ID-S202

Scenography (Light Fundamentals)

 Overview
• Functions of lighting
• Fundamentals of lighting
L
- Qualitative
- Quantitative
E
- Direction of lighting
C
• Planning lighting
T - Lighting needs
U - Light sources
R - Lighting systems

E
• Selection of lighting
- Types of lighting
- Fixture selection
- Placement & location
 Ref:
 www.lighting.philips.com.sg
 www.megaman.com.sg
L
 www.gelighting.com
E  www.osram.com
C

T SS 531 : Code of Practice for Lighting of Work Places

U Part 1 : 2007 Lighting guidelines for indoor workplaces
R Part 2 : 2008 Outdoor
E Part 3 : 2008 Lighting Requirements for Safety and
Security of Outdoor Work Places
 Functions of Lighting
1. To provide visibility of the environment
- Safety
L
- Efficiency
E

C 2. To satisfy visual comfort & enhance

T - Mental and physical health
U
- Performance attitude
R 3. To enhance aesthetics
E - Indoor illuminance
- Outdoor lighting
 The nature of light
- qualitative aspect
WHAT IS LIGHT?

A form of electromagnetic radiation.

Major medium through which we see
(when light falls on objects or radiated from a source)
L

E Transmitted through waves.

C Spectrum of visible light is from 380 nanometer (violet)
to 760 nanometer (red).
T

1 nanometer = 1/1000000 m or 1x10-6 m

 ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

L LIGHT
E

R
VISIBLE

E
 The nature of light

T electromagnetic
U spectrum
R

Spectrum of non-visible light are the longer waves:

infra-red and shorter waves (ultraviolet).
 The nature of light

Shortest wavelength of visible light is = 380 nanometer

Longest wavelength of visible light is = 760 nanometer

C What’s in between?
(starting from the shorter wavelength):
T
V
U I
R B
E G
Y
O
R
 DAYLIGHT
Emits approximately equal quantities of
energy over the entire visible spectrum.

E
ARTIFICIAL LIGHT
• Light emitted by lamps fall within the spectrum range of violet & red
C
• Different light sources concentrate their output in particular parts of
T the spectrum
U • A lamp’s specific spectral composition gives its emitted light its
R
characteristic colour appearance

E Our eyes respond…

• most efficiently within the green-yellow areas
• least efficiently at the ends of the spectrum
 COLOUR SHIFT

E At night, our eyes will naturally shift towards the green-yellow

spectrum. So green traffic light seems a lot brighter than red.
 The Quality of Light
(well-designed illumination) affects people in many different ways:
- office worker satisfaction and productivity (safety)
-building owners and managers have the potential to add value,
reduce costs and enhance performance (people are attracted to
L
well-lighted public facilities, shopping malls, etc)
E Good lighting enhances the mood and desirability of these spaces.
It contributes greatly to people's sense of well-being.
C

T • Set moods or create specific atmosphere

U Dim light usually makes a space seem intimate and cosy.
Bright light is more business-like and energetic.
R
What kind of light is used in fast-food outlets?
E

• Define texture and shadow/depth

Diffused and even light tend to flatten objects.
Sharp shadows emphasize forms and texture.
 •Lighting creates mysterious ambience/mood
•Shadows emphasize forms and texture

E
 EFFECTS OF VISIBLE LIGHT

Can alter our psychological and physiological reactions.

The QUALITY & QUANTITY of light can affect the apparent size,
shape and character of an object.
L

E  Alters the perception of space in a room:

Dark ceiling appears LOWER or HIGHER?
C
Brighter ceiling appears LOWER or HIGHER?
T

U  Lighted-up objects draws more attention to the shape & size.

Will it make the object appear BIGGER / SMALLER?
R

E  Focus attention
Brightly lit areas draws visual focus.
Strongly lit dining table makes the dining setting more attractive.
Spotlight on an artwork draws attention to it.
L

E
L

E
 The nature of light
- qualitative aspect

L
Colour Temperature
E

E
 The nature of light
- qualitative aspect
Which is the hottest flame?

E
 The nature of light
COLOUR APPEARANCE - qualitative aspect

• Colour appearance of light is expressed in terms of its

colour temperature,unit - Kelvin (K) (Celsius + 273)

L • The colour temperature of a light source rises with its

thermal temperature.
E
Imagine a block of steel that is steadily heated until it glows
C orange, then yellow and until it becomes bluish-white.
T • If you measure the temperature of the metal in Kelvin and assign
U that value to the colour being produced, you get the "colour
temperature”.
R

E • The higher the colour temperature, the the light.

redder/bluer?
• The lower the colour temperature, the the lighting effect.
warmer/cooler?
 The nature of light
- qualitative aspect
COLOUR APPEARANCE

Candle 1000-2000K
High pressure sodium1950-2250K
L
Incandescent lamp 2700-3000K
E Warm fluorescent 2500-3000K
C Cool fluorescent 4000-6000K
T
Mercury discharge 3750-4500K
Metal Halide 4000-4600K
U
Afternoon sun 5000K
R
Overcast sky 6500-7500K
E Blue sky 8000-8500K

 An incandescent light bulb (2700K) is more yellow than daylight.

 The nature of light
- qualitative aspect
COLOUR APPEARANCE
Lamps with a lower colour temperature (3500K or less) have a
warm or red-yellow/ orangish-white appearance. The light is
saturated in red & orange, bringing out warmer object colours
L
such as red and orange more richly.

E Lamps with a mid-range colour temperature (3500K to 4000K)

have a neutral or white appearance. The light is more balanced
C
in its colour wavelengths.
T

U Lamps with a higher colour temperature (>4000K)

R have a cool or bluish-white appearance.
E Summer sunlight has a very cool appearance at about 5500K.
The light is saturated in green and blue wavelengths, bringing
out cooler object colours such as green and blue more richly.
- Winter …
 The nature of light
- qualitative aspect
S.A.D. - Seasonal Affective Disorder

 aka Winter Depression or Winter Blues

L
 Animals react to the changing seasons with changes in
E
mood, metabolism and behaviour. Human beings are the
C same.
T
 Most people find they eat and sleep slightly more in
U winter and dislike the dark mornings and short days. For
R some, however, symptoms are severe enough to disrupt
their lives and to cause considerable distress.
E
 The nature of light
- qualitative aspect
COLOUR APPEARANCE

Describes the colour of light:

- Colour temperature (K)
L - Colour Rendering Index (CRI)
E - Light output intensity (lumens)

U
 2700K is typical for an incandescent light bulb which is
R
much more yellow than daylight.
E
 The higher the Kelvin temperature, the bluer the light.
 The nature of light
- qualitative aspect
COLOUR RENDERING INDEX
• Measures the degree of colour shift an object
undergoes when illuminated by a light source.
L The closer a lamp’s colour spectrum is to natural daylight,
the higher the quality of light.
E

C • Colour Rendering Capability. Expressed as Colour

T Rendering Index (CRI): a rating from 0 -100.
The higher the number, the truer the colour rendition at its
U
colour temperature.
R

E • Light should be compared at the same colour temperature.

Lamps with high CRI tend to have a "natural" look no
matter what the colour temperature.
 COLOUR RENDERING of different light sources

Imagine 2 objects, one red, one blue, lighted by a cool light

source with a low CRI. The red object appears muted while the
blue object appears a rich blue. Now take out the lamp and put in
L a cool light source with a high CRI. The blue object still appears a
rich blue, but the red object appears more like its true colour.
E
Standard incandescent lamps enjoy a CRI rating of 100.
C
Fluorescent lamps are in the 52-95 range. Advances in phosphor
T technology have enabled fluorescent & HID lamps to advance
greatly in colour rendering.
U
CRI 80 & above: used where colour correctness is
R
crucial – retail/fashion, beauty salons, art museums ...
E CRI 60 - 80: for average situations
CRI 60 & below: for areas where colour selection is
not needed, eg, street lighting, factory, workshop
 The nature of light
CRI - qualitative aspect

E
L

E
 The nature of light
- qualitative aspect
SPECTRAL POWER DISTRIBUTION
shows the visible light spectrum and the wavelength
composition for the light from the lamp*. The spikes indicate
that the light is stronger in revealing certain colours.
L

*A spectral power distribution curve for a 4000K lamp with

a triphosphor (red, blue, green) coating.
 full spectrum - sun light
L

E
 Research has shown that the correct full
spectrum light can significantly increase students’
test scores and productivity among workers. It
L reduces eye strain while creating a color
balanced and relaxing environment.
E

C • 93 CRI, 5550° Kelvin

• Provides Natural Color As In Sunlight
T • Increases Visual Acuity
• Reduces Eye Fatigue
U • Creates a Glare-Free and Comfortable
Reading Environment
R
• Duplicates Vivid Absolute Color
E • 90% Lifetime Lumen Output
• Flicker-Free Electronic Ballast
• Long Life: Rated for 10,000 hours
• Available in 15, 20, 23, 26 & 30 watt
• Not for use with dimmer
 How much light ?
MEASUREMENT OF LIGHT - Quantitative aspect

The process of seeing an object 1

1. Light source 2
L 3
2. Flow of light from it
E
3. Arrival at the object
C
4. Return from the object 4
T

U The 4 stages of light

R
• Light has a number of interrelated
E
properties & all these are measurable.
 How much light ?
MEASUREMENT OF LIGHT - Quantitative aspect

point
lighting 1. Luminous intensity (for small lamp/low ouput)
measures the initial luminous intensity of a source.
L
Unit - candela /candlepower (= light output of 1 candle light)
E

C 2. Luminous flux
measures the flow of light from a source. This refers to the
T
quantity of light output . Unit – lumen. (candle 13 lumens)
U

R Also determines the efficiency of the lamp called EFFICACY.

E To get efficacy, divide lumens by watts (amount of energy
consumed by lamp)
 How much light ?

MEASUREMENT OF LIGHT - Quantitative aspect

Luminous
Luminous flux intensity
L
CANDELA
E LUMENS
C
Illuminance
LUX (lumens/m2)
T
surface

E Luminance
FOOTLAMBERT
 How much light ?
- Quantitative aspect
Luminous efficiency
 measured in lumen per watt (lm/W)
 units of light emitted per unit of energy consumed
L

E eg: 100W tungsten lamp - 12 lm/W

C (not efficient as 95% of energy is turned into heat)
T Metal halide - 70/ 80 lm/W
U Fluorescent - 60/ 100 lm/W
R

E
In practice, ‘lighting design lumen output’ is calculated
in average hours through the lamp’s life which is taken
after 2000 hours. (2000/5h day = 1 yr)
 How much light ?
Tungsten filament / incandescent lamp - Quantitative aspect

converts < 10 % of the energy

L used into visible light
E
- inefficient

T Incandescent - 12 lm/W
U Fluorescent - 100 lm/W
R

E
 How much light ?

MEASUREMENT OF LIGHT - Quantitative aspect

Luminous
Luminous flux intensity
L
CANDELA
E LUMENS
C 3.
T Illuminance
LUX
surface

E 4. Luminance
Footlambert
 How much light ?
MEASUREMENT OF LIGHT - Quantitative aspect

To determine 3. Illuminance
lighting level Actual quantity of light falling on unit area of a surface.
of room - light Unit - lux (lumens per square meter). Distance related.
L falling on a Unit - footcandle (lumens per square foot)
surface
E
4. Luminance
C
Measures the amount of light reflected back from a surface.
T Unit - Footlambert
(1 candela/m2).
U

R Important to Luminance depends on the

know when surface colour
E doing lighting
design of a
and texture of a material,
room eg, light-coloured shiny wall
may reflect 80% footcandles.
 How much light ?
LIGHTING LEVELS - Quantitative aspect
Recommended range of task illuminance to
ensure adequate lighting for occupant comfort.

E
 Range Recommended Value

E
 SS 531-2006: Code of Practice for Lighting of Work Places
Illuminance Recommend Type of Space / Task
(Lux) ed design
value
50 – 100 75-100 Circulation areas, eg. corridors, stair cases.
100 – 200 150 Rooms not used continuously for working, eg. storage
L
areas, cloakrooms, entrances.
E 200 – 500 300 Tasks with simple visual requirements, eg. rough machining,
lecture theatres, living room.
C
300 – 750 500 Tasks with medium visual requirements, eg. General
T office, control rooms, shops. Kitchen - worktop
U 500 – 1000 750 Tasks with demanding visual requirements, eg. inspection and
testing, drawing offices, supermarkets.
R
750 – 1500 1000 Tasks with difficult visual requirements, eg. fine
E machining, colour discrimination.
1000 – 2000 1500 Tasks with special visual requirements, eg. inspection of
very fine work, hand engraving.
2000 + Performance of very exact visual tasks, eg. micro-
electronic assembly, surgery. 39
 How much light ?

MEASUREMENT OF LIGHT - Quantitative aspect

Luminous
Luminous flux intensity
L
CANDELA
E LUMENS
C
Illuminance
LUX (lumens/m2)
T
surface

E Luminance
FOOTLAMBERT
 How much light ?
- Quantitative aspect

Corridor - ? lux

E Auditorium - ? lux

T Class Rm - ? lux
U

E
 50w, 6000K LED lighting

1m

L
880 lux
E
2m
C

T
260 lux
U

E
 DIRECTION OF LIGHT
Omni light: all-over effect
• Uplighting / downlighting
• Narrow beam lighting
• Spot lighting
L

E •The combination of lighting type, strength &

direction are major determinants in the
C ‘modelling’ of an object so as to fully
T appreciate the form & texture.
U
BRIGHTNESS RATIO
R Should be limited to
E - 3:1 between task & immediate surrounding
- 5:1 between task & nearby general surrounding
- 10:1 between task & remote surrounding
Complete uniformity is not desired … Some amount of shade
and shadow adds interest.
L
PLANNING LIGHTING
E

E
 PLANNING LIGHTING
• Analysis of lighting needs
• Intelligent selection of lighting devices
• Fixture spacing & location
L

E Lighting needs:
C 1. DETERMINE CHARACTER AND MOOD
T Ambient light - General /background lighting
 business
U
 efficient
R  rest & relax
E  cozy

www.lighting.philips.com
 … Lighting needs:
2. DETERMINE SPECIFIC TASKS / PURPOSES
TASK LIGHT - Light for specific visual function
L • working
• dining
E
• reading
C • watching screens/TVs
T • displaying items
U
ACCENT LIGHT - special lighting for impact
R

E 3. INTENSITY LEVELS FOR VISION

• energy use costing; efficiency
• capital installation cost
 … Lighting needs:

4. SELECT FIXTURES BASED ON NEEDS / PURPOSES

 stimulation vs. uniformity
L
 efficiency vs. uniformity
E
 indirect/direct lighting
C
 portability
T
 control
U

E
5. PLACEMENT OF FIXTURES
 desired lighting level & quality of light
L

E
L
Natural Daylight
E
&
C
Sustainable development
T

E
 Natural daylight

E
L

E
 Photovoltaic (PV) cells

E
 ZEB (Zero Energy Building) – Blk A

Completion – Oct 2009

 ZEB (Zero Energy) Building

E
 Natural daylight
Tubular skylight / solar tube/pipe

E
 Natural daylight
Study on solar chimney

Light pipe
L

56
 Natural daylight

E
 Natural daylight

solar geometry, 23 Sep

 Natural daylight

E
L

Sketchup shadows
 Concert Hall Ørestad Nord,
Copenhagen

E
 Revision

 Luminance - luminous intensity emitted per unit of

area of a surface in a specific direction.
L

E
 Luminous intensity is the concept for the concentration
of light in a specific direction, radiated per second.
C

T  Luminous flux refers to the total quantity of light

emitted per second by a light source. (unit: lumen)
U

R
 Lumen - Unit of measure for amount of light produced
E by a lamp once it is started. One lumen equals one
foot candle per square foot.

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THANK YOU