ANALOG CIRCUITS

Laboratory(19EEC234)
Prepared

By

Mr A Rajesh
Assistant Professor

Department of Electrical, Electronics and Communication Engineering

GITAM School of Technology
GITAM Deemed to be University
Hyderabad Campus -502329
 INDEX

EXP NO NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT Page no.

1 FEEDBACKAMPLIFIER 1-3
2 RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR 4-6
3 COLPITTS OSCILLATOR 7-9
4 RC DIFFERENCIATOR & RC INTEGRATOR 10-13
5 CLASS-A POWER AMPLIFIER 14-15
6 CLASS-B PUSH-PULLAMPLIFIER 16-17
7 BISTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR 18-19
8 ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR 20-21
9 MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR 22-23
10 TUNED VOLTAGE AMPLIFIER 24-25
 Experiment-1
FEED BACK AMPLIFIER

AIM : To obtain the frequency response characteristics of amplifier with and without feedback .

APPARATUS: Transistor BC107

Resistors 22KΩ,1.5KΩ,2.2KΩ,560Ω,22Ω
Capacitors 10µF-2, 47µF
Power Supply (0-30V)
CRO and Function Generator
Bread Board and connection Wires.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: (Without Feedback)

Vcc
12V

1.5K
22K
10uF
-

22 ohms 10uF
-
BC107
+ Vo
20mV CRO
560 ohms

1KHz 2.2K 47uF

_
- Vi
-

1
(With Feedback)

Vcc
12V

1.5K
22K
10uF
-

22 ohms 10uF
-
BC107
+ Vo
20mV CRO

560 ohms
1KHz 2.2 K
_
- Vi

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit Without Ce. The circuit becomes the amplifier with current series
feedback.
2. Fix suitable Vi to set undistorted output waveform at 1KHz.
3. Vary the frequency from 50Hz to 1 MHz in convenient steps and note Vo’
4. Find the gain Ao at each frequency.
5. Plot graph Vs Frequency.
6. Note f1 & f2 and find bandwidth using the formula B.W = f2-f1.
7. Repeat steps 2 to 6 with capacitor Ce in the circuit.
8. It becomes an amplifier without feedback.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

(Without Feedback):

S.No. Frequency Output Voltage Gain Ao = Gain in dB=

(KHz) (Vo) Vo/Vi 20 log Ao

2
(With Feedback):

S.No. Frequency Output Voltage Gain Ao = Gain in dB=

(KHz) (Vo) Vo/Vi 20 log Ao

GRAPH:

Gain(dB) Without feedback

Ao

Ao - 3dB
Withfeedback

fl2 fl1 fh1 fh2

Frequency (KHz)
Bandwidth1 (fh1-fl1)

Bandwidth2 (fh2-fl2)

RESULT:

Bandwidth((Without Feedback) = Gain Ao =

Bandwidth((With Feedback) = Gain Ao =

3
 Experiment-2
RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR

AIM:

To find the frequency of oscillation of the RC Phase Shift Oscillator.

APPARATUS:

1. Transistor BC107
2. Resistors 10KΩ-2, 100KΩ, 1KΩ, 2.2KΩ- 2
3. Capacitors 10µF-2, 0.1µF-3, 0.01µF-3.
4. RPS (0-30V)
5. Bread Board and connecting wires
6. CRO with probes.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Vcc
+12V

100Kohm 10 Kohm

10uF

BC107
.01uF .01uF .01uF
CRO o/p
C C C

10uF
R R
2.2Kohm 2.2Kohm 10 Kohm 1Kohm

4
MODEL GRAPH:

Voltage(V)

time(t)

= 1

THEORY:

An Oscillator circuit that follows the basic development of a feedback circuit is a phase
shift oscillator. The requirements of oscillation as we know are that the phase shift around the
feedback network is 1800. Here we consider the circuit to be consisting of a RC network and the
frequency of oscillation is given by the formula

F= 1/2πRC (6 + 4 ) Where K = Rc/R

The Phase Shift Oscillators are of two types: FET version and the BJT version. These are
the only practical versions of the RC Phase Shift Oscillator circuits.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Observe output waveform at CRO which is sinusoidal.
3. Measure the time period (T) and calculate the frequency using the

5
 formula f0= 1/T.
4. Compare the theoretical frequency with practical frequency.

OBSERVATIONS:

S.No. Capacitance (µF) Fo (theoretical) Fo (practical)

1. 0.01µF
2. 0.1µF

RESULT: Theoretical frequency =

Practical frequency =

6
 Experiment-3
COLPITTS OSCILLATOR

AIM:

To find the frequency of Oscillation of the Colpitts Oscillator.

APPARATUS:

1. Transistor BC107
2. Resistors 10KΩ-2, 100KΩ, 560Ω.
3. Capacitors 10µF-3, 0.1µF-2.
4. RPS (0-30V)
5. Decade Inductance Box
6. Bread Board and connecting wires
7. CRO with probes.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Vcc
+10V

100Kohm 10 Kohm

10Uf

10Uf CRO o/p

BC107

10 Kohm 560ohm
10uF

C1 C2

O.1uF 0.1Uf
L

7
MODEL GRAPH:

Voltage(V)

time(t)

= 1

THOERY:

The requirements of oscillation as we know, are that the loop gain βA is greater than
unity and that the phase shift around the feedback network is 1800 . The Colpitts Oscillator
which shown in the above circuit diagram is basically the same form as a resonant circuit
oscillator with the addition of the components needed for dc bias of the BJT amplifier. The
oscillator frequency can be found by the formula

fo = 1/2π eq

where Ceq = C1C2/(C1+C2)

PROCEDURE:

1. The circuit is connected as shown in figure.

2. The inductance L is adjusted until sinusoidal waveform is observed on the CRO.
3. Then the time period and hence the frequency are calculated which is nearly equal
to the theoretical frequency.

8
 4. The theoretical and practical values of frequency are verified using the formula

fo = 1/2π eq

Where Ceq = 1 2/ᦙ 1 + 2)

Fo (practical) = 1/T

Where T = Time period for one cycle.

5. The experiment is repeated for different values of Inductances.

OBSERVATIONS:

S.No. Inductance (µH) Fo (theoretical) Fo (practical)

RESULT: Theoretical frequency =

Practical frequency =

9
 Experiment-4
RC DIFFERENCIATOR & RC INTEGRATOR

AIM: To observe a RC high pass circuit and RC low pass circuit for different time constants
(RC=T, RC<T, RC>T) and hence to plot its output waveforms.

APPARATUS:

1. Resistors 1k,10k & 100k

2. Capacitor 0.1µF
3. Function Generator and CRO
4. bread board and connection wires.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS: (RC high pass filter)

0.1Uf

+
C

Vo
R
2V Vi
1K/10K/100K
1kHz
_

THEORY: A network comprising of resistors and capacitors is termed as linear network. When
a sinusoidal voltage is applied to a linear circuit the output voltage is also sinusoidal in nature.
However when a nonsinusoidal signal is transmited through a linear network, the input and
output signal bears very little resemblance to one another. The process whereby the form of a
nonsinusoidal signal is altered by transmission through a linear network is called linear wave
shaping.

In the high pass RC circuit, the higher frequency components in the input signal appears
at the output with less attenuation than the lower frequency components because the reactance of
the capacitor decreases with increasing frequency. At very high frequencies the capacitor almost

10
acts as a short circuit and virtually all the input appears at the output. This behavior accounts for
the designation ‘?High pass filter’.

PROCEDURE;

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. A square wave is applied as input signal.
3. Output signal is observed on the CRO for different time constants.
4. Calculate the % tilt from the output waveform.

WAVEFORMS:

11
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS: (RC low pass filter)

1K/10K/100K

+
R
0.1Uf
Vo
2V Vi C
1kHz
_

PROCEDURE;

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. A square wave is applied as input signal.
3. Output signal is observed on the CRO for different time constants.
4. Calculate the rise time from the output waveform.

WAVEFORMS:

12
PRECAUTIONS:

1. Loose and wrong connections must be avoided.

2. Readings must be taken without parallax error.

RESULT:

13
 Experiment-5
CLASS A POWER AMPLIFIER

AIM:

To calculate the efficiency of Class A Series FED Power Amplifier.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Transistor (CL100)
Resistors - 560Ω, 120KΩ and 470Ω.
Capacitor - 22µF
CRO with probes
Function Generator
RPS (0-30V)
Decade Inductance Box
Bread Board and Connecting wires

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Amplifier with resistor load:
Vcc
12V

100K ohms 470 ohms

+
A 0 - 50 m A
_ Ic

560 ohms

CL100
22 uF

+ Vo
200 mV CRO O/P
5KHz
_ Vi

14
THEORY:

In Class A Power Amplifier, the transistor bias and input signal are such that the output current
flows for complete 360 of the input signal. This condition is achieved by locating the Q-Point at the
center of the DC load line. In the series fed class A power amplifier, the load itself is connected as a
collector resistor. A portion of supply voltage is dropped in the resistor. To avoid this power loss in Rc, it
can be replaced by an inductor. The DC power lost in inductor is almost negligible. Then the amplifier
will have maximum efficiency of 50%.

THEORITICAL CALCULATIONS:

SERIES FED: Efficiency = (Avg AC power delivered to the load) / (Avg DC supplied power)

i.e., = PO(ac) / Pin(dc)

PO(ac) = Vc(rms) x Ic (rms) = 1/8[VCE(max). IC (max)]

From the Graph, VCE (max) = VCC

IC (max) = VCC / RC

PO (ac) = (VCC)2 / 8RC

Pin (dc) = VCC x ICQ = VCC.VCC / 2RC

Pin (dc) = (VCC)2 / 2 RC

 = PO(ac) / Pin(dc) x 100% = 25%

 = 25%

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig.

2. Set the input voltage at 250mv Pk-Pk, 5 KHz and also set VCC = 12V.
3. Note down the value of IC from the ammeter.
4. Observe the output waveform on CRO and note down the value of output voltage, VO Pk-Pk.
5. Calculate the DC input power using Pdc = VCC x IC.
6. Calculate the AC output power using Pac = (VO)2 / 8RC.
7. Calculate the efficiency of the amplifier.

RESULT:

Efficiency of the Series fed class A power amplifier with resistive load =

15
 Experiment-6
CLASS ‘B’ PUSH-PULL AMPLIFIER

Aim: To design and test the performance of transformer less Class ‘B’ Push-Pull Amplifier
and to determine its conversion efficiency.

Apparatus:

- Diodes IN 4001
- Transistor SL100, SK100
- Resistors
- Capacitors

Circuit Diagram:

Design:
Given VCC = 15V, RL = 470Ω
VCE1 = VCE2 = = 7.5V
VB1 = VCE2 + VBE1 = 7.5 + 0.7 = 8.2V
Assume I1 = 5mA
R1 = (VCC - VB1) / I1 = 1.36KΩ
R2 = (VB1-VD1-VD2) / I1 = 1.36KΩ
Choose R1 = R2 = 1.5KΩ
Choose C1 = C2 = 1μF & RL = 470Ω
Pi(dc) = VCC Idc
Po(ac) = Vm2/2RL
Efficiency η = Po(ac) / Pi(dc)

16
PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig.

2. Set the input voltage at 150 mv Pk-Pk, 5 KHz and also set VCC = 15V.
3. Note down the value of IC from the ammeter.
4. Observe the output waveform on CRO and note down the value of output voltage
5. Calculate the DC input power.
6. Calculate the AC output power.
7. Calculate the efficiency of the amplifier

RESULT:

Efficiency of the Class ‘B’ Push-Pull power amplifier with resistive load =

17
 Experiment-7
BISTABE MULTIVIBRATOR
AIM: To observe the output waveforms of Bistable Multivibrator using Op-Amp 741.

APPARATUS:

1. Op-Amp 741
2. Resistors R1(2.2k ),R2(10k )
3. RPS
4. Function Generator
5. Bread Board

CIRUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY:

Bistable Multivibrator has TWO stable states (hence the name: "Bi" meaning two) and
maintain a given output state indefinitely unless an external trigger is applied. The bi-stable
multivibrator can be switched over from one stable state to the other by the application of an
external trigger pulse thus, it requires two external trigger pulses before it returns back to its
original state. As bistable multivibrators have two stable states they are more commonly
known as Latches and Flip-flops for use in sequential type circuits.

18
PROCEDURE:

1. Cnnections are made as per the circuits diagram

2. Switch on the power supply VCC and VEE.
3. Give a sinusoidal trigger of 6V(p-p) 1KHz as VI
4. Observe the output on CRO and plot the output waveforms on the graph

WAVEFOMRS:

RESULT:

19
 Experiment-8
ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
AIM: To observe the output waveforms of Astable-multivibrator using Op-Amp 741 and to verify thetime
period of the output.

APPARATUS:

1. Op-Amp 741
2. Resistors R1(1k ),R2(2.2k ),R(10K)
3. Capacitor C(0.1µF)
4. RPS
5. Bread Board

CIRUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY:

An astable multivibrator or free running multivibrator generates square waves of its own i.e. without any
external excitation. It has no stable state but has only two quasi stable states between which it keeps on
oscillating on its own.
The time period of the output waveform can be calculated using the formula

Here = RC and β = R1 / (R1+R2)

20
PROCEDURE:

1. Cnnections are made as per the circuits diagram

2. Switch on the power supply VCC and VEE.
3. Observe the output on CRO and plot the output waveforms on the graph
4. Calculate the theoretical time period and compare it with practically obtained value.

WAVEFOMRS:

RESULT:

21
 Experiment-9
MONOSTABE MULTIVIBRATOR
AIM: To observe the output waveforms of Monostable Multivibrator using Op-Amp 741 and to verify the
duty cycle.

APPARATUS:

1. Op-Amp 741
2. Diodes
3. Resistors R1(1k ),R2(2.2k ),R3(10k ),R4(10k )
4. Capacitors C1(0.1µF ), C2(0.1µF)
5. RPS
6. Function Generator
7. Bread Board

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY:

Monostable Multivibrators have only ONE stable state (hence their name: "Mono"), and produce a single
output pulse when it is triggered externally. Monostable multivibrators only return back to their first original
and stable state after a period of time determined by the time constant of the RC coupled circuit. T = C1R3 ln
(R1+R2) / R2

22
PROCEDURE:

1. Cnnections are made as per the circuits diagram

2. Switch on the power supplies VCC and VEE.
3. Give a trigger (a square wave) of 8V(p-p) 500Hz to the capacitor C2
4. Observe the output on CRO and plot the output waveforms on the graph
5. Mesure the duty cycle( T ) of the output waveform and compare it with theoretical value.

WAVEFOMRS:

RESULT:

23
Experiment-10

24
25