Bachelors of Science

(Information Technology)

SEM VI
Journal

Roll No. 019

Name Priya Vishwakarma

Subject Fundamentals of GIS

 CERTIFICATE

This is here to certify that Miss.

, Seat Number of Bachelor of Science

(Information Technology), has satisfactorily completed the

required number of experiments prescribed by the

ANANDIBAI DAMODAR KALE DEGREE COLLEGE OF

SCIENCE AND COMMERCE AFFILIATED TO UNIVERSITY

OF MUMBAI during the academic year 20 – 20 .

Date:
Place:

Teacher In-Charge Head of Department

External Examiner
 INDEX
Practical Page Teacher's
Details Date
No No. Signature
Familiarizing Quantum GIS:
Installation of QGIS, datasets 1-2
1
for both Vector and Raster
data, Maps.
Creating and Managing Vector
Data: Adding vector layers,
2 setting properties, formatting, 3-4
calculating line lengths and
statistics
Exploring and Managing Raster
data: Adding raster layers, raster 5-6
3
styling and analysis, raster
mosaicking and clipping

Making a Map, Working with

Attributes, Importing
Spreadsheets or CSV files 7- 9
4
Using Plugins, Searching and
Downloading OpenStreetMap
Data

Working with attributes,

5 10-12
terrain Data

Working with Projections and

6 13-14
WMS Data

Georeferencing Topo Sheets

and Scanned Maps 15-18
7
Georeferencing Aerial Imagery
Digitizing Map Data
Fundamentals of GIS TY-BSc-IT Roll no: 19

Practical 1
Aim: Familiarizing Quantum GIS: Installation of QGIS, datasets for both Vector and Raster data, Maps.
Steps:
1. Installation of QGIS
1. Download QGIS:
o Visit the official website https://qgis.org.
o Navigate to the "Download" section and choose the appropriate version for Windows, Mac, or
Linux.
2. Install QGIS:
o Run the downloaded installer.
o Follow the on-screen instructions and select the default settings.
o Install necessary plugins if prompted.
3. Launch QGIS:
o Open QGIS from the installed programs.
o Ensure all necessary libraries and plugins are loaded.
2. Understanding Vector and Raster Data
Vector Data:
• Represents real-world features using points, lines, and polygons.
• Common formats: Shapefiles (.shp), GeoJSON, KML.
• Examples: Roads, rivers, administrative boundaries.
Raster Data:
• Represents data as a grid of pixels, often used for satellite images and elevation models.
• Common formats: GeoTIFF (.tif), JPEG, PNG.
• Examples: Land cover, temperature maps, Digital Elevation Models (DEM).
3. Loading and Working with Datasets
1. Adding Vector Data:
o Open QGIS and go to Layer > Add Layer > Add Vector Layer.
o Browse and select the vector dataset (.shp, .geojson).
o Click "Open" to load the layer onto the map.
2. Adding Raster Data:
o Go to Layer > Add Layer > Add Raster Layer.
o Select the raster dataset (GeoTIFF, PNG, JPEG).
o Click "Open" to visualize the data.

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3. Exploring Maps in QGIS:

o Use the "Layers" panel to manage data.
o Use the toolbar for zooming, panning, and selecting features.
o Apply symbology and styling to improve map visualization.

Output:

Conclusion: Successfully performed this practical.

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Practical 2
Aim: Creating and Managing Vector Data: Adding vector layers, setting properties, formatting, calculating line
lengths and statistics
Steps:
1. Adding Vector Layers in QGIS
1. Load an Existing Vector Layer
o Open QGIS and go to Layer > Add Layer > Add Vector Layer.
o Select a vector file (e.g., .shp, .geojson) and click "Open" to load it.
2. Create a New Vector Layer
o Go to Layer > Create Layer > New Shapefile Layer.
o Choose the Geometry Type (Point, Line, or Polygon).
o Define attributes (e.g., name, area, length).
o Click "OK" to create the new layer.

2. Setting Properties and Formatting Vector Layers

1. Open Layer Properties
o Right-click the vector layer and select Properties.
o Modify Symbology to change color, line styles, or fill patterns.
o Adjust Labels to display feature names.
2. Attribute Table Editing
o Open the attribute table by right-clicking the layer and selecting Open Attribute Table.
o Click Toggle Editing Mode to add or modify data.
o Use the Field Calculator to create new attributes.
3. Calculating Line Lengths and Statistics
1. Calculate Line Lengths
o Open the attribute table of the line layer.
o Click Field Calculator and create a new field (e.g., "Length").
o Use the expression:
$length
o Click "OK" to compute the length for each feature.
2. Compute Statistics
o Open the Vector Layer Properties.
o Navigate to the Statistics tab.

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o Select a numeric field (e.g., length, area) and view statistical summaries like mean, minimum,
maximum, sum.

Output:

Conclusion: Successfully performed this practical.

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Practical 3
Aim: Exploring and Managing Raster data: Adding raster layers, raster styling and analysis, raster mosaicking and
clipping
Steps:
1. Adding Raster Layers in QGIS
1. Load a Raster Layer
o Open QGIS and go to Layer > Add Layer > Add Raster Layer.
o Select a raster dataset (e.g., .tif, .jpg, .png).
o Click "Open" to load the raster into the map view.
2. Raster Styling and Analysis
1. Apply Symbology and Color Styling
o Right-click the raster layer and select Properties.
o Navigate to the Symbology tab.
o Choose Render Type (Singleband gray, Singleband pseudocolor, or Multiband color).
o Adjust contrast, brightness, and transparency for better visualization.
2. Raster Analysis
o QGIS provides raster analysis tools under Raster > Analysis.
o Common operations include:
▪ Slope Calculation (for elevation data).
▪ Hillshade Analysis (to create shadow effects for terrain).
▪ Reclassification (to group pixel values into categories).
3. Raster Mosaicking and Clipping
1. Raster Mosaicking (Merging Multiple Rasters)
o Go to Raster > Miscellaneous > Merge.
o Select multiple raster layers to combine them into a single output.
o Set output format (e.g., GeoTIFF) and click "Run" to generate a mosaic.
2. Raster Clipping (Extracting a Specific Area)
o Go to Raster > Extraction > Clip Raster by Mask Layer.
o Select the raster layer and a vector boundary layer as the mask.
o Click "Run" to extract the desired portion of the raster.

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Output:

Conclusion: Successfully performed this practical.

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Practical 4
Aim: Making a Map, Working with Attributes, Importing Spreadsheets or CSV files Using Plugins, Searching and
Downloading OpenStreetMap Data
Steps:
Making a Map in QGIS
1. Adding Base Layers
o Load vector (shapefiles) or raster layers in QGIS.
o Go to Layer > Add Layer > Add Vector/Raster Layer and select files.
2. Styling and Symbology
o Right-click the layer and select Properties > Symbology.
o Choose appropriate colors, line styles, and labels for better visualization.
3. Adding Labels
o Open the Layer Properties > Labels tab.
o Enable labeling and choose an attribute (e.g., place names) to display on the map.
4. Creating Layouts for Printing
o Go to Project > New Print Layout to generate a map layout.
o Add elements such as a legend, scale bar, north arrow, and title.
2. Working with Attributes
1. Opening the Attribute Table
o Right-click the layer and select Open Attribute Table.
o View and edit feature data such as names, population, or area.
2. Filtering and Selecting Data
o Use the Select by Expression tool to filter specific features (e.g., cities with population > 1
million).
3. Using Field Calculator
o Open the Field Calculator to create new attributes or modify existing ones (e.g., calculate area
or length).
3. Importing Spreadsheets or CSV Files Using Plugins
1. Loading CSV Data
o Go to Layer > Add Layer > Add Delimited Text Layer.
o Select the CSV file and define coordinate fields (if spatial data is present).
2. Using Plugins for Advanced Import
o Install the MMQGIS plugin for better spreadsheet handling.
o Go to Plugins > Manage and Install Plugins > Search for MMQGIS.

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3. Joining CSV Data with a Vector Layer

o Use the Join Attributes by Field Value tool to link spreadsheet data with a spatial layer based on
a common field (e.g., city name).
4. Searching and Downloading OpenStreetMap (OSM) Data
1. Using the QuickOSM Plugin
o Install the QuickOSM plugin from Plugins > Manage and Install Plugins.
o Open QuickOSM and search for features like roads, buildings, or parks.
o Download the data and add it as a vector layer in QGIS.
2. Downloading OSM Data Manually
o Visit https://www.openstreetmap.org and export data.
o Import the downloaded .osm file in QGIS using Vector > OpenStreetMap > Import Topology
from XML.

Output:

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Conclusion: Successfully performed this practical.

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Practical 5
Aim: Working with attributes, terrain Data.
Steps:
1. Working with Attributes in QGIS
1.1 Opening and Editing the Attribute Table
• Right-click on a vector layer and select Open Attribute Table.
• The table displays feature properties such as name, area, and population.
• Click Toggle Editing Mode to modify attribute values or add new data.
1.2 Adding and Calculating New Fields
• Click on Field Calculator to create a new attribute column.
• Example: To calculate area for a polygon layer, use the expression:
$area
• Click OK to apply changes.
1.3 Filtering and Selecting Data
• Use Select Features by Expression to filter specific features (e.g., cities with population > 1
million).
• Use Query Builder to filter and display only selected records.
1.4 Joining External Data
• Go to Layer Properties > Joins to link an external CSV or spreadsheet file to the vector layer.
• Ensure a common field (e.g., "City Name") is available in both datasets for a successful join.
2. Working with Terrain Data in QGIS
Introduction to Terrain Data
Terrain data represents the Earth's surface elevation and is commonly stored as Digital
Elevation Models (DEM) in raster format.
Generating Contour Lines
• Go to Raster > Extraction > Contour.
• Set the Interval (e.g., 10m) to define the spacing between contour lines.
• Click Run to create a vector contour layer.

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Output:

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Conclusion: Successfully performed this practical.

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Practical 6
Aim: Working with Projections and WMS Data.
Steps:
1. Working with Projections in QGIS
1.1 Introduction to Map Projections
• A map projection is a method of representing the Earth's curved surface on a flat map.
• Different projections are used depending on the purpose, such as Mercator, UTM (Universal
Transverse Mercator), or Geographic (Latitude/Longitude - WGS 84).
1.2 Checking and Changing Layer Projection
• Right-click a layer and select Properties > Source to check its Coordinate Reference System (CRS).
• To change the projection, go to Vector > Data Management Tools > Reproject Layer.
• Choose a new CRS (e.g., EPSG:4326 for WGS 84 or EPSG:3857 for Web Mercator).
• Click Run to create a new projected layer.
1.3 Changing the Project CRS
• Go to Project > Properties > CRS and select a new projection for the entire project.
• Enable "On-the-fly CRS transformation" to align different datasets with different CRS.
2. Working with WMS Data in QGIS
2.1 What is WMS?
• Web Map Service (WMS) is a standard protocol for accessing georeferenced map images from an
online server.
• WMS layers are used for live mapping data, such as satellite imagery and weather maps.
1. Select a layer (e.g., "OSM-WMS") and click Add.
2.3 Styling and Using WMS Data
• WMS layers are image-based and cannot be edited like vector data.
• Adjust transparency, brightness, or contrast using the Layer Properties > Symbology tab.
• Combine WMS layers with vector or raster datasets for visualization.

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Output:

Conclusion: Successfully performed this practical.

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Practical 7
Aim: Georeferencing Topo Sheets and Scanned Maps Georeferencing Aerial Imagery Digitizing Map Data.
Steps:
1. Georeferencing Topo Sheets and Scanned Maps
1.1 What is Georeferencing?
• Georeferencing is the process of assigning real-world coordinates to a scanned map or image.
• It aligns the image with actual geographic locations based on reference points.
1.2 Steps to Georeference a Topo Sheet or Scanned Map
1. Load the Image in QGIS
o Go to Raster > Georeferencer > Georeferencer.
o Click Open Raster and select the scanned map.
2. Add Control Points
o Click Add Point and mark known locations on the image.
o Enter their real-world coordinates (from GPS, Google Maps, or an existing GIS layer).
3. Choose Transformation Settings
o In Transformation Type, select Polynomial 1 or Thin Plate Spline.
o Choose an appropriate CRS (e.g., EPSG:4326 - WGS 84).
4. Save and Run Georeferencing
o Click Start Georeferencing to generate a georeferenced raster.

2. Georeferencing Aerial Imagery

2.1 What is Aerial Imagery?
• Aerial imagery is captured from aircraft or drones and provides detailed views of terrain and
land use.
• Georeferencing aerial imagery aligns it with real-world coordinates for GIS analysis.
2.2 Steps to Georeference Aerial Imagery
• The process is the same as for topo sheets:
1. Open the Georeferencer tool.
2. Load the aerial image.
3. Add ground control points using known GPS coordinates.
4. Apply a transformation and generate the georeferenced image.

3. Digitizing Map Data

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3.1 What is Digitizing?

• Digitizing is the process of converting raster maps into vector data (points, lines, and
polygons).
• It allows for spatial analysis and attribute-based queries.
3.2 Steps for Digitizing in QGIS
1. Create a New Shapefile Layer
o Go to Layer > Create Layer > New Shapefile Layer.
o Choose Point, Line, or Polygon as the geometry type.
o Select a CRS and define attribute fields (e.g., Name, Area, Population).
2. Start Digitizing Features
o Click Toggle Editing Mode in the attribute table.
o Use the Add Feature tool to trace points, roads, or boundaries.
o Enter attribute values for each digitized feature.
3. Save and Finalize the Data
o Click Save Layer Edits and disable Editing Mode.

Output:

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Conclusion: Successfully performed this practical.

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