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517-c-5111-RDBMS NOTES - 1 - 240707 - 092718

The document provides an overview of Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS), explaining the concept of databases, their advantages, and types of data organization. It details various data models, including hierarchical, network, and relational models, and introduces key database concepts such as items, fields, records, and keys. Additionally, it describes the structure of tables and the roles of primary and foreign keys in RDBMS.

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10 views6 pages

517-c-5111-RDBMS NOTES - 1 - 240707 - 092718

The document provides an overview of Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS), explaining the concept of databases, their advantages, and types of data organization. It details various data models, including hierarchical, network, and relational models, and introduces key database concepts such as items, fields, records, and keys. Additionally, it describes the structure of tables and the roles of primary and foreign keys in RDBMS.

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aditya.s31009
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CLASS 10 IT CODE 402 (Part – B )

UNIT-3 : Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)

Database – A database is an organized collection of data. For example:- In a stationary shop,


detailed records of the materials available in the shop is database. Similarly in a
computerized system, we need to maintain several files, we would used database programs
such as Microsoft Access, OpenOffice.org Base, and MySQL. These database programs are
used to organize the data as per our needs in the computer system.

Database Management System (DBMS) - A database management system is a software


package with computer programs that controls the creation, maintenance and use of a
database. A DBMS allows different user application programs to concurrently access the same
database. Some of the DBMSs are Oracle, IBM DB2, Microsoft SQL server, Microsoft
Access, PostgreSQL, MySQL, FoxPro and SQLite.

Advantages of Database

Reduces Data Redundancy : no chance of encountering duplicate data

Sharing of Data : the users of the database can share the data among themselves
Data Integrity : Data integrity means that the data is accurate andconsistent in the database
Data Security : Only authorised users are allowed to access the database and their identity
is authenticated using a username and password
Privacy : The privacy rule in a database states that only the authorized users can access a
database according to its privacy constraints
Backup and Recovery : Database Management Systemautomatically takes care of
backup and recovery.
Data Consistency : Data Consistency means there should be multiple mismatching
copies of the same data.

Data can be organized into two types:-


Flat File: Data is stored in a single table. Usually suitable for less amount of data.
Relational: Data is stored in multiple tables and the tables are linked using a common field.
Relational is suitable for medium to large amount of data.
Data Models –
A database can be designed in different ways depending on the data being stored. This structure of
database is known as data model that describes the manner in which data will be stored and retrieved.

Hierarchical Data Model


In this model the data is organized into a tree like structure. The data is stored in the form of records. A
record is a collection of fields and its data values.
All these records are linked to each other at various levels, thereby forming a hierarchy.
Network Data Model
In this model, multiple records are linked to same master file. It is also considered as an inverted tree where
master is present in the bottom of the tree and the branches contain information linked to the master.

Relational Data Model


This data model is based on the principle of setting relationships between two or more tables of the same
database. It is the most commonly used database model.

Database Servers – Database servers are dedicated computers that


hold the actual databases and run only the DBMS and related software. Databases on the
database servers are accessed throughcommand line or graphic user interface tools
referred to as Frontends; database servers are referred to as Back-ends. Such type of
data access is referred to as Client-server model.

RDBMS:- A relational database management system (RDBMS) is a database management


system that is based on the relational model. In the relational model of a database, all
data is represented in terms of tuples (rows), grouped into relations (tables). A database
organized in terms the relational model is a relational database.
Database Concepts:- Database contains objects that are used forstoring and managing
information.

1. Item : - Item is about which information is stored in the database.


2. Field:- Each question that we ask about our item is a Field.

3. Record:- Record is a set of information (made up of fields) stored in your


database about one of the items.
4. Value:- Value is the actual text or numerical amount or date that you put in
while adding information to your database.
For example, Database : Employee

Emp_Code Emp_Name Emp_Addres Emp_Design Emp_ContactNo Emp_Salar


s y
atio
E001 ABC Meerut Manager 9876543210 Rs.5000
0

Item : Employee

Field : Emp_Code , Emp_Name , Emp_Address , Emp_Designation , Emp_ContactNo ,


Emp_Salary
Record :

E001 ABC Meerut Manager 987654321 Rs.

50,000

Value : E001 , ABC , Meerut , Manager , 9876543210 , Rs. 50,000

5. Key Field :- Key Field is a value in a Field that uniquely identifies the record. Eg.
E001 which is unique to every employee.

Important Question :- How data is organized in a RDBMS ?

Ans :- In RDBMS, data is organized in the form of inter linkedtables.

TABLE :- A table is a set of data elements that is organized using a model of vertical
columns and horizontal rows. Each row is identified by a unique key index or the key
field.
COLUMNS OR FIELD :- A column is a set of data values of a particular simple type, one for
each row of the table. For eg. Emp_Code , Emp_Name , Emp_Address etc.

ROWS OR RECORDS OR TUPLES :- A row represents a single, data items in a table. Each
row in a table represents a set of related data, and every row in the table has the
same structure.

PRIMARY KEY:- A primary key is a unique value that identifies a row in a table. These
keys are also indexed in the database, making it faster for the database to search a
record.

FOREIGN KEY:- The foreign key identifies a column or set of columns in one (referencing)
table that refers to a column or set of columns in another (referenced) table.

Candidate Key – All the field values that are eligible to be the primary key are the candidate keys for that table.
Such fields can neither be left blank nor can have duplicate values. So in the table Student Marks, Enrollment
Number and Roll Number both are candidate keys. •

Alternate Key – Out of the candidate keys, one or two are made as primary keys. The others are the alternate
keys. Hence, if Roll Number is made as the primary key, Admission Number is the Alternate key.

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