generally, it
23% as carbaminohaemoglobin (HbC O 2) takes place when there is no adequate
glucose for the oxidation in body
and 7% of C O2 is dissolved in the plasma.
C O2 produced by the tissues, diffuses Tidal Volume (TV) is volume of air
158 (1)

passively into the blood plasma and inspired or expired in relaxed position
reacts with water forming carbonic acid. (500 mL). It consists of 150 mL of dead
The reaction occurs very rapidly inside space volume and 350 mL of alveolar
RBCs because of the presence of enzyme volume.
carbonic anhydrase.
Chloride shift : To maintain electro- Usually, there are 12 pairs of ribs in
159 (4)

chemical neutrality of plasma many humans. The first seven pairs of ribs are
chloride ions diffuse from plasma into known as true ribs, 8th, 9th and 10th pairs
RBCs and bicarbonates pass out. The are called false ribs and last two pairs (
chloride content of RBCs increases when i .e . , 11th and 12th pairs) are known as
oxygenated blood becomes deoxygenated. floating ribs.
This is termed as chloride shift or
Hamburger shift. In tissues, dissociation of oxyhaemoglobin
160 (4)

Haldane’s effect : Oxygenated blood and the formation of

behaves as strong acid. More and more carboaminohaemoglbin takes place.
oxyhaemoglobin is formed in lungs, which In lungs, dissociation of carboxyamino
releases H +¿ ,i .e ., ¿ increasing the acidity of haemoglobin and the formation of
blood. This H combines with haemoglobin takes place
bicarbonate forming carbonic acid and
+¿¿

soon dissociates. Tricuspid valve consists of three flaps,

161 (1)

situated between the right atrium and the

When a person moves to higher altitudes, right ventricle of the mammalian heart.
154 (1)

the po2 and total atmospheric pressure

decrease. Hypoxia stimulates the JG-cells I and II.
162 (1)

of the kidney to release erythropoietin Types of Valve

hormone, which stimulates erythropoesis (i) Atrioventricular Valve These are two
in bone marrow causing polycythemia. types
Hypoxia will also increase breathing rate. 1.
Bicuspid valve It also called mitral
Initially, the size of RBCs will also valve which is present on the left
increase but with increase in number of side between the left atrium and
RBCs, the size of RBCs becomes normal. left ventricle. It consists of two
cups of flaps
A-fermentation, B-ethyl alcohol, C- 2. Tricuspid valve It consists of three
155 (4)

aerobically flaps or cups present between the

right atrium and right ventricle
(ii) Semilunar Valve It is present where
156 (1)

the arteries leaves heart. They are of two

+ ¿¿
−¿+H ¿
C O2 + H 2 OCarbonic Anhydrase H 2 C O3 ⇌ HC O3
To maintain the neutrality of the plasma, types (a) Pulmonary valve (b) Aortic
→

HC O3 ions diffuses out into the plasma valve, which are present at the base of
−¿¿

and ions enter into the RBC. The chloride pulmonary artery and aorta, respectively.
content of the RBCs increases when The pulmonary and aortic valves are
oxygenated blood becomes deoxygenated virtually identical through aortic valve
This is known as Hamburger shift or consists of thicker fibrous structure than
chloride shift. Because of it, the C l the pulmonary valve
content of the red cells in the venous
−¿ ¿

blood is significantly greater than in An elaborate network of vessels called

163 (1)

arterial blood the lymphatic system collects the

157 (3) interstitial fluid and drains it back to the
major vein. This network is called
lymphatic system and the process is All living cells have to be provided with
164 (3)

called lymphatic circulation nutrients, O 2 and other essential

substances. Also the waste or harmful
substances produced have to be removed
continuously. Different group of animals
have evolved different method for this
transport. Simple organism like sponges
and coelenterates circulate water from
their surroundings through their body
cavities to facilitate the cells to exchange
these substances
 is the excretion product in these causes.
After clotting of blood, a water like fluid
165 (3)

remains, it is called serum. Fibrinogen Nephron is the structural unit of human

171 (1)

protein and other clotting factors are kidney.

absent in this serum.
The flow of filtrate in the two limbs of
172 (4)

All reptiles have three-chambered heart Henle’s loop is in opposite directions and
166 (2)

containing two atrium (left and right) and thus forms a counter current mechanism
one ventricle. These is a single ventricle (The process due to which the urine is
and so mixing of oxygenated and made hypertonic). Vasa-recta also plays a
deoxygenated blood occurs. But in significant role in counter-current
crocodile, which is an exception have mechanism
four-chambered heart
Ornithine cycle or urea cycle or Krebs-
173 (2)

A-right, B-pulmonary, C-life, D-aocta. Henseleit cycle was discovered by Hans

167 (1)

Pulmonary artery differs from pulmonary Krebs and Kurt Henseleit. It takes place
vein in having thick muscular wall. The in liver cells. The main component of
veins have internal semilunar valve to ornithine cycle are arginine, ornithine
prevent the back flow of the blood and citrulline.

1932
174 (4)

Elium
175 (4)

Sternum (breast bone) It is narrow,

176 (1)

elongated and fattened structure, present

just under the skin in the middle of the
front chest. It is longer in male than in
female

Acetylcholine.
177 (2)

The junction between a motor neuron and

Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
168 (3)
the sarcolemma of the muscle fibre is
Conditional reabsorption of N a and called the neuromuscular junction or
water takes place in this segment. DCT is
+¿ ¿

motor end plate. A neural signal reaching

also capable of reabsorption of HC O3 this junction releases a neurotransmitter,
−¿¿

and selective secretion of hydrogen and acetylecholine which generates an action

potassium ions and N H 3 to maintain the potential in the sarcolemma
pH and sodium-potassium balance in
blood Growth occurs in body parts or cells
178 (1)

through four different phages, as growth

Meristic variation is a type of variation in cartilage occurs by secretion of
169 (2)

involving the number of arrangement of extracellular matrix. Striated muscles

parts of an organism. grow through increase in volume. Nerve
In meristic trait, the phenotype is fibres grow by extension and growth of
determined by counting. axons and dendrites, while lens of eye
grow by multiplication of cells.
In certain marine mollusus, crustaceans
170 (4)

and teleost fishes, the excretory product Parasphenoid bone is a flattened and
179 (2)

is TMO (trimethylamine oxide). In these inverted T-shaped bone, which forms

animals, ammonia is converted into floor of cranium.
trimethylamine (TMA) after its
methylation. Thus, either TMA or its Vertebral column is dorsally placed
180 (4)

oxidation product trimethyl oxide (TMO)