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Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems 148

Kanad Ray · Krishna Chandra Roy ·

Sandeep Kumar Toshniwal ·
Harish Sharma ·
Anirban Bandyopadhyay Editors

Proceedings
of International
Conference
on Data Science
and Applications
ICDSA 2019
Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems

Volume 148

Series Editor
Janusz Kacprzyk, Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences,
Warsaw, Poland

Advisory Editors
Fernando Gomide, Department of Computer Engineering and Automation—DCA,
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering—FEEC, University of Campinas—
UNICAMP, São Paulo, Brazil
Okyay Kaynak, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,
Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
Derong Liu, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University
of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA; Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Beijing, China
Witold Pedrycz, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; Systems Research Institute,
Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
Marios M. Polycarpou, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
KIOS Research Center for Intelligent Systems and Networks, University of Cyprus,
Nicosia, Cyprus
Imre J. Rudas, Óbuda University, Budapest, Hungary
Jun Wang, Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong,
Kowloon, Hong Kong
The series “Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems” publishes the latest
developments in Networks and Systems—quickly, informally and with high quality.
Original research reported in proceedings and post-proceedings represents the core
of LNNS.
Volumes published in LNNS embrace all aspects and subfields of, as well as new
challenges in, Networks and Systems.
The series contains proceedings and edited volumes in systems and networks,
spanning the areas of Cyber-Physical Systems, Autonomous Systems, Sensor
Networks, Control Systems, Energy Systems, Automotive Systems, Biological
Systems, Vehicular Networking and Connected Vehicles, Aerospace Systems,
Automation, Manufacturing, Smart Grids, Nonlinear Systems, Power Systems,
Robotics, Social Systems, Economic Systems and other. Of particular value to both
the contributors and the readership are the short publication timeframe and the
world-wide distribution and exposure which enable both a wide and rapid
dissemination of research output.
The series covers the theory, applications, and perspectives on the state of the art
and future developments relevant to systems and networks, decision making, control,
complex processes and related areas, as embedded in the fields of interdisciplinary
and applied sciences, engineering, computer science, physics, economics, social, and
life sciences, as well as the paradigms and methodologies behind them.
** Indexing: The books of this series are submitted to ISI Proceedings,
SCOPUS, Google Scholar and Springerlink **

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15179

Kanad Ray Krishna Chandra Roy
• •

Sandeep Kumar Toshniwal•

Harish Sharma Anirban Bandyopadhyay

•

Editors

Proceedings of International
Conference on Data Science
and Applications
ICDSA 2019

123
Editors
Kanad Ray Krishna Chandra Roy
Amity School of Applied Sciences Kautilya Institute of Technology
Amity University Rajasthan and Engineering
Jaipur, Rajasthan, India Jaipur, Rajasthan, India

Sandeep Kumar Toshniwal Harish Sharma

Kautilya Institute of Technology Department of Computer Science
and Engineering and Engineering
Jaipur, Rajasthan, India Rajasthan Technical University
Kota, Rajasthan, India
Anirban Bandyopadhyay
Surface Characterization Group
Nano Characterization Unit
Advanced Key Technologies Division
National Institute for Materials Science
Tsukuba, Japan

ISSN 2367-3370 ISSN 2367-3389 (electronic)

Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems
ISBN 978-981-15-7560-0 ISBN 978-981-15-7561-7 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7561-7

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether
the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and
transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar
or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from
the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained
herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard
to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721,
Singapore
Preface

The International Conference on Data Science and Application (ICDSA-2019) was

organized at Kautilya Institute of Technology and Engineering, Jaipur, during
December 2–3, 2019. The conference was sponsored by the TEQIP III and
Rajasthan Technical University, Kota.
The objective of ICDSA-2019 was to provide a common platform to researcher,
academicians, scientists and industrialists working in the area of data science.
This book that we wish to bring forth with great pleasure is an encapsulation of
research papers presented during the two-day international conference. We hope
that the efforts would be found informative and interesting to those who are keen to
learn the technology that addresses the challenges of the exponentially growing
information in the core and allied fields of data science.
We are thankful to the authors of the research papers for their valuable contri-
bution to the conference and for bringing forth significant research and literature
across the field of data science. The editors also express their sincere gratitude to
ICDSA-2019 patrons, plenary speakers, keynote speakers, program committee
members, international advisory committee and local organizing committee,
sponsors and student volunteers without whose support the quality of the confer-
ence would not have been the same. We are thankful to Prof. Dhirendra Mathur,
Er. C. K. Bafna, Er. Vimal Goleccha, Dr. Nilanjan Dey and Dr. Satyajit Sahu.
We would like to express our sincere gratitude to Prof. R. A. Gupta, VC,
Rajasthan Technical University, for being the chief patron and taking out time for a
plenary talk. We would also like to accord our special thanks to Prof. S. L. Dhingra
and Prof. Ved Vyas Dwivedi for plenary deliberations.
We express our heartfelt indebtedness to Prof. Preecha Yupapin,Vietnam,
Prof. Ram Prasad Khatiwada, Nepal, Prof. Anirban Bandyopadhyay, Japan, and
Prof. M. Shamim Kaiser, Bangladesh, for their gracious presence during the con-
ference and delivering their plenary talks.

v
vi Preface

We express special thanks to Springer and its team for valuable support in the
publication of proceedings. With great fervor, we wish to bring together researchers
and practitioners in the field of data science year after year to explore new avenues
in the field.

Jaipur, India Prof. Kanad Ray

Jaipur, India Prof. Krishna Chandra Roy
Jaipur, India Er. Sandeep Kumar Toshniwal
Kota, India Dr. Harish Sharma
Tsukuba, Japan Dr. Anirban Bandyopadhyay
Contents

A Space-Time-Topology-Prime, stTS Metric for a Self-operating

Mathematical Universe Uses Dodecanion Geometric Algebra
of 2-20 D Complex Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Pushpendra Singh, Pathik Sahoo, Komal Saxena, Subrata Ghosh,
Satyajit Sahu, Kanad Ray, Daisuke Fujita, and Anirban Bandyopadhyay
An Effective Filtering Process for the Noise Suppression in Eye
Movement Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Sergio Mejia-Romero, J. Eduardo Lugo, Delphine Bernardin,
and Jocelyn Faubert
Trust IoHT: A Trust Management Model for Internet of Healthcare
Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Naznin Hossain Esha, Mst. Rubayat Tasmim, Silvia Huq, Mufti Mahmud,
and M. Shamim Kaiser
ACO-Based Control Strategy in Interconnected Thermal Power
System for Regulation of Frequency with HAE and UPFC Unit . . . . . . 59
K. Jagatheesan, B. Anand, Nilanjan Dey, Amira S. Ashour,
Mahdi Khosravy, and Rajesh Kumar
Cryptosystem Based on Triple Random Phase Encoding with Chaotic
Henon Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Archana, Sachin, and Phool Singh
Different Loading of Distributed Generation on IEEE 14-Bus Test
System to Find Out the Optimum Size of DG to Allocation
in Transmission Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Rakesh Bhadani and K. C. Roy

vii
viii Contents

Kidney Care: Artificial Intelligence-Based Mobile Application

for Diagnosing Kidney Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Zarin Subah Shamma, Israt Jahan Rumman, Ali Mual Raji Saikot,
S. M. Salim Reza, Md. Maynul Islam,
Mufti Mahmud, and M. Shamim Kaiser
A Framework to Evaluate and Classify the Clinical-Level EEG Signals
with Epilepsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Linkon Chowdhury, Bristy Roy Chowdhury, V. Rajinikanth,
and Nilanjan Dey
Designing of UWB Monopole Antenna with Triple Band Notch
Characteristics at WiMAX/C-Band/WLAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
S. K. Vijay, M. R. Ahmad, B. H. Ahmad, S. Rawat, P. Singh, K. Ray,
and A. Bandyopadhyay
The Dynamic Performance of Gaze Movement, Using Spectral
Decomposition and Phasor Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Sergio Mejia-Romero, J. Eduardo Lugo, Delphine Bernardin,
and Jocelyn Faubert
Novel Hairpin Band-Pass Filter Using Tuning Stub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Sonu Jain, Taniya Singh, Ajay Yadav, and M. D. Sharma
Recognition of Faults in Wind-Park-Included Series-Compensated
Three-Phase Transmission Line Using Hilbert–Huang Transform . . . . . 153
Gaurav Kapoor
Simulation of Five-Channel De-multiplexer Using Double-Ring
Resonator Photonic Crystal-Based ADF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Neha Singh and Krishna Chandra Roy
Optimization of Surface Roughness and Material Removal Rate
in Turning of AISI D2 Steel with Coated Carbide Inserts . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Anil Kumar Yadav and Bhasker Shrivastava
An Approach to Improved MapReduce and Aggregation Pipeline
Utilizing NoSQL Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Monika and Vishal Shrivastava
Evaluation of Bio-movements Using Nonlinear Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Sergio Mejia-Romero, J. Eduardo Lugo, Delphine Bernardin,
and Jocelyn Faubert
An Examination System to Classify the Breast Thermal Images
into Early/Acute DCIS Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Nilanjan Dey, V. Rajinikanth, and Aboul Ella Hassanien
Implementation of Hybrid Wind–Solar Energy Conversion Systems . . . 221
Pooja Joshi and K. C. Roy
Contents ix

Accident Prediction Modeling for Yamuna Expressway . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

Parveen Kumar and Jinendra Kumar Jain
Optical Image Encryption Algorithm Based on Chaotic Tinker Bell
Map with Random Phase Masks in Fourier Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Sachin, Archana, and Phool Singh
Fiber Optics Near-Infrared Wavelengths Analysis to Detect
the Presence of Liquefied Petroleum Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
H. H. Cerecedo-Núñez, Rosa Ma Rodríguez-Méndez, P. Padilla-Sosa,
and J. E. Lugo-Arce
A Novel Approach to Optimize SLAM Using GP-GPU . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Rohit Mittal, Vibhakar Pathak, and Amit Mithal
Making of Streptavidin Conjugated Crypto-Nanobot: An Advanced
Resonance Drug for Cancer Cell Membrane Specificity . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Anup Singhania, Pathik Sahoo, Kanad Ray, Anirban Bandyopadhyay,
and Subrata Ghosh
Performance Evaluation of Fuzzy-Based Hybrid MIMO Architecture
for 5G-IoT Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Fariha Tabassum, A. K. M. Nazrul Islam, and M. Shamim Kaiser
Reducing Frequency Deviation of Two Area System Using Full State
Feedback Controller Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Shubham, Sourabh Prakash Roy, and R. K. Mehta

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311

About the Editors

Dr. Kanad Ray is a Professor and Head of the department of Physics at the Amity
School of Applied Sciences Physics Amity University Rajasthan (AUR), Jaipur,
India. He has obtained MSc & PhD degrees in Physics from Calcutta University &
Jadavpur University, West Bengal, India. In an academic career spanning over 25
years, he has published and presented research papers in several national and
international journals and conferences in India and abroad. He has authored a book
on the Electromagnetic Field Theory. Prof. Ray’s current research areas of interest
include cognition, communication, electromagnetic field theory, antenna & wave
propagation, microwave, computational biology, and applied physics. He has
served as Editor of Springer Book Series such as AISC, LNEE etc. and an
Associated Editor of Journal of Integrative Neuroscience published by IOS Press,
Netherlands. He has established an MOU between his University and University of
Montreal, Canada for various joint research activities. He has also established MOU
with National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Japan for joint research
activities and visits NIMS as a visiting Scientist. He had been visiting Professor to
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) and Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
(UTeM), Malaysia. He had organized international conference series such as
SoCTA, ICOEVCI as General Chair. He is a Senior Member, IEEE and an
Executive Committee member of IEEE Rajasthan. He has visited Netherlands,
Turkey, China, Czechoslovakia, Russia, Portugal, Finland, Belgium, South Africa,
Japan, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore etc. for various academic missions.

Dr. Krishna Chandra Roy is working as Principal in Kautilya Institute of

Technology & Engineering, Jaipur with 22.04 years of academic experience. He
received M.Tech in the Electrical Engineering Department from NIT Patna and
Ph.D in Electrical Engineering from North Eastern Regional Institute of Science
and Technology (Under the MHRD, Govt. of India) Itanagar. He has worked as
Principal, Dean (Engg.), PG Coordinator and HOD of various Engineering Colleges
and University. He supervised many Ph.D Thesis and M.Tech. Dissertation. He has
organized Workshop, FDP, Seminar, Conference and Research program as
Coordinator who has fully funded by MHRD and AICTE New Delhi. He has

xi
xii About the Editors

published and presented more than 110 research papers in renowned National and
International Journals and conferences. He has published White research papers and
patents and also published two books. He is a member of various National and
International technical board & committees like International Association of
Computer Science & Information Technology, Computer Society of India, Indian
Society of Technical Education, Institute of Electronic & Telecommunication
Engineering, and Indian Science Congress Association.

Er. Sandeep Kumar Toshniwal working as Registrar & HOD, ECE in Kautilya
Institute of Technology & Engineering, Jaipur with 16 years of academic experi-
ence. He received M.Tech in Digital Communication from MNIT, Jaipur and
pursuing Ph.D in Electronics & Communication from JK Laxmipat University,
Jaipur. He supervised many M.Tech. Dissertation. He has organized Workshop,
FDP, Seminar, Conference and Research program as Coordinator. He has published
and presented about 25 research papers in renowned National and International
Journals and conferences.

Dr. Harish Sharma is an Associate professor at Rajasthan Technical University,

Kota in Department of Computer Science & Engineering. He has worked at
Vardhaman Mahaveer Open University Kota, and Government Engineering
College Jhalawar. He received his B.Tech and M.Tech degree in Computer Engg.
from Govt. Engineering College, Kota and Rajasthan Technical University, Kota in
2003 and 2009 respectively. He obtained his Ph.D. from ABV - Indian Institute of
Information Technology and Management, Gwalior, India.
He is secretary and one of the founder members of Soft Computing Research
Society of India. He is a life time member of Cryptology Research Society of India,
ISI, Kolkata. He is an Associate Editor of “International Journal of Swarm
Intelligence (IJSI)” published by Inderscience. He has also edited special issues
of the journals “Memetic Computing” and “Journal of Experimental and
Theoretical Artificial Intelligence”. His primary area of interest is nature inspired
optimization techniques. He has contributed in more than 45 papers published in
various international journals and conferences.

Dr. Anirban Bandyopadhyay is a Senior Scientist at the National Institute for

Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Japan. He completed his PhD in
Supramolecular Electronics at the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
(IACS), Kolkata, 2005. From 2005 to 2008, he was an independent researcher, as
an ICYS research fellow at the International Center for Young Scientists (ICYS),
NIMS, Japan, where he worked on the brain-like bioprocessor building. In 2008, he
joined as a permanent scientist at NIMS, working on the cavity resonator model of
human brain and design synthesis of brain-like organic jelly. From 2013 to 2014 he
was a visiting scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), USA.
He has received several honors, such as the Hitachi Science and Technology award
2010, Inamori Foundation award 2011–2012, Kurata Foundation Award, Inamori
Foundation Fellow (2011–), and Sewa Society international member, Japan. He has
About the Editors xiii

patented ten inventions (i) a time crystal model for building an artificial human
brain, (ii) geometric-musical language to operate a fractal tape to replace the Turing
tape, (iii) fourth circuit element that is not memristor, (iii) cancer & alzheimers
drug, (iv) nano-submarine as a working factory & nano-surgeon, (vi) fractal con-
densation based synthesis, (vii) a thermal noise harvesting chip, (viii) a new gen-
eration of molecular rotor, (ix) spontaneous self-programmable synthesis
(programmable matter) (x) Fractal grid scanner for dielectric imaging. He has also
designed and built multiple machines and technologies, (i) THz-magnetic
nano-sensor (ii) a new class of fusion resonator antenna etc. Currently, he is
building time crystal based artificial brain using three ways, (i) knots of darkness
made of fourth circuit element, (ii) integrated circuit design, (iii) organic
supramolecular structure.
A Space-Time-Topology-Prime, stTS
Metric for a Self-operating Mathematical
Universe Uses Dodecanion Geometric
Algebra of 2-20 D Complex Vectors

Pushpendra Singh, Pathik Sahoo, Komal Saxena, Subrata Ghosh,

Satyajit Sahu, Kanad Ray, Daisuke Fujita, and Anirban Bandyopadhyay

Abstract Advancing from eight imaginary worlds of octonion algebra, for the first
time we introduce dodecanion algebra, a mathematical universe made of twelve
imaginary worlds one inside another. The difference between eight and twelve imag-
inary worlds is that the Fano plane that sets the products of imaginary vectors is

P. Singh · K. Ray
Amity School of Applied Science, Amity University, Kant Kalwar, NH-11C, Delhi Highway,
Jaipur, Rajasthan 303007, India
e-mail: [email protected]
K. Ray
e-mail: [email protected]
P. Singh · P. Sahoo · K. Saxena · D. Fujita · A. Bandyopadhyay (B)
International Center for Materials and Nanoarchitectronics (MANA), Research Center for
Advanced Measurement and Characterization (RCAMC), National Institute for Materials Science,
1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050047, Japan
e-mail: [email protected]
P. Sahoo
e-mail: [email protected]
K. Saxena
e-mail: [email protected]
D. Fujita
e-mail: [email protected]
P. Sahoo · S. Ghosh
Chemical Science & Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science & Technology,
Jorhat, Assam 785006, India
e-mail: [email protected]
K. Saxena
Microwave Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics and Computer Science, Dayalbag
Educational Institute, Agra, Uttar Pradesh 282005, India
S. Sahu
Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 303007, India
e-mail: [email protected]

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license 1
to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021
K. Ray et al. (eds.), Proceedings of International Conference on Data Science
and Applications, Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems 148,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7561-7_1
2 P. Singh et al.

replaced by a triplet of manifolds that could coexist in three forms. In the proposed
algebra product tensors-like quaternion, octonion, dodecanion, and icosanion are
deconstructed as a composition of prime dimensional tensors. We propose a generic
conformal cylinder of imaginary worlds, similar to modulo or clock arithmetic, using
that one could build the group multiplication tables of multinions, which would enable
developing the associated algebra. Space-time (st) metric is known, we added two
concepts, 15 geometric shapes as topology (T) and 15 primes as symmetry (S) to
build a new metric, space-time-topology-prime(stTS) for a self-operating mathemat-
ical universe with n nested imaginary worlds. The stTS metric delivers a decision
as shape-changing geometry with time, following fractal information theory (FIT)
proposed earlier for hypercomputing in the brain. FIT includes two key aspects, the
geometric musical language (GML) and the phase prime metric (PPM) that operates
using clock architectures spread over 12 dimensions.

Keywords Octonion algebra · Dodecanion algebra · 11 dimension · Imaginary

number · Fano plane · Division algebra · Manifold · Conformal · Space-time
metric

1 Introduction

Geometric computing where information is converted into geometric shape is

advancing rapidly [1]. Geometric shapes are connected to numbers used to present its
symmetries. Similar to real numbers (1, 2, 3, 4, 5… n) there are imaginary numbers
like quaternions [2] and octonions [3], it’s surprising why other imaginary numbers
are missing, never explored in the last 200 years history of imaginary numbers.
Quaternion curves are widely used in graphics [4], analyzing the higher level codes
in DNA [5], quaternions look like electron spins, polarization of photons, hence used
is quantum mechanics or any two-state systems. Historically, octonions are the largest
imaginary number classes reported to date, they are widely used in astrophysics in
modeling information in the black hole [6]. There exists no example of higher dimen-
sion numbers, even imaginary numbers with 3, 5, 6, and 7 imaginary axes are missing
in the works of literature below the octonions, while 9, 10, 11 dimension complex
numbers or vectors we would have to create for reaching the dodecanion which is our
aim in this particular work. There are two problems in creating a new algebra, first,
generating a multiplication table, and second, determining the sign of the products
(+ive or −ive). For inventing a new algebra, constructing a multiplication table is
enough, the basic properties of the new algebra could be derived from the table.
Thus far, majority of invented algebras looked into changing the product tensors
in the desired way, for a particular purpose, arranged the symmetry of elements in
the matrix or tensor. Instead of the arithmetic of complex numbers where we add,
subtract, divide or multiply the tensors, when geometric musical language GML
[7] binds the corresponding geometric shapes [8], it demands much more than the
existing culture of inventing a new algebra. GML requires inserting a geometric
A Space-Time-Topology-Prime, stTS Metric … 3

shape in the corners of another geometric shape, since it considers, that the corners
should be the singularity points if the geometric shape is not the smallest layer in the
architecture or innermost system. Therefore, one cannot rewrite tensors by putting the
desired terms to zero, in order to get interesting product and symmetry, the elements of
the tensors include the details of the singularity points. The tensors are the imaginary
numbers of various dimensions and for implementing GML, one has to write the
tensor of a given dimension in terms of lower dimensional tensors. Thenceforth, the
combination of quaternion algebra, octonion algebra, dodecanion algebra, icosanion
algebra and all possible higher order algebras would simply be like providing a
platform to superpose various different kinds of dynamics exclusive to a particular
algebra to dominate one or another depending on the specific composition. Therefore,
the idea to build a new kind of algebra suitable for operating GML is not limited
to a particular complex number of a given dimension, preferably, a collection of a
large number of complex numbers operating together similar to the natural numbers.
Though the development of a complex number series is a generic protocol, the finite
number of platonic solids (five) of GML suggests that more than the icosanion, the
20-dimension (20D) complex number is not essential for developing a universal
geometric language. What has been tagged as the mathematical recreations thus far
might deliver a universal language [9].
Figure 1a shows 15 geometric shapes used to define the geometric musical
language, GML. All forms of information are converted in terms of these 15
geometric shapes. One of the examples of using GML is shown in Fig. 1b. A pair of
DNA is converted into a quaternion.

2 Introducing the New Concept of Dimension to Fit

the Necessity of Fractal Information Theory, FIT

2.1 Fundamental Differences Between the Existing Concept

of Dimension and Our Concept of Dimension

In the existing concept of dimension, a distinct dynamic is assigned to a new axis,

along that axis only that particular dynamics operate, all other dynamics are silent.
A distinct existence of a particular axis or dynamics is the hallmark of this particular
concept of dimension. In principle one could add an unlimited number of axis,
within the domain of this definition, an upper limit of dimension could not be fixed.
It is the combination of independent systems, where the participating systems do
not lose their distinct identity. When the systems assemble one inside another, i.e.,
they assemble within and above, we may assign each imaginary world one unique
dynamics, however, they are not independent. The rotation of one axis by 90° does
not transfer to another axis, as it happens in the conventional wisdom of dimension.
In the nested universe of imaginary worlds one inside another, if two imaginary
worlds interact a third imaginary world would get affected (there is a century-old fun,
4 P. Singh et al.

Fig. 1 a 15 geometric shapes used in a typical case of GML, 1D (straight I/II, corner V/U, angle T/L,
cross X/x, spiral/vortex S), 2D (triangle, square, pentagon, hexagon, circle), and 3D (tetrahedron,
cube squares, octahedron, dodecahedron, icosahedron). The icosahedron plot at the bottom of 15
geometric shapes show how three axes from the triangular surface, P, Q and R are three corners,
each corner is connected to 5 triangular planes. In an icosahedron there are 12 such axes. The corner
is the singularity point where new structures are embedded in FIT-GML (Fractal information theory
and Geometric musical language) protocol. S axis comes out of the triangular plane, 20 triangular
planes of icosahedron have similar 20 similar axes. b We demonstrate how DNA dynamics could be
written as tetrahedron, converted to a time crystal and eventually sets of clock arithmetic systems
which could be converted into a tensor is shown. c A table shows how to understand the concept of
dimension. Three rows are there. The first row shows what question to ask, picturising 12 different
dimensions. Second row shows how the data might look like in a real physical scenario. The third
row shows that how in FIT-GML the information structure looks like (adopted from Ref 17, for
details)

parody, jokes with the messy nature of multiplication, e.g., Mad Hatter scene in Alice
in wonderland novel was inspired by quaternion mess). This is a new kind of non-
rotational, rather clocking relationship between the hypothetical axis of dynamics
we observe in the nested imaginary worlds.
Since a pure dynamics-axis relationship does not arise when imaginary worlds
nest within and above, the implications are many folds. There is an upper limit of
dimension. Figure 1c describes the concept of dimension, where, the addition of a
dimension changes the perception of space, time, topology and prime. 1D to 3D
describes spatial dimension, 4D to 6D is about time, 7D to 9D it is about topology
where the space-time dimensions reside and 9D to 11D is about prime where the
A Space-Time-Topology-Prime, stTS Metric … 5

topology is regulated. Since prime is not related to any physical significance, a

higher to this dimension is not achievable.
However, first, we need to investigate the concept of the dimension of dimensions.
Mirror symmetry across the diagonal elements of the representative tensor defines
the unit of tensor or local group of imaginary worlds. It means, we consider a 20 ×
20 tensor, we may rewrite the same tensor as 16 number of 5 × 5 tensors, where 5 ×
5 tensors form local group or distinct clocked relationships between the participating
imaginary worlds. If we consider each of the 5 × 5 tensor is a unit cell then we are
primarily dealing with 4 × 4 tensor while actually, we have a 20-dimensional tensor,
icosanion. Furthermore, if we consider 20 × 20 tensor as 2 × 10 or 100 number
of 2 × 2 tensor, then, since 2 × 2 tensors would be the unit cells, we would have
actually 10 × 10 = 100 tensors at max. Therefore, each of the 2 × 2 tensor could
represent a higher dimension than what we normally consider, each element of 20 ×
20 tensor could hold the information for that dimension (dynamics). Furthermore, 10
× 10 tensor has four 5 × 5 tensors, therefore, we have 4 × 4 tensor representing the
dimension of dimensions. Such a hierarchy of dimensions enables encoding higher
level dynamics of a system in the same tensor. Since the nested imaginary worlds
are linked with each other such that functions cannot represent them, the dimension
of dimensions is an approach analogous to a function, mapped at the multiplication
table, not by the definition of mathematical functions. At the same time, it allows
to apply clock arithmetic [10], which introduces a loop to represent the rank of the
constituent tensors, which are primarily the tensors with prime dimensions like 2 ×
2, 3 × 3 or even 5 × 5.
Therefore, when we group systems one inside another, a singular host function A
represents an imaginary world, however, each element in the domain of that function
is not just defined by other functions of a different imaginary world B. This is not
one-step process, it continues, say up to Z, i.e., 26 worlds from A to Z assembled
one inside the other, forming a mathematical universe. Moreover, these elements are
affected by the arrangement and grouping of other imaginary worlds, which is never
defined within the definition of the function A. That is not complete. Each element
of the host function A, accepts the topological projection and symmetry breaking
effects of those topologies from all other imaginary worlds say, A to Z, governed
by Phase Prime metric PPM [11]. How other worlds arrange and constitute, affects
the product the defines a particular world in this mathematical universe. A simple
tutorial presentation is made in Fig. 2a. The number of all possible choices to form
a group from a given number of entities is the ordered factor as shown in Fig. 1a.
When one increases the given number of entities one by one, and plots the choices,
it is the 2D plot. Now, to convert a 2D plot into a 3D architecture that adds another
dimension of the contribution of individual primes we simply rotate the 2D plot of
Fig. 1a. Prime 2 occurs 50% of all integers, prime 3 occurs purely for 16% cases of
all integers. Two primes, 2 and 3 alone covers 66% integers or symmetries possible
in a mathematical universe. Now, if we continue our calculation and go on adding
the contributions, after reaching 15 primes, we would find that we have reached a
contribution of 100% as shown in Fig. 2b. So, if one takes the 2D plot and rotates
it by 360°, considering that 15 primes deliver 15 different angles on a polar plot as
6 P. Singh et al.

Fig. 2 a The development of a phase prime metric or PPM. There are two sub-panels. In the top,
we show an array of balls in a single line representing the integers. For each linear arrangement of
balls, groups of balls are tagged which could vibrate together as a single phase space. All possible
compositions for a single linear array are shown below the line. By changing the order, we get
different combinations here, e.g., 2 × 3 is not equal to 3 × 2. In the bottom panel we plot the
count of group compositions we can make from a single number. This number is also the number of
degenerate solutions for the generic oscillations of a string. b The contribution for a particular prime
in the integer space is counted. For example, prime 2 contribute to 50% of all possible integers in
the number system. For each prime while calculating the contribution, only its contribution alone
is calculated, for example, 6 could be counted for 3 and 2, we have counted 6 only once for 2, not
3. Similarly, we have counted for 15 primes and reached total contribution of 15 primes to 99.99%.
c The degeneracy plot of panel a is rotated along the integer axis, the total number of rotational
angles is 15 and their contributions are plotted in the XY plane while the degeneracy is plotted along
the Z-axis. d In the panel (c) and the panel (a), the continuously decreasing contributions of primes
are ignored and all 15 primes are given equal contributions 24 degrees. Then the bottom plot in
panel (a) is rotated 360 degree to get the plots of panel (d) bottom to top (adopted from reference
17, for details)

shown in Fig. 2c, a 3D architecture is found as shown in Fig. 2d. This particular
architecture has equal contributions from all primes.
Therefore, “A” described above cannot be a proper function, a defined entity, but
the dimension of dimensions enables creating an integrated virtual imaginary world
composed of all the imaginary worlds A to Z. The most interesting aspect of this
mathematical universe (≥ 12D) is that no constituent imaginary world is defined, in
other words, no imaginary world exists as a defined mathematical expression, a set of
A Space-Time-Topology-Prime, stTS Metric … 7

multiplication tables representing the same tensor holds the virtual map that is closest
in defining the universe. When we integrate the product tensors in the dimension of
dimensions, the linking pathway of dimensions is defined, the architecture of that
pathway could be represented by a fractal function, but it leads to the formation of an
imaginary hyperspace that is not differentiable. Therefore, in this particular universe
of 26 nested worlds A to Z, even the inclusion of all participating imaginary worlds
does not make it complete or defined. The origin of undefined nature is not out of
the box contribution, rather, evolution of symmetries via PPM, which does not have
any physical link to any system anywhere. Out of the box imaginary worlds (if we
study function confined in P, then the rest of the imaginary world in A to Z are out of
the box) project superposition of topologies to infinity following an infinite series of
connected symmetries in a PPM. Moreover, due to the superposition of symmetries,
the PPM start extrapolating the input symmetries, the resultant composition of output
symmetries has no link with the projected topologies or even their symmetries. Since
PPM is a pattern of ordered factor of integers, when we split tensors as a composition
of primes, they would be found infinite times in the PPM, every time in a new
combination of primes.
In the literature, when the authors describe dimension, they suggest additional
dynamics that needs a separate axis, where its values vary. All the dimensions could
be in the real world itself. We do not discard that. However, we have introduced
another concept of dimension above where if an element A is made of element B and
A does not have any other identity than a composition of B, then, A is an imaginary
world for B and B is an imaginary world for A (A + iB or B + iA). The interaction
with the observer decides which one is real and which one is imaginary. Therefore,
one could build a network where Z is inside Y, Y is inside X, X is inside W….C
is inside B, B is inside A, to explain the 26 dimensions made of 26 elements in
a 26D vector. Therefore, when we build a vector product, the tensor representing
the multiplication table (say, 26 × 26 elements), of two systems each made of 26D
elements, then, the product affects all the worlds independently and dependently, i.e.,
modulation is both ways.
When we build a nested architecture A–Z one inside another, tag all layers as
imaginary because each layer contributes to others by changing the phase value of
the periodic function (imaginary part) and assign a dynamics related to a particular
dimension of a system in each imaginary world, we do not change the idea of dimen-
sion significantly. What is actually done mathematically is making the subsets of
a function undefined, it is not function in a function in a function …, rather, it is
making a function a subset of its own map. Research on such undefined functions is
limited. What is advantageous here is that the dimension, which earlier demanded a
new axis, now acquires a physical substrate or the definition of a virtual system where
one could map the whole universe, but not its worlds as distinctly. Therefore, the
idea of dimension does not remain an abstract concept, the map of the universe holds
its topological representation. However, one has to compensate for that hyperspace
projection. When two systems interact or we take a product of the higher dimension
vectors, different imaginary worlds interact and affect at different but strictly defined
world level. It means imaginary world C could interact with the imaginary world Q
8 P. Singh et al.

and affect the imaginary world T. From the product tensor by following the horizontal
and vertical axes of two imaginary worlds one could figure out who would interact
to affect whom.

2.2 When the Worlds Are Nested to Form a Mathematical

Universe Why There Is an Upper Limit
on the Dimension?

PPM has only 15 prime related symmetries governing 99.999999999% of all possible
symmetries of the universe. When the elements of higher dimension tensors group,
one could notice that unit tensors are all made of prime number of elements. First
12 primes that contribute to 99.99999% (2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17 contribute 99%) of
all possible tensors, Fig. 2b. In reality, using four primes all other prime-related
tensors could be rebuilt (17 = 3 × 5+2). Just like for platonic solids, there is no point
going beyond icosahedron with 20 planes (20D), because all other solids are made
of triangles only, similarly, beyond first eight primes, (19D) splitting tensors with
prime tensors does not yield new dynamics. Since icosahedron has 12 corners and
our journey through different worlds for our mathematical universe is via corners,
12D is the maximum dimension for the systems assembled “within and above”.
If one asks for conventional dynamics (adding a new axis for a distinct dynamics)
the upper limit of our universe is 20, it means in any one of the imaginary worlds a
system could exhibit 20 distinct dynamics, 20D system. However, when we represent
the integrated dynamics of nested worlds, i.e., the dynamics that is not confined
within one but multiple worlds, emerge as one unit, then the dimension of that kind
of dynamics is limited to 12, i.e., 12D.

3 Construction of a Dodecanion Algebra

3.1 The Concept of Deconstruction of Higher Dimension

Complex Numbers with Lower Dimension Complex
Numbers

Here we would explore what happens if we try to build higher dimensional complex
numbers by adding new imaginary axes one by one and thus building a new kind of
number system of multinions. The key point here is that we do not want to discover a
new algebra which uses only one kind of complex number, say quaternion algebra, Q;
octonion algebra, O or create a new algebra say, dodecanion algebra, D or icosanion
algebra, I. Here, we suggest an algebra that uses multiple complex numbers. One
could easily build new composite numbers as Q + iO + jD + kI; composition of
A Space-Time-Topology-Prime, stTS Metric … 9

elementary complex numbers to construct the larger complex numbers would have
plethora of applications in geometric algebra. We explore the possibilities here.
The rise of the multiplication table for two complex numbers: Real numbers
are on a line, 1D space. While taking the product of two complex numbers, and
normalizing the value to 1, one could start from 1 and reach-1 crossing origin at 0,
when two perpendicular rotations are carried out across i twice, it means i 2 = j 2 =
k 2 = i jk = −1. One additional event is the three rotations along three imaginary
dimensions i jk. When one tries to multiply two quaternions then the rules are simple.
The multiplication is unique in the sense that for cartesian coordinate systems with
three orthogonal axes, such results never arise. It is the unique rotation across the real
world that enables a situation that two rotations across two imaginary axes deliver
a change in another imaginary axis, which in itself tells a unique physical situation.
Quaternion products summed up in a tensor (not matrix because three imaginary
parts form a vector, which makes it a tensor) is the complete picture of quaternion
algebra. To make a new algebra, one has to build such a tensor, since the foundation
of algebra is in multiplication, tensor form reveals fundamental criteria.
How to write the multiplication table to construct the algebra of a particular
complex number?: Writing the multiplication table is utmost important for inventing
a particular kind of algebra. Figure 3 explains how to write a 20 × 20 tensor, i.e.,
a pair of 20D complex vectors multiplication table. One complex vector is written
along the column and another complex vector is written along the horizontal row. To
create an element of this tensor, one has to add the coefficients of column and row and
shown in Fig. 3 right. Normally, the three integers are put in a circle and a clocking
direction is set. Say the product of A and B is C. Now, often the pair and the row to
be multiplied are common but we need to put an alternative to retain symmetry of
the arrangement of elements along the diagonals. A + B = C, but normally we make
B + C = A, C + A = B. However, if one makes true addition of B + C would be a
different integer than A, similarly, C + A would be a different integer than B. If those
different additive results are necessary, then, we put two clocks connected to each
other with a pair of the common point in between. Now, one such example is shown
in Fig. 3. 3 + 4 = 7, and 4 + 7=11. Now, when we bond the two clocks, we make
sure both rotate in the same direction in the overlapping region. Thus, outside, both
rotate one opposite to another. In order to write a tensor, it is better to fill the four
corner values and then fill the diagonals. Two ways the diagonals could be filled, left
to right and right to left as shown in Fig. 3 bottom. Then, the values of the diagonals
are identical or increases/decreases by a difference of two. Therefore, it is very easy
to right the values, except for one major problem we encounter, we describe it below.
The necessity of modulo arithmetic to fill up the tensor multiplication table:
While filling up the right lower half of the tensor along the diagonal, one might
encounter a situation where the value of addition is much more than the maximum
coefficient value. To resolve the issue, we have introduced a bilayer wheel, once the
maximum coefficient is reached, the counting begins from the second layer along
the perimeter of the wheel. Moreover, the values are connected using a line inside
10 P. Singh et al.

Fig. 3 How to draw an icosanion or 20-dimensional tensor. This is a 20 × 20 tensor where the
border values, which are identical are filled up first. Then the diagonals are filled up one by one.
The left top to the right bottom diagonals are filled up, near to the diagonal values are identical.
The right top to the left bottom diagonals is filled up. Then at a certain gap one could find identical
diagonal values. The process is repeated for both the cross-directional diagonals. In the second step,
all clocks are written. The upper left triangular region of the tensor has values less than 20, however,
the bottom right triangular part has values more than 20. Therefore, clock arithmetic or modulo 20
is used to find the clocks for the bottom right triangular region. Three values make a clock, lower
indices to higher are kept as clockwise rotation and an arrow is put to depict the direction

the wheel, since the line carries solution of symmetry, we call it braiding, as shown
in Fig. 3, right. The braids have a typical bonding, to generate symmetry along
a diagonal, either end of the braid contains integer, one could take either one, as
required. The pattern of braids could change for a tensor, it would generate different
kinds of tensors.
How to determine the clocking direction for all the elements?: Fig. 4 outlines a
table that one may create to set the clocking direction. To build this table one has
to start from the lowest coefficient 1 and draw all possible clocks from bottom to
top, vice versa. One should increase the coefficient value one by one and create
columns. Since coefficients are added to build the multiplication product of the
complex vectors, the number of elements in a particular column decreases as we
increase the coefficient gaps. Figure 4 bottom right also shows how to build the
clocks for a modulo arithmetic wheel.
A Space-Time-Topology-Prime, stTS Metric … 11

Fig. 4 All possible clocks for icosanion or a 20-dimensional tensor is written here. There are nine
columns. Each column has a common point or integer written at the top. An integer represents a
coefficient, we write 7 to represent h 7 . To the right there is a wheel, numbering 0 to 19 and then 20 to
39. The wheel is modulo arithmetic, there are braiding connecting the integers. These connections
represent equivalent values. Below the modulo arithmetic wheel, we find the corresponding clocks

How to build the manifold?: Fig. 4 does not allow us to build manifold, circular
clock-like presentation of Fig. 4 certainly delivers an idea of clock-like architecture
of the entire multiplication table. Now, to integrate all the clocks we adopt a bilayer
clock-like representation of Fig. 4. Here instead of a circular clock, triangular clock
is used and instead of one layer of all connected clocks, a bilayer is used. The clock
directions never contradict.
One of the interesting aspects of a 20 × 20 icosanion manifold of Fig. 5 is that
the protocol could be followed for any tensor of any dimension. One could cut the
paper and glue the common triangles, matching the three numbers or coefficients.
The resultant structure would be the manifold that represents the information about
the complex vector multiplication. All the circles could be arranged along a cylinder
to easily find whom to glue. This particular cylinder is the manifold operator.
12 P. Singh et al.

Fig. 5 A table has been created in Fig. 5 analogous to the same plot in Fig. 4. Figure 4 is vertical,
a particular common coefficient is arranged vertically but Fig. 5 is horizontal, common coefficients
are arranged horizontally. Nine columns of Fig. 4 is shrinked to 6 horizontal rows in Fig. 5. Modulo
arithmetic manifolds are shown top right corner. Each plot has two circles. One starts counting
from center, and reaches the modulo value. The second layer is started from the first layer, clock
directions never contradict. Sum of multiplicative coefficients are shown, the modulo values are
noted in parenthesis

The coexistence of three-manifolds: In Fig. 6, we have summarized the journey

from quaternion to octonion to dodecanion. This is utmost surprising that the Fano
plane that tells us the product and the rotational direction of the clocks was discov-
ered 100 years after the conception of octonion. Similar types of sub-tensors are
highlighted with the shades of similar intensity. Quaternion, octonion, and dode-
canion have three distinct features of internal spontaneous symmetry breaking. If
that mathematical operation is allowed, dodecanion could simultaneously hold two
distinct compositions of symmetric arrangements of sub-tensors as outlined in the
A Space-Time-Topology-Prime, stTS Metric … 13

Fig. 6 Four types of tensors are presented here dinion, quaternion, octonion, and dodecanion
algebra for the time crystal representation. In four different ways, the multinions are explained.
First, time crystal presentation of the multinion, second, matrix representation which are colored as
square matrices; third, linguistic presentation, here, we present the tensors as a subset of four clocks,
each clock represents a sub-matrix of the entire tensor. Sub-matrices A, B, C, and P. Quaternions
show duality and dodecanions show simultaneous coexistence of three tensors, as precursor to self-
operating universe. To the bottom right corner Fano plane is shown for quaternions and manifolds
are shown for dodecanions. There is a pictorial clock-like presentation of a quaternion at the bottom
right, it suggests how a single element in a tensor looks like topologically

bottom row of Fig. 6. There could be simultaneously three distinct compositions of

sub-tensors for the dodecanion. It means the values of the multiplication tables may
group three different ways, and obviously, three distinct manifolds would arise under
certain values of the multiplication table.
Braiding map is the signature of groups: The most fundamental criterion to create
a self-operating mathematical operation is that the values of the multiplication table
are such that three different group formation is not inhibited. It means when different
sets of elements are taken into account, they build C2 symmetry of the diagonals. We
have listed braiding for all the complex vectors, 12D, 14D, 15D, 16D, 18D and 20D
in Fig. 7a, we have found that the braiding if self-similar, difficult to rearrange the
groups. However, if the braids are less in number and overlap while connecting the
two integers, i.e., the braids cross each other, then, at those conditions, regrouping of
elements of the multiplication table following the three options may become feasible.
14 P. Singh et al.

Fig. 7 a Braiding of modulo arithmetic used to easily find the coefficients for the lower value tensors
are shown. The links depict equivalent values, braiding word is used to represent the connecting line.
b Two possible symmetric decomposition of tensors is shown for dodecanion (top), pentadecanion
(middle) and octodecanion (bottom)

Regrouping of sub-tensors: Fig. 7b shows regrouping of sub-tensors or decompo-

sition of three higher dimensional complex vectors multiplication tables. We show
three examples. First, a dodecanion is split into 3 × 4 and 4 × 3, it means first
the tensor could be divided into sub-tensors of nine 4 × 4 tensors. Then the same
dodecanion tensor is divided into sixteen 3 × 3 sub-tensors. Second, a pentakaide-
canion or pentadecanion, in short, is divided into 3 × 5 and 5 × 3 format. Third,
octokaidecanion is divided into 3 × 6 and 6 × 3 tensors. One may use the term
decomposition of tensors. One important criterion to decompose a tensor would be
that for dodecanion, 3 × 3 tensor should be nearly symmetric as well as the 4 × 4. For
that purpose, the value of some elements if made zero, we would find that it’s easier to
decompose a tensor into various sub-tensors. The nullification of values is similar to
the various attempts made by mathematicians while inventing new algebra. Different
mathematicians, at different times of the history, used to make most elements of the
tensor or multiplication table zero, suitably so that a particularly invented algebra
would serve modeling a certain class of physical phenomena. Here our objective is to
encode singularity points in the tensor suitably for implementing GML, we discuss
it below, in details.
A Space-Time-Topology-Prime, stTS Metric … 15

3.2 The Necessity of Polytopes

When we increase the dimension of a complex number from quaternion to octonion

to dodecanion, we do not change the form, an octonion is eventually presented like a
composition of quaternion and then, a dodecanion is also presented like a composition
of quaternion (Fig. 6).It means, when we write the product of two octonions, we
could divide the 8 × 8 tensor elements into five smaller sized quaternions (O = 5Q).
While inventing a new algebra, for the last two hundred years, the practice has been
deleting the majority of the tensor elements making their value as zero and then, find
the multiplication table delivering new structures. Here, when we rewrite the tensor
as a composition of other tensors as shown in Fig. 7, then, the number of elementary
tensors required to fill the higher dimensional tensors provide us with the corners
of geometric shape hidden in it, that is key to operate GML. For example, 8 × 8
tensor elements when divided into five elements, we get a pyramid or tetragonal
3D structure. These sub-tensors could hold information for the geometric shape that
could be embedded in the corner of that pyramid.
It’s not that a tensor could be written in terms of elementary tensors following
only one way. Here in this report, we confine ourselves in only one possible way.
Conventional mathematical literature also follow the same protocol. Therefore, the
12D manifold created in the dodecanion tensor turns quadrilaterally conformal in a
cyclic cylinder when geometric information transfers between different architectures
of information, be it quaternion 4D, octonion 8D, dodecanion (12D) and hexakaide-
canion (16D) or icosahedron (20D). Similarly, hexanion (6D), onunion(9D), dode-
canion (12D) and pentakaidecanion (15D) and octakaidecanion (18D) are conformal
in triangular topology. The pentanion (5D), decanion (10D), pentakaidecanion (15D),
and icosanion (20D) are conformal in pentagonal topology, and hexanion (6D), dode-
canion (12D) and octadaidecanion (18D) are conformal in hexagonal topology. We
do not go beyond icosanion because icosahedron is the largest platonic solid. All
polytopes above 20D are triangular. For a particular dimension we assign a plane or
the corner. When dimension means the addition of a new axis, we place the dynamics
along the plane, but if it means composite coupling across the imaginary worlds, we
get a corner, as a gate to enter the imaginary world. Icosanion holds the largest corner,
12. One could take complex 3D geometric shapes to build all these dimensions, there
are plenty of research works done on this aspect [12–14]. The rings of this generic
cylinder that helps in writing product tensors of complex numbers represent clock
arithmetic or modulo algebra, but links between the rings on this cylinder ensure
conformal links between two clocks [15].
16 P. Singh et al.

3.3 The Correlation Between the Complex Number

and the Polytopes

One should note that we assign conformal feature based on the points on the perimeter
of the circular sides of the generic cylinder we have built, not the geometric shape of
the polytopes. Triangular planes are often used to create polytopes, they are called
deltahedrons [13, 16], the number of sides of a deltahedron could vary (4, 6, 8, 10,
12, 14, 16 and 20 faces) thus topological conformity suggests that all are delta or
triangle, however, we look at the multiples of 4 (4, 8, 12, 16 and 20) as quadrilateral
because, in the multiplication cylinder, the periodicity is regulated by quadrilateral
(4) not delta (3).

3.4 Polytopes of Higher Dimensions

If we increase the dimensions, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 … 18, 19, 20 then the

equivalent polytopes would be made of sides 3, 4, 5, 6, 3, 3, 3, 3… The saturation
of polytope series in a triangle (3) is interesting, it leads to the platonic solids.
Topologically there is no advantage going further up in dimensions. So, we get an
upper limit of dimension at 20, icosahedron with 20 faces and 12 corners. We need
maximum 12 corners to build a dodecanion algebra. Here are the 15 geometric shapes
that are enough to transform information into the universe in terms of geometric
shapes. 15 basic geometric shapes are matched (straight I/II, corner V/U, angle T/L,
cross X/x, spiral/vortex S), (triangle, square, pentagon, hexagon, circle), (tetrahedron,
cube squares, octahedron, dodecahedron, icosahedron), see Fig. 1a. A tetrahedron is
formed by placing three equilateral triangles at a vertex (sum of angles at vertex is
180°). It has 4 vertices, 6 edges, and 4 faces. An octahedron is formed by placing four
equilateral triangles at each vertex (sum of angles at vertex is 240°). It has 6 vertices,
12 edges, and 8 faces. An icosahedron is formed by placing five equilateral triangles
at each vertex (sum of angles at vertex is 300°). It has 12 vertices, 30 edges, and 20
faces. A hexahedron, or cube, is formed by placing three squares at each corner (sum
of angles at vertex is 270°). It has 8 vertices, 12 edges, and 6 faces. A dodecahedron
is formed by placing three regular pentagons at each vertex (sum of angles at vertex
is 324°). It has 20 vertices, 30 edges, and 12 faces.
Quaternions with tetrahedron, octonions with cubes and octahedron, dodecanions
with dodecahedron and icosanions with icosahedron play topological mathematics. It
means five imaginary complex vectors representing the five platonic solids where the
dynamical elements corresponding to each dimension acquires a distinct plane. We
discuss below the use of polytope planes and corners of the 3D shapes as singularity
points in the Geometric musical language (GML).
Vertices of a polytope are singularity, faces or planes hold information for a
typical dimension: A quaternion has four imaginary worlds, one of them, that is
being observed or probed is considered real. Each of the four imaginary worlds of
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
church she loved; she also gave a rosary of gems to hang about the
neck of an image of the Virgin, her chief patroness. The monks, too,
gathered in a great store of relics, whereof the most famous was an
arm of S. Augustine of Hippo, brought from Pavia by Archbishop
Ethelnoth, having been purchased for the sum of one hundred
talents of silver and a talent of gold.
Of this minster, however, nought remains, and its successor, the
Gothic cathedral, was destroyed after the Reformation. The legend
of its foundress has been more enduring. Vulgarised by later
associations, the narrative, in its early forms, has a grandeur which
still impresses the imagination. The story was a favourite one with
Landor from his boyhood, though his Imaginary Conversation, and
Drayton's brief lines are less popularly known than the poem of
Tennyson. There is no contemporary evidence to guide us, for Roger
of Wendover, whose account of the famous ride is probably the
earliest we possess, died in 1237,[22] some hundred and fifty years
after the noble lady herself. The chroniclers differ as to the motive
which prompted the undertaking, some asserting that the Coventry
folk were to be freed thereby from a grievous incident of villeinage;
others again[23] connecting it with the local immunity from the
payment of toll—except for horses, a special feature of the market of
Coventry.[24] It is in the latter connection that the story has
impressed itself on the local mind.
"I Lueriche for the love of thee
Doe make Coventre Tol-free,"
was written under a window placed in Trinity Church in Richard II.'s
time in commemoration of the deed.[25]
"This cite shulde be free, and now is bonde,
Dame goode Eve made hit free,"
wrote a discontented burger poet of the fifteenth century, when a
custom for wool had been laid on the people of the town.[26]
Roger of Wendover tells us how the countess besought her husband
continually, with many prayers to free the people from the toll; and
though he refused and forbade her to approach him with this
petition, "led by her womanly pertinacity," she repeated the request,
until he gave answer: "Ride naked through the length of the market,
when the people are gathered together, and when thou returnest,
thy petition shall be fulfilled.... Then the countess, beloved of God,
loosened her hair thus veiling her body, and then, mounting her
horse and attended by two knights, she rode through the market
seen of none, her white legs nevertheless appearing; and having
completed her journey, returned to her husband rejoicing, and ...
obtained from him what she had asked," for he forthwith gave the
townsfolk a charter emancipating them from the aforesaid service.
[27]

Naturally, the charter is not forthcoming, and historians have

shrugged their shoulders at the mention of the story this many a
day. It was not, however, until the time of Charles II. that the Godiva
procession became a feature of Coventry fair. In 1678, we are told
"Lady Godiva rode before the mayor to proclaim the fair" and the
custom thus inaugurated obtains to this day. Of the window noted
by Dugdale all traces disappeared amid the vandalism of the
eighteenth century save a few fragments of glass now in the
Archdeacon's chapel of Trinity Church, and of these one showing a
tiny figure in a yellow dress riding a white horse and holding some
foliage in the hand, is traditionally said to have formed part of the
original design.[28]
 GODIVA WINDOW
Such is the story which some accept undoubting, others dismiss as
fabulous, and a third school, following the lead of Mr Hartland[29]
and perceiving in the tale elements which occur in the folk-lore of
widely distant countries, regard as a reminiscence of heathen ritual,
maybe some processional festivities of spring or summer.[30] In
support of this contention it may be urged that the story is not
peculiar to Coventry, that there is a good deal of evidence showing
the part unclad or bough-clad women played in magical and religious
rites,[31] that black-faced characters—whereof more presently—
appear in festivals manifestly derived from heathendom, and that
the "Peeping Tom" element may be part of the universal fairy tale
which relates the punishment awaiting those who pry into sights
forbidden. Moreover, the prominence given to the horse in the story
is extremely suggestive. In one version it is the neighing of Godiva's
steed that attracts the attention of the peeper, causing him to look
forth from the window, whence it comes that in Coventry market
there is no exemption from toll for horses.[32] It may not be too
fanciful to recall in this connection the part played by the hobby-
horse at folk-festivals, and the sacrificial character of the horse in
Teutonic heathendom.[33]
 HERALDIC TILE FOUND IN HALES STREET
The nearest variant of the Coventry story belongs to St Briavel's in
the Forest of Dean, like Coventry a woodland district. Here it is said
that the wife of one of the Earls of Hereford won from her lord
privileges of woodcutting for the commonalty by undergoing a like
ordeal.[34] In a Dunster tradition the parallel is not so close. Here Sir
John de Mohun's wife gained from her husband for the Dunster folk
as much common land as she could make the circuit of, barefoot, in
a day's space.[35]
Godiva is always traditionally represented riding on a white horse. It
is curious that in an illuminated document formerly in possession of
the Smiths' company, two Godivas appear, one a white woman on a
white horse and another a black woman on an elephant—the last in
allusion to the elephant and castle, the arms of the city.[36] Black-a-
vised characters—explained by various theories[37]—are of common
occurrence at festivals on May Day and Midsummer; it is only about
forty years ago that a Jack-o'-green and his attendant sweeps
ceased to parade the city on May Day, while at Southam, near
Coventry, and possibly in Coventry also, a "black lady" rode in the
"show fair" as well as Godiva.[38]
As for the "Peeping Tom" incident it may well be older than the
eighteenth century, when the first printed allusion appears.[38] A
ballad written about 1650 mentions that Godiva ordered all persons
to keep within doors during her ride and shut their windows[39]; but
in a Coventry version given in the MS. city annals[40]—dating, it
appears, before the use of glass became common in domestic
buildings—the peeper is said to "let down" a window, i.e. the
wooden shutter of early times. The famous figure of Peeping Tom,
mentioned in the city accounts in the year 1773,[41] still looks out of
the northeast top window of the "King's Head" in Hertford Street. It
is a wooden figure, thought to represent S. George, with armour of
the time of Henry VII, broad-toed sollerets, and under a monstrous
and absurd three-cornered hat is a bascinet. The arms, as far as the
elbow, have been hacked away, and to the spectator in the street
the figure is only visible from the waist upwards.
 PEEPING TOM
For many people Coventry suggests Godiva. It is always well to bear
in mind she was an authentic person, wife of Leofric, mother of
Aelfgar, Earl of East Anglia, also buried in the monastery,
grandmother of the Earls Edwin and Morkere, and of Aldgyth, first
wife, then widow, of Gruffydd, Prince of Wales; then wife and widow
of Harold, King of England. After Godiva's death, stories of her holy
life and alms-deeds would be soon rife among the oppressed
Saxons. It is noteworthy that Matilda, queen of Henry I., a sovereign
of the old Saxon blood royal, and a most pious princess to boot, was
called Godiva, no doubt in scorn of her birth, by the Norman
courtiers.

FOOTNOTES:
[4] Harl. MS. 6195 f. 7.
[5] Poole, Coventry, 90. Elizabeth visited the city in 1565.
[6] Polyolbion, xiii.
[7] Some rough (?) Roman pavement was discovered in the Cross
Cheaping during excavations at the end of the last century.
Victoria County Hist. i. 246.
[8] Rashdall, Universities, ii. pt. ii. 323.
[9] Dugdale. Warw. i. 134.
[10] Ibid.
[11] A convent is properly a body of monks or nuns; a monastery
or nunnery their habitation. The etymology of Coventry is
dubious; but the popular derivation from the Lat. conventus is
now discredited. The earliest form in which the word occurs is
Cofantreo. Here treo = tree, and Dr Hen. Bradley, to whom I am
greatly indebted for information on this point, suggests a possible
origin of the other syllables in a personal name, Cofa or Cufa; cf.
Oswestry = Oswald's tree.
[12] See Matt. v. 20. This translation mainly follows Birch.
[13] Privilege of administering justice.
[14] Obscure. Birch says privilege of vouching to warranty.
[15] Power to punish for forcible entry.
[16] Power to inflict punishment for waylaying.
[17] Power to punish assault with bloodshed.
[18] Power to punish assault.
[19] Power to maintain watch.
[20] Power to punish for breach of peace.
[21] Add. MSS. Ch. 28657. Birch, Edward the Confessor's Charter
to Coventry. "A most elegant specimen of eleventh century native
palæography" (Birch).
[22] On events which occur before 1154 (or 1188) the chronicler
is dependent on some earlier unknown writer (Dict. Nat.
Biography, s.v. "Godiva").
[23] They follow Higden, author of the Polychronicon, who was
the first to mention the ride in this connection. As a monk of S.
Werburgh's, Chester, a city which held frequent intercourse with
Coventry, he may have had opportunities of hearing the tale from
local sources.
[24] In Coventry market the burgesses were free from toll, except
for horses, in the time of Edward I. (Dugdale, Warw. i. 162).
[25] Dugdale, Warw. i. 135. Some tiny fragments of this window
yet remain in the Archdeacon's Chapel of Trinity Church. See also
Gent. Mag. (1829), pt. i. 120-1, for another account of the
fragment.
[26] Leet Book (E.E.T.S.), 567.
[27] Rog. Wendover, Flores Historiarum, i. 497.
[28] So an old sexton told Sharp, the antiquary. See also Gent.
Mag. Topography, xiii. 53.
[29] Science of Fairy Tales.
[30] Chambers, Mediæval Stage, i. 119.
[31] Grant Allen, Evolution of the Idea of God, 110 (festival of the
Pòtraj).
[32] Hartland, op. cit., 77.
[33] As a tyro in folk-lore I venture with some diffidence to put
forward the theory that it may be by research in custom and
belief as regards the horse that we may arrive at an explanation
 of some of the problems of this mysterious legend. See Grimm,
Teut. Myth. (trans. Stallybrass), 47, 392; Frazer, Golden Bough, ii.
24, 64; Gomme, Ethnology and Folk-lore, 35; Chambers, op. cit.,
i. 131.
[34] Rudder, Gloucestershire, 307 (quoted Hartland).
[35] Camden, Britannia (Gibson), 67. I am indebted to Mr Addy
for this reference; cf. the story of the Tichbourne dole, Chambers,
Book of Days, i. 167.
[36] Coventry Standard, Jan. 15-16, 1909. The MS. (1684-1833)
has passed into private hands, and I have never been able to see
it.
[37] Sir Lawrence Gomme explains the black Godiva by a
reference to Pliny's account of the woad-stained British women,
but see Chambers, Mediæval Stage, i. 125.
[38] Science of Fairy Tales, 71-92. Mr Hartland was the first
folklorist to submit the story to scientific investigation. He gained
his local knowledge of the Southam black Godiva from the late
W.E. Fretton of Coventry.
[39] See Dict. Nat. Biog., s.v. "Godiva."
[40] Hartland, op. cit., 77.
[41] See Dict. Nat. Biog., s.v. "Godiva."

CHAPTER II
The Benedictine Monastery
THE Benedictine house was built in part upon the northern slope of
a low hill, in part in the hollow through which the river Sherbourne
flows. This was a situation well adapted for the building of a
monastery; there was rich soil in the neighbourhood, good roads—
both the Watling Street and the Foss Way ran within a few miles
from the spot—and running water. The Sherbourne is but a small
stream nowadays, but it was a more important watercourse in earlier
times, and in the fifteenth century many precautions had to be taken
"in eschewing peril of floods." The monks could stock Swanswell
Pool[42] with fish, and plant their orchards or vineyards in or near
the hollow in which the monastery lay.

CATHEDRAL RUINS
Little remains of the minster save the bases of a few clustered pillars
of the thirteenth century, the remains of the west end by the Blue
Coat School at the north end of S. Michael's Churchyard, and the
fragment of the north-west tower, now incorporated in a dwelling-
house in New Buildings. Under the gardens and pleasant red brick
eighteenth and nineteenth century houses of Priory Row, which give
the churchyard the look of a cathedral close, diggers often come
upon fragments of ancient masonry, showing how the cathedral
stretched down the slope of the hill. Between the cathedral and the
southern bank of the Sherbourne were the Priory buildings, with the
cloister garth, locutorium or parlour, synodal chamber and grammar
school,[43] which last had an endowed existence as early as 1303.

CARVED MISERERE SEAT, S. MICHAEL'S CHURCH

Another relic of the monastery, a beautiful old timbered hostry or

guest house in Ironmonger Row, was only cleared away in 1820.
The inn known as the "Palmers' Rest" now occupies a portion of this
site, and carvings of hunting scenes, and grotesques worked into the
window frames, and now painted a dreary brown, were taken from
the ancient guest house of the monks. Some of the obligations of
hospitality were lifted from the monks by the foundation in the
twelfth century of the hospital of S. John the Baptist, whereof only
the church is left. Here poor wayfarers had food and lodging and the
sick poor of the place were nursed and tended. The brethren were
clothed in a black or dark brown garb, ample and flowing, and
marked with a black cross, and the sisters wore a white veil and long
closed mantles or cloaks. Another foundation for the nursing of the
sick was the lazar-hospital at Spon, dedicated to S. Mary Magdalen,
of which not a trace remains.
The main feature of a monk's life was its well-ordered monotony, so
congenial to many minds; but as a class monks were not specially
addicted to idleness or solitude. Neither were they in most cases
entirely devoted to spiritual things, for although the salvation of the
individual soul was the primal object of monasticism, members of
the religious orders were adepts at secular business, and did not
suffer their houses to decay from neglect of the affairs of this world.
There was always plenty of work for any monk possessing a clear
head and a faculty for administration. The various officers of the
convent, obedientiarii as they were called, had each his appointed
task. Every one was allowed a certain proportion of the convent
revenue to devote to the expenses connected with his office.[44] In
return he presented his accounts at the annual audit, keeping them
carefully and exactly, recording everything, down to the receipt of a
pot of honey, "or the price of the parchment on which the various
items were written." In the case of Coventry the rents of certain
tenements in S. Nicholas Street, Bailey Lane, Well Street (super
corneram Vici Fontis), among others, were assigned to the cellarer;
[45] those coming from land in Keresley to the treasurer; the same
forms being observed with regard to the pitancier and sacristan. The
rents paid in kind—butter, honey, eggs, etc.—were probably entered
among the kitchener's receipts; while the accounts, compiled from
daily entries, must have given many clerks almost unceasing labour.

Priory Row Coventry

We have, unfortunately, no local chronicles,[46] such as those kept

within the cloisters of S. Alban's, giving us particulars concerning the
lives of the Coventry monks. But no doubt, in essentials, the
management of various houses differed little. At Evesham, for
example, the prior was bound to furnish the parchment required for
the scriptorium, and all other writing materials except ink, out of the
sum allotted to him. The manciple provided the wine, mead, oil and
lamps, and kept up the stock of earthenware, jugs, basins, and other
vessels required for the convent use. The precentor—as befitted one
whose office was to train the choir—was bound to keep the organ in
repair, and over and above to find all the ink and colour required for
illumination, together with all materials for binding books. While to
the chamberlain a certain revenue was assigned to provide for the
clothing of the monks.[47] All these matters gave the convent
officers daily occupation, and must have absorbed much thought
and interest.
For those of fervent spirit the daily religious exercises were the salt
of life, but for others—possibly the greater number—they were
merely part of the daily routine, and repetition had increased
monotony. Many hours of the day were passed in these regularly
recurring services of the Church. At midnight the brethren rose and
went to Matins and Lauds. Prime was celebrated at six, Tierce at
nine, Sext at twelve, Nones at two or three, Vespers at four, and
Complin at seven. After Tierce the duties of the day began; and the
different obedientiaries went each to fulfil his appointed task. The
rest sat in the cloisters, taught the children in the school, or copied
manuscripts. There were frequent consultations in the chapter-
house, and on Sundays, before Prime or Tierce, the abbot sat in the
cloisters to hear the monks' confessions, and appointed to each the
penance due for his fault. Now and then the coming of an important
stranger—a royal guest, perhaps, such as William the Conqueror,
who passed, it is supposed, through Coventry on his way from
Warwick to Nottingham in 1068—would furnish the brethren with a
topic for many weeks' conversation.
Sometimes the brethren were suffered to have a glimpse of the
great world without the convent with their own eyes. The prior, who
was of the company of mitred abbots, was frequently forced to
journey to whatever place the King might appoint for the meeting of
the parliament. The rank and file of the convent had now and then
opportunities of seeing life in travel. They might undertake a
pilgrimage; or, when a dispute was on hand, and appeal had been
made to the Holy Father, one of the brethren would journey Rome-
wards, with well-lined pockets, to look after the convent's interest at
the papal court. These lawsuits were not infrequent, as may be
shown by the career of Geoffrey, Prior of Coventry during the reign
of Henry III.[48] In 1224 the monks tried to raise him to the
episcopal throne, but the election was quashed by the archbishop,
and the usual appeal to Rome only brought another—a papal—
candidate to fill the vacant seat. This occurrence did not in all
probability predispose the minds of the actual and would-be bishop
to mutual goodwill. In 1232 the prior was suspended for resisting
the episcopal visitation, and, together with the abbot of Westminster,
set out hot-foot to Rome, to lay his grievances before the Pope. A
year or two later we find him involved in a quarrel with the Abbot of
S. Augustine's, Bristol. What heart-burnings these obscure disputes
must have occasioned, what journeyings to and fro, and, above all,
what wealth was lost to the monastery to satisfy the Roman greed of
gold!
It is the record of these disputes that forms the bulk of the history of
the monastic houses of England, and the priory of Coventry is no
exception to the general rule. Placed in a somewhat dependent
position—for during the episcopate of Robert de Limesey (1086-
1121) the bishop's seat had been transferred from Chester to this
place—the monks were, earlier or later, bound to realise the dangers
of episcopal tyranny and encroachment. Limesey, the first bishop in
whom the abbacy was vested—the superior of the convent being
henceforward called a prior—soon made the monks feel his heavy
yoke. Bitter were the complaints they made concerning his conduct.
On the death of the last abbot he obtained leave to farm the
convent revenue, and, using the permission to serve his own ends,
wrought much harm to the estates of the monastery, pulling down
houses thereon, and carrying off the materials to his own manors,
seizing horses and other monastic property. But the crying instance
of his greed, one which the chroniclers have carefully and
tremblingly noted, was his plunder of the magnificent minster. He
scraped off the silver coating of a beam—worth 500 marks—most
likely from a shrine in that goodly treasure-house![49] It was little
wonder that the indignant monks turned to Rome for aid against this
devourer of their substance.[50]
Nor was this the only bishop who, from his fair palace in S. Michael's
Churchyard, caused his neighbours of the priory to tremble for the
safety of their possessions. Hugh of Nunant, a monk-hater, who
vowed, it is said, that "if he had his own way he would strip every
cowled head in England," was nominated to the see in 1188. He is
variously described as a man of piety and eloquence or as one
desperately wicked.[51] Politically he was a follower of Prince John,
who, during his brother King Richard's imprisonment in Germany,
was endeavouring to strengthen his own position by forming a rebel
party in the Midlands. Nunant obtained licence to incorporate the
prior's barony with his own episcopal one, and by his accusations so
enraged the monks that they fell on him during a synod in the
cathedral church, and broke his head with a crucifix. The bishop,
indignant in his turn, applied to Longchamp, the absent King's
representative, for licence to punish the outrage. And he was
allowed to expel the brethren, "contaminated," so he said, "with
secular pollution," from the monastery, and appoint secular canons,
who probably came from Lichfield, in their stead. Appeal was made
to Rome, but the monks were now too impoverished to obtain a
favourable hearing of their suit at the papal court. So they remained
in exile for several years.
But the adversary's triumph was, after all, short-lived. In 1194 King
Richard, ransomed from prison, returned to England, and the
scheme of Prince John and Bishop Nunant fell to the ground. The
latter was deposed from his bishopric, and the monks he had
oppressed took heart of grace, and bethought them how they might
return to their old home. The story goes how one of their number
put an end to the brethren's exile by his intercession with the Pope.
Although often forced to beg his bread, brother Thomas tarried long
at Rome, and offered to each fresh occupant of S. Peter's chair the
petition of the monks of Coventry. On one occasion his Holiness in
an angry mood bade the monk withdraw, telling him that other
petitions to the same purpose had been exhibited to Clement and
Celestine, his predecessors, but rejected, and therefore his
expectations were vain. Unto which the monk, with bitter tears,
replied: "Holy Father, my petition is just and altogether honest, and
therefore my expectation is not vain; for I expect your death, as I
have done your predecessors', for there shall one succeed you who
will hear my petition to purpose." Then said the Pope to the
cardinals: "Hear ye not what this devil hath spoken?" And
immediately turned to him and said: "Brother, by S. Peter, thou shalt
not expect my death; thy petition is granted."[52] So the monks
returned joyfully to their old home; but Hugh of Nunant, so the
chroniclers tell us, died in remorse and torment of mind, deploring
the injuries he had done to the Coventry brethren "with abundant
sighs and tears," and praying that he might die in a frock of the
order he had in life despised.
But grasping bishops were not the only enemies known to the
monks. There was a long-standing feud between the brethren of
Coventry and the canons of Lichfield, dating from the time when
Stephen gave them, together with the canons of Chester, permission
to elect the bishop of the diocese.[53] The monks frequently
defeated their object by nominating a candidate of their order,
usually the prior, whom the canons would in nowise be induced to
accept. Appeals to Rome would follow; and the Pope, seizing the
opportunity, would set aside previous nominations, and impose his
own candidate upon the contending parties.
At the first election we hear of, the Coventry brethren were able to
secure the bishopric for one of their order, the prior of Canterbury, in
spite of the canons' protests and appeal to Rome. But when, after
his enthronement at Coventry, bishop Durdent came to Lichfield, the
canons barred the gates of their fortified close against him, and, in
the face of the episcopal excommunication, denied him entrance.
They also refused to enthrone Gerard la Pucelle, elected by the sole
voice of the monks in 1183. "Unica est sponsa mea, nec habeo duo
cubicula,"[54] said the bishop in his discouragement. And this
learned and righteous prelate died four months later, not without
suspicion of poison. Nunant was appointed by the Crown; but on his
death in 1199 the passions of the rivals, strengthened by political
antagonism—for the canons were partizans of John while the monks
clave to King Richard—again broke loose. On the nomination of
Richard's candidate, one of the monks led off the Te Deum, as a
signal that the proceedings were over, though the canons had taken
no part in the election. "Who made thee cantor here?" cried the
Archdeacon of Stafford, a member of John's party, in great wrath,
for the cantor on these occasions conducted the singing. "I am
cantor here, and not thou," was the reply, and as King Richard's
party was then predominant the monks had their will.[55]
At the next election[56] the brethren were brought face to face with
King Richard's successor, and John found it a hard thing to subdue
the Coventry monks, though he had at his back the entire company
of the canons of Lichfield. When England was under an Interdict, the
King sent to them the Abbots of Oseney and Waltham, proposing the
Archdeacon of Stafford as a candidate for the vacant See of
Coventry. But the monks would have none of him. They elected their
prior, Joybert of Wenlock, and purposed to send the nomination
oversea to the incoming archbishop, Stephen Langton. At
Tewkesbury, John proposed the Abbot of Bindon. The monks refused
utterly. "None whom I love wilt thou choose," cried the angry King.
Then to the justiciar said the prior, afraid: "If it suits the lord king
well, I will elect his chancellor." The chancellor was Walter de Grey,
who was subsequently raised to the See of York. This proposal found
no favour then, and the King appointed another meeting with the
monks at Nottingham. On their return home they held a consultation
in the chapter-house, and determined that they would elect neither
of the King's candidates, Richard de Marisco nor the Abbot of
Bindon. At Nottingham Castle Joybert and six monks besought the
King that he would allow them to elect freely and canonically the
prior or some other fitting man. Meanwhile all manner of threats and
blandishments were used to make them give their voice for one of
the royal nominees, but they held firm. Next morning, however,
when the prior and two monks tarried long in the King's chamber,
the four remaining brethren, fearing that their superior would at last
give way, determined to go home and reserve their vote; but Fulk de
Cantilupe shut the castle gate in their faces, vowing "by the tongue
of God" that they should not leave ere they had made a bishop to
the King's liking, "and other things he uttered," the record continues,
"not meet to be said."
At last Prior Joybert began to waver, for the King promised him great
rewards and honours if he would do his will, and urged him, saying:
"Speak, prior, speak!" Then Joybert fell on his knees. "By the soul of
thy father the King," he said, "and of thy brother the King, and by
the honour of thy life, who art King, if it be not possible for us to
have any other than one of these two, give us the Abbot of Bindon."
"Never while I live shall this be," cried one of the monks, named
Thomas, "and never shall he be my bishop." A bystander reproved
him for this outburst towards his superior. "In the cloister I am but a
monk," the fearless brother answered, "but here at the election of
the bishop, I am the prior's fellow." Then John, looking about him in
great anger left the room, and many nobles gathered about the
monks, and urged them to fulfil the King's will. "Verily ye have much
to fear," they said, "if you bring down his wrath upon your heads."
The unhappy monks were again summoned into the King's presence.
"Lord prior," the tyrant began, "I have always loved thee, and thou
wilt not do my will. What sayest thou to my chancellor, whose name
thou didst propose to me at Tewkesbury?" The prior signified that he
willingly accepted this candidate, and the King gave orders that the
canons should be summoned to ratify the election. At this the
smouldering jealousy between monks and canons burst into flame.
"By S. Milburg," cried the prior, "they shall not come; never shall
they be present at our election!" But John swore "by the tooth of
God" that they should come in. "I would rather die," Joybert
answered, "than be the cause of the destruction of my order." The
nobles, who were present, gathered round the monks, and falling
upon their necks entreated them to submit. Then the prior,
vanquished, said: "Because nothing else is pleasing to you, and it is
not possible to do other, do your will." A Te Deum was then sung by
the company of monks and canons, although the former murmured
greatly at the constraint laid upon them.
The case was afterwards laid before the papal legate, and the
election of Walter de Gray annulled. The long dispute between monk
and canon was temporarily allayed in 1227, when it was ordained
that the election should take place alternately at Coventry and
Lichfield, the prior having first voice and the dean second.[57] The
quarrel gradually died away, and, well tutored by Pope and King, the
electors peacefully met to choose the particular candidate
designated by those in authority. Other quarrels brought the house
low. In 1248 the resources of the convent had become so
impoverised by lawsuits concerning the Bishop of Coventry's right of
visitation[58] that it was feared some of the monks would be
compelled to disperse, a disaster the monks of Derley averted by
receiving divers inmates of the Coventry Priory for a time into their
hospitable house. When trouble again arose, the convent of S. Mary
found that the enemy had sprung up under the very shadow of the
monastery itself, and that the men of Coventry were even more
implacable foes than the canons of Lichfield had been in times past.
These quarrels between ecclesiastical bodies and their burgher
tenants were of common occurrence in mediæval life. The strong
corporate feeling which flourished amongst the monks, the zeal they
bore for their order in general and their house in particular, which
involved them in endless quarrels, caused them to play a notable
part in municipal history. As a body they were opposed to the
growth of free institutions among the townsfolk. They never rightly
understood their tenants' desire for increase of municipal liberty, and
feared by giving way to their demands to forego the rights of the
Church, and bring their souls in peril thereby.[59]

FOOTNOTES:
[42] Guy of Warwick also freed Coventry from a fabulous
monster. In the last century there was still shown there "a great
shield-bone of a bore (sic) which "he" slew in Hunting, when he
(i.e. the boar) had turned with his Snout a great Put or Pond
which is now called Swanswell, but Swineswell in times past."
Gough, Collect. Warw. (Bodleian Library).
[43] Vic. Count. Hist. Warw., ii. 319.
[44] For a popular account of a monastery v. Jessopp, Coming of
the Friars, 113-165.
[45] Leet Book, 448-9.
[46] The chronicler, whose name—Walter of Coventry—seems to
attest some local connection, was not a monk of this house.
Stubbs, Pref. to Walter of Coventry (Rolls), I. xxii.-xxxiii.
[47] Jessopp, 138.
[48] Luard, Annales Monastici, iii. 90; i. 89-90.
[49] Dugdale, Monasticon (1846), iii. 178.
[50] Beresford, Diocesan Hist. Lichfield, 54.
[51] Beresford, Diocesan Hist. Lichfield, 78.
[52] Dugdale. Warw., i. 161. Rather an improbable story. More
likely after Nunant's fall the monks found some one to plead their
cause with the King.
[53] Beresford, 69.
[54] Which may be paraphrased: "I have but one diocese, and
must I have but one cathedral?" (Beresford, 76).
[55] Cott. MS, quoted Dugdale, Monasticon, VI. iii. 1242.
[56] Ibid. 1242-3.
[57] Luard, op cit., iii 104.
[58] Vict. County Hist., ii. 55.
[59] For the disputes between ecclesiastics and their tenants see
Mrs Green, Town Life, i. 333-383; Thompson, Municipal History,
passim. This feature is not confined to England. For the disputes
between the men of Rouen and the chapter see Giry,
Établissements de Rouen, 34.

CHAPTER III
 The Chester Lordship
THE place where the monks settled was probably little better than a
village. We may picture it as a couple of straggling streets
intersecting one another, with small wooden houses on either side of
the highway, which was comparatively empty of people except on
market days when country folk would come in to sell their wares in
the "Cheaping" at the monastery gates. Domesday records that
there were only sixty-nine heads of families living in Godiva's estate
at Coventry in 1086,[60] though Leicester and Warwick were fair-
sized towns, as towns were accounted then. Of the two parish
churches, existing probably at the Conquest, S. Michael's served
maybe for the tenants of the lay lord, and Trinity for those of the
ecclesiastical estate. For from the beginnings of its history the town
had been divided into two lordships, whereof the convent held the
northern part or Prior's-half, not mentioned in Domesday, as the gift
of their founder, Earl Leofric; while the southern portion, the Earl's-
half, which Leofric retained, became a part of the Earl of Chester's
vast inheritance.
After the Conquest the convent retained their estate, receiving a
gracious charter of confirmation from William, who, no doubt, was
willing to link his name with that of his kinsman, the Confessor, as
patron of this famed foundation.[61] The Earl's-half, however, passed
to other masters. Probably Godiva held it during her lifetime; but at
her death the Conqueror took it, as the lady's grandchildren and
direct heirs were, as rebels, naturally shut out from the inheritance.
How it was that the estate passed into the hands of Ranulf
Meschines, Earl of Chester, we can only conjecture. He had probably
deserved well at the King's hand and had his reward. Though not, it
is true, so disturbing an element in the burghers' lives as his
continental brethren, an English feudal lord had much power for
good or evil over his dependents. His castle—with its fortifications,
often breaking into the line of the city wall, as Rougement did at
Exeter, or the Tower, built by the Conqueror to overawe the men of
London—was a perpetual menace to the citizens. His officers or
deputies could annoy and terrify the tenants in various ways. Thus
one Simon le Maudit, who held in farm the reeveship of Leicester,
went on to collect gravel-pennies, which he said were due to the
lord from the townsfolk, long after these payments had been
remitted by charter. But this document having been destroyed by
fire, the burghers had no evidence wherewith to support their claim,
and Simon "the Accursed" had his will.[62] Instances of feudal
oppression seem, however, to have been comparatively rare, though
warlike lords by involving their tenants in their quarrels frequently
brought trouble upon them.

CHEYLESMORE MANOR HOUSE

Earl Ranulf came of a strong race. The founder of the family—whom
the Welsh called Hugh "the Fat" by reason of his great girth, but the
Normans "the Wolf" by reason of his fierceness—held manors of the
Conqueror in twenty shires of England. Lord of the county palatine
of Chester, the special privileges granted to him for the purpose of
strengthening his hand against the Welsh made him almost
independent of royal authority.[63] Meschines himself is an obscure
figure, but the fame of his successor, Ranulf Gernons, whose doings
were accounted terrible even in Stephen's time, when every man's
hand was against his fellow, spread far and wide. In 1143 Coventry
became the battle-ground of this earl and Marmion of Tamworth,
King Stephen's ally. That was an evil time for the monks, as Marmion
seized and fortified the priory, and for the townsfolk, as they were
between Marmion and Ranulf, the hammer and the anvil. The
Tamworth lord died early in the struggle, for falling into one of the
trenches he had made to enclose the monastery, he was killed by a
common soldier. No doubt the monks reminded one another that
their sacrilegious oppressor, who so justly came to this evil end, was
of an impious stock. Did not his ancestor, one Robert Marmion, expel
the nuns of Polesworth from their dwelling, until, warned in a vision
by S. Edith, their foundress, and sorely smitten by the staff of the
saint, he repented and caused the sisterhood to return?[64]
Ranulf lived on to find a reverse of fortune at Coventry. Four years
after the fight with Marmion, the earl, finding the King's forces were
possessed of the castle there, laid siege to the stronghold, but
Stephen appearing, Ranulf's army was put to flight. It was a fitting
end to this lawless life that he should die by poison and
excommunicate; and his widow gave to Walter, Bishop of Coventry,
under whose curse her husband lay, the hamlet of Stivichall, so that
his soul might have peace.[65]
There was trouble also in the days of Earl Hugh, Ranulf's successor.
He joined in the great feudal rising of 1173, when all England was a
scene of strange confusion, and only the energy and promptitude of
Henry II. and a few faithful followers saved the King's throne.
Henry's sons were arrayed against him, supported by the arch-
enemy, the King of France, the Scotch, the Flemings, and many
nobles both in England and Normandy, whose power and lawless
ways the King had sought continually to restrain. Such were the
Earls Ferrars, Bigod of Norfolk, Robert of Leicester, and Hugh. The
men of Coventry lent the Earl of Chester aid in this rebellion, as the
men of Leicester did to their lord, Robert Blanchmains, for those
tenants who held land by military service were bound to follow their
feudal superior to battle. But one by one the King's enemies were
defeated. Earl Hugh was taken prisoner at the siege of Dol in
Britanny quite early in the struggle, and suffered a short
imprisonment in the Castle of Falaise.[66] Swift destruction—siege
and fire—came upon Leicester for the share the townsfolk had taken
in this rebellion, and the inhabitants for a time forsook the place.[67]
Coventry, as a place of less note, suffered less; but what liberties the
townsmen possessed were confiscated, not to be redeemed until
after Hugh's death, eight years later, by a payment of twenty marks.
The men of Norwich had also cause to regret the part they took in
the celebrated rising, but it was Bigod who dealt them their
punishment, burning the city out of revenge because his men had
declared for the King's party.
The men of Coventry had, it is true, one reason to dwell with
gratitude on the memory of Earl Hugh. Dugdale tells us that among
this lord's following was a leper. And it may have been for the sake
of this man that Hugh built the lazar-house and chapel of S. Mary
Magdelene at Spon in the fields on the western side of the city.[68]
All traces of this chapel have now disappeared, but the name Chapel
Fields still serves to commemorate the place, with which the chapel
of S. James and S. Christopher,[69] whereof there are remains in
Spon Street, is sometimes—but quite erroneously—identified.
Leprosy, brought from the East by the Crusades, took terrible hold
on the people of western Europe, and few towns of any note in
those days were without their lazar-houses or hospitals for these
sorely afflicted folk. The chief of these leper hospitals was at Burton
Lazars in Leicestershire, but the one that is best remembered
nowadays is that of S. Giles, once "in the Fields," now in the heart of
London.
The most famous among the Earls of Chester was Ranulf, surnamed
Blondvil, who succeeded to the earldom on Hugh's death. This befell
in 1181. Ranulf was the last of the old order, the race of the feudal
barons of the Conquest, who, by reason of their vast estates and
almost princely power, were a constant source of anxiety to the
kings of England. Men sang songs of Earl Ranulf,[70] either of his
loyalty to his master John, or of his feats in warring with the Welsh
at home or the heathen abroad, for he joined the Crusades, and was
present in 1219 at the siege of Damietta. He was as much of a
popular hero as Robin Hood during the fourteenth century. The
Church knew him as the benefactor of the monastic house of Pulton,
whence he removed the monks, its inhabitants, to Dieulacres in
Staffordshire. And his pious deeds availed to save him after death,
people said, in spite of many offences. For at the time of his dying, a
solitary man at Wallingford saw a company of demons hurrying past,
and learnt from one of them that they were hastening to the earl's
death-bed to accuse him of his sins. Adjured to return within thirty
days, the demon came back and told the hermit what had befallen.
"We brought it about," he said, "that Ranulf for his ill deeds was
adjudged to the pains of infernal fire; but the mastiffs of Dieulacres,
and many others with them, without stinting barked so that they
filled our habitation with a loud clamour whilst he was with us;
wherefore our prince, disgusted, ordered to be expelled from our
territories him who now proved so grievous an enemy to us."[71] In
this manner was the earl's soul delivered from the evil place. In 1232
he died childless, and his vast lands were divided among his sisters
and their issue. The Earl's-half of Coventry fell to the lot of Hugh of
Albany, and then passed to his daughter Cicily, wife of Roger de
Montalt. This family continued to hold it until the days of Edward
III., when by some arrangement with Queen Isabel, the King's
mother, it was vested in the royal line, ultimately becoming part of
the duchy of Cornwall, heritage of successive princes of Wales.
 GABLE OF CHEYLESMORE MANOR HOUSE
The only relic of the associations of the earls of Chester's family with
Coventry lie in the Cheylesmore manor house, to the south-east of
the city. The house itself is mostly modern, but there are fragments
of ancient buildings—a chimney-shaft—incorporated with it. It is
most likely that the Black Prince, who gave—say the annals—the
ostrich feathers to Coventry, and prince Henry, afterwards Henry V.,
sojourned in the ancient dwelling at Cheylesmore.

FOOTNOTES:
[60] Reader, Domesday for Warwickshire, 9: "The countess held
Coventry. There are 5 hides. The arable employs 20 ploughs, 3
are in the demesne, and 7 bondmen. There are 50 villeins, and
12 bordars, with 20 ploughs. A mill pays 3s. A wood 2 miles long
and the same broad. In King Edward's time and afterwards it was
worth 12 pounds, now 11 pounds by weight. These lands of the
countess Godiva Nicholas holds to ferm of the king." See also
Vict. County Hist., i. 310.
 [61] Add MS. Ch. 11,205. Leofric's gifts of lands, etc., with "sac
and soc, toll and team," are therein confirmed to Leofwine, the
abbot, and the brethren "sicut ... Edwardus, cognatus meus,
melius et plenius eisdem concessit."
[62] Bateson, Rec. Leicester, 42.
[63] Ormerod, Cheshire, i. 10.
[64] Dugdale, Warw., ii. 1107. The incident is commemorated in a
modern window in Tamworth church.
[65] Ormerod, i. 20-6. Dugdale, Warw., i. 137.
[66] Ormerod, i. 26.
[67] Thompson, Hist. Leicester, 42.
[68] Dugdale, Warw., i. 197.
[69] See Dormer Harris, Troughton Sketches, 24.
[70] Piers Ploughman, Passus v. l. 402. Sloth (a personification of
one of the Seven Deadly Sins) says:—

"I can nought perfitly my pater-noster ...

But I can rymes of Robyn hood, and Randolf, erle of Chestre."
It is more likely this earl is meant than his grandfather Gernons.
[71] Hales, Percy Folio, i. 264-73.

CHAPTER IV
Beginnings of Municipal Government
BUT how did the men live who inhabited Coventry, who were
neither warriors nor monks, but the rank and file of the townsfolk,
the mere tillers of the ground and retailers of food and clothing,
farmers, bakers, butchers, shoemakers, weavers, and the like?
These men owed fealty, according to the position of the land they
held, either to the prior or the Earl of Chester. It is with the earl's
burghers that the main part of our story lies. It was they who won,
after many checks and struggles, such liberties of trading and self-
rule as helped to make their city rich and famous in after days. For
wherever townspeople found that their lord, whether he were a
noble or the King himself, had need of their money or support, they
bargained with him for a charter, a duly written and attested
document giving them the power to exercise certain rights, such as
the collecting of their own taxes or the managing of their own
courts, without the interference of his officials. Just as the barons of
England gained Magna Charta from John in his need and weakness,
or forced Edward I. to confirm the same ere they would give him
money to prosecute his wars, so the townsfolk played out the same
play in their own much humbler theatre, and drove their bargain
with this or that great owner of estates.
For towns on the royal demesne the question resolved itself into one
of mere traffic. Was the town rich enough to induce the King to
grant a charter to the inhabitants conferring on them the liberties of
which they stood in need? If so, the money was paid, and the town
started on its career of independence. Nobles, too, were often
willing to forego their manorial privileges for the sake of a
substantial sum of money. But with churchmen and religious
corporations the case was different. They were unwilling, under any
circumstances, to part with the rights of the Church, "for fear," as
the Coventry monks said, "of blemishing their consciences." In
growing and prosperous communities, where men suffered by the
restrictions laid upon their trade or persons, the attitude of the
religious community, which stood to them in place of feudal lord,
gave rise to great bitterness of feeling among the tenants.
Discontent was in many cases the precursor of riot and bloodshed,
showing how fierce was the spirit of resistance among these men,
and with what tenacity they clung to the idea of freedom.
The condition of the men of S. Alban's, or those of any town where
the inhabitants were serfs, was often miserable, or at best
precarious.[72] A serf must perform for his lord frequent and often
unlimited service. His offences were punished in his lord's courts of
justice. He could not sell or depart from his holding or marry his
children without licence. He must grind his corn at his lord's mill, and
bake his loaves at his lord's oven.
But from these most oppressive burdens the Coventry men were
free. They had in ancient custom a guarantee that their lord could
not urge such claims upon them, for they held of him "in free
burgage";[73] that is to say, they were quit of all personal service,
and merely paid a money rent for house and land. They were not
compelled to leave their business to carry in the crops on the lord's
demesne, or follow him for a great distance to war, or bake at his
oven, a custom the men of Melton observed until the days of James
I.[74] Still, although they were not entirely at the mercy of their
feudal superior, the men of Coventry had, as yet, no voice in the
town government. They owed obedience to three powers—the Earl
of Chester, the King, and the Prior of Coventry. For any fault or
misdemeanour they were summoned to appear at the earl's castle,
where the constable fixed their punishment, and the fine they paid
passed into the earl's hand. The author of any grave or serious crime
was answerable to the sheriff, the King's officer. While the prior, the
lord of the soil in the Cross Cheaping, regulated all matters
connected with the traffic of the market.
The townsfolk were neither rich nor strong enough to free
themselves from the sheriff's jurisdiction, or their trade from the
prior's surveillance. But in the reign of Henry II. they struck a
bargain with Ranulf Blondvil, Earl of Chester, a great founder of
towns, whereby they obtained certain rights and privileges, and
some measure of self-government. In his charter the earl granted to
his burgesses of Coventry the same customs as those enjoyed by
the men of Lincoln, for it was usual for townsfolk to ask that their
constitution might be modelled on that of some freer or more
important place.[75] Lincoln,[76] in common with most of the larger
towns in England, borrowed certain customs from London, and
Coventry, in its turn, was to serve as model to other towns later in
acquiring freedom.[77]
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