1I7trxsczie0838@gmail.

com

SLEEP DURATION AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE

OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS

A QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH PROPOSAL

presented to the Senior High School Faculty
LORETO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Poblacion, Loreto, Agusan del Sur

in partial fulfillment of the requirements in

Practical Research 2

Asuncion, Trixie Hazel M.

Cortez, Johnna Kharie O.
Amantes,Claire Ann C.
Irisari, Randoph Jasper J.
Gonzales, Renz Kervie P.
Salvado, Cherry E.
Lara, Mariel A.
Sulit,Jeric

Grade 12 - Avocado

ARNOLD B. ABADIANO
Research Adviser

JANUARY 2024
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1. THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

1.1 Rationale

1.2 Conceptual/ Theoretical Framework

1.3 Statement of the Problem

1.4 Significance of the Study

1.5 Scope and Limitations

1.6 Definition of Terms

Chapter 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Chapter 3. METHODS

3.1 Research Design

3.2 Participants of the Study

3.3 Setting of the Study

3.4 Research Instrument

3.5 Data Gathering Procedure

3.6 Data Analysis

3.7 Ethical Considerations

REFERENCES

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Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

1.1 Rationale

Humans’ life is spent in sleep. The average person spends about 26

years sleeping in their life which equates to 9,490 days or 227,760 hours

(Curtis, G. 2023). Sleep is necessary to humans, so without sleep, it is difficult

to focus and respond fast, and our brain's learning and memory-building

connections cannot be maintained.

Adequate sleep duration is dependent on age. The American Academy

of Sleep Medicine (AASM) and Sleep Research Society (SRS) recommend

that adults obtain seven or more hours of sleep per night to avoid the health

risks of chronic inadequate sleep (Kingshott, R. (2017), while the National

Sleep Foundation recommends adolescents obtain 8–10 hours of nighty sleep

(Hirshkowitz et al., 2015).

Nowadays, adolescents are notorious for not getting enough sleep.

The average amount of sleep that teenagers get is between 7 and 7 ¼ hours.

Data compiled by the CDC, or Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,

indicates roughly 35% of US adults sleep for under 7 hours. In the UK, this

number is far higher, with 2022 YouGov data indicating 47% of British adults

get less than 7 hours of sleep ( Dornbierer, D. 2022).

According to Sleep Cycle's recent survey, an application that

monitors people's hours of sleep, Filipinos were spending 6 hours and 30

minutes to 6 hours and 45 minutes of sleep per day. (PH Ranks 4th in Sleep

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Deprivation in the World– Survey 2019). The 2016 Healthy Living Index

Survey, as cited by the National Nutrition Council (2021), found that 46% of

Filipinos do not get adequate sleep, and 32% stated that they get less than six

hours of sleep per day. Moreover, sleep deprivation affects a person's

performance and health, specifically blood pressure and reaction time (Patrick

et al. 2017). Sleep benefits every cognitive process in the human body,

including memory, learning, decision-making, and critical thinking. As a result,

sleep duration becomes essential for academic performance.

After years of immersion in the Philippines education system, the

results of the National Achievement Task (NAT) tells that our pupils and

students have not developed the problem solving and critical thinking skills

expected at their levels. According to the Programme for International Student

Assessment (PISA), Filipino students rank lowest in reading comprehension

and second lowest in math and science among 79 countries. This

international performance corresponds to the results of our current National

Achievement Tests (NAT). The nationwide mean percentage score among

Grade 6 students in 2018 was 37.44, the lowest in NAT history. This was a far

cry from the previous year's score of 70.88, which had decreased to 42.03 in

2016 and 39.95 in 2017. Grade 10 scores fell similarly, from 53.77 in 2014 to

44.08 in 2017, just marginally increasing to 44.59 in 2018. Due to their most

recent NAT scores, both grade levels are currently in the "low mastery"

category. (Tagupa, 2019).

There is a lot of study that discusses sleeping habits and

sleeping hours on academic performance However, there is a lack of literature

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that investigates the relationship between sleep duration and academic

performance among senior high school students in Loreto National High

School. Although there are studies that have explored the relationship

between sleep duration and academic performance among adolescents, most

of them were conducted in other countries. By investigating the relationship,

the study seeks to identify the senior high school students' sleeping duration

and how it relates their academic performance.

1.2 Conceptual Framework

Academic
Sleep Duration Performance

Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 1.2.1

The figure above shows the conceptual framework of the study. It

consists of two variables, sleep duration as an independent variable and

academic performance as the dependent variable.

The first variable in the figure is sleep duration as an independent

variable which refers to the amount of time an individual spends

sleeping. .The sleep duration will be measured through questionnaire and self

reported sleep diaries of the students.

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The other variable is the academic performance which refers the

measurement of student achievement across various academic subjects. It

will be measured through the grades and test scores of the students.

1.3 Statement of the Problem

This study aims to investigate the relationship between sleep duration

and academic performance of Senior High School Students in Loreto National

High School.

Specifically this study sought to answer the following question:

1. What is the average sleep duration of Senior High School students?

2. What is the level of academic performance of Senior High School

students ?

3. Is there a significant relationship between sleep duration and academic

performance of Senior High School students ?

Null/Alternative Hypothesis

Based on the problems above, the following null/alternative hypotheses

are made:

Null Hypothesis : There is no significant relationship between sleep

duration and academic performance of Senior High Schools students.

Null Hypothesis : There is a significant relationship between sleep

duration and academic performance of Senior High Schools students.

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1.4 Significance of the Study

This study aims to determine the relationship between sleep duration

and academic performance of Senior High School Student of Loreto National

High School. By conducting this research, it can contribute to the

development of strategies to enhance student health, sleep duration , well-

being, and overall academic performance.

Specifically this study shall be beneficial to the various group of people;

Parents. Understanding the link between sleep duration and academic

performance helps parents prioritize healthy sleep habits, leading to improved

academic performance and overall well-being for their children.

Students. Recognizing the importance of sufficient sleep empowers

students to make informed choices about their sleep schedules, enhancing

their cognitive abilities, time management skills, and academic performances.

Teachers. Knowledge about the impact of sleep on academic

performance enables teachers to design effective instructional strategies and

create supportive classroom environments that promote optimal learning and

well-rested students.

Future Researchers. Research on sleep duration and academic

performance provides a foundation for further exploration, helping researchers

develop interventions, policies, and educational programs to improve sleep

habits and academic outcomes for students.

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1.5 Scope and Limitations

This study is a correlational research focusing on the association

between academic performance of Senior High School Students of Loreto

National High School. Sleep duration will be measured using self rating of the

students and academic performance will be assessed using grades or test

scores.

This study does not examine other factors related to sleep, like sleep

disorders, and the findings may only be applicable to senior high school

students. Academic performance will only be measured through grades and

test scores and will not examine other factors related to the performance of

students. The study aims to establish correlations rather than causation and

the measurement of sleep duration will rely on self-report data, which may be

subject to recall bias.

1.6 Definition of Terms

Academic Performance - the measurement of student achievement across

various academic subjects.
Adequate Sleep – is defined as 6–8 hours sleep per night regularly and is a
critical factor in adolescent health and health-related behaviors.
Adolescents - a young person who is developing into an adult ; person
between ages 10 and 19.

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Cognitive Processes - the mental operations the brain performs to process

information. Through these operations, the brain interacts with
the
information around it, stores it and analyses it in order to make
the
relevant decisions.
Critical Thinking - is self-guided, self-disciplined thinking which attempts to
reason at the highest level of quality in a fair-minded way.
Decision Making - the process of making choices by identifying a decision,
gathering information, and assessing alternative resolutions.
Memory Learning - It is our ability to encode, store, retain, and then recall
information and past experiences.
National Achievement Test (NAT) - is a Philippine-made standardized test
designed to determine pupils/students’ achievement level,
strengths and weaknesses in five key curricular subject areas at
the end of the school year.
Sleep Deprivation - the situation or condition of suffering from a lack of
sleep.
Sleep Duration - the quantity of time that a person sleeps.

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Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

1. Sleep Duration of Students

In order for the brain to function properly, sleeping without interruption

is essential. It is recommended that students should aim for 8–10 hours of

sleep per night as the ideal amount (Hirshkowitz et al., 2015). The natural

drifting in and out of consciousness that occurs during sleep is caused by the

brain's transition between phases of wakefulness and unconsciousness

during the sleep cycle.

Unfortunately, many teenagers, especially those between the ages of

13 and 18, do not get enough sleep, with some sleeping for less than 8 hours

each night. Teenagers are advised to aim for 8 to 10 hours of sleep, but a

sizeable portion of them fall short of this recommendation. According to

studies, high school students typically don't get more than six hours of sleep

per night, falling asleep around 2:30 a.m. This is largely because of various

activities like social media, video games, and homework (Amenabar, 2023;

Creswell et al., 2023).

Students who don't get enough sleep suffer severe consequences. It

can cause mood swings, increase the risk of getting sick, and possibly cause

anxiety and depression (Jansen, 2020). According to research, a large

percentage of college students experience sleep deprivation as well; more

than 70% report getting fewer than eight hours of sleep each night and

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frequently feeling fatigued or sleepy (Emerson, 2022; Harvard Summer

School, 2021).

An overwhelming majority of high school students—up to 88%—sleep

for less than six hours per night, which causes sleep deprivation and its

related issues, including drowsiness in class and napping during free time

(Toyong, 2020). Additionally, according to Kim (2019), 71% of college

students sleep for less than eight hours per night, which has a negative

impact on memory consolidation, emotions, and attention spans.

However, it is important to note that one study found no connection

between students' learning achievement and sleep quality in junior high

school because other cognitive factors, such as motivation, IQ, and study

habits, are also very important for academic performance (Putra et al., 2023)

In conclusion, 8 to 10 hours a night of sleep is the amount that is

advised for students. However, numerous studies show that a large number of

students fail to meet this standard, frequently as a result of outside factors.

Despite the existing research, there is still a lack of literature discussing the

specific impact of academic workload on the sleep duration of senior high

school students.

2. Measuring Academic Performance

Academic performance is a crucial aspect of education, and measuring

it is essential to identify students' strengths and weaknesses. A literature

review by York, Gibson, and Rankin (2015 ) found that grades and GPA are

the most commonly used measures of academic performance. The review

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emphasized the importance of understanding the factors that influence

academic performance, such as study habits, cognitive control, and

sociological factors. The study concluded that effective assessment of

academic success requires a comprehensive understanding of the various

factors that influence it.

Another study by Brew, Nketiah, and Koranteng (2021) emphasized

the importance of parental levels of education and income, textbooks

availability and accessibility, libraries, practical laboratories, meals provision,

and teachers in influencing academic performance. The study recommended

that these factors should be regularly monitored and adjusted to meet

students' needs and improve their academic performance.

In conclusion, measuring academic performance in senior high school

students is a complex process that involves various metrics and factors.

Grades, GPA, and subscales are commonly used to assess students'

academic success, and understanding the influences on academic

performance can help educators and researchers develop effective strategies

to improve it. Additionally, parental levels of education and income, textbooks

availability and accessibility, libraries, and teachers are some of the factors

that influence academic performance. A comprehensive understanding of

these factors is essential for effective assessment of academic success.

3. The Relationship of Sleep Duration on the Academic Performance of

Students

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Many students struggle to get enough sleep due to factors such as

stress, irregular schedules, technology use, and social activities. Several

studies have been conducted to investigate the relationship between students'

average sleep duration and academic performance (Harvard Summer

School,2021). One study from Carnegie Mellon University (2023) found a link

between sleep duration and academic performance, with each lost hour of

sleep resulting in a 0.07 decrease in end-of-term GPA for students sleeping

less than 6 hours. Furthermore, a significant 80% of college students in the

United States reported only getting 6.5 hours of sleep on average, falling short

of the recommended 8-to-10-hour duration (Breese, 2020).

Sleep problems are common among American college students, with

68% reporting sleep disruptions related to academics and personal matters. A

significant proportion of students (35%) remain awake until 3 a.m. At least

once a week, and approximately 20% pull "all-nighters" on a monthly basis,

contributing to the high percentage of sleep-deprived students (68%).

Insomnia is also prevalent, affecting 30% of females and 18% of males at

least once every 90 days. 30-35% of college students nap, which is often

viewed as a sign of insufficient sleep (Bullock, 2022).

According to studies, students who have regular sleeping patterns

typically perform better academically (Hershner, 2020). Additionaly, research

by McNamara (2020) and Okano et al. (2019) supports the relationship

between sleep hours and academic performance, with lack of sleep being

linked to poor attention, cognition, and memory consolidation—essential

factors for academic success.

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Teenagers' biological clock changes make it difficult for them to sleep

past 11 p.m., resulting in an average sleep duration of 7-7.25 hours, which

falls short of the 9-9.5 hours required for adequate rest (Brooks, 2019).

According to Segaren (2018), students who slept for nine hours or more had

significantly higher GPAs than those who slept for less than six hours.

Similarly, college students who sleep for less than six hours per night are

more likely to have lower GPAs and academic difficulties than those who

sleep for seven to nine hours ( Edubirdie, 2022).

In conclusion, while numerous studies have examined the connection

between sleep duration and cognitive performance, there is still a lack of

research that focuses specifically on senior high school students' sleeping

hours and how it relates to their participation in class. To fully comprehend

how sleep affects this population's academic engagement, more research is

needed in this area.

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Chapter 3

METHODS

3.1 Research Design

The research design for this study is a correlational quantitative design.

This design was chosen to examine the relationship between sleep duration

and academic performance without manipulating any variables. The

procedure involves collecting data on sleep duration and academic

performance from a sample of senior high school students.

Correlational design is a suitable design for this study because it aims

to describe and measure the degree of association between two variables

therefore it allows the researchers to determine whether there is a significant

association between sleep duration and academic performance among senior

high school students. Furthermore, this design does not imply cause and

effect relationship between the two variables.

3.2 Participants of the Study

The participants of this study will be the senior high school students of

Loreto National High School. By focusing on this particular group, the study

aims to provide insights that are directly applicable to the students in this

school. The study will utilize stratified random sampling. This sampling

technique will involve determining the population in every section and then

choosing atleast 65 participants that will be included in the study.

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The table below shows the sample distribution in every section of

senior high school.

SECTION POPULATION PER SAMPLE

SECTION

11 - Apitong 34 8

11 – Molave 35 9

11 – Narra 35 9

11 – Yakal 35 9

12 – Avocado 44 11

12 – Banana 42 10

12 – Guava 39 9

3.3 Setting of the Study

The study is set in Loreto National High School. Loreto National High

School is situated in the town of Loreto in the province of Agusan del Sur. The

school is located in a semi-urban setting within the town's central area.

Besides Loreto is one of the municipality in the province of Agusan del Sur in

the Northeastern region of the Philippines. This setting is chosen because

there's a lack of study regarding sleep duration and academic performance in

this area. It is also chosen to provide valuable insights and recommendations

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regarding sleep and academic performance that are directly applicable and

relevant to the Loreto National High School Senior High School students .

3.4 Research Instrument

The research instrument utilized in this study is a self report structured

questionnaire that includes sections on demographic information, sleep habits

and academic performance aiming to investigate the relationship between

sleep duration and academic performance among senior high school students

of Loreto National High School. Sleep duration can be measured using self-

report questionnaires. Academic performance can be assessed using

students' grades and test score. To gather data, participants will be asked to

answer sleep questionnaires . Academic performance data can be obtained

from school records or by asking participants to provide their grades or test

scores. The questionnaire will be validated by the 3 senior high school

teachers, after validation the questionnaire will be revised.

3.5 Data Gathering Procedure

This study will be conducted among the Senior High School student of

Loreto National High School, on school year 2023-2024. Before this research

will be conducted, the researcher will write an approval letter to obtain

permission from the school Principal Mr. Antonio S. Saromines to conduct the

study in Loreto National High School.

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After the letter is approved. The researchers will provide the selected

respondents with survey questionnaires to collect data on sleep duration and

academic performance.The researchers will instruct the respondents on how

to accurately complete the questionnaires or surveys. They will explain the

purpose of the study, emphasize the importance of honest responses, and

address any concerns or questions raised by the respondents. The survey

will be answered in 10 minutes by the respondents during their free time.

After the respondents have completed the questionnaires or surveys,

the researchers will retrieve the instruments. Throughout this process, the

researchers will prioritize the anonymity and confidentiality of the

respondents.

3.6 Data Analysis

Statistical tools and data analysis techniques were employed to

investigate the relationship between sleep duration and academic

performance.

Mean: The mean will be utilized to calculate the average sleep duration and

academic performance scores of the senior high school students. By

computing the mean sleep duration, the study can determine the typical

amount of sleep obtained by the students. Additionally, the mean academic

performance scores wil be analyzed to assess the overall achievement level

of the students.

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Pearson's Product Moment Correlation Coefficient ( PPMCC ) : This

statistical test will be used to examine if the statistical significance of the

relationship exists between sleep duration and academic performance of

students. Furthermore, it will also measure the extent of the relationship either

positive or negative and weak or strong.

3.7 Ethical Considerations

The study will be conducted in accordance with ethical guidelines for

research involving human subjects.

The researcher must ensure that any data collected during the study is

kept confidential and that the data is only accessible to authorized persons.

To protect participants' privacy, the researcher must use pseudonyms instead

of real names in the data analysis and reporting, and must take steps to

ensure that participants cannot be identified from the data.

Obtain informed consent from the participants and their parents or

guardians before involving them in the study . The consent process must be

clear and understandable, and participants must have the right to withdraw

from the study at any time without penalty. The researcher must also ensure

that the study complies with all relevant ethical guidelines and regulations.

Ensures that the study does not cause any harm to the participants or

the wider community . The researcher must take steps to minimize any

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potential risks or discomfort that may arise during the study and must ensure

that the results of the study are reported accurately and responsibly.

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