1 Some students are investigating how the volume of water affects the rate at which water in a

beaker cools.

They are using the apparatus shown in Fig. 2.1.

100
clamp
90

90
clamp
80

80
thermometer A thermometer B
beaker A beaker B
bench

Fig. 2.1

(a) (i) 200 cm3 of hot water is poured into beaker A and the initial temperature rises to the value
shown on thermometer A in Fig. 2.1.

In the first row of Table 2.1, record this temperature θA for time t = 0.

100cm3 of hot water is poured into beaker B. The temperature rises to the value shown
on thermometer B in Fig. 2.1.

In the first row of the table, record this temperature θB for time t = 0.
[1]

(ii) The temperatures θA and θB of the water in each experiment at times t = 30 s, 60 s, 90s,
120 s, 150 s and 180 s are shown in the table.

Complete the headings and the time column in the table. [2]

1
 Table 2.1

beaker A beaker B
with 200 cm3 of water with 100 cm3 of water
t/ θA / θB /
0
85.0 86.0
83.0 83.0
81.5 80.5
80.0 78.0
78.5 76.0
77.5 74.5

(b) Describe one precaution which should be taken to ensure that the temperature readings in
the experiment are as accurate as possible.

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(c) Write a conclusion stating how the volume of water in the beaker affects the rate of cooling of
the water. Justify your answer by reference to the results.

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(d) (i) Using the results for 100 cm3 of water, calculate the average rate of cooling x 1 for the
first 90 s of the experiment. Use the readings from the table and the equation
θ 0 – θ90
x1 = ,
t

2
 where t = 90 s and θ 0 and θ90 are the temperatures at time 0 and at time 90 s.
Include the unit for the rate of cooling.

x1 = ........................................................... [1]

(ii) Using the results for 100 cm3 of water, calculate the average rate of cooling x2 in the last
90 s of the experiment. Use the readings from the table and the equation
θ 90 – θ180
x2 = ,
t

where t = 90 s and θ 90 and θ180 are the temperatures at time 90 s and at time 180 s.
Include the unit for the rate of cooling.

x2 = ............................................................[1]

(e) A student suggests that it is important that the experiments with the two volumes of water
should have the same starting temperatures.

State whether your values for x 1 and x2 support this suggestion. Justify your statement with
reference to your results.

statement ..................................................................................................................................

justification .................................................................................................................................

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[2]

[Total: 10]

3
A student is investigating the factors that affect the size of the crater (hole) a ball makes when it is
dropped into sand.

Plan an experiment which would enable you to investigate one factor which might affect the size
of the crater.

The apparatus available includes

metal balls of different sizes

Write a plan for the experiment.

In your plan you should:

• state which factor is being investigated,

• state the key variables that you would control,

• list any additional apparatus needed,

• explain briefly how you would carry out the experiment including what would be measured
and how this would be done,

• state the precautions which should be taken to obtain reliable results,

• suggest a suitable graph which could be drawn from the results.

You may draw a diagram if it helps to explain your plan.

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[Total: 10]