UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS

POLITICAL and
ECONOMIC
INSTITUTIONS
Lesson 6 - Part 1

Mr. Remson P. De Leoz, LPT

HSU, Social Science Department
At the end of this lesson, the students
will be able to:

1. Identify the different forms of social

institutions and political organizations;

2. Understand the economic organizations

and its impact on the lives of people in
the society; and

3. Analyze issues related to authority,

legitimacy, and power.
 In a classroom setting,
what are the functions of
the elected class officers?

Do you believe that their

existence is needed for
the maintenance of order
in the class?
 SOCIAL
INSTITUTIONS
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
It consists of institutions that
come together for a common
purpose.
…to maintain order, provide stability, and
adress various aspects of human life.

It help organize and regulate individual and

collective behavior, shaping how people interact
and live in a society.
COMMON SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS PRESENT IN OUR SOCIETY

• Family
• Education
• Religion
• Government and Politics
• Economy
• Healthcare
• Mass Media
• Justice System
 POLITICS DEFINED

• POLITICS refers to the

activities, actions, and
policies that are associated
with the governance and
decision-making processes
of a group, organization, or a
nation.
 POLITICS DEFINED
• It involves the distribution of power
and resources, the development
and implementation of laws and
policies, and the resolution of
conflicts and disputes within a
society.
• Politics can take place at various
levels, including local, regional,
national, and international.
 CAN YOU
CONSIDER
YOURSELF AS
PERSON WITH
POWER?
 POWER is the personal
ability of a person to
control and influence
others.
POWER involves a relationship –
there is one who exercises power and
another who is subject to do it.
POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS

WHERE DOES
POWER
COME
FROM?
 POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS
SIX MAIN SOURCES OF POWER
(SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE)
• Legitimate Power – “legit”
• Referent Power – “personal characteristics and charisma”
• Expert Power – “expertise on a specific field”
• Reward Power – “incentives and benefits”
• Coercive Power – “application of force, threats and punishment”
• Information Power – “data and resources”
 POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS
SIX MAIN SOURCES OF POWER (SOCIETAL PERSPECTIVE)
1. LEGITIMATE POWER
✓ This power source is derived from the belief in the
legitimacy of a person or entity to exercise authority
and make decisions.
✓ It is typically associated with positions in formal
organizations or government, where individuals hold
power because they have been granted authority
through established rules and procedures.
✓ Example: political leaders, elected officials, and law enforcement officers
derive their power from the legitimacy of their positions.
 POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS
SIX MAIN SOURCES OF POWER (SOCIETAL PERSPECTIVE)
2. REFERENT POWER
✓ Referent power arises from the personal
characteristics, charisma, and attractiveness of
an individual.
✓ It's the ability to influence others because they
admire, respect, or want to emulate the person in
power.
✓ Celebrities, inspirational leaders, and influential
figures often possess referent power.
 POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS
SIX MAIN SOURCES OF POWER (SOCIETAL PERSPECTIVE)

3. EXPERT POWER
✓ Expert power is derived from an individual's or
group's knowledge, skills, or expertise in a
particular domain.
✓ People with expertise are often seen as
credible sources of information and guidance.
✓ This form of power is prevalent in professions
such as medicine, academia, and technology.
 POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS
SIX MAIN SOURCES OF POWER (SOCIETAL PERSPECTIVE)

4. REWARD POWER
✓ Reward power comes from the ability to provide
incentives, rewards, or benefits to individuals or
groups in exchange for compliance or desired
behavior.
✓ This power source is frequently found in various
settings, including businesses, where managers
can offer promotions, raises, or other rewards to
motivate employees.
 POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS
SIX MAIN SOURCES OF POWER (SOCIETAL PERSPECTIVE)

5. COERCIVE POWER
✓ Coercive power is based on the ability
to apply force, threats, or punishment
to control or influence others.
✓ This form of power often relies on fear
and intimidation.
✓ It can be seen in law enforcement,
military forces, and authoritarian
governments.
 POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS
SIX MAIN SOURCES OF POWER (SOCIETAL PERSPECTIVE)
6. INFORMATION POWER
✓ Informational power is based on control over
valuable information, data, or resources that
others require.
✓ It can be wielded by individuals or organizations
with access to critical data, and they use this
information to influence and make decisions.
✓ In today's digital age, organizations that control
vast amounts of data and technology companies
often have substantial informational power.
 POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS
SIX MAIN SOURCES OF POWER
(SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE)
• Legitimate Power – “legit”
• Referent Power – “personal characteristics and charisma”
• Expert Power – “expertise on a specific field”
• Reward Power – “incentives and benefits”
• Coercive Power – “application of force, threats and punishment”
• Information Power – “data and resources”
LEGITIMACY AND
TYPES OF
AUTHORITY
AUTHORITY is the right to exercise power.
 LEGITIMACY

The word legitimacy originated

from the word legitimare,
meaning “to declare lawful” and
is broadly defined as
“rightfulness”.
 THREE TYPES OF AUTHORITY
According to Max Weber’s Theory of Legitimacy there
are three types of AUTHORITY.

1. TRADITIONAL
2. CHARISMATIC
3. LEGAL-RATIONAL
 THREE TYPES OF AUTHORITY

1. TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY
“always existed”
Power legitimized by respect for long-
established cultural patterns.
 THREE TYPES OF AUTHORITY
1. TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY

THE BRITISH MONARCH THE JAPANESE IMPERIAL

FAMILY
 THREE TYPES OF AUTHORITY
1. TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY
MONARCHY - A form of government with a monarch at the head.
TYPES OF MONARCHY
CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY ABSOLUTE MONARCHY
- A form of government in which a country • A form of government where one person,
is ruled by a monarch whose power is typically a king or queen, holds absolute
limited by a constitution. power.
- The monarch is a purely ceremonial. • The monarch is the highest and most
- The monarch shares the power with the powerful authority in the country.
parliament or another legislative body. • The monarch has unlimited power and
authority.
 THREE TYPES OF AUTHORITY
Anthony
1. TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY Albanese
Prime
CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY EXAMPLE: Minister of
CHARLES III Australia
King of the Justin
United Kingdom Trudeau
and the other Prime
Commonwealth Minister of
realms Canada

Rishi Sunak
Prime
Minister of
U.K
Chris Hipkins
Prime Minister of
New Zealand
 THREE TYPES OF AUTHORITY
1. TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY
- ABSOLUTE MONARCHY EXAMPLE:

King Sultan of
Salman of Brunei
Saudi Hassanal
Arabia Bolkiah

Sultan of
Oman
Haitham Bin
Tariq
 THREE TYPES OF AUTHORITY

2. CHARISMATIC AUTHORITY
✓ Power legitimized by extraordinary personal
abilities that inspire devotion and obedience.
✓ Charismatic authority depends less on a
person’s ancestry or office and more on
personality.
 THREE TYPES OF AUTHORITY

CHARISMATIC AUTHORITY
CHARACTERISTICS
A. Using their personal skills to turn an
audience into followers.
B. Make their own rules and challenge the
status quo.
 THREE TYPES OF AUTHORITY

2. CHARISMATIC AUTHORITY

MAHATMA GANDHI
ADOLF HITLER
 THREE TYPES OF AUTHORITY

3. LEGAL-RATIONAL
✓ It is the most typical type of authority in modern
societies.
✓ Power and authority in a legal-rational context are
legitimized by a clearly defined set of written rules
and laws.
 THREE TYPES OF AUTHORITY

3. LEGAL-RATIONAL
Nations that follows a constitution is
applying this type of authority.
 THREE TYPES OF AUTHORITY
3. LEGAL-RATIONAL AUTHORITY
 THREE TYPES OF AUTHORITY

Among the three types of

authority, a legal-rational
system has the highest
degree of stability.
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS

END OF POLITICAL
INSTITUTIONS
PART 1
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS

POLITICAL and
ECONOMIC
INSTITUTIONS
Lesson 6 - Part 1

Mr. Remson P. De Leoz, LPT

HSU, Social Science Department
 TYPES OF POLITICAL
ORGANIZATIONS AND
LEADERSHIP STRUCTURES
 TYPES OF POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS AND
LEADERSHIP STRUCTURES

Political Organizations are

created to maintain social order,
especially in the resolution of
conflicts among people dwelling
in the same geographical area.
TYPES OF POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS AND
LEADERSHIP STRUCTURES

1. UNCENTRALIZED
• Bands
• Tribes

2. CENTRALIZED
• Chiefdom
• State
 TYPES OF POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS AND
LEADERSHIP STRUCTURES

• In uncentralized political
organization relatively small and
loosely organized kin-ordered
group that inhabits a specific
territory and that may split
periodically into smaller extended
family groups that are politically
and economically independent.
The term "kin" typically refers to one's family members or relatives, especially those who are
related by blood or marriage.
 TYPES OF POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS
AND LEADERSHIP STRUCTURES
UNCENTRALIZED POLITICAL ORGANIZATION
• BAND – is a small, relatively simple social
organization typically found in some indigenous
or pre-industrial societies.
• Bands are often composed of extended families
and are characterized by their mobility and a
lack of a formal centralized political structure.
• They often engage in foraging or hunting and
gathering activities.
 TYPES OF POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS
AND LEADERSHIP STRUCTURES
UNCENTRALIZED POLITICAL ORGANIZATION

• TRIBES also made up of kin-

groups.
• However, tribes practice
agriculture, allowing them to
support large populations.
 TYPES OF POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS
AND LEADERSHIP STRUCTURES

As populations increases and

technology developed rapidly,
an opportunity for individuals to
exercise political control also
came into existence. In cities
centralized political
organizations flourished.
 TYPES OF POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS
AND LEADERSHIP STRUCTURES

• AUTHORITY AND POWER are

now assigned to an individual
(chief) or a body of individuals
(state).
• It was through centralized
societies that inequality was first
practiced because of social
stratification.
 TYPES OF POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS
AND LEADERSHIP STRUCTURES

• A centralized government (also

united government) is one in which
both executive and legislative power
is concentrated centrally at the
higher level as opposed to it being
more distributed at various lower-
level governments.
 TYPES OF POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS
AND LEADERSHIP STRUCTURES
CENTRALIZED POLITICAL ORGANIZATION
Datu Lapu-Lapu

• CHIEFDOM - Power and authority was a chieftain of

Mactan Island in
are bestowed to the chief. the Visayas
region. He is
• Apart from ensuring the unity of all famous for leading
the defense of
the members of the community, it is Mactan against
Magellan's forces
also the chief who oversees all and is often
regarded as a
economic activities in his or her area symbol of Filipino
of responsibility. resistance to
foreign
colonization.
 TYPES OF POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS
AND LEADERSHIP STRUCTURES
CENTRALIZED POLITICAL ORGANIZATION
• STATE - A state exists in a society with
a large population that resides in a
clearly bounded territory, stratified into
different social classes, and subjected
to a formal government that creates and
implements laws to promote social
order.
 TYPES OF POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS
AND LEADERSHIP STRUCTURES
ELEMENTS OF THE STATE
• The state should possess the following
qualifications:
• (a) a permanent population (people);
• (b) a defined territory;
• (c) government (political authority); and
• (d) capacity to enter relations with the other
states (diplomat recognition or sovereignty).
NON-STATE ACTORS
 NON-STATE ACTORS
Non-state actors are entities other than a state that
play a role in international and local politics.
Individuals or groups that hold influence and which are
wholly or partly independent of a sovereign state or
state.
• Multinational Corporations
• Non-governmental Organizations
• International Organizations
 NON-STATE ACTORS
Multinational Corporations
 NON-STATE ACTORS
Non-Governmental Organizations
 NON-STATE ACTORS
International Organizations
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS

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UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS

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